《红字》是浪漫主义作家霍桑的长篇小说，创作于1851年。作品以17世纪中叶的北美殖民地新英格兰的严酷教权统治为背景，描写美丽善良的海丝特在丈夫齐灵窝斯失踪后独居的情况下，爱上了青年牧师丁梅斯代尔，并与他生了一个女孩……作品用层层深入的手法，对人物心理进行自然、细腻、逼真的描写和分析，具有强烈的艺术感染力。
小说《红字》-作品简介
小说以两百多年前的殖民地时代的美洲为题材，但揭露的却是19世纪资本主义发展时代美利坚合众国社会典法的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。主人公海丝特被写成了崇高道德的化身。她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔，同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。至于她的丈夫奇林渥斯，小说则把他写成了一个一心只想窥秘复仇的影子式的人物。他在小说中只起情节铺垫的作用。
小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。
小说《红字》-内容梗概
在十七世纪中叶的一个夏天，一天早晨，一大群波士顿居民拥挤在监狱前的草地上，庄严地目不转睛地盯着牢房门。
随着牢门的打开，一个怀抱三个月大的婴儿的年轻女人缓缓地走到了人群前，在她的胸前佩带着一个鲜红的A字，耀眼的红字吸引了所有人的目光，她就是海丝特•白兰太太。她由于被认为犯了通奸罪而受到审判，并要永远佩带那个代表着耻辱的红字。
在绞刑台上，面对着总督贝灵汉和约翰•威尔逊牧师的威逼利诱，她以极大的毅力忍受着屈辱，忍受着人性所能承担的一切，而站在她身旁的年轻牧师丁梅斯代尔却流露出一种忧心忡忡、惊慌失措的神色，恰似一个人在人生道路上偏离了方向，感到非常迷惘，只有把自己封闭起来才觉得安然。海丝特•白兰坚定地说： “我永远不会说出孩子的父亲是谁的”，说这句话的时候她的眼睛没有去看威尔逊牧师，而是凝视着那年轻牧师深沉而忧郁的眼睛。“这红字烙得太深了。你是取不下来的。但愿我能在忍受我的痛苦的同时，也忍受住他的痛苦！”海丝特•白兰说。
这时，在人群中，海丝特•白兰看到了一个相貌奇特的男人：矮小苍老，左肩比右肩高，正用着阴晦的眼神注视着她，这个男人就是她失散了两年之久的丈夫齐灵渥斯——一个才智出众、学识渊博的医生。当他发现海丝特•白兰认出了他时，示意她不要声张。在齐灵渥斯的眼里燃烧着仇恨的怒火，他要向海丝特•白兰及她的情人复仇，并且他相信一定能够成功。
海丝特•白兰被带回狱中之后，齐灵渥斯以医生的身份见到了她，但海丝特•白兰不肯说出孩子的父亲是谁，并且向齐灵渥斯坦言她从他那里从来没有感受到过爱情，齐灵渥斯威胁海丝特•白兰不要泄露他们的夫妻关系，他不能遭受一个不忠实女人的丈夫所要蒙受的耻辱，否则，他会让她的情人名誉扫地，毁掉的不仅仅是他的名誉，地位，甚至还有他的灵魂和生命，海丝特•白兰答应了。
海丝特•白兰出狱后，带着自己的女儿小珠儿靠着针线技艺维持着生活，她们离群索居，那鲜红的A字将屈辱深深烙在了海丝特•白兰的心里。小珠儿长得美丽脱俗，有着倔强的性格和充沛的精力，她和那红字一起闪耀在世人的面前，在那个清教徒的社会里，他们是耻辱的象征，但也只有他们是鲜亮的。
丁梅斯代尔牧师不仅年轻俊美，而且学识渊博，善于辞令，有着极高的秉赋和极深的造诣，在教民中有着极高的威望。但是，自从海丝特•白兰受审以来，他的健康日趋羸弱，敏感，忧郁与恐慌弥漫了他的整个思绪，他常常夜不成寐的祷告，每逢略受惊恐或是突然遇到什么意外事件时，他的手就会拢在心上，先是一阵红潮，然后便是满面苍白，显得十分苦痛。这一切都让齐灵渥斯看在眼里，对他产生了浓厚的兴趣，并以医生的身份与他形影相随。
随着时间的推移，小珠儿渐渐的长大了，她穿着母亲为她做的红天鹅绒裙衫，奔跑着，跳跃着，象一团小火焰在燃烧，这耀眼的红色使清教徒们觉得孩子是另一种形式的红字，是被赋予了生命的红字！贝灵汉总督和神甫约翰•威尔逊认为小珠儿应该与母亲分开，因为她的母亲是个罪人，没有能力完成使孩子成为清教徒的重任。但是海丝特•白兰坚决不同意。她大声说珠儿是上帝给她的孩子，珠儿是她的幸福！也是她的折磨！是珠儿叫她还活在世上！也是珠儿叫她受着惩罚！如果他们夺走珠儿，海丝特•白兰情愿先死给他们看。海丝特•白兰转向丁梅斯代尔牧师，希望他能够发表意见。丁梅斯代尔牧师面色苍白，一只手捂住心口，那双又大又黑的眼睛深处，在烦恼和忧郁之中还有一个痛苦的天地，他认为珠儿是上帝给海丝特•白兰的孩子，应该听从上帝的安排，如果她能把孩子送上天国，那么孩子也就能把她带到天国，这是上帝神圣的旨意。这样珠儿才没有被带走。
这一切，都被饱经世故的齐灵渥斯看在眼里，他一点点地向丁梅斯代尔牧师内心逼近，齐灵渥斯象观察病人一样去观察他，一方面观察丁梅斯代尔牧师的日常生活，看他怎样在惯有的思路中前进，另一方面观察他被投入另一种道德境界时所表现的形态，他尽量发掘牧师内心的奥秘。随着时间的推移，齐灵渥斯渐渐地走进了丁梅斯代尔牧师的心里，并向他的灵魂深处探进。
一天，丁梅斯代尔牧师正在沉睡，齐灵渥斯走了进来，拨开了他的法衣，终于发现了丁梅斯代尔牧师一直隐藏的秘密——他的胸口上有着和海丝特•白兰一样的红色标记，他欣喜若狂，那是一种狂野的惊奇、欢乐和恐惧的表情！那种骇人的狂喜，绝不仅仅是由眼睛和表情所表达的，甚至是从他整个的丑陋身躯迸发出来，他将两臂伸向天花板，一只脚使劲跺着地面，以这种非同寻常的姿态放纵地表现他的狂喜！当一个宝贵的人类灵魂失去了天国，堕入撒旦的地狱之中时，那魔王知道该如何举动了。
齐灵渥斯精心地实施着他的复仇计划，他利用丁梅斯代尔牧师敏感、富于想象的特点，抓住他的负罪心理，折磨他的心灵，他把自己装扮成可信赖的朋友，让对方向他吐露一切恐惧、自责、烦恼、懊悔、负罪感，那些向世界隐瞒着的一切内疚，本可以获得世界的博大心胸的怜悯和原谅的，如今却要揭示给他这个内心充满了复仇火焰的人，最最恰如其分地让他得偿复仇之夙债。而此时的丁梅斯代尔牧师对齐灵渥斯却没有任何的怀疑，虽然他总是会感到有一种恶势力在紧紧的盯着自己，总有一种不祥的预感，由于他不把任何人视为可信赖的朋友，故此当敌人实际上已出现时，仍然辨认不出。就在丁梅斯代尔牧师饱尝肉体上的疾病的痛苦和精神上的摧残的同时，他在圣职上却大放异彩，取得了辉煌的成就。公众的景仰更加加重了他的罪恶感，使他的心理不堪重负。
终于，在一天漆黑的夜里，丁梅斯代尔牧师梦游般走到了市场上的绞刑台上，发出一声悲痛的嘶喊。海丝特•白兰和小珠儿刚刚守护着一个人去世，恰巧从这里经过，她看到丁梅斯代尔牧师已处于崩溃的边缘，精神力量已经到了无能为力的地步。一种悔罪感使丁梅斯代尔邀请她们一同登上了绞刑台：“你们母女俩以前已经在这儿站过了，可是我当时没和你们在一起。再上来一次吧，我们三个人一起站着吧！”海丝特•白兰握着孩子的一只手，牧师握着孩子的另一只手，他们共同站在了绞刑台上。就在他这么做的瞬间，似有一般不同于他自己生命的新生命的激越之潮，急流般涌入他的心房，冲过他周身的血管，仿佛那母女俩正把她们生命的温暖传递给他半麻木的身躯，三人构成了一条闭合的电路，此时，天空闪过了一丝亮光，丁梅斯代尔仿佛看见天空中出现了一个巨大的字母“A”。然而，这一切都让跟踪而至的齐灵渥斯看到了，这使得丁梅斯代尔牧师极为恐慌，但是，齐灵渥斯却说丁梅斯代尔先生患了夜游症，并把他带回了家。丁梅斯代尔先生就象一个刚刚从噩梦中惊醒的人，心中懊丧得发冷，便听凭那医生把自己领走了。
许多年过去了，小珠儿已经七岁了，海丝特•白兰此时所处的地位已同她当初受辱时不完全一样了。如果一个人在大家面前有着与众不同的特殊地位，而同时又不干涉任何公共或个人的利益，她就最终会赢得普遍的尊重。海丝特•白兰从来与世无争，只是毫无怨尤地屈从于社会的最不公平的待遇；她也没有因自己的不幸而希冀什么报偿；她同样不依重于人们的同情。于是，在她因犯罪而丧失了权利、被迫独处一隅的这些年月里，大大地赢得了人心。她除了一心一意的打扮小珠儿外，她还尽自己所能去帮助穷人，用宽大的心去包容一切，人们开始不再把那红字看作是罪过的标记，而是当成自那时起的许多善行的象征。
在这几年里，许多人都发生着变化，齐灵渥斯变的更加苍老了，海丝特•白兰原来印象最深的他先前那种聪慧好学的品格，那种平和安详的风度，如今已经荡然无存，取而代之的是一种急切窥测的神色，近乎疯狂而又竭力掩饰，而这种掩饰使旁人益发清楚地看出他的阴险。海丝特•白兰请求齐灵渥斯放过丁梅斯代尔牧师，不要再摧残他的灵魂了，但是丁梅斯代尔牧师的痛苦、复仇的快乐已经冲昏了齐灵渥斯的头脑，他决定继续实施自己的阴谋，他要慢慢地折磨丁梅斯代尔牧师，复仇已经成为他生活唯一的目的。海丝特•白兰决定将齐灵渥斯的真实身份告诉丁梅斯代尔。
在一片浓密的森林里，海丝特•白兰见到了丁梅斯代尔，他们互诉衷肠，述说着几年来心底的秘密，他们受着同样的痛苦和煎熬，同样受着良知和道德的啮噬。丁梅斯代尔告诉她，虽然他的胸前没有佩带红字，但是，同样的红字在他的生命里一直燃烧着。此时，海丝特•白兰才意识到牺牲掉牧师的好名声，甚至让他死掉，都比她原先所选择的途径要强得多，她告诉丁梅斯代尔齐灵渥斯就是她的丈夫，她所做的一切都是为了他的荣誉、地位及生命才隐瞒了这个秘密。阴暗凶猛的眼神瞬间涌上了丁梅斯代尔的脸上，他痛楚的把脸埋在双手之中。海丝特•白兰劝丁梅斯代尔离开这里，到一个没有人认识的地方去，到一个可以避开齐灵渥斯双眼的地方去，她愿意和他开始一段新的生活，过去的已经一去不复返了！现在又何必去留恋呢？丁梅斯代尔犹豫着，他要么承认是一名罪犯而逃走，要么继续充当一名伪君子而留下，但他的良心已难以从中取得平衡；为了避免死亡和耻辱的危险，以及一个敌人的莫测的诡计，丁梅斯代尔决定出走。
海丝特•白兰的鼓励及对新生活的憧憬，使丁梅斯代尔重新有了生活的勇气和希望。刚好有一艘停泊在港湾的船三天之后就要到英国去，他们决定坐这艘船返回欧洲，一切都在顺利地进行着。他们每天都被这种新的希望激励着、兴奋着，丁梅斯代尔决定演讲完庆祝说教后就离开。新英格兰的节日如期而至，丁梅斯代尔牧师的演讲也按计划进行着，海丝特•白兰和小珠儿来到市场，她的脸上有一种前所未见的表情，特殊的不安和兴奋，“再最后看一眼这红字和佩戴红字的人吧！”她想，“再过一段时间，她就会远走高飞了！那深不可测的大海将把你们在她胸前灼烧的标记永远淹没无存！”这时，那艘准备开往英国船只的船长走了过来，他告诉海丝特•白兰，齐灵渥斯将同他们同行，海丝特•白兰彻底绝望了。
丁梅斯代尔牧师的宣讲取得了空前绝后的最辉煌成功，但随后他变得非常衰弱和苍白，他步履踉跄，内心的负罪感及良心的谴责最终战胜了他出逃的意志，在经过绞刑台的时候，他挣脱齐灵渥斯的羁绊，在海丝特•白兰的搀扶下登上了绞刑台，他拉着珠儿，在众人面前说出了在心底埋藏了七年的秘密，他就是小珠儿的父亲，他扯开了法衣的饰带，露出了红字，在众人的惊惧之声中，这个受尽蹂躏的灵魂辞世了。
齐灵渥斯把复仇当作他生活的唯一目的，可是当他胜利后，他扭曲的心灵再也找不到依托，他迅速枯萎了。不到一年，他死了，他把遗产赠给了小珠儿。不久，海丝特•白兰和小珠儿也走了。红字的故事渐渐变成了传说。许多年以后，在大洋的另一边，小珠儿出嫁了，过着非常幸福的生活，而海丝特•白兰又回到了波士顿，胸前依旧佩带着那个红字，这里有过她的罪孽，这里有过她的悲伤，这里也还会有她的忏悔。又过了许多年，在一座下陷的老坟附近，又挖了一座新坟。两座坟共用一块墓碑。上面刻着这么一行铭文：“一片墨黑的土地，一个血红的A字。”
小说《红字》-作品分析
《红字》的故事一开篇，映入读者眼帘的，昔先是“新殖民地的开拓者们”在万事草创之时忘不了与墓地同时修建的监狱，这株“文明社会的黑花“从来不曾经历过自己的青春韶华”，因为它 “与罪恶二字息息相关”，它那狰狞阴森的外貌，连同门前草地上“过于繁茂地簇生着的不堪入目的杂革”，都增加了晦暗凄楚的色调，然而在这一片灰黑之中，却傲然挺立着一丛玫魂，“盛开着宝石船的花朵”，象征着人类的道德……接下来，便出观了女主人公海丝特•白兰，怀抱初生的珠儿，“她焕发的美丽，竟把笼尽着她的不幸和耻辱凝成一轮光环”，令人联想起“圣母的形象”。这样一段胡胡如生的文字，不但为我们展现了人物活动的舞台背景，而且启发读者去思考作品的主题。
这种用略带神秘色彩的自然景象烘托环境、渣染气氛和映衬人物心理的手法俯拾皆是，最突出的便是丁梅斯代尔牧师和海丝特及珠儿在夜晚和密林中的两次会见：由红字联系在一起的几个主要人物的同时出场，如同戏剧中迭起的高潮，把全书紧织在一个严密的结构之中。
作者还把这种手法用于刻画人物液他的笔下次要人物的是非善恶和他们之间的思恩怨怨写得十分含蓄，而几个主要人物则通过个别的心理挖掘、成双的组合的冲突和同时出场亮相的交汇，交待出各人与红字相关的象征。
全书写到的人物不过十多个，其中有姓名的不超过十个。值得注意的是贝灵汉总督、威尔逊牧师、西宾斯老夫人和那位最年轻而唯一有同情心的姑娘这四个次要人物，他们分别是珠儿、丁梅斯代尔牧师、罗杰•齐灵握斯和海丝特这四个主要人物的反衬或影子。而四名主要人物又形成两对，使他们的个性在相得益彰之中予以酣畅淋漓的表现。
小说《红字》-红字“A”的象征意义
海丝特·白兰是有形的红字。她出身没落的世家，父母贫穷而正直。她的不幸的婚姻，加之两年中丈夫音讯皆无．谣传他已葬身海底，这个孤苦夫依的少妇与才貌相当的丁梅斯代尔的爱情便显得合情合理。事情败露后，她被迫终身佩戴红字，为了爱人的名声，她独自承担了全部罪责与耻辱。出于对他的眷恋之情，她不但在他生前不肯远离他所在的教区，就是在他死后，仍然放弃了与女儿共享天伦之乐的优越生活，重返埋有他尸骨的故地，重新戴上红字，直到死后葬在他身边，以便永远守护、偎依着他。这个勇敢的女性还精心刺绣那红字，着意打扮她的小珠儿，不仅出面捍卫自己教养她的权利，而且尊重孩子狂野的天性，努力培养她成人。在作者的笔下，海丝特远不只是个争取个性解放的女人，她还汲取了“比红字烙印所代表的罪恶还要致命”的精神，把矛头指向了“与古代准则密切相关的古代偏见的完整体系——这是那些王室贵胄真正的藏身之地”，称得起是一位向愚昧的传统宣战的斗士了。这样的高度，是很多文学作品中的妇女形象所难以企及的。她的这种精神境界尽管没有为她的那些请教徒乡亲和愚不可及的长官们所理解(否则，不分要和来何等横祸)，但无论如何，由于她的合辛茹苦、助人为乐等种两美德，使她胸前的红字不再是“通奸”(入dult“y)的耻辱徽记，面成了“能干”(Able)，甚至“值得尊敬”(AdmiraLIe)的标志了。
丁梅斯代尔是无形的红字。与海丝特相比，他显得怯懦，但这是他受宗教束缚弥重的结果。他并非不想公开仟悔自己的“罪孽”，但他的这种愿望过多地同 “赎罪”‘内省”等宗教意识纠缠在一起，因此行动上也只能处处受其局绊。他既要受内心的谴责，又要防外界的窥测；他明明有自己的爱，却偏偏要把这种感情视同邪魔。他在痛苦中挣扎了七年，最终虽然以袒露胸膛上的“罪恶”烙印，完成了道德的净化与灵魂的飞升，但他始终没再气承认自己爱的正当，更谈不到与旧的精神体系彻底决裂，与海丝特相比，似乎更加映衬出后者的高大。
齐灵握斯是红字的制造音。他那丑陋的外貌和畸形的躯体，正是他丑陋和畸形的灵魂的写照。他选择了让丁梅斯代尔话着受煎熬的复仇手段，实际上成了阻止他赎罪的恶魔。他和海丝特的结合虽然出于他追求家庭温暖和个人幸福的一已之私，但毕竟是一种爱，原也无可厚非；但当这种爱转变成恨，把复仇作为生活目标，不惜抛弃“博爱”的基督精神，以啮噬他人的灵魂为乐之后，反倒由被害者堕落成“最坏的罪人”，不但在失去复仇这一生活目标时结束了自己的生命，而且死后也不会得到新生。
小珠儿则是活的红字，“是另一种形式的红字，是被赋予了生命的红字！”这个私生的小精灵和她母亲胸前的红字交相辉映，既是“罪恶”的产物又是爱情的结晶。海丝特把红字用金色丝线装饰得十分华美，小珠儿也给打扮得鲜丽异常。她的美勃齐灵漫斯的丑形成强烈对比：一方面体观了作者的浪漫主义观点一老医生的博学多识使他成为深受文咖亏染的社会人面小女孩肆元忌惮的狂野则仍保持着自然人的纯真；另方面又表明了作者的宗教意识——齐灵涯斯既然是撤旦，小珠儿便是 “天使”（Angel），“A”字在她身上，从而具备了更积极的合义。恰拾是在这个含义上，寄托了作者美好的理想，也体现了他对宗教的幻想，
小说《红字》-作者创作《红字》原意
霍桑是一位世界观相当复杂的作家，他选择爱情悲剧作为《红字》的主题，使自己深深陷入难解的矛盾之中。爱情本是人类的天性，但按照基督教义。亚当和夏娃偷吃了伊甸园的智慧之果，懂得了男欢女爱，不再靠上帝创造而由自已繁衍人类，这本身正是“原罪”，至于私情，更触犯了基督教的第七戒。霍桑虽深受教会影响，但自从欧洲文艺复兴以来，爱情早已成了文艺作品永恒的主题，时时受到歌颂，他即使再保守，也不会不认为这是天经地义的了。于是，书中便处处可见作者难言的苦衷：他虽然谴责不合理的婚姻，甚至把男女主人公的爱情说成是“神圣的贡献”，但不敢肯定不合“法”的感情，更不肯使有情人终成眷属。他只能让齐灵渥斯在死前“良心发现”，把遗产全部留给珠儿。
实际上，霍桑在《红字》中要表达的，是社会现状和人类命运，并借以进一步探讨他所关心的“善”与“恶”的哲理。那座构成《红字》故事中心场景的示众刑台，时面被描述成“象是教堂的附属建筑”，似是要把社会的丑恶及不人道归咎于宗教，但继而又被写作“如同法国大革命时期恐怖党人的断头台”，表明了他对社会变革的不解与疑惧。从这一例证中我们不难看出，作家以敏锐的目光洞悉了社会的种种弊端，但并不知道应该何去何从。他从人道主义出发，把社会的不合理现状和人类的悲惨命运，归结为“善”与“恶”之争，但他的善恶观又深受宗教教条的浸染，成了缠夹不清的空泛议论，说什么“爱总要比恨来得容易，这正是人类本性之所在。……恨甚至会通过悄悄渐进的过程变成爱。”还提出“恨和爱，归根结底是不是同一的东西……”；而书中那种浓重的阴郁色彩，也给人压抑多于振奋。
然而，我们在阅读和欣赏文学名著时，既不应苛求作家，也不该围于他的局限。霍桑本人有保守思想和神秘主义倾向，读了这部作品后，能够看到旧制度的黑暗，并唤起变革社会的理想，愿意为更美好的人类命运去奋争，不也是积极的吗？诚如作者在与全书开篇遥相呼应的结尾宁所写：“这传说实在阴惨，只有一点比阴影还要幽暗的永恒的光斑稍稍给人一点宽慰：“一片墨黑的土地，一个血红的A字。”霍桑作品的一大长处是引人深思、发人联想。
《红字》发表后获得巨大成功，霍桑继而创作了不少作品。其中《带有七个尖角阁的房子》（1851）描写品恩钦家族的祖先谋财害命而使后代遭到报应的故事，说明财富是祸患，“一代人的罪孽要殃及子孙”；这部小说也反映了资本主义发展初期的血腥掠夺。另一部小说《福谷传奇》（1852）以布鲁克农场生活为题材，表达了作者对这种社会改良的尝试失望的心情以及对狂热的改革者的厌恶。
皮尔斯当选为美国总统后，霍桑于1853年被任命为驻英国利物浦的领事。1857年后,霍桑侨居意大利,创作了另一部讨论善恶问题的长篇小说《玉石雕像》(1860)。1860年霍桑返回美国，在康科德定居，坚持写作。1864年5月19日去世，身后留下4部未完成的长篇小说。
霍桑是一个思想上充满矛盾的作家，新英格兰的清教主义传统对他影响很深。一方面他反抗这个传统，抨击宗教狂热和狭隘、虚伪的宗教信条；另一方面他又受这个传统的束缚，以加尔文教派的善恶观念来认识社会和整个世界。作家赫•梅尔维尔曾指出，他的作品中渗透着“加尔文教派的‘人性本质’和‘原罪’的观念”。霍桑思想保守，对生产的发展和技术进步抱有抵触情绪，对社会改革持怀疑态度，对当时蓬勃开展的废奴运动不很理解。这些在他的作品中都有所流露。在艺术上他独具一格，擅长心理描写，善于揭示人物的内心冲突。他把自己的小说称为“心理罗曼史”。他潜心挖掘隐藏在事物背后的不易觉察的意义，作品想象丰富，结构严谨。
Plot summary
The novel takes place during the summer in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts in a Puritan village. A young woman, named Hester Prynne, has been led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and on the breast of her gown "a rag of scarlet cloth" that "assumed the shape of a letter." It was the uppercase letter "A". The Scarlet Letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin—a badge of shame—for all to see. A man, who was elderly and a stranger to the town, enters the crowd and asks another onlooker what's happening. He responds by explaining that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she, and whose real name is unknown, has sent her ahead to America whilst settling affairs in Europe. However, her husband does not arrive in Boston, and the consensus is that he has been lost at sea. It is apparent that, while waiting for her husband, Hester has had an affair, leading to the birth of her daughter. She will not reveal her lover's identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her subsequent public shaming, is the punishment for her sin and secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child's father.
The elderly onlooker is Hester's missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and her daughter Pearl grows into a willful, impish child—in Hawthorne's work, Pearl is more of a symbol than an actual character—and is said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister's torments and Hester's secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.
The Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas may have been made with Hawthorne's advice.
Dimmesdale's psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester's charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl's request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red "A" in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning adultery. Hester can see that the minister's condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale's self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his true identity to Dimmesdale.
Later in the story, while walking through the forest, the sun would not shine on Hester, although Pearl could bask in it. They then encounter Dimmesdale, as he is taking a walk in the woods that day. Hester informs Dimmesdale of the true identity of Chillingworth and the former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived with.
The day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday put on in honor of an election and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.
Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resumes her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married a European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", for Hester and Dimmesdale.
Major themes
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Sin
The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge—specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as "her passport into regions where other women dared not tread", leading her to "speculate" about her society and herself more "boldly" than anyone else in New England.
As for Dimmesdale, the "cheating minister" of his sin gives him "sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his chest vibrate[s] in unison with theirs." His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy. The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.
The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it—as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be–is held out in part as an invitation to find "some sweet moral blossom" in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that "the deep heart of nature" (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child than her Puritan neighbors do. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.
Chillingworth's misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the anger in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.
Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.
Past and present
The clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be "the soul and spirit of New England hardihood". Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with "no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities", who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.
Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as "dim and dusky", "grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned", "bitter persecutors" whose "better deeds" would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne's disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors' disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. "A writer of story books!" But even as he disagrees with his ancestors' viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a "sense of place" in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.
Publication history
Hawthorne originally planned The Scarlet Letter to be a shorter novelette which was part of a collection to be named Old Time Legends. His publisher, James Thomas Fields, convinced him to expand the novelette to a full-length novel. Hawthorne's wife Sophia later disputed that Fields had a larger role than this, complaining that "he has made the absurd boast that he was the sole cause of the Scarlet Letter being published!" She noted that her husband's friend Edwin Percy Whipple, a critic, approached Fields to consider its publication.
The Scarlet Letter was published as a novel in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period. When he delivered the final pages to Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular. In fact, the book was an instant best-seller though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500. Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".
The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days, and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 USD.
Critical response
On its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne's, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them". Orestes Brownson complained that Hawthorne did not understand Christianity, confession, and remorse. A review in the Church Review and Ecclesiastical Register concluded the author "perpetrates bad morals."
On the other hand, 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter. Henry James once said of the novel, "It is beautiful, admirable, extraordinary; it has in the highest degree that merit which I have spoken of as the mark of Hawthorne's best things--an indefinable purity and lightness of conception...One can often return to it; it supports familiarity and has the inexhaustible charm and mystery of great works of art."
The book's immediate and lasting success are due to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint.[citation needed] In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.
Allusions
* Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591–1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.
* Martin Luther (1483–1545) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
* Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.
* John Winthrop (1588–1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
* King's Chapel Burying Ground in the final paragraph exists; the Elizabeth Pain gravestone is traditionally considered an inspiration for the protagonists' grave.
小说《红字》-作品简介
小说以两百多年前的殖民地时代的美洲为题材，但揭露的却是19世纪资本主义发展时代美利坚合众国社会典法的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。主人公海丝特被写成了崇高道德的化身。她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔，同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。至于她的丈夫奇林渥斯，小说则把他写成了一个一心只想窥秘复仇的影子式的人物。他在小说中只起情节铺垫的作用。
小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。
小说《红字》-内容梗概
在十七世纪中叶的一个夏天，一天早晨，一大群波士顿居民拥挤在监狱前的草地上，庄严地目不转睛地盯着牢房门。
随着牢门的打开，一个怀抱三个月大的婴儿的年轻女人缓缓地走到了人群前，在她的胸前佩带着一个鲜红的A字，耀眼的红字吸引了所有人的目光，她就是海丝特•白兰太太。她由于被认为犯了通奸罪而受到审判，并要永远佩带那个代表着耻辱的红字。
在绞刑台上，面对着总督贝灵汉和约翰•威尔逊牧师的威逼利诱，她以极大的毅力忍受着屈辱，忍受着人性所能承担的一切，而站在她身旁的年轻牧师丁梅斯代尔却流露出一种忧心忡忡、惊慌失措的神色，恰似一个人在人生道路上偏离了方向，感到非常迷惘，只有把自己封闭起来才觉得安然。海丝特•白兰坚定地说： “我永远不会说出孩子的父亲是谁的”，说这句话的时候她的眼睛没有去看威尔逊牧师，而是凝视着那年轻牧师深沉而忧郁的眼睛。“这红字烙得太深了。你是取不下来的。但愿我能在忍受我的痛苦的同时，也忍受住他的痛苦！”海丝特•白兰说。
这时，在人群中，海丝特•白兰看到了一个相貌奇特的男人：矮小苍老，左肩比右肩高，正用着阴晦的眼神注视着她，这个男人就是她失散了两年之久的丈夫齐灵渥斯——一个才智出众、学识渊博的医生。当他发现海丝特•白兰认出了他时，示意她不要声张。在齐灵渥斯的眼里燃烧着仇恨的怒火，他要向海丝特•白兰及她的情人复仇，并且他相信一定能够成功。
海丝特•白兰被带回狱中之后，齐灵渥斯以医生的身份见到了她，但海丝特•白兰不肯说出孩子的父亲是谁，并且向齐灵渥斯坦言她从他那里从来没有感受到过爱情，齐灵渥斯威胁海丝特•白兰不要泄露他们的夫妻关系，他不能遭受一个不忠实女人的丈夫所要蒙受的耻辱，否则，他会让她的情人名誉扫地，毁掉的不仅仅是他的名誉，地位，甚至还有他的灵魂和生命，海丝特•白兰答应了。
海丝特•白兰出狱后，带着自己的女儿小珠儿靠着针线技艺维持着生活，她们离群索居，那鲜红的A字将屈辱深深烙在了海丝特•白兰的心里。小珠儿长得美丽脱俗，有着倔强的性格和充沛的精力，她和那红字一起闪耀在世人的面前，在那个清教徒的社会里，他们是耻辱的象征，但也只有他们是鲜亮的。
丁梅斯代尔牧师不仅年轻俊美，而且学识渊博，善于辞令，有着极高的秉赋和极深的造诣，在教民中有着极高的威望。但是，自从海丝特•白兰受审以来，他的健康日趋羸弱，敏感，忧郁与恐慌弥漫了他的整个思绪，他常常夜不成寐的祷告，每逢略受惊恐或是突然遇到什么意外事件时，他的手就会拢在心上，先是一阵红潮，然后便是满面苍白，显得十分苦痛。这一切都让齐灵渥斯看在眼里，对他产生了浓厚的兴趣，并以医生的身份与他形影相随。
随着时间的推移，小珠儿渐渐的长大了，她穿着母亲为她做的红天鹅绒裙衫，奔跑着，跳跃着，象一团小火焰在燃烧，这耀眼的红色使清教徒们觉得孩子是另一种形式的红字，是被赋予了生命的红字！贝灵汉总督和神甫约翰•威尔逊认为小珠儿应该与母亲分开，因为她的母亲是个罪人，没有能力完成使孩子成为清教徒的重任。但是海丝特•白兰坚决不同意。她大声说珠儿是上帝给她的孩子，珠儿是她的幸福！也是她的折磨！是珠儿叫她还活在世上！也是珠儿叫她受着惩罚！如果他们夺走珠儿，海丝特•白兰情愿先死给他们看。海丝特•白兰转向丁梅斯代尔牧师，希望他能够发表意见。丁梅斯代尔牧师面色苍白，一只手捂住心口，那双又大又黑的眼睛深处，在烦恼和忧郁之中还有一个痛苦的天地，他认为珠儿是上帝给海丝特•白兰的孩子，应该听从上帝的安排，如果她能把孩子送上天国，那么孩子也就能把她带到天国，这是上帝神圣的旨意。这样珠儿才没有被带走。
这一切，都被饱经世故的齐灵渥斯看在眼里，他一点点地向丁梅斯代尔牧师内心逼近，齐灵渥斯象观察病人一样去观察他，一方面观察丁梅斯代尔牧师的日常生活，看他怎样在惯有的思路中前进，另一方面观察他被投入另一种道德境界时所表现的形态，他尽量发掘牧师内心的奥秘。随着时间的推移，齐灵渥斯渐渐地走进了丁梅斯代尔牧师的心里，并向他的灵魂深处探进。
一天，丁梅斯代尔牧师正在沉睡，齐灵渥斯走了进来，拨开了他的法衣，终于发现了丁梅斯代尔牧师一直隐藏的秘密——他的胸口上有着和海丝特•白兰一样的红色标记，他欣喜若狂，那是一种狂野的惊奇、欢乐和恐惧的表情！那种骇人的狂喜，绝不仅仅是由眼睛和表情所表达的，甚至是从他整个的丑陋身躯迸发出来，他将两臂伸向天花板，一只脚使劲跺着地面，以这种非同寻常的姿态放纵地表现他的狂喜！当一个宝贵的人类灵魂失去了天国，堕入撒旦的地狱之中时，那魔王知道该如何举动了。
齐灵渥斯精心地实施着他的复仇计划，他利用丁梅斯代尔牧师敏感、富于想象的特点，抓住他的负罪心理，折磨他的心灵，他把自己装扮成可信赖的朋友，让对方向他吐露一切恐惧、自责、烦恼、懊悔、负罪感，那些向世界隐瞒着的一切内疚，本可以获得世界的博大心胸的怜悯和原谅的，如今却要揭示给他这个内心充满了复仇火焰的人，最最恰如其分地让他得偿复仇之夙债。而此时的丁梅斯代尔牧师对齐灵渥斯却没有任何的怀疑，虽然他总是会感到有一种恶势力在紧紧的盯着自己，总有一种不祥的预感，由于他不把任何人视为可信赖的朋友，故此当敌人实际上已出现时，仍然辨认不出。就在丁梅斯代尔牧师饱尝肉体上的疾病的痛苦和精神上的摧残的同时，他在圣职上却大放异彩，取得了辉煌的成就。公众的景仰更加加重了他的罪恶感，使他的心理不堪重负。
终于，在一天漆黑的夜里，丁梅斯代尔牧师梦游般走到了市场上的绞刑台上，发出一声悲痛的嘶喊。海丝特•白兰和小珠儿刚刚守护着一个人去世，恰巧从这里经过，她看到丁梅斯代尔牧师已处于崩溃的边缘，精神力量已经到了无能为力的地步。一种悔罪感使丁梅斯代尔邀请她们一同登上了绞刑台：“你们母女俩以前已经在这儿站过了，可是我当时没和你们在一起。再上来一次吧，我们三个人一起站着吧！”海丝特•白兰握着孩子的一只手，牧师握着孩子的另一只手，他们共同站在了绞刑台上。就在他这么做的瞬间，似有一般不同于他自己生命的新生命的激越之潮，急流般涌入他的心房，冲过他周身的血管，仿佛那母女俩正把她们生命的温暖传递给他半麻木的身躯，三人构成了一条闭合的电路，此时，天空闪过了一丝亮光，丁梅斯代尔仿佛看见天空中出现了一个巨大的字母“A”。然而，这一切都让跟踪而至的齐灵渥斯看到了，这使得丁梅斯代尔牧师极为恐慌，但是，齐灵渥斯却说丁梅斯代尔先生患了夜游症，并把他带回了家。丁梅斯代尔先生就象一个刚刚从噩梦中惊醒的人，心中懊丧得发冷，便听凭那医生把自己领走了。
许多年过去了，小珠儿已经七岁了，海丝特•白兰此时所处的地位已同她当初受辱时不完全一样了。如果一个人在大家面前有着与众不同的特殊地位，而同时又不干涉任何公共或个人的利益，她就最终会赢得普遍的尊重。海丝特•白兰从来与世无争，只是毫无怨尤地屈从于社会的最不公平的待遇；她也没有因自己的不幸而希冀什么报偿；她同样不依重于人们的同情。于是，在她因犯罪而丧失了权利、被迫独处一隅的这些年月里，大大地赢得了人心。她除了一心一意的打扮小珠儿外，她还尽自己所能去帮助穷人，用宽大的心去包容一切，人们开始不再把那红字看作是罪过的标记，而是当成自那时起的许多善行的象征。
在这几年里，许多人都发生着变化，齐灵渥斯变的更加苍老了，海丝特•白兰原来印象最深的他先前那种聪慧好学的品格，那种平和安详的风度，如今已经荡然无存，取而代之的是一种急切窥测的神色，近乎疯狂而又竭力掩饰，而这种掩饰使旁人益发清楚地看出他的阴险。海丝特•白兰请求齐灵渥斯放过丁梅斯代尔牧师，不要再摧残他的灵魂了，但是丁梅斯代尔牧师的痛苦、复仇的快乐已经冲昏了齐灵渥斯的头脑，他决定继续实施自己的阴谋，他要慢慢地折磨丁梅斯代尔牧师，复仇已经成为他生活唯一的目的。海丝特•白兰决定将齐灵渥斯的真实身份告诉丁梅斯代尔。
在一片浓密的森林里，海丝特•白兰见到了丁梅斯代尔，他们互诉衷肠，述说着几年来心底的秘密，他们受着同样的痛苦和煎熬，同样受着良知和道德的啮噬。丁梅斯代尔告诉她，虽然他的胸前没有佩带红字，但是，同样的红字在他的生命里一直燃烧着。此时，海丝特•白兰才意识到牺牲掉牧师的好名声，甚至让他死掉，都比她原先所选择的途径要强得多，她告诉丁梅斯代尔齐灵渥斯就是她的丈夫，她所做的一切都是为了他的荣誉、地位及生命才隐瞒了这个秘密。阴暗凶猛的眼神瞬间涌上了丁梅斯代尔的脸上，他痛楚的把脸埋在双手之中。海丝特•白兰劝丁梅斯代尔离开这里，到一个没有人认识的地方去，到一个可以避开齐灵渥斯双眼的地方去，她愿意和他开始一段新的生活，过去的已经一去不复返了！现在又何必去留恋呢？丁梅斯代尔犹豫着，他要么承认是一名罪犯而逃走，要么继续充当一名伪君子而留下，但他的良心已难以从中取得平衡；为了避免死亡和耻辱的危险，以及一个敌人的莫测的诡计，丁梅斯代尔决定出走。
海丝特•白兰的鼓励及对新生活的憧憬，使丁梅斯代尔重新有了生活的勇气和希望。刚好有一艘停泊在港湾的船三天之后就要到英国去，他们决定坐这艘船返回欧洲，一切都在顺利地进行着。他们每天都被这种新的希望激励着、兴奋着，丁梅斯代尔决定演讲完庆祝说教后就离开。新英格兰的节日如期而至，丁梅斯代尔牧师的演讲也按计划进行着，海丝特•白兰和小珠儿来到市场，她的脸上有一种前所未见的表情，特殊的不安和兴奋，“再最后看一眼这红字和佩戴红字的人吧！”她想，“再过一段时间，她就会远走高飞了！那深不可测的大海将把你们在她胸前灼烧的标记永远淹没无存！”这时，那艘准备开往英国船只的船长走了过来，他告诉海丝特•白兰，齐灵渥斯将同他们同行，海丝特•白兰彻底绝望了。
丁梅斯代尔牧师的宣讲取得了空前绝后的最辉煌成功，但随后他变得非常衰弱和苍白，他步履踉跄，内心的负罪感及良心的谴责最终战胜了他出逃的意志，在经过绞刑台的时候，他挣脱齐灵渥斯的羁绊，在海丝特•白兰的搀扶下登上了绞刑台，他拉着珠儿，在众人面前说出了在心底埋藏了七年的秘密，他就是小珠儿的父亲，他扯开了法衣的饰带，露出了红字，在众人的惊惧之声中，这个受尽蹂躏的灵魂辞世了。
齐灵渥斯把复仇当作他生活的唯一目的，可是当他胜利后，他扭曲的心灵再也找不到依托，他迅速枯萎了。不到一年，他死了，他把遗产赠给了小珠儿。不久，海丝特•白兰和小珠儿也走了。红字的故事渐渐变成了传说。许多年以后，在大洋的另一边，小珠儿出嫁了，过着非常幸福的生活，而海丝特•白兰又回到了波士顿，胸前依旧佩带着那个红字，这里有过她的罪孽，这里有过她的悲伤，这里也还会有她的忏悔。又过了许多年，在一座下陷的老坟附近，又挖了一座新坟。两座坟共用一块墓碑。上面刻着这么一行铭文：“一片墨黑的土地，一个血红的A字。”
小说《红字》-作品分析
《红字》的故事一开篇，映入读者眼帘的，昔先是“新殖民地的开拓者们”在万事草创之时忘不了与墓地同时修建的监狱，这株“文明社会的黑花“从来不曾经历过自己的青春韶华”，因为它 “与罪恶二字息息相关”，它那狰狞阴森的外貌，连同门前草地上“过于繁茂地簇生着的不堪入目的杂革”，都增加了晦暗凄楚的色调，然而在这一片灰黑之中，却傲然挺立着一丛玫魂，“盛开着宝石船的花朵”，象征着人类的道德……接下来，便出观了女主人公海丝特•白兰，怀抱初生的珠儿，“她焕发的美丽，竟把笼尽着她的不幸和耻辱凝成一轮光环”，令人联想起“圣母的形象”。这样一段胡胡如生的文字，不但为我们展现了人物活动的舞台背景，而且启发读者去思考作品的主题。
这种用略带神秘色彩的自然景象烘托环境、渣染气氛和映衬人物心理的手法俯拾皆是，最突出的便是丁梅斯代尔牧师和海丝特及珠儿在夜晚和密林中的两次会见：由红字联系在一起的几个主要人物的同时出场，如同戏剧中迭起的高潮，把全书紧织在一个严密的结构之中。
作者还把这种手法用于刻画人物液他的笔下次要人物的是非善恶和他们之间的思恩怨怨写得十分含蓄，而几个主要人物则通过个别的心理挖掘、成双的组合的冲突和同时出场亮相的交汇，交待出各人与红字相关的象征。
全书写到的人物不过十多个，其中有姓名的不超过十个。值得注意的是贝灵汉总督、威尔逊牧师、西宾斯老夫人和那位最年轻而唯一有同情心的姑娘这四个次要人物，他们分别是珠儿、丁梅斯代尔牧师、罗杰•齐灵握斯和海丝特这四个主要人物的反衬或影子。而四名主要人物又形成两对，使他们的个性在相得益彰之中予以酣畅淋漓的表现。
小说《红字》-红字“A”的象征意义
海丝特·白兰是有形的红字。她出身没落的世家，父母贫穷而正直。她的不幸的婚姻，加之两年中丈夫音讯皆无．谣传他已葬身海底，这个孤苦夫依的少妇与才貌相当的丁梅斯代尔的爱情便显得合情合理。事情败露后，她被迫终身佩戴红字，为了爱人的名声，她独自承担了全部罪责与耻辱。出于对他的眷恋之情，她不但在他生前不肯远离他所在的教区，就是在他死后，仍然放弃了与女儿共享天伦之乐的优越生活，重返埋有他尸骨的故地，重新戴上红字，直到死后葬在他身边，以便永远守护、偎依着他。这个勇敢的女性还精心刺绣那红字，着意打扮她的小珠儿，不仅出面捍卫自己教养她的权利，而且尊重孩子狂野的天性，努力培养她成人。在作者的笔下，海丝特远不只是个争取个性解放的女人，她还汲取了“比红字烙印所代表的罪恶还要致命”的精神，把矛头指向了“与古代准则密切相关的古代偏见的完整体系——这是那些王室贵胄真正的藏身之地”，称得起是一位向愚昧的传统宣战的斗士了。这样的高度，是很多文学作品中的妇女形象所难以企及的。她的这种精神境界尽管没有为她的那些请教徒乡亲和愚不可及的长官们所理解(否则，不分要和来何等横祸)，但无论如何，由于她的合辛茹苦、助人为乐等种两美德，使她胸前的红字不再是“通奸”(入dult“y)的耻辱徽记，面成了“能干”(Able)，甚至“值得尊敬”(AdmiraLIe)的标志了。
丁梅斯代尔是无形的红字。与海丝特相比，他显得怯懦，但这是他受宗教束缚弥重的结果。他并非不想公开仟悔自己的“罪孽”，但他的这种愿望过多地同 “赎罪”‘内省”等宗教意识纠缠在一起，因此行动上也只能处处受其局绊。他既要受内心的谴责，又要防外界的窥测；他明明有自己的爱，却偏偏要把这种感情视同邪魔。他在痛苦中挣扎了七年，最终虽然以袒露胸膛上的“罪恶”烙印，完成了道德的净化与灵魂的飞升，但他始终没再气承认自己爱的正当，更谈不到与旧的精神体系彻底决裂，与海丝特相比，似乎更加映衬出后者的高大。
齐灵握斯是红字的制造音。他那丑陋的外貌和畸形的躯体，正是他丑陋和畸形的灵魂的写照。他选择了让丁梅斯代尔话着受煎熬的复仇手段，实际上成了阻止他赎罪的恶魔。他和海丝特的结合虽然出于他追求家庭温暖和个人幸福的一已之私，但毕竟是一种爱，原也无可厚非；但当这种爱转变成恨，把复仇作为生活目标，不惜抛弃“博爱”的基督精神，以啮噬他人的灵魂为乐之后，反倒由被害者堕落成“最坏的罪人”，不但在失去复仇这一生活目标时结束了自己的生命，而且死后也不会得到新生。
小珠儿则是活的红字，“是另一种形式的红字，是被赋予了生命的红字！”这个私生的小精灵和她母亲胸前的红字交相辉映，既是“罪恶”的产物又是爱情的结晶。海丝特把红字用金色丝线装饰得十分华美，小珠儿也给打扮得鲜丽异常。她的美勃齐灵漫斯的丑形成强烈对比：一方面体观了作者的浪漫主义观点一老医生的博学多识使他成为深受文咖亏染的社会人面小女孩肆元忌惮的狂野则仍保持着自然人的纯真；另方面又表明了作者的宗教意识——齐灵涯斯既然是撤旦，小珠儿便是 “天使”（Angel），“A”字在她身上，从而具备了更积极的合义。恰拾是在这个含义上，寄托了作者美好的理想，也体现了他对宗教的幻想，
小说《红字》-作者创作《红字》原意
霍桑是一位世界观相当复杂的作家，他选择爱情悲剧作为《红字》的主题，使自己深深陷入难解的矛盾之中。爱情本是人类的天性，但按照基督教义。亚当和夏娃偷吃了伊甸园的智慧之果，懂得了男欢女爱，不再靠上帝创造而由自已繁衍人类，这本身正是“原罪”，至于私情，更触犯了基督教的第七戒。霍桑虽深受教会影响，但自从欧洲文艺复兴以来，爱情早已成了文艺作品永恒的主题，时时受到歌颂，他即使再保守，也不会不认为这是天经地义的了。于是，书中便处处可见作者难言的苦衷：他虽然谴责不合理的婚姻，甚至把男女主人公的爱情说成是“神圣的贡献”，但不敢肯定不合“法”的感情，更不肯使有情人终成眷属。他只能让齐灵渥斯在死前“良心发现”，把遗产全部留给珠儿。
实际上，霍桑在《红字》中要表达的，是社会现状和人类命运，并借以进一步探讨他所关心的“善”与“恶”的哲理。那座构成《红字》故事中心场景的示众刑台，时面被描述成“象是教堂的附属建筑”，似是要把社会的丑恶及不人道归咎于宗教，但继而又被写作“如同法国大革命时期恐怖党人的断头台”，表明了他对社会变革的不解与疑惧。从这一例证中我们不难看出，作家以敏锐的目光洞悉了社会的种种弊端，但并不知道应该何去何从。他从人道主义出发，把社会的不合理现状和人类的悲惨命运，归结为“善”与“恶”之争，但他的善恶观又深受宗教教条的浸染，成了缠夹不清的空泛议论，说什么“爱总要比恨来得容易，这正是人类本性之所在。……恨甚至会通过悄悄渐进的过程变成爱。”还提出“恨和爱，归根结底是不是同一的东西……”；而书中那种浓重的阴郁色彩，也给人压抑多于振奋。
然而，我们在阅读和欣赏文学名著时，既不应苛求作家，也不该围于他的局限。霍桑本人有保守思想和神秘主义倾向，读了这部作品后，能够看到旧制度的黑暗，并唤起变革社会的理想，愿意为更美好的人类命运去奋争，不也是积极的吗？诚如作者在与全书开篇遥相呼应的结尾宁所写：“这传说实在阴惨，只有一点比阴影还要幽暗的永恒的光斑稍稍给人一点宽慰：“一片墨黑的土地，一个血红的A字。”霍桑作品的一大长处是引人深思、发人联想。
《红字》发表后获得巨大成功，霍桑继而创作了不少作品。其中《带有七个尖角阁的房子》（1851）描写品恩钦家族的祖先谋财害命而使后代遭到报应的故事，说明财富是祸患，“一代人的罪孽要殃及子孙”；这部小说也反映了资本主义发展初期的血腥掠夺。另一部小说《福谷传奇》（1852）以布鲁克农场生活为题材，表达了作者对这种社会改良的尝试失望的心情以及对狂热的改革者的厌恶。
皮尔斯当选为美国总统后，霍桑于1853年被任命为驻英国利物浦的领事。1857年后,霍桑侨居意大利,创作了另一部讨论善恶问题的长篇小说《玉石雕像》(1860)。1860年霍桑返回美国，在康科德定居，坚持写作。1864年5月19日去世，身后留下4部未完成的长篇小说。
霍桑是一个思想上充满矛盾的作家，新英格兰的清教主义传统对他影响很深。一方面他反抗这个传统，抨击宗教狂热和狭隘、虚伪的宗教信条；另一方面他又受这个传统的束缚，以加尔文教派的善恶观念来认识社会和整个世界。作家赫•梅尔维尔曾指出，他的作品中渗透着“加尔文教派的‘人性本质’和‘原罪’的观念”。霍桑思想保守，对生产的发展和技术进步抱有抵触情绪，对社会改革持怀疑态度，对当时蓬勃开展的废奴运动不很理解。这些在他的作品中都有所流露。在艺术上他独具一格，擅长心理描写，善于揭示人物的内心冲突。他把自己的小说称为“心理罗曼史”。他潜心挖掘隐藏在事物背后的不易觉察的意义，作品想象丰富，结构严谨。
Plot summary
The novel takes place during the summer in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts in a Puritan village. A young woman, named Hester Prynne, has been led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and on the breast of her gown "a rag of scarlet cloth" that "assumed the shape of a letter." It was the uppercase letter "A". The Scarlet Letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin—a badge of shame—for all to see. A man, who was elderly and a stranger to the town, enters the crowd and asks another onlooker what's happening. He responds by explaining that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she, and whose real name is unknown, has sent her ahead to America whilst settling affairs in Europe. However, her husband does not arrive in Boston, and the consensus is that he has been lost at sea. It is apparent that, while waiting for her husband, Hester has had an affair, leading to the birth of her daughter. She will not reveal her lover's identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her subsequent public shaming, is the punishment for her sin and secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child's father.
The elderly onlooker is Hester's missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and her daughter Pearl grows into a willful, impish child—in Hawthorne's work, Pearl is more of a symbol than an actual character—and is said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister's torments and Hester's secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.
The Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas may have been made with Hawthorne's advice.
Dimmesdale's psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester's charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl's request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red "A" in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning adultery. Hester can see that the minister's condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale's self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his true identity to Dimmesdale.
Later in the story, while walking through the forest, the sun would not shine on Hester, although Pearl could bask in it. They then encounter Dimmesdale, as he is taking a walk in the woods that day. Hester informs Dimmesdale of the true identity of Chillingworth and the former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived with.
The day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday put on in honor of an election and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.
Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resumes her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married a European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", for Hester and Dimmesdale.
Major themes
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Sin
The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge—specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as "her passport into regions where other women dared not tread", leading her to "speculate" about her society and herself more "boldly" than anyone else in New England.
As for Dimmesdale, the "cheating minister" of his sin gives him "sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his chest vibrate[s] in unison with theirs." His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy. The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.
The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it—as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be–is held out in part as an invitation to find "some sweet moral blossom" in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that "the deep heart of nature" (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child than her Puritan neighbors do. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.
Chillingworth's misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the anger in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.
Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.
Past and present
The clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be "the soul and spirit of New England hardihood". Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with "no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities", who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.
Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as "dim and dusky", "grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned", "bitter persecutors" whose "better deeds" would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne's disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors' disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. "A writer of story books!" But even as he disagrees with his ancestors' viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a "sense of place" in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.
Publication history
Hawthorne originally planned The Scarlet Letter to be a shorter novelette which was part of a collection to be named Old Time Legends. His publisher, James Thomas Fields, convinced him to expand the novelette to a full-length novel. Hawthorne's wife Sophia later disputed that Fields had a larger role than this, complaining that "he has made the absurd boast that he was the sole cause of the Scarlet Letter being published!" She noted that her husband's friend Edwin Percy Whipple, a critic, approached Fields to consider its publication.
The Scarlet Letter was published as a novel in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period. When he delivered the final pages to Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular. In fact, the book was an instant best-seller though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500. Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".
The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days, and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 USD.
Critical response
On its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne's, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them". Orestes Brownson complained that Hawthorne did not understand Christianity, confession, and remorse. A review in the Church Review and Ecclesiastical Register concluded the author "perpetrates bad morals."
On the other hand, 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter. Henry James once said of the novel, "It is beautiful, admirable, extraordinary; it has in the highest degree that merit which I have spoken of as the mark of Hawthorne's best things--an indefinable purity and lightness of conception...One can often return to it; it supports familiarity and has the inexhaustible charm and mystery of great works of art."
The book's immediate and lasting success are due to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint.[citation needed] In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.
Allusions
* Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591–1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.
* Martin Luther (1483–1545) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
* Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.
* John Winthrop (1588–1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
* King's Chapel Burying Ground in the final paragraph exists; the Elizabeth Pain gravestone is traditionally considered an inspiration for the protagonists' grave.
尼尔·霍桑，（NathanielHawthorne1804～1864）美国小说家，是美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家和心理小说家。1804年7月4日出生于马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇一个没落的世家。他的祖辈之中有人曾参与清教徒迫害异端的事件，为著名的1692年“塞勒姆驱巫案”的3名法官之一。这段历史对霍桑的思想产生了深刻的影响。1825年大学毕业后即从事写作。1842年出版了第一个短篇小说集《重讲一遍的故事》。曾担任海关职员。晚年成名后，曾出任驻英公使。他一生主要从事写作。作品基本上以新英格兰殖民时期的生活为背景，生动描述新英格兰的风俗人情、社会风貌，特别是加尔文教的统治对人们心灵的摧残以及清教徒、上层分子虚伪的道德，同时也流露出他的宗教意识和神秘主义观点。重要作品有《红字》、《七个尖角阁的房子》 。另有《奇书》、《故事新编》、《有七面山墙的房子》、《福谷传奇》等。艺术上独具一格，是美国19世纪浪漫主义的著名代表作家。
霍桑的短篇小说大多取材于新英格兰的历史或现实生活，着重探讨人性和人的命运等问题。著名的短篇小说《小伙子布朗》、《教长的黑纱》揭露人人皆有的隐秘的罪恶，表达了人性是恶的和人是孤独的等观点。另一些小说如《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》，反映了他对科学和理性的怀疑，以及他反对过激和偏执的思想。《通天的铁路》则指出技术的进步丰富了人的物质享受，却败坏了人的精神。有少数作品正面表达了霍桑的理想，如《石面人像》；另外有些故事记叙了新英格兰殖民地人民的抗英斗争，但往往带有浓厚的宗教气氛和神秘色彩。
1836年和1846年霍桑曾两度在海关任职，1841年曾参加超验主义者创办的布鲁克农场。他于1842年结婚，在康科德村居住，结识了作家爱默生、梭罗等人。1848年由于政见与当局不同,失去海关的职务,便致力于创作活动，写出了他最重要的长篇小说《红字》（1850）。这部作品以殖民地时期新英格兰生活为背景，描写一个受不合理的婚姻束缚的少妇犯了为加尔文教派所严禁的通奸罪而被示众，暴露了当时政教合一体制统治下殖民地社会中的某些黑暗。作者细致地描写了经过长期赎罪而在精神上自新的少妇海斯特•白兰，长期受到信仰和良心的责备而终于坦白承认了罪过的狄姆斯台尔牧师，以及满怀复仇心理以至完全丧失人性的白兰的丈夫罗杰，层层深入地探究有关罪恶和人性的各种道德、哲理问题。小说以监狱和玫瑰花开场，以墓地结束，充满丰富的象征意义。
《红字》发表后获得巨大成功，霍桑继而创作了不少作品。其中《带有七个尖角阁的房子》（1851）描写品恩钦家族的祖先谋财害命而使后代遭到报应的故事，说明财富是祸患，“一代人的罪孽要殃及子孙”；这部小说也反映了资本主义发展初期的血腥掠夺。另一部小说《福谷传奇》（1852）以布鲁克农场生活为题材，表达了作者对这种社会改良的尝试失望的心情以及对狂热的改革者的厌恶。
皮尔斯当选为美国总统后，霍桑于1853年被任命为驻英国利物浦的领事。1857年后,霍桑侨居意大利,创作了另一部讨论善恶问题的长篇小说《玉石雕像》(1860)。1860年霍桑返回美国，在康科德定居，坚持写作。1864年5月19日去世，身后留下4部未完成的长篇小说。
霍桑是一个思想上充满矛盾的作家，新英格兰的清教主义传统对他影响很深。一方面他反抗这个传统，抨击宗教狂热和狭隘、虚伪的宗教信条；另一方面他又受这个传统的束缚，以加尔文教派的善恶观念来认识社会和整个世界。作家赫•梅尔维尔曾指出，他的作品中渗透着“加尔文教派的‘人性本质’和‘原罪’的观念”。霍桑思想保守，对生产的发展和技术进步抱有抵触情绪，对社会改革持怀疑态度，对当时蓬勃开展的废奴运动不很理解。这些在他的作品中都有所流露。在艺术上他独具一格，擅长心理描写，善于揭示人物的内心冲突。他把自己的小说称为“心理罗曼史”。他潜心挖掘隐藏在事物背后的不易觉察的意义，作品想象丰富，结构严谨。
霍桑的短篇小说大多取材于新英格兰的历史或现实生活，着重探讨人性和人的命运等问题。著名的短篇小说《小伙子布朗》、《教长的黑纱》揭露人人皆有的隐秘的罪恶，表达了人性是恶的和人是孤独的等观点。另一些小说如《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》，反映了他对科学和理性的怀疑，以及他反对过激和偏执的思想。《通天的铁路》则指出技术的进步丰富了人的物质享受，却败坏了人的精神。有少数作品正面表达了霍桑的理想，如《石面人像》；另外有些故事记叙了新英格兰殖民地人民的抗英斗争，但往往带有浓厚的宗教气氛和神秘色彩。
1836年和1846年霍桑曾两度在海关任职，1841年曾参加超验主义者创办的布鲁克农场。他于1842年结婚，在康科德村居住，结识了作家爱默生、梭罗等人。1848年由于政见与当局不同,失去海关的职务,便致力于创作活动，写出了他最重要的长篇小说《红字》（1850）。这部作品以殖民地时期新英格兰生活为背景，描写一个受不合理的婚姻束缚的少妇犯了为加尔文教派所严禁的通奸罪而被示众，暴露了当时政教合一体制统治下殖民地社会中的某些黑暗。作者细致地描写了经过长期赎罪而在精神上自新的少妇海斯特•白兰，长期受到信仰和良心的责备而终于坦白承认了罪过的狄姆斯台尔牧师，以及满怀复仇心理以至完全丧失人性的白兰的丈夫罗杰，层层深入地探究有关罪恶和人性的各种道德、哲理问题。小说以监狱和玫瑰花开场，以墓地结束，充满丰富的象征意义。
《红字》发表后获得巨大成功，霍桑继而创作了不少作品。其中《带有七个尖角阁的房子》（1851）描写品恩钦家族的祖先谋财害命而使后代遭到报应的故事，说明财富是祸患，“一代人的罪孽要殃及子孙”；这部小说也反映了资本主义发展初期的血腥掠夺。另一部小说《福谷传奇》（1852）以布鲁克农场生活为题材，表达了作者对这种社会改良的尝试失望的心情以及对狂热的改革者的厌恶。
皮尔斯当选为美国总统后，霍桑于1853年被任命为驻英国利物浦的领事。1857年后,霍桑侨居意大利,创作了另一部讨论善恶问题的长篇小说《玉石雕像》(1860)。1860年霍桑返回美国，在康科德定居，坚持写作。1864年5月19日去世，身后留下4部未完成的长篇小说。
霍桑是一个思想上充满矛盾的作家，新英格兰的清教主义传统对他影响很深。一方面他反抗这个传统，抨击宗教狂热和狭隘、虚伪的宗教信条；另一方面他又受这个传统的束缚，以加尔文教派的善恶观念来认识社会和整个世界。作家赫•梅尔维尔曾指出，他的作品中渗透着“加尔文教派的‘人性本质’和‘原罪’的观念”。霍桑思想保守，对生产的发展和技术进步抱有抵触情绪，对社会改革持怀疑态度，对当时蓬勃开展的废奴运动不很理解。这些在他的作品中都有所流露。在艺术上他独具一格，擅长心理描写，善于揭示人物的内心冲突。他把自己的小说称为“心理罗曼史”。他潜心挖掘隐藏在事物背后的不易觉察的意义，作品想象丰富，结构严谨。