首页>> 文学论坛>> 现实百态>> 托马斯·哈代 Thomas Hardy   英国 United Kingdom   温莎王朝   (1840年6月2日1928年1月11日)
还乡 The Return of the Native
  《还乡》发表于一八七八年,是托马斯·哈代(1840—1928)创作中期的重要成果。哈代这位英国十九世纪末期的大小说家和二十世纪初期的大诗人,久已为我国读者所熟悉和欣赏,他的小说和诗歌代表作,如《德伯家的苔丝》、《无名的裘德》、《还乡》、《卡斯特桥市长》、《三怪客》、《列王》等,从本世纪二三十年代开 始,就通过中译本陆续介绍到了我国。哈代在他的创作生涯中,自觉地奉行文学“反映人生,暴露人生,批判人生”的主张;同时又自觉地探寻艺术上的不断创新。
  
  还乡-作品简介
  
  《还乡》正是哈代创作中这种双重自觉性的体现。故事发生的场景爱敦荒原,以及荒原上固守传统习惯风俗的居民,就是整个人类生存环境的缩影。故事中男女主人公与荒原的关系,不管是克林·姚伯的回归荒原,改造荒原,还是游苔莎的厌倦荒原,摆脱荒原,都反映了哈代那个时代的“现代”青年与环境的剧烈冲突。克林·姚伯年轻有为,从巴黎还乡,满怀由法国空想社会主义思想生发而来的善良意图,自愿抛弃繁华世界的纷扰劳烦、纸醉金迷的生活,意欲在故乡的穷乡僻壤开创一番小小的经邦济世、开蒙启智的事业,但他首先遭到的,是与自己最亲近的寡母和新婚妻子的反对。由于命运的捉弄,他又突患眼疾,则进而为他的失败推波助澜。女主人公游苔莎与环境的冲突,是朝着与姚伯相反的另一方向。姚伯是生于荒原——走向繁华世界——复归荒原;游苔莎是生于繁华世界——流落荒原——意欲逃离荒原。他们二人虽都不满现状,都具有超出荒原人传统习俗、思想的“现代”意识,但是彼此仍格格不入。这样的一对青年男女,多半出于外貌上的相互吸引,再加上初识阶段彼此的误解,在一时的感情冲动之下结为婚姻伴侣,他们婚后的冲突也就更加激烈。又是命运的拨弄,这种冲突不仅难于因势利导地得以排解、消减,相反却愈演愈烈,最后必然酿生悲剧。


  The Return of the Native is Thomas Hardy's sixth published novel. It first appeared in the magazine Belgravia, a publication known for its sensationalism, and was presented in twelve monthly installments from January to December 1878. Due to the novel's controversial themes, Hardy had some difficulty finding a publisher; reviews, however, though somewhat mixed, were generally positive. In the twentieth century, The Return of the Native became one of Hardy's most popular novels.
  
  Plot summary
  
  The novel takes place entirely in the environs of Egdon Heath, and, with the exception of the epilogue, Aftercourses, covers exactly a year and a day. The narrative begins on the evening of Guy Fawkes Night as Diggory Venn drives slowly across the heath, carrying a hidden passenger in the back of his van. When darkness falls, the country folk light bonfires on the surrounding hills, emphasizing - not for the last time - the pagan spirit of the heath and its denizens.
  
  Venn is a reddleman; he travels the country marking flocks of sheep with a red mineral called 'reddle', a dialect term for red ochre. Although his trade has stained him red from head to foot, underneath his devilish colouring he is a handsome, shrewd, well-meaning young man. His passenger is a young woman named Thomasin Yeobright, whom Venn is taking home. Earlier that day, Thomasin had planned to marry Damon Wildeve, a local innkeeper known for his fickleness; however, a minor technical difficulty delayed the marriage and Thomasin, in distress, ran after the reddleman's van and asked him to take her home. Venn himself is in love with Thomasin, and unsuccessfully wooed her a year or two before. Now, although he knows Wildeve is unworthy of her love, he is so devoted to her that he is willing to help her secure the man of her choice.
  
  At length, Venn reaches Bloom's End, the home of Thomasin's aunt, Mrs. Yeobright. She is a good woman, if somewhat proud and inflexible, and she wants the best for Thomasin. In former months she opposed her niece's choice of husband, and publicly forbade the banns; now, since Thomasin has compromised herself by leaving town with Wildeve and returning unmarried, the best outcome Mrs. Yeobright can envision is for the postponed marriage to be duly solemnized as soon as possible. She and Venn both begin working on Wildeve to make sure he keeps his promise to Thomasin.
  
  Wildeve, however, is still preoccupied with Eustacia Vye, an exotically beautiful young woman living with her grandfather in a lonely house on Egdon Heath. Eustacia is a black-haired, queenly woman who grew up in Budmouth, a fashionable seaside resort. She holds herself aloof from most of the heathfolk; they, in turn, consider her an oddity, and one or two even think she's a witch. She is nothing like Thomasin, who is sweet-natured. She loathes the heath, yet roams it constantly, carrying a spyglass and an hourglass. The previous year, she and Wildeve were lovers; however, even during the height of her passion for him, she knew she only loved him because there was no better object available. When Wildeve broke off the relationship to court Thomasin, Eustacia's interest in him briefly returned. The two meet on Guy Fawkes night, and Wildeve asks her to run off to America with him. She demurs.
  
  Eustacia drops Wildeve when Mrs. Yeobright's son Clym, a successful diamond merchant, returns from Paris to his native Egdon Heath. Although he has no plans to return to Paris or the diamond trade and is, in fact, openly planning to become a schoolmaster for the rural poor, Eustacia sees him as a way to escape the hated heath and begin a grander, richer existence in a glamorous new location. With some difficulty, she arranges to meet Clym, and the two soon fall in love. When Mrs. Yeobright objects, Clym quarrels with her; later, she quarrels with Eustacia as well.
  "Unconscious of her presence, he still went on singing." Eustacia watches Clym cut furze in this illustration by Arthur Hopkins for the original Belgravia edition (Plate 8, July 1878).
  
  When he sees that Eustacia is lost to him, Wildeve marries Thomasin, who gives birth to a daughter the next summer. Clym and Eustacia also marry and move to a small cottage five miles away, where they enjoy a brief period of happiness. The seeds of rancour soon begin to germinate, however: Clym studies night and day to prepare for his new career as a schoolmaster while Eustacia clings to the hope that he'll give up the idea and take her abroad. Instead, he nearly blinds himself with too much reading, then further mortifies his wife by deciding to eke out a living, at least temporarily, as a furze-cutter. Eustacia, her dreams blasted, finds herself living in a hut on the heath, chained by marriage to a lowly labouring man.
  
  At this point, Wildeve reappears; he has unexpectedly inherited a large sum of money, and is now in a better position to fulfill Eustacia's hopes. He comes calling on the Yeobrights in the middle of one hot August day and, although Clym is at home, he is fast asleep on the hearth after a gruelling session of furze-cutting. While Eustacia and Wildeve are talking, Mrs. Yeobright knocks on the door; she has decided to pay a courtesy call in the hopes of healing the estrangement between herself and her son. Eustacia looks out at her and then, in some alarm, ushers her visitor out the back door. She hears Clym calling to his mother and, thinking his mother's knocking has awakened him, remains in the garden for a few moments. When Eustacia goes back inside, she finds Clym still asleep and his mother gone. Clym, she now realises, merely cried out his mother's name in his sleep.
  
  Mrs Yeobright, it turns out, saw Eustacia looking out the window at her; she also saw Clym's gear by the door, and so knew they were both at home. Now, thinking she has been deliberately barred from her son's home, she miserably begins the long, hot walk home. Later that evening, Clym, unaware of her attempted visit, heads for Bloom's End and on the way finds her crumpled beside the path, dying from an adder's bite. When she expires that night from the combined effects of snake venom and heat exhaustion, Clym's grief and remorse make him physically ill for several weeks. Eustacia, racked with guilt, dare not tell him of her role in the tragedy; when he eventually finds out from a neighbour's child about his mother's visit - and Wildeve's - he rushes home to accuse his wife of murder and adultery. Eustacia refuses to explain her actions; instead, she tells him You are no blessing, my husband and reproaches him for his cruelty. She then moves back to her grandfather's house, where she struggles with her despair while she awaits some word from Clym.
  
  Wildeve visits her again on Guy Fawkes night, and offers to help her get to Paris. Eustacia realises that if she lets Wildeve help her, she'll be obliged to become his mistress. She tells him she will send him a signal by night if she decides to accept. Clym's anger, meanwhile, has cooled and he sends Eustacia a letter the next day offering reconciliation. The letter arrives a few minutes too late; by the time her grandfather tries to give it to her, she has already signalled to Wildeve and set off through wind and rain to meet him. She walks along weeping, however, knowing she is about to break her marriage vows for a man who is unworthy of her.
  
  Wildeve readies a horse and gig and waits for Eustacia in the dark. Thomasin, guessing his plans, sends Clym to intercept him; she also, by chance, encounters Diggory Venn as she dashes across the heath herself in pursuit of her husband. Eustacia does not appear; instead, she falls or throws herself into nearby Shadwater Weir. Clym and Wildeve hear the splash and hurry to investigate. Wildeve plunges recklessly after Eustacia without bothering to remove his coat, while Clym, proceeding more cautiously, nevertheless is also soon at the mercy of the raging waters. Venn arrives in time to save Clym, but is too late for the others. When Clym revives, he accuses himself of murdering his wife and mother.
  
  In the epilogue, Venn gives up being a reddleman to become a dairy farmer. Two years later, Thomasin marries him and they settle down happily together. Clym, now a sad, solitary figure, eventually takes up preaching.
  Discussion
  
  With its deeply flawed heroine and its (for the time) open acknowledgement of illicit sexual relationships, The Return of the Native raised some eyebrows when it first appeared as a serial in Victorian Britain. Although he intended to structure the novel into five books, thus mirroring the classical tragic format, Hardy submitted to the tastes of the serial-reading public sufficiently to tack on a happy ending for Diggory Venn and Thomasin in a sixth book, Aftercourses. In Hardy's original conception, Venn retains his weird reddleman's character, while Thomasin lives out her days as a widow.
  
  Hardy's choice of themes - sexual politics, thwarted desire, and the conflicting demands of nature and society - makes this a truly modern novel. Underlying these modern themes, however, is a classical sense of tragedy: Hardy scrupulously observes the three unities of time, place, and action and suggests that the struggles of those trying to escape their destinies will only hasten their destruction. To emphasize this point, he uses as setting an ancient heath steeped in pre-Christian history and supplies a Chorus consisting of Grandfer Cantle, Timothy Fairway, and the rest of the heathfolk. Hardy also pointedly alludes to Oedipus Rex with Clym's blindness and his obsessive grief for his mother. Eustacia, who manipulates fate in hopes of leaving Egdon Heath for a larger existence in Paris, instead becomes an eternal resident when she drowns in Shadwater Weir; Wildeve shares not only Eustacia's dream of escape, but also her fate; and Clym, the would-be educational reformer, survives the Weir but lives on as a lonely, remorseful man.
  
  Some critics – notably D. H. Lawrence – see the novel as a study of the way communities control their misfits. In Egdon Heath, most people (particularly the women) look askance at the proud, unconventional Eustacia. Mrs. Yeobright considers her too odd and unreliable to be a suitable bride for her son, and Susan Nunsuch, who frankly believes her to be a witch, tries to protect her children from Eustacia's supposedly baleful influence by stabbing her with a stocking pin and later burning her in effigy. Clym at first laughs at such superstitions, but later embraces the majority opinion when he rejects his wife as a murderer and adultress. In this view, Eustacia dies because she has internalised the community's values to the extent that, unable to escape Egdon without confirming her status as a fallen woman, she chooses suicide. She thereby ends her sorrows while at the same time – by drowning in the weir like any woman instead of floating, witchlike – she proves her essential innocence to the community.
  Character list
  
   * Clement (Clym) Yeobright—A man of about thirty who gives up a business career in Paris to return to his native Egdon Heath to become a “schoolmaster to the poor and ignorant” (Hardy himself gave up a successful career as a London architect and returned to his native Dorchester to become a writer). "The beauty here visible would in no time be ruthlessly overrun by its parasite, thought." Clym is the "native" to which the book's title refers.
  
   * Eustacia Vye—A raven-haired young beauty who chafes against her life on the heath and longs to escape it in order to lead the more adventure-filled life of the world. Some of the heathfolk think she is a witch. Hardy describes her as "the raw material of a divinity" whose "celestial imperiousness, love, wrath, and fervour had proved to be somewhat thrown away on netherward Egdon."
  
   * Mrs. Yeobright—Clym’s mother, a widow of inflexible standards. Thomasin has lived with her for many years, but Clym is her only child. She strongly disapproves of Eustacia.
  
   * Thomasin (Tamsin) Yeobright—Clym’s cousin and Mrs. Yeobright’s niece, a young girl of gentle ways and conventional expectations. In Hardy's original manuscript, Wildeve tricks her with a false marriage in order to seduce her. "Mrs Yeobright saw a little figure...undefended except by the power of her own hope."
  
   * Damon Wildeve—Eustacia's former lover and Thomasin's first husband. He is an ex-engineer who has failed in his profession and who now keeps an inn, "The Quiet Woman" – so-called because its sign depicts a decapitated woman carrying her own head. He has a wandering eye and an appetite for women. "A lady killing career."
  
   * Diggory Venn—A resourceful man of twenty-four and a reddleman (a travelling seller of reddle, red chalk used for marking sheep). He selflessly protects Thomasin throughout the novel despite the fact that she refused to marry him two years before. He keeps a watchful eye on Eustacia to make sure Wildeve doesn't go back to her. At the end, he renounces his trade to become a dairy farmer like his father, and in doing so loses the red skin. He is then seen as a suitable husband for Thomasin. Venn's red coloration and frequent narrative references to his 'Mephistophelean' or diabolical character are symbolic and important. In one particularly significant chapter ("The Morning and Evening of an Eventful Day"), Venn displays an increasingly unlikely string of good luck, repeatedly rolling dice and defeating a rival. This event makes Venn something of a deus ex machina, as well as a quasi-magical figure. While Hardy abandons these aspects of Venn's character by the end of the novel, during his 'reddleman' phase, Venn lends elements of magical realism and what modern readers would understand to be superheroic elements to the novel.
  
   * Captain Vye—Eustacia’s grandfather and a former naval officer.
  
   * Timothy Fairway—A sententious man of middle age who is greatly respected by the other heathfolk.
  
   * Grandfer Cantle—A somewhat senile and always lively ex-soldier of about sixty-nine.
  
   * Christian Cantle—Grandfer Cantle’s fearful and timid thirty-one-year-old son.
  
   * Humphrey—Clym's eventual colleague, a furze cutter (furze is a low, prickly shrub more commonly called gorse).
  
   * Susan Nunsuch—Eustacia's nearest neighbour and bitterest enemy who convinces herself that Eustacia's witchery has caused her son's sickliness. In a memorable scene, Susan tries to protect him by making a wax effigy of Eustacia, sticking it full of pins, and melting it in her fireplace while uttering the Lord's Prayer backward. Eustacia drowns later that night.
  
   * Johnny Nunsuch—Susan’s son, a young boy. He encounters Mrs. Yeobright during her fatal walk home and, in obedience to her wishes, reports her last words to Clym: I am a broken-hearted woman cast off by my son.
  
   * Charley—A sixteen-year-old boy who works for Captain Vye and who admires Eustacia, largely from afar.
  
   * Egdon Heath—The setting for all the novel's events; considered by some critics to be the leading character as well. It is profoundly ancient, the scene of intense but long-forgotten pagan lives. As its tumuli attest, it is also a graveyard that has swallowed countless generations of inhabitants without changing much itself. To Thomasin, Clym, and Diggory, it is a benign, natural place; in Eustacia's eyes, it becomes a malevolent presence intent on destroying her.
  
  Adaptations
  
  The first and, thus far, only film version of The Return of the Native was a television movie released in 1994. The setting for the film is Exmoor rather than Egdon Heath: the film stars Catherine Zeta Jones as Eustacia Vye, Clive Owen as Damon Wildeve, Ray Stevenson as Clym Yeobright, and Joan Plowright as Mrs. Yeobright. Jack Gold directed. The novel has also been adapted for the stage several times.
  In popular culture
  
   * Monty Python's 1973 record, Matching Tie and Handkerchief includes a sketch called "Novel Writing". In the sketch, a crowd gathers to watch Thomas Hardy begin his latest novel while an enthusiastic sports announcer provides a running commentary. The novel is The Return of the Native.
   * In the early 1970s, Granada Television produced a half-hour documentary in its 'Parade' art series entitled Egdon Heath in which an actor portraying Gustav Holst walks across the barren heath while the music from his tone poem Egdon Heath is playing, and sees scenes and characters from novel which inspired the music.
   * This novel is mentioned by Holden Caulfield in J. D. Salinger's classic novel The Catcher in the Rye.
   * In 1993, the British traditional singer Johnny Collins recorded Diggery Venn the Raddle Man (sic) on his album Pedlar of Songs.
   * In 1994, the Seattle band Thrones released a single entitled "Reddleman".
   * The band The Rainmakers released a song called "Reddleman Coming".
   * The indie band Nightmare of You's 2009 CD Infomaniac contains a song called "Eustacia Vye".
  我们要假定以下事件发生的日期,可以确定在一八四○至一八五○年之间。书 中被称之为“布达茅斯”的那个古老海滨胜地,在乔治王朝时代 是歌舞欢乐的 有名地方,这时遗风犹在,对于孤独的内地人那颗浪漫而富于想像的心灵,依然具 有吸引人的魅力。
   小说中阴沉昏暗的背景取名为“埃格敦荒原”,在这个统称下,联合或代表了 好些个各有真名的荒原,算起来至少有十来个。这些荒原在特性和面目上实际说来 没有什么不一样,但是,现在犁铧开垦出丰歉不同的庄稼地,或是人们植树造林, 一块块强行侵入的田地把荒原始初或部分的一致性多少有些掩盖了起来。
   书中描写的是整个广袤野地的西南部分,有的地点可能就是传说中威塞克斯
   国王--李尔的荒原,作这样的遐想,令人感到愉悦。
   一五年七月
   附言
   为了不使寻找地点的人失望,需要补充说明一下,我们如果假定小说的行动是 在如上所述联合成为一体的荒原上与世孤绝的中心地区进行,接近于书中描述的特 定地貌实际上位于那片野地的边缘,距离中心地区以西几英里。在其它方面,原本 散布各处的特征也被集中起来。
   为解答有关故事中女主人公教名“尤苔莎”的询问,我不妨在此提一下,这是 亨利四世在位时奥厄·穆瓦涅庄园女主人的教名。小说中的埃格敦荒原是该庄园教 区的一部分。
   小说第一版于一八七八年以三卷本出版。
   托马斯·哈代
   一九一二年四月
   对“忧伤”
   我道声再见,
   心想把她远远甩在后面;
   可她情意绵绵
   把我深深爱恋;
   她忠贞不渝,亲切和蔼。
   我想骗她,
   把她远远甩开,
   但是,啊!她忠贞不渝,亲切和蔼。
译 序
  《还乡》是英国作家托马斯·哈代(一八四○--一九二八)的第六部小说。 哈代于一八七六年底动笔写作。第二年春天,为使小说能以连载形式发表,他对叙 述结构进行重新调整。一八七八年三月,哈代完成全书初稿。这时,《贝尔格莱维 亚》杂志从年初开始连载,已刊出三期。史密斯一埃尔德出版社赶在十二月《贝尔 格莱维亚》最后一期前几个星期出版了小说。哈代一生著述甚丰,作品再版时喜欢 进行修改。《还乡》有一五年和一九一二年两个修订版,哈代分别为两个版本 写了序言。张谷若先生的译本是根据麦克米兰出版公司一九二四年的版本(即一八 九五年修订版)。当我接受重译《还乡》任务时,面临一个选择哪个版本的问题。
   比较《还乡》一八七八年的初版和以后的修订版,可以发现故事情节基本保持 原样,但地名作了很大改动,使得小说背景原先那种地理位置的模糊性没有了。哈 代在一五年的“序”中明确指出:埃格敦荒原“联合或代表了好些个各有真名 的荒原,算起来至少有十来个”。俯瞰埃格敦荒原的古冢从“黑冢”改名为“而家”。 这一字之动,将虚构变为现实:“雨冢”是位于多塞特郡离哈代出生的那所房子不 远的一块荒原高地的地名。哈代在一九一二年的“附言”中再次表示:文学爱好者 可以根据小说的提示,在现实中找到埃格敦荒原。
   《还乡》修订版中地名的更改实际上反映了哈代当时思想上的一些变化。哈代 的小说一直以故乡多塞特郡和该郡附近的农村地区作背景。十九世纪末,资本主义 生产方式进入英国农村,促使宗法社会基础崩溃,传统经济结构瓦解,自然面貌遭 到破坏。如果哈代早期作品描写的是英国农村的恬静景象和明朗的田园生活,他的 后期作品则主要反映了资本主义生产方式进入农村后造成的不幸和灾难,基调明显 变得阴郁低沉。《还乡》是哈代小说创作的中期作品,小说发表十七年后再版时, 哈代开始对农村里古老传统的消失表示关注,《还乡》的自然环境有了一种新的意 义。他强烈地意识到作为小说家,自己有责任在小说中保存正在或即将消失的农村 古老的生活方式、风俗习惯和自然面貌。在这一思想指导下,哈代对《还乡》进行 修订,使本来虚构的地名跟实际的英国地图能够对应起来,从而增强小说的历史感。
   哈代修订《还乡》时,希望小说能够成为一卷历史档案,侧重历史性;而他动 笔写这部小说时的初衷是要对悲剧人生进行哲理思考,侧重普遍性。初版与修订版 的差别揭示出哈代思想发展的演变轨迹。由于张若谷先生采用的是《还乡》修订版, 我决定根据小说的初版进行翻译。为了再现《还乡》初版的原貌,我现在选用的版 本是《贝尔格莱维亚》杂志的排版工一八七八年使用的手稿本,由英国牛津大学出 版社出版。
   《还乡》标志着哈代小说创作的一个转折点。在这部小说里,我们看到了哈代 在后来的悲剧小说中得到进一步发展的思想,即无法控制的外部力量和内心冲动决 定着个人命运,并造成悲剧。如同那座俯瞰整个荒原的黑冢,《还乡》中悲剧性命 运的阴影自始至终笼罩着主要人物。
   《还乡》同传统维多利亚小说不一样,第一章不写人物,而是专门写埃格敦荒 原,人物要等到第二章里才出场。哈代一开始就把荒原的特征告诉读者。埃格敦荒 原的蛮荒状态,从远古到现在,没有什么变化。“自从地球上开始有草木,荒原的 土壤就穿上一件古旧的褐色衣服,从不更换。”住在荒原上的人并不开垦庄稼地或 种植树林子;他们以割荆棘、挖草皮、编扫帚为生。这些活动与自然界里植物生长 一腐烂一再生的过程相一致,并不改变荒原面貌。克林后来去砍荆棘,我们通过约 布赖特太太的眼睛,看到“这个一声不响干活的人的生活,似乎跟昆虫一样,没有 任何重要性。他显得只是荒原上的一个寄生物,如同蛾子咬蚀衣服,他的日常劳作 咬蚀着荒原表面。”荒原与世隔绝,成为农田林海中的一座孤岛。由于千百年来都 没有什么变化,在荒原上,时间的概念是模糊的,过去与现在界线不清。那荆棘、 蕨草、昆虫构成的自然景色,“似乎属于远古石炭纪时的世界”。克林在荒原上散 步时,他可以回到史前时期,想像“凯尔特部落在他周围的小道上走着”,“看见 他们站立在四处高高隆起、完好如初的古冢旁边。”当然,荒原并非超越时间、可 以游离于时间以外,但是,时间的意义在荒原上与在布达茅斯和巴黎却是不一样的。 实际上,荒原可以改变时间:它能“使夜晚增加半小时”,“使黎明推迟到来,使 正午变得悲凉。”荒原上的人不用分钟来计时,一年四季的周期变化,是用植物颜 色来表示:绿色是春天,红色是夏天,棕色是秋天,黑色是冬天。荒原作为一种自 然环境,其本身不存在善恶问题,它对世事的兴衰持超然态度,对个人的悲欢无动 于衷。但这种缺乏同情心的客观力量一旦碰到机会,就会成为在冥冥中捉弄人、把 人逼到绝路上去的“众神之首”的工具。在《还乡》中,埃格敦荒原的重要性不在 任何主要人物之卜。荒原是小说人物活动的舞台,小说中直接描写的事件都发生在 这片荆棘丛生的野地上。在故事发展进程中,约布赖特太太被毒蛇咬死,尤苔莎和 韦狄淹死,克林成为巡回讲道者。小说人物落到这个结局,都与荒原有关。在哈代 笔下,埃格敦荒原构成故事的独特背景,同时它具有象征意义,成为参与决定人物 命运的外部力量的一种表现形式。
   哈代在构思《还乡》的情节时,打算展现一场在“普通人的恋情、偏见和野心” 相互作用下产生的“悲剧”。 虽然哈代是在八年以后发表的《卡斯特桥市长》 (一八八六)当中才充分表达“性格即命运”的思想,但在《还乡》里,人物性格 上的因素,已经成为导致悲剧的重要原因,这在尤苔莎、克林和约布赖特太太身上 可以看得相当清楚。
   尤苔莎在布达茅斯度过了她的童年,海滨城市流光溢彩的生活在她性格上留下 深深的印记。后来父母撒手归天,她便跟随外公来到荒原迷雾岗居住。尤苔莎从阳 光明媚的布达茅斯来到荒凉昏暗的埃格敦荒原,仿佛是从天堂被“放逐”到了地狱。 耽于感官享受的尤苔莎与荒原上枯燥单调的氛围格格不入。她恨荒原,将其视为 “我的监狱”,日日夜夜祈祷:“啊,把我的心从这可怕的昏暗和孤独中解脱出来 吧。”尤苔莎是个“有野心”的女孩子,想方设法要改变自己的命运,离开荒原。 她决定与克林结婚,是基于一个错觉,即克林能帮助她离开荒原,前往繁华纷闹的 巴黎。她梦想有一天“能够成为靠近巴黎林荫大道一幢漂亮小屋的主妇”。但是, 正如典型的古希腊悲剧以及哈代后期小说中所揭示的那样,个人越是反抗命运,在 命运设置的罗网中就陷得越深,离自己的毁灭就越近。尤苔莎“尽管心底深处永远 和它格格不入,荒原黑暗的情凋她已吸收不少。”尤苔莎第一次出场时,在美学意 义上已经与荒原连成一体,她的倩影成为荒原“一个有机组成部分”。荒原因为她 的存在才完整:“那溪谷、高地、古冢以及上面的人影,构成一个整体。”尤苔莎 作为“黑暗女王”,喜欢在“她的冥国”漫游。荒原已经进入她的血液之中,难以 挣脱。她哀叹:“荒原是我的十字架,是我的苦难。”她与荒原的冲突,是个人与 环境之间的冲突,同时也是意识与无意识之间的冲突。尤苔莎如果回到布达茅斯, 不过是一个轻浮女子;而荒原则使她内向,赋予一种庄严和神性,从而成为潜在的 悲剧人物。在荒原这座“监狱”里,她感到绝望,但与世隔绝又使她有一种优越感。 在她决定出走的那个暴风雨夜晚,尤苔莎站在黑冢上,感觉到“好像是从地下伸出 一只手,要把她拉到古冢里去。”尤苔莎最后淹死在沙德河中。哈代没有明白交代 她是无意中跌入水中,还是自己投河自尽:克林和韦狄当时只是听到“一个人的身 体落到了附近的那条河里。”尤苔莎当时神思恍惚,已置于荒原自然力量的控制之 下,但毫无疑问,是尤甚莎的性格使荒原成为她的敌人,把她推到了这条绝路上去。 尤苔莎挣扎,反抗,绝望,最后毁灭。
   尤苔莎受以个人为中心的享乐主义支配,一心要逃离荒原;而克林则在理想主 义驱使下自愿放弃巴黎的繁华喧闹,拥抱埃格敦的荒凉与偏僻。作为一个悲剧人物, 克林看不到事实,这一性格缺陷在他眼睛几乎瞎掉这一象征性细节中揭示出来。 克林回到荒原,计划开办学校,给穷人当一名教师,传授“给人带来智慧而不是财 富的知识”。克林奉行利他主义,追求崇高思想,出发点无疑是好的:“希望以牺 牲个人为代价来提高整个阶层。”克林的致命伤是盲目,看不到他的理想超前,脱 离实际:“乡村世界对他并没有成熟。”约布赖特太太一针见血指出他的教书计划 是“空中楼阁”。但是,克林抱定主意,不顾一切,要把计划付诸实施。后来,他 为了准备考试以取得教师资格,挑灯夜读,把视力损害了,一直到小说结束,也没 有恢复。结果,他那“广泛教育计划”只能乘之高阁。
   克林对尤苔莎的认识也是盲目的。克林和尤苔莎性格迥异,这在他们与荒原的 关系中集中表现出来。小说的“隐身叙述者”告诉读者:“如果把尤甚莎对于荒原 的所有各种恨化成各种爱,你就有了克林的心。”克林自小在荒原长大,“如果说 有谁真正熟悉荒原,那就要推克林了。他身上浸润着荒原的景象,荒原的物质,荒 原的气味。克林可以说是荒原的产物。”克林与尤苔莎,一个是向往“浮华虚荣” 的城市姑娘,“无法忍受荒原”;一个则是自愿选择回到乡下,觉得荒原“最能激 动人心,最能使人变得坚强,最能给人安慰”。克林把自己的思想外投到尤苔莎身 上,以为她受过良好教育,可以帮助他来实施他的教育计划。他甚至一厢情愿,替 她设想了工作--“在寄宿学校里当一个很好的女舍监”。实际上,尤苔莎自私, 没有责任心,她很早就告诉克林:“我对我的同胞没有多少爱心。有时候我真恨他 们。“但是克林对此置若罔闻。他与尤苔莎结婚,是恋情加错觉的结果:一方面是 基于无法控制的内心冲动,即两性间的相互吸引;同时,是基于他对尤甚莎的一种 错觉,把她想像为一个具有。自我牺牲”精神的女性约布赖特。克林后来从约翰尼 那儿了解到尤苔莎把他母亲拒之门外,便大发雷霆,又骂她“恶毒”、“丧尽天良”, 把她看成是害死约布赖特太太的“女凶手”。尤甚莎不堪忍受,离家出走,并产生 轻生的念头。平心而论,克林是冤枉了尤甚莎。当时她听见克林在梦中呼唤“母亲”, 以为是克林去开了门。尤苔莎与韦狄的关系并无越轨之处。她即使出走时求助于韦 狄,也是出于无奈,并且觉得这一行动“令人反感”,“具有羞辱性质”。克林缺 乏对妻子的真正了解,他的幻想、错觉和误解造成了他与尤苔莎婚姻的不幸。
   哈代在小说里介绍克林时,认为克林的心灵缺乏均衡协调,“均衡协调的心灵 是决不会允许约布赖特去干这种为了他同胞的利益而放弃自己生意的荒唐事。”克 林的实践能力与高尚理念不相称。在他身上,我们可以看到哈代最后一部小说主人 公裘德的影子,两人都是约伯 式人物,生活充满苦难。在一定程度上,克林有 自找苦吃的倾向,并且表现出偏执。他违反常理,自愿回到与世隔绝的埃格敦荒原。 他认定死理选择当教师,娶尤苔莎,一意孤行,带来灾难性后果。当他眼睛半瞎之 后,他不是在家休息,而是跟着汉弗莱去割荆棘,从事艰苦的体力劳动。婚后尤苔 莎曾提出回到巴黎去,他断然拒绝,说这件事“不容讨论”。母亲死后,他精神上 受到刺激,以一种的心理自责,似乎从自我折磨中获得乐趣。他对托玛沁说: “上帝让我的双眼差不多瞎了,但这还不够。如果他能以更大的痛苦来打击我,那 我就永远地信他!”尤苔莎落水淹死后,他也希望去死。“要是上帝愿意叫我去死, 这对所有人都是一桩好事。”克林的结局是悲惨的,他丧妻失母,最后终身不娶。 生存对他来说是充满“恐怖”,没有一点乐趣的。在哈代笔下,克林缺乏真正悲剧 意义上的庄严,更多的是苦难。他同裘德一样,是一个可怜的小人物。
   尽管约布赖特太太对尤甚莎存有偏见和敌意,两个女人的命运却有相似之处。 尤苔莎视荒原为“监狱”,有一种岁月磋跎意识。她用沙漏计时,是在测量自己青 春年华的流失。临死之前,她在一种悲痛反抗的疯狂中哭喊道:“我是怎样努力着 要成为一个了不起的女人,可是命运一直跟我作对!……我有能力去做很多事情; 但是我被我不能驾驭的事情伤害、摧毁、压垮!”约布赖特太太一生也不得志。这 个“贫苦、软弱、死心眼”的女人是助理牧师的女儿,“曾一度梦想过比现在好的 生活。”但她年纪轻轻就守了寡,在荒原上离群索居。她把儿子送到巴黎,指望他 能在外面奔上个锦绣前程,能有出息,然而克林不听她的劝告,偏偏要回来。如果 克林是个半瞎子,看不到生活,约布赖特太太以她对人生一种“独特的洞察力” 却是看得一清二楚,但是她的悲剧在于无力改变事件的进程,最后只得违背自己心 愿屈从于现实。她反对侄女儿托玛沁嫁给韦狄,到最后却是使用手段促使韦狄 速办婚事。她看出克林“自我牺牲的荒唐”,认为他的教书计划不切合实际,到最 后她又作让步,告诉儿子,“你倒是可以当好教师,走这条路来出人头地。”她责 骂克林选择尤苔莎做妻子是“瞎了眼”,拒绝参加他们的婚礼,到最后她意识到 “婚事已不可更改”,又采取主动,冒着炎炎烈日,上克林住处去同他和解。约布 赖特太太的生活充满挫折,她的反对是无效的,她的努力是白费的。小说结尾时, 克林痛定思痛,后悔没有听她的话,因为“事实最后证实她的判断准确,证明她的 关怀虔诚。”但是约布赖特太太不容于世。如同古希腊神话中警告特洛伊人不要中 木马计的先知拉奥孔被蟒蛇缠死,约布赖特太太最后被毒蛇咬死。她无力扭转形势, 当灾难来临时,她自己也不能幸免。
   作为一部悲剧小说,《还乡》总体色调灰暗,主要事件都发生在夜里。在阴云 密布的天空射出一线阳光的是红土贩子与托玛沁的喜剧性结局。他们两人都能适应 荒原。红土贩子虽然不是荒原人,但经常出没于这片野地,夜里就在荒山谷里露宿。 有一天晚上,红土贩子去黑冢偷听尤苔莎与韦狄的谈话,他“躺在地上,拿了两块 草皮块搁在身上,一块往上拉,盖住了他的头和双肩,另一块盖住了背和双腿。这 样,即使在白天,红土贩子也不容易让人看见。草皮块盖在他身上,有石南的一面 朝上,看上去跟长在那儿一模一样。”这一细节揭示出红土贩子的本质性特征:他 是荒原的一个部分,可以与荒原连成一体。托玛沁是土生土长的荒原人。对她说来, 荒原的“空气中没有恶魔,每一丛灌木、每一根树枝不存在恶毒,这一点她和尤苔 莎不一样。打在她脸上的雨珠不是蝎子,只是普通的雨水而已;埃格敦作为整体不 是什么怪物,只是一片自然的空地而已。”克林曾提议她搬到城里去住,遭到她激 烈反对。她说,除了荒原以外,“让我住到别的任何地方,我都不会快乐的。”如 果荒原的一层意义是指严峻的生活本身,尤苔莎则缺乏忍受能力。她要离开荒原, 是因为“我再也忍受不了了。”而在托玛沁身上,她的一个突出品质就是能够忍受, 能够逆来顺受。红土贩子的品质也是能忍受。他深深爱着托玛沁,但为了托玛沁的 幸福,他可以促成她与韦狄的亲事。他凭着坚韧不拔的意志,忍辱负重,终于如愿 以偿,与心上人喜结良缘。
   哈代在《还乡》一九一二年修订版中对托玛沁和维恩的结合加了一个附注:
   作者在此可以声明:故事最初的构想并未安排托玛沁与维恩结婚。维恩一直到 最后还是保持他那孤绝怪异的性格,他后来神秘地从荒原消失了,没有人知道他的 去向--托玛沁终身守寡不嫁。但是连载发表时的某些情况导致了创作意图的改变。
   读者因此可以在两种结尾中作选择,而遵循严格艺术准则的人们可以假设前后 更为一致的结局是真正的结局。
   当我读完全书,掩卷反思,觉得托玛沁与维恩有情人终成眷属,固然皆大欢喜, 也是善良的人们所希望看到的场面,但这个喜剧性结尾与浸润《还乡》全书的那种 强烈的悲剧气氛不协调。哈代的最初意图本来是一个有机整体,悲剧小说与悲剧性 结局似乎“更为一致”。
   哈代在《还乡》中对埃格敦荒原景色描写出色,人物心理刻画细腻。他善于烘 托气氛,做到情景交融。在阅读英语原著时,我对哈代这位语言大师的钦佩之情油 然而生。不过,满页生辉的文章,给翻译带来难度。翻译哈代的作品,是一个艰苦 的过程,充满了挑战。我在工作之余,经过一年多时间的努力,终于把书译完了。 现在,我有一种苦尽甘来的感觉。哈代的语言经得起推敲、琢磨、品味,很过瘾。 我觉得我的努力是值得的,因为我从中得到一种愉悦。
   牛津大学出版社出版的《还乡》原著附有较为详细的注释。我在翻译过程中, 参照该书,对小说中有关历史、文化、风俗等方面的背景知识加了注释,以帮助读 者理解。凡《圣经》引文,都是根据中国教协会一九九四年印发的《新旧约全 书》译文。 王守仁
   一九九七年二月
首页>> 文学论坛>> 现实百态>> 托马斯·哈代 Thomas Hardy   英国 United Kingdom   温莎王朝   (1840年6月2日1928年1月11日)