首頁>> 文學>> 现实百态>> 托馬斯·哈代 Thomas Hardy   英國 United Kingdom   溫莎王朝   (1840年六月2日1928年元月11日)
還鄉 The Return of the Native
  《還鄉》發表於一八七八年,是托馬斯·哈代(1840—1928)創作中期的重要成果。哈代這位英國十九世紀末期的大小說傢和二十世紀初期的大詩人,久已為我國讀者所熟悉和欣賞,他的小說和詩歌代表作,如《德伯傢的苔絲》、《無名的裘德》、《還鄉》、《卡斯特橋市長》、《三怪客》、《列王》等,從本世紀二三十年代開 始,就通過中譯本陸續介紹到了我國。哈代在他的創作生涯中,自覺地奉行文學“反映人生,暴露人生,批判人生”的主張;同時又自覺地探尋藝術上的不斷創新。
  
  還鄉-作品簡介
  
  《還鄉》正是哈代創作中這種雙重自覺性的體現。故事發生的場景愛敦荒原,以及荒原上固守傳統習慣風俗的居民,就是整個人類生存環境的縮影。故事中男女主人公與荒原的關係,不管是剋林·姚伯的回歸荒原,改造荒原,還是遊苔莎的厭倦荒原,擺脫荒原,都反映了哈代那個時代的“現代”青年與環境的劇烈衝突。剋林·姚伯年輕有為,從巴黎還鄉,滿懷由法國空想社會主義思想生發而來的善良意圖,自願拋棄繁華世界的紛擾勞煩、紙醉金迷的生活,意欲在故鄉的窮鄉僻壤開創一番小小的經邦濟世、開蒙啓智的事業,但他首先遭到的,是與自己最親近的寡母和新婚妻子的反對。由於命運的捉弄,他又突患眼疾,則進而為他的失敗推波助瀾。女主人公遊苔莎與環境的衝突,是朝着與姚伯相反的另一方向。姚伯是生於荒原——走嚮繁華世界——復歸荒原;遊苔莎是生於繁華世界——流落荒原——意欲逃離荒原。他們二人雖都不滿現狀,都具有超出荒原人傳統習俗、思想的“現代”意識,但是彼此仍格格不入。這樣的一對青年男女,多半出於外貌上的相互吸引,再加上初識階段彼此的誤解,在一時的感情衝動之下結為婚姻伴侶,他們婚後的衝突也就更加激烈。又是命運的撥弄,這種衝突不僅難於因勢利導地得以排解、消減,相反卻愈演愈烈,最後必然釀生悲劇。


  The Return of the Native is Thomas Hardy's sixth published novel. It first appeared in the magazine Belgravia, a publication known for its sensationalism, and was presented in twelve monthly installments from January to December 1878. Due to the novel's controversial themes, Hardy had some difficulty finding a publisher; reviews, however, though somewhat mixed, were generally positive. In the twentieth century, The Return of the Native became one of Hardy's most popular novels.
  
  Plot summary
  
  The novel takes place entirely in the environs of Egdon Heath, and, with the exception of the epilogue, Aftercourses, covers exactly a year and a day. The narrative begins on the evening of Guy Fawkes Night as Diggory Venn drives slowly across the heath, carrying a hidden passenger in the back of his van. When darkness falls, the country folk light bonfires on the surrounding hills, emphasizing - not for the last time - the pagan spirit of the heath and its denizens.
  
  Venn is a reddleman; he travels the country marking flocks of sheep with a red mineral called 'reddle', a dialect term for red ochre. Although his trade has stained him red from head to foot, underneath his devilish colouring he is a handsome, shrewd, well-meaning young man. His passenger is a young woman named Thomasin Yeobright, whom Venn is taking home. Earlier that day, Thomasin had planned to marry Damon Wildeve, a local innkeeper known for his fickleness; however, a minor technical difficulty delayed the marriage and Thomasin, in distress, ran after the reddleman's van and asked him to take her home. Venn himself is in love with Thomasin, and unsuccessfully wooed her a year or two before. Now, although he knows Wildeve is unworthy of her love, he is so devoted to her that he is willing to help her secure the man of her choice.
  
  At length, Venn reaches Bloom's End, the home of Thomasin's aunt, Mrs. Yeobright. She is a good woman, if somewhat proud and inflexible, and she wants the best for Thomasin. In former months she opposed her niece's choice of husband, and publicly forbade the banns; now, since Thomasin has compromised herself by leaving town with Wildeve and returning unmarried, the best outcome Mrs. Yeobright can envision is for the postponed marriage to be duly solemnized as soon as possible. She and Venn both begin working on Wildeve to make sure he keeps his promise to Thomasin.
  
  Wildeve, however, is still preoccupied with Eustacia Vye, an exotically beautiful young woman living with her grandfather in a lonely house on Egdon Heath. Eustacia is a black-haired, queenly woman who grew up in Budmouth, a fashionable seaside resort. She holds herself aloof from most of the heathfolk; they, in turn, consider her an oddity, and one or two even think she's a witch. She is nothing like Thomasin, who is sweet-natured. She loathes the heath, yet roams it constantly, carrying a spyglass and an hourglass. The previous year, she and Wildeve were lovers; however, even during the height of her passion for him, she knew she only loved him because there was no better object available. When Wildeve broke off the relationship to court Thomasin, Eustacia's interest in him briefly returned. The two meet on Guy Fawkes night, and Wildeve asks her to run off to America with him. She demurs.
  
  Eustacia drops Wildeve when Mrs. Yeobright's son Clym, a successful diamond merchant, returns from Paris to his native Egdon Heath. Although he has no plans to return to Paris or the diamond trade and is, in fact, openly planning to become a schoolmaster for the rural poor, Eustacia sees him as a way to escape the hated heath and begin a grander, richer existence in a glamorous new location. With some difficulty, she arranges to meet Clym, and the two soon fall in love. When Mrs. Yeobright objects, Clym quarrels with her; later, she quarrels with Eustacia as well.
  "Unconscious of her presence, he still went on singing." Eustacia watches Clym cut furze in this illustration by Arthur Hopkins for the original Belgravia edition (Plate 8, July 1878).
  
  When he sees that Eustacia is lost to him, Wildeve marries Thomasin, who gives birth to a daughter the next summer. Clym and Eustacia also marry and move to a small cottage five miles away, where they enjoy a brief period of happiness. The seeds of rancour soon begin to germinate, however: Clym studies night and day to prepare for his new career as a schoolmaster while Eustacia clings to the hope that he'll give up the idea and take her abroad. Instead, he nearly blinds himself with too much reading, then further mortifies his wife by deciding to eke out a living, at least temporarily, as a furze-cutter. Eustacia, her dreams blasted, finds herself living in a hut on the heath, chained by marriage to a lowly labouring man.
  
  At this point, Wildeve reappears; he has unexpectedly inherited a large sum of money, and is now in a better position to fulfill Eustacia's hopes. He comes calling on the Yeobrights in the middle of one hot August day and, although Clym is at home, he is fast asleep on the hearth after a gruelling session of furze-cutting. While Eustacia and Wildeve are talking, Mrs. Yeobright knocks on the door; she has decided to pay a courtesy call in the hopes of healing the estrangement between herself and her son. Eustacia looks out at her and then, in some alarm, ushers her visitor out the back door. She hears Clym calling to his mother and, thinking his mother's knocking has awakened him, remains in the garden for a few moments. When Eustacia goes back inside, she finds Clym still asleep and his mother gone. Clym, she now realises, merely cried out his mother's name in his sleep.
  
  Mrs Yeobright, it turns out, saw Eustacia looking out the window at her; she also saw Clym's gear by the door, and so knew they were both at home. Now, thinking she has been deliberately barred from her son's home, she miserably begins the long, hot walk home. Later that evening, Clym, unaware of her attempted visit, heads for Bloom's End and on the way finds her crumpled beside the path, dying from an adder's bite. When she expires that night from the combined effects of snake venom and heat exhaustion, Clym's grief and remorse make him physically ill for several weeks. Eustacia, racked with guilt, dare not tell him of her role in the tragedy; when he eventually finds out from a neighbour's child about his mother's visit - and Wildeve's - he rushes home to accuse his wife of murder and adultery. Eustacia refuses to explain her actions; instead, she tells him You are no blessing, my husband and reproaches him for his cruelty. She then moves back to her grandfather's house, where she struggles with her despair while she awaits some word from Clym.
  
  Wildeve visits her again on Guy Fawkes night, and offers to help her get to Paris. Eustacia realises that if she lets Wildeve help her, she'll be obliged to become his mistress. She tells him she will send him a signal by night if she decides to accept. Clym's anger, meanwhile, has cooled and he sends Eustacia a letter the next day offering reconciliation. The letter arrives a few minutes too late; by the time her grandfather tries to give it to her, she has already signalled to Wildeve and set off through wind and rain to meet him. She walks along weeping, however, knowing she is about to break her marriage vows for a man who is unworthy of her.
  
  Wildeve readies a horse and gig and waits for Eustacia in the dark. Thomasin, guessing his plans, sends Clym to intercept him; she also, by chance, encounters Diggory Venn as she dashes across the heath herself in pursuit of her husband. Eustacia does not appear; instead, she falls or throws herself into nearby Shadwater Weir. Clym and Wildeve hear the splash and hurry to investigate. Wildeve plunges recklessly after Eustacia without bothering to remove his coat, while Clym, proceeding more cautiously, nevertheless is also soon at the mercy of the raging waters. Venn arrives in time to save Clym, but is too late for the others. When Clym revives, he accuses himself of murdering his wife and mother.
  
  In the epilogue, Venn gives up being a reddleman to become a dairy farmer. Two years later, Thomasin marries him and they settle down happily together. Clym, now a sad, solitary figure, eventually takes up preaching.
  Discussion
  
  With its deeply flawed heroine and its (for the time) open acknowledgement of illicit sexual relationships, The Return of the Native raised some eyebrows when it first appeared as a serial in Victorian Britain. Although he intended to structure the novel into five books, thus mirroring the classical tragic format, Hardy submitted to the tastes of the serial-reading public sufficiently to tack on a happy ending for Diggory Venn and Thomasin in a sixth book, Aftercourses. In Hardy's original conception, Venn retains his weird reddleman's character, while Thomasin lives out her days as a widow.
  
  Hardy's choice of themes - sexual politics, thwarted desire, and the conflicting demands of nature and society - makes this a truly modern novel. Underlying these modern themes, however, is a classical sense of tragedy: Hardy scrupulously observes the three unities of time, place, and action and suggests that the struggles of those trying to escape their destinies will only hasten their destruction. To emphasize this point, he uses as setting an ancient heath steeped in pre-Christian history and supplies a Chorus consisting of Grandfer Cantle, Timothy Fairway, and the rest of the heathfolk. Hardy also pointedly alludes to Oedipus Rex with Clym's blindness and his obsessive grief for his mother. Eustacia, who manipulates fate in hopes of leaving Egdon Heath for a larger existence in Paris, instead becomes an eternal resident when she drowns in Shadwater Weir; Wildeve shares not only Eustacia's dream of escape, but also her fate; and Clym, the would-be educational reformer, survives the Weir but lives on as a lonely, remorseful man.
  
  Some critics – notably D. H. Lawrence – see the novel as a study of the way communities control their misfits. In Egdon Heath, most people (particularly the women) look askance at the proud, unconventional Eustacia. Mrs. Yeobright considers her too odd and unreliable to be a suitable bride for her son, and Susan Nunsuch, who frankly believes her to be a witch, tries to protect her children from Eustacia's supposedly baleful influence by stabbing her with a stocking pin and later burning her in effigy. Clym at first laughs at such superstitions, but later embraces the majority opinion when he rejects his wife as a murderer and adultress. In this view, Eustacia dies because she has internalised the community's values to the extent that, unable to escape Egdon without confirming her status as a fallen woman, she chooses suicide. She thereby ends her sorrows while at the same time – by drowning in the weir like any woman instead of floating, witchlike – she proves her essential innocence to the community.
  Character list
  
   * Clement (Clym) Yeobright—A man of about thirty who gives up a business career in Paris to return to his native Egdon Heath to become a “schoolmaster to the poor and ignorant” (Hardy himself gave up a successful career as a London architect and returned to his native Dorchester to become a writer). "The beauty here visible would in no time be ruthlessly overrun by its parasite, thought." Clym is the "native" to which the book's title refers.
  
   * Eustacia Vye—A raven-haired young beauty who chafes against her life on the heath and longs to escape it in order to lead the more adventure-filled life of the world. Some of the heathfolk think she is a witch. Hardy describes her as "the raw material of a divinity" whose "celestial imperiousness, love, wrath, and fervour had proved to be somewhat thrown away on netherward Egdon."
  
   * Mrs. Yeobright—Clym’s mother, a widow of inflexible standards. Thomasin has lived with her for many years, but Clym is her only child. She strongly disapproves of Eustacia.
  
   * Thomasin (Tamsin) Yeobright—Clym’s cousin and Mrs. Yeobright’s niece, a young girl of gentle ways and conventional expectations. In Hardy's original manuscript, Wildeve tricks her with a false marriage in order to seduce her. "Mrs Yeobright saw a little figure...undefended except by the power of her own hope."
  
   * Damon Wildeve—Eustacia's former lover and Thomasin's first husband. He is an ex-engineer who has failed in his profession and who now keeps an inn, "The Quiet Woman" – so-called because its sign depicts a decapitated woman carrying her own head. He has a wandering eye and an appetite for women. "A lady killing career."
  
   * Diggory Venn—A resourceful man of twenty-four and a reddleman (a travelling seller of reddle, red chalk used for marking sheep). He selflessly protects Thomasin throughout the novel despite the fact that she refused to marry him two years before. He keeps a watchful eye on Eustacia to make sure Wildeve doesn't go back to her. At the end, he renounces his trade to become a dairy farmer like his father, and in doing so loses the red skin. He is then seen as a suitable husband for Thomasin. Venn's red coloration and frequent narrative references to his 'Mephistophelean' or diabolical character are symbolic and important. In one particularly significant chapter ("The Morning and Evening of an Eventful Day"), Venn displays an increasingly unlikely string of good luck, repeatedly rolling dice and defeating a rival. This event makes Venn something of a deus ex machina, as well as a quasi-magical figure. While Hardy abandons these aspects of Venn's character by the end of the novel, during his 'reddleman' phase, Venn lends elements of magical realism and what modern readers would understand to be superheroic elements to the novel.
  
   * Captain Vye—Eustacia’s grandfather and a former naval officer.
  
   * Timothy Fairway—A sententious man of middle age who is greatly respected by the other heathfolk.
  
   * Grandfer Cantle—A somewhat senile and always lively ex-soldier of about sixty-nine.
  
   * Christian Cantle—Grandfer Cantle’s fearful and timid thirty-one-year-old son.
  
   * Humphrey—Clym's eventual colleague, a furze cutter (furze is a low, prickly shrub more commonly called gorse).
  
   * Susan Nunsuch—Eustacia's nearest neighbour and bitterest enemy who convinces herself that Eustacia's witchery has caused her son's sickliness. In a memorable scene, Susan tries to protect him by making a wax effigy of Eustacia, sticking it full of pins, and melting it in her fireplace while uttering the Lord's Prayer backward. Eustacia drowns later that night.
  
   * Johnny Nunsuch—Susan’s son, a young boy. He encounters Mrs. Yeobright during her fatal walk home and, in obedience to her wishes, reports her last words to Clym: I am a broken-hearted woman cast off by my son.
  
   * Charley—A sixteen-year-old boy who works for Captain Vye and who admires Eustacia, largely from afar.
  
   * Egdon Heath—The setting for all the novel's events; considered by some critics to be the leading character as well. It is profoundly ancient, the scene of intense but long-forgotten pagan lives. As its tumuli attest, it is also a graveyard that has swallowed countless generations of inhabitants without changing much itself. To Thomasin, Clym, and Diggory, it is a benign, natural place; in Eustacia's eyes, it becomes a malevolent presence intent on destroying her.
  
  Adaptations
  
  The first and, thus far, only film version of The Return of the Native was a television movie released in 1994. The setting for the film is Exmoor rather than Egdon Heath: the film stars Catherine Zeta Jones as Eustacia Vye, Clive Owen as Damon Wildeve, Ray Stevenson as Clym Yeobright, and Joan Plowright as Mrs. Yeobright. Jack Gold directed. The novel has also been adapted for the stage several times.
  In popular culture
  
   * Monty Python's 1973 record, Matching Tie and Handkerchief includes a sketch called "Novel Writing". In the sketch, a crowd gathers to watch Thomas Hardy begin his latest novel while an enthusiastic sports announcer provides a running commentary. The novel is The Return of the Native.
   * In the early 1970s, Granada Television produced a half-hour documentary in its 'Parade' art series entitled Egdon Heath in which an actor portraying Gustav Holst walks across the barren heath while the music from his tone poem Egdon Heath is playing, and sees scenes and characters from novel which inspired the music.
   * This novel is mentioned by Holden Caulfield in J. D. Salinger's classic novel The Catcher in the Rye.
   * In 1993, the British traditional singer Johnny Collins recorded Diggery Venn the Raddle Man (sic) on his album Pedlar of Songs.
   * In 1994, the Seattle band Thrones released a single entitled "Reddleman".
   * The band The Rainmakers released a song called "Reddleman Coming".
   * The indie band Nightmare of You's 2009 CD Infomaniac contains a song called "Eustacia Vye".
  我們要假定以下事件發生的日期,可以確定在一八四○至一八五○年之間。書 中被稱之為“布達茅斯”的那個古老海濱勝地,在喬治王朝時代 是歌舞歡樂的 有名地方,這時遺風猶在,對於孤獨的內地人那顆浪漫而富於想像的心靈,依然具 有吸引人的魅力。
   小說中陰沉昏暗的背景取名為“埃格敦荒原”,在這個統稱下,聯合或代表了 好些個各有真名的荒原,算起來至少有十來個。這些荒原在特性和面目上實際說來 沒有什麽不一樣,但是,現在犁鏵開墾出豐歉不同的莊稼地,或是人們植樹造林, 一塊塊強行侵入的田地把荒原始初或部分的一致性多少有些掩蓋了起來。
   書中描寫的是整個廣袤野地的西南部分,有的地點可能就是傳說中威塞剋斯
   國王--李爾的荒原,作這樣的遐想,令人感到愉悅。
   一五年七月
   附言
   為了不使尋找地點的人失望,需要補充說明一下,我們如果假定小說的行動是 在如上所述聯合成為一體的荒原上與世孤絶的中心地區進行,接近於書中描述的特 定地貌實際上位於那片野地的邊緣,距離中心地區以西幾英裏。在其它方面,原本 散布各處的特徵也被集中起來。
   為解答有關故事中女主人公教名“尤苔莎”的詢問,我不妨在此提一下,這是 亨利四世在位時奧厄·穆瓦涅莊園女主人的教名。小說中的埃格敦荒原是該莊園教 區的一部分。
   小說第一版於一八七八年以三捲本出版。
   托馬斯·哈代
   一九一二年四月
   對“憂傷”
   我道聲再見,
   心想把她遠遠甩在後面;
   可她情意綿綿
   把我深深愛戀;
   她忠貞不渝,親切和藹。
   我想騙她,
   把她遠遠甩開,
   但是,啊!她忠貞不渝,親切和藹。
譯 序
  《還鄉》是英國作傢托馬斯·哈代(一八四○--一九二八)的第六部小說。 哈代於一八七六年底動筆寫作。第二年春天,為使小說能以連載形式發表,他對敘 述結構進行重新調整。一八七八年三月,哈代完成全書初稿。這時,《貝爾格萊維 亞》雜志從年初開始連載,已刊出三期。史密斯一埃爾德出版社趕在十二月《貝爾 格萊維亞》最後一期前幾個星期出版了小說。哈代一生著述甚豐,作品再版時喜歡 進行修改。《還鄉》有一五年和一九一二年兩個修訂版,哈代分別為兩個版本 寫了序言。張𠔌若先生的譯本是根據麥剋米蘭出版公司一九二四年的版本(即一八 九五年修訂版)。當我接受重譯《還鄉》任務時,面臨一個選擇哪個版本的問題。
   比較《還鄉》一八七八年的初版和以後的修訂版,可以發現故事情節基本保持 原樣,但地名作了很大改動,使得小說背景原先那種地理位置的模糊性沒有了。哈 代在一五年的“序”中明確指出:埃格敦荒原“聯合或代表了好些個各有真名 的荒原,算起來至少有十來個”。俯瞰埃格敦荒原的古塚從“黑塚”改名為“而傢”。 這一字之動,將虛構變為現實:“雨塚”是位於多塞特郡離哈代出生的那所房子不 遠的一塊荒原高地的地名。哈代在一九一二年的“附言”中再次表示:文學愛好者 可以根據小說的提示,在現實中找到埃格敦荒原。
   《還鄉》修訂版中地名的更改實際上反映了哈代當時思想上的一些變化。哈代 的小說一直以故鄉多塞特郡和該郡附近的農村地區作背景。十九世紀末,資本主義 生産方式進入英國農村,促使宗法社會基礎崩潰,傳統經濟結構瓦解,自然面貌遭 到破壞。如果哈代早期作品描寫的是英國農村的恬靜景象和明朗的田園生活,他的 後期作品則主要反映了資本主義生産方式進入農村後造成的不幸和災難,基調明顯 變得陰鬱低沉。《還鄉》是哈代小說創作的中期作品,小說發表十七年後再版時, 哈代開始對農村裏古老傳統的消失表示關註,《還鄉》的自然環境有了一種新的意 義。他強烈地意識到作為小說傢,自己有責任在小說中保存正在或即將消失的農村 古老的生活方式、風俗習慣和自然面貌。在這一思想指導下,哈代對《還鄉》進行 修訂,使本來虛構的地名跟實際的英國地圖能夠對應起來,從而增強小說的歷史感。
   哈代修訂《還鄉》時,希望小說能夠成為一捲歷史檔案,側重歷史性;而他動 筆寫這部小說時的初衷是要對悲劇人生進行哲理思考,側重普遍性。初版與修訂版 的差別揭示出哈代思想發展的演變軌跡。由於張若𠔌先生采用的是《還鄉》修訂版, 我决定根據小說的初版進行翻譯。為了再現《還鄉》初版的原貌,我現在選用的版 本是《貝爾格萊維亞》雜志的排版工一八七八年使用的手稿本,由英國牛津大學出 版社出版。
   《還鄉》標志着哈代小說創作的一個轉折點。在這部小說裏,我們看到了哈代 在後來的悲劇小說中得到進一步發展的思想,即無法控製的外部力量和內心衝動决 定着個人命運,並造成悲劇。如同那座俯瞰整個荒原的黑塚,《還鄉》中悲劇性命 運的陰影自始至終籠罩着主要人物。
   《還鄉》同傳統維多利亞小說不一樣,第一章不寫人物,而是專門寫埃格敦荒 原,人物要等到第二章裏纔出場。哈代一開始就把荒原的特徵告訴讀者。埃格敦荒 原的蠻荒狀態,從遠古到現在,沒有什麽變化。“自從地球上開始有草木,荒原的 土壤就穿上一件古舊的褐色衣服,從不更換。”住在荒原上的人並不開墾莊稼地或 種植樹林子;他們以割荊棘、挖草皮、編掃帚為生。這些活動與自然界裏植物生長 一腐爛一再生的過程相一致,並不改變荒原面貌。剋林後來去砍荊棘,我們通過約 布賴特太太的眼睛,看到“這個一聲不響幹活的人的生活,似乎跟昆蟲一樣,沒有 任何重要性。他顯得衹是荒原上的一個寄生物,如同蛾子咬蝕衣服,他的日常勞作 咬蝕着荒原表面。”荒原與世隔絶,成為農田林海中的一座孤島。由於千百年來都 沒有什麽變化,在荒原上,時間的概念是模糊的,過去與現在界綫不清。那荊棘、 蕨草、昆蟲構成的自然景色,“似乎屬於遠古石炭紀時的世界”。剋林在荒原上散 步時,他可以回到史前時期,想像“凱爾特部落在他周圍的小道上走着”,“看見 他們站立在四處高高隆起、完好如初的古塚旁邊。”當然,荒原並非超越時間、可 以遊離於時間以外,但是,時間的意義在荒原上與在布達茅斯和巴黎卻是不一樣的。 實際上,荒原可以改變時間:它能“使夜晚增加半小時”,“使黎明推遲到來,使 正午變得悲涼。”荒原上的人不用分鐘來計時,一年四季的周期變化,是用植物顔 色來表示:緑色是春天,紅色是夏天,棕色是秋天,黑色是鼕天。荒原作為一種自 然環境,其本身不存在善惡問題,它對世事的興衰持超然態度,對個人的悲歡無動 於衷。但這種缺乏同情心的客觀力量一旦碰到機會,就會成為在冥冥中捉弄人、把 人逼到絶路上去的“衆神之首”的工具。在《還鄉》中,埃格敦荒原的重要性不在 任何主要人物之卜。荒原是小說人物活動的舞臺,小說中直接描寫的事件都發生在 這片荊棘叢生的野地上。在故事發展進程中,約布賴特太太被毒蛇咬死,尤苔莎和 韋狄淹死,剋林成為巡回講道者。小說人物落到這個結局,都與荒原有關。在哈代 筆下,埃格敦荒原構成故事的獨特背景,同時它具有象徵意義,成為參與决定人物 命運的外部力量的一種表現形式。
   哈代在構思《還鄉》的情節時,打算展現一場在“普通人的戀情、偏見和野心” 相互作用下産生的“悲劇”。 雖然哈代是在八年以後發表的《卡斯特橋市長》 (一八八六)當中纔充分表達“性格即命運”的思想,但在《還鄉》裏,人物性格 上的因素,已經成為導致悲劇的重要原因,這在尤苔莎、剋林和約布賴特太太身上 可以看得相當清楚。
   尤苔莎在布達茅斯度過了她的童年,海濱城市流光溢彩的生活在她性格上留下 深深的印記。後來父母撒手歸天,她便跟隨外公來到荒原迷霧崗居住。尤苔莎從陽 光明媚的布達茅斯來到荒涼昏暗的埃格敦荒原,仿佛是從天堂被“放逐”到了地獄。 耽於感官享受的尤苔莎與荒原上枯燥單調的氛圍格格不入。她恨荒原,將其視為 “我的監獄”,日日夜夜祈禱:“啊,把我的心從這可怕的昏暗和孤獨中解脫出來 吧。”尤苔莎是個“有野心”的女孩子,想方設法要改變自己的命運,離開荒原。 她决定與剋林結婚,是基於一個錯覺,即剋林能幫助她離開荒原,前往繁華紛鬧的 巴黎。她夢想有一天“能夠成為靠近巴黎林蔭大道一幢漂亮小屋的主婦”。但是, 正如典型的古希臘悲劇以及哈代後期小說中所揭示的那樣,個人越是反抗命運,在 命運設置的羅網中就陷得越深,離自己的毀滅就越近。尤苔莎“儘管心底深處永遠 和它格格不入,荒原黑暗的情凋她已吸收不少。”尤苔莎第一次出場時,在美學意 義上已經與荒原連成一體,她的倩影成為荒原“一個有機組成部分”。荒原因為她 的存在纔完整:“那溪𠔌、高地、古塚以及上面的人影,構成一個整體。”尤苔莎 作為“黑暗女王”,喜歡在“她的冥國”漫遊。荒原已經進入她的血液之中,難以 掙脫。她哀嘆:“荒原是我的十字架,是我的苦難。”她與荒原的衝突,是個人與 環境之間的衝突,同時也是意識與無意識之間的衝突。尤苔莎如果回到布達茅斯, 不過是一個輕浮女子;而荒原則使她內嚮,賦予一種莊嚴和神性,從而成為潛在的 悲劇人物。在荒原這座“監獄”裏,她感到絶望,但與世隔絶又使她有一種優越感。 在她决定出走的那個暴風雨夜晚,尤苔莎站在黑塚上,感覺到“好像是從地下伸出 一隻手,要把她拉到古塚裏去。”尤苔莎最後淹死在沙德河中。哈代沒有明白交代 她是無意中跌入水中,還是自己投河自盡:剋林和韋狄當時衹是聽到“一個人的身 體落到了附近的那條河裏。”尤苔莎當時神思恍惚,已置於荒原自然力量的控製之 下,但毫無疑問,是尤甚莎的性格使荒原成為她的敵人,把她推到了這條絶路上去。 尤苔莎掙紮,反抗,絶望,最後毀滅。
   尤苔莎受以個人為中心的享樂主義支配,一心要逃離荒原;而剋林則在理想主 義驅使下自願放棄巴黎的繁華喧鬧,擁抱埃格敦的荒涼與偏僻。作為一個悲劇人物, 剋林看不到事實,這一性格缺陷在他眼睛幾乎瞎掉這一象徵性細節中揭示出來。 剋林回到荒原,計劃開辦學校,給窮人當一名教師,傳授“給人帶來智慧而不是財 富的知識”。剋林奉行利他主義,追求崇高思想,出發點無疑是好的:“希望以犧 牲個人為代價來提高整個階層。”剋林的致命傷是盲目,看不到他的理想超前,脫 離實際:“鄉村世界對他並沒有成熟。”約布賴特太太一針見血指出他的教書計劃 是“空中樓閣”。但是,剋林抱定主意,不顧一切,要把計劃付諸實施。後來,他 為了準備考試以取得教師資格,挑燈夜讀,把視力損害了,一直到小說結束,也沒 有恢復。結果,他那“廣泛教育計劃”衹能乘之高閣。
   剋林對尤苔莎的認識也是盲目的。剋林和尤苔莎性格迥異,這在他們與荒原的 關係中集中表現出來。小說的“隱身敘述者”告訴讀者:“如果把尤甚莎對於荒原 的所有各種恨化成各種愛,你就有了剋林的心。”剋林自小在荒原長大,“如果說 有誰真正熟悉荒原,那就要推剋林了。他身上浸潤着荒原的景象,荒原的物質,荒 原的氣味。剋林可以說是荒原的産物。”剋林與尤苔莎,一個是嚮往“浮華虛榮” 的城市姑娘,“無法忍受荒原”;一個則是自願選擇回到鄉下,覺得荒原“最能激 動人心,最能使人變得堅強,最能給人安慰”。剋林把自己的思想外投到尤苔莎身 上,以為她受過良好教育,可以幫助他來實施他的教育計劃。他甚至一廂情願,替 她設想了工作--“在寄宿學校裏當一個很好的女捨監”。實際上,尤苔莎自私, 沒有責任心,她很早就告訴剋林:“我對我的同胞沒有多少愛心。有時候我真恨他 們。“但是剋林對此置若罔聞。他與尤苔莎結婚,是戀情加錯覺的結果:一方面是 基於無法控製的內心衝動,即兩性間的相互吸引;同時,是基於他對尤甚莎的一種 錯覺,把她想像為一個具有。自我犧牲”精神的女性約布賴特。剋林後來從約翰尼 那兒瞭解到尤苔莎把他母親拒之門外,便大發雷霆,又駡她“惡毒”、“喪盡天良”, 把她看成是害死約布賴特太太的“女兇手”。尤甚莎不堪忍受,離傢出走,並産生 輕生的念頭。平心而論,剋林是冤枉了尤甚莎。當時她聽見剋林在夢中呼喚“母親”, 以為是剋林去開了門。尤苔莎與韋狄的關係並無越軌之處。她即使出走時求助於韋 狄,也是出於無奈,並且覺得這一行動“令人反感”,“具有羞辱性質”。剋林缺 乏對妻子的真正瞭解,他的幻想、錯覺和誤解造成了他與尤苔莎婚姻的不幸。
   哈代在小說裏介紹剋林時,認為剋林的心靈缺乏均衡協調,“均衡協調的心靈 是决不會允許約布賴特去幹這種為了他同胞的利益而放棄自己生意的荒唐事。” 林的實踐能力與高尚理念不相稱。在他身上,我們可以看到哈代最後一部小說主人 公裘德的影子,兩人都是約伯 式人物,生活充滿苦難。在一定程度上,剋林有 自找苦吃的傾嚮,並且表現出偏執。他違反常理,自願回到與世隔絶的埃格敦荒原。 他認定死理選擇當教師,娶尤苔莎,一意孤行,帶來災難性後果。當他眼睛半瞎之 後,他不是在傢休息,而是跟着漢弗萊去割荊棘,從事艱苦的體力勞動。婚後尤苔 莎曾提出回到巴黎去,他斷然拒絶,說這件事“不容討論”。母親死後,他精神上 受到刺激,以一種的心理自責,似乎從自我折磨中獲得樂趣。他對托瑪沁說: “上帝讓我的雙眼差不多瞎了,但這還不夠。如果他能以更大的痛苦來打擊我,那 我就永遠地信他!”尤苔莎落水淹死後,他也希望去死。“要是上帝願意叫我去死, 這對所有人都是一樁好事。”剋林的結局是悲慘的,他喪妻失母,最後終身不娶。 生存對他來說是充滿“恐怖”,沒有一點樂趣的。在哈代筆下,剋林缺乏真正悲劇 意義上的莊嚴,更多的是苦難。他同裘德一樣,是一個可憐的小人物。
   儘管約布賴特太太對尤甚莎存有偏見和敵意,兩個女人的命運卻有相似之處。 尤苔莎視荒原為“監獄”,有一種歲月磋跎意識。她用沙漏計時,是在測量自己青 春年華的流失。臨死之前,她在一種悲痛反抗的瘋狂中哭喊道:“我是怎樣努力着 要成為一個了不起的女人,可是命運一直跟我作對!……我有能力去做很多事情; 但是我被我不能駕馭的事情傷害、摧毀、壓垮!”約布賴特太太一生也不得志。這 個“貧苦、軟弱、死心眼”的女人是助理牧師的女兒,“曾一度夢想過比現在好的 生活。”但她年紀輕輕就守了寡,在荒原上離群索居。她把兒子送到巴黎,指望他 能在外面奔上個錦綉前程,能有出息,然而剋林不聽她的勸告,偏偏要回來。如果 剋林是個半瞎子,看不到生活,約布賴特太太以她對人生一種“獨特的洞察力” 卻是看得一清二楚,但是她的悲劇在於無力改變事件的進程,最後衹得違背自己心 願屈從於現實。她反對侄女兒托瑪沁嫁給韋狄,到最後卻是使用手段促使韋狄 速辦婚事。她看出剋林“自我犧牲的荒唐”,認為他的教書計劃不切合實際,到最 後她又作讓步,告訴兒子,“你倒是可以當好教師,走這條路來出人頭地。”她責 駡剋林選擇尤苔莎做妻子是“瞎了眼”,拒絶參加他們的婚禮,到最後她意識到 “婚事已不可更改”,又采取主動,冒着炎炎烈日,上剋林住處去同他和解。約布 賴特太太的生活充滿挫折,她的反對是無效的,她的努力是白費的。小說結尾時, 剋林痛定思痛,後悔沒有聽她的話,因為“事實最後證實她的判斷準確,證明她的 關懷虔誠。”但是約布賴特太太不容於世。如同古希臘神話中警告特洛伊人不要中 木馬計的先知拉奧孔被蟒蛇纏死,約布賴特太太最後被毒蛇咬死。她無力扭轉形勢, 當災難來臨時,她自己也不能幸免。
   作為一部悲劇小說,《還鄉》總體色調灰暗,主要事件都發生在夜裏。在陰雲 密佈的天空射出一綫陽光的是紅土販子與托瑪沁的喜劇性結局。他們兩人都能適應 荒原。紅土販子雖然不是荒原人,但經常出沒於這片野地,夜裏就在荒山𠔌裏露宿。 有一天晚上,紅土販子去黑塚偷聽尤苔莎與韋狄的談話,他“躺在地上,拿了兩塊 草皮塊擱在身上,一塊往上拉,蓋住了他的頭和雙肩,另一塊蓋住了背和雙腿。這 樣,即使在白天,紅土販子也不容易讓人看見。草皮塊蓋在他身上,有石南的一面 朝上,看上去跟長在那兒一模一樣。”這一細節揭示出紅土販子的本質性特徵:他 是荒原的一個部分,可以與荒原連成一體。托瑪沁是土生土長的荒原人。對她說來, 荒原的“空氣中沒有惡魔,每一叢灌木、每一根樹枝不存在惡毒,這一點她和尤苔 莎不一樣。打在她臉上的雨珠不是蝎子,衹是普通的雨水而已;埃格敦作為整體不 是什麽怪物,衹是一片自然的空地而已。”剋林曾提議她搬到城裏去住,遭到她激 烈反對。她說,除了荒原以外,“讓我住到別的任何地方,我都不會快樂的。”如 果荒原的一層意義是指嚴峻的生活本身,尤苔莎則缺乏忍受能力。她要離開荒原, 是因為“我再也忍受不瞭瞭。”而在托瑪沁身上,她的一個突出品質就是能夠忍受, 能夠逆來順受。紅土販子的品質也是能忍受。他深深愛着托瑪沁,但為了托瑪沁的 幸福,他可以促成她與韋狄的親事。他憑着堅韌不拔的意志,忍辱負重,終於如願 以償,與心上人喜結良緣。
   哈代在《還鄉》一九一二年修訂版中對托瑪沁和維恩的結合加了一個附註:
   作者在此可以聲明:故事最初的構想並未安排托瑪沁與維恩結婚。維恩一直到 最後還是保持他那孤絶怪異的性格,他後來神秘地從荒原消失了,沒有人知道他的 去嚮--托瑪沁終身守寡不嫁。但是連載發表時的某些情況導致了創作意圖的改變。
   讀者因此可以在兩種結尾中作選擇,而遵循嚴格藝術準則的人們可以假設前後 更為一致的結局是真正的結局。
   當我讀完全書,掩捲反思,覺得托瑪沁與維恩有情人終成眷屬,固然皆大歡喜, 也是善良的人們所希望看到的場面,但這個喜劇性結尾與浸潤《還鄉》全書的那種 強烈的悲劇氣氛不協調。哈代的最初意圖本來是一個有機整體,悲劇小說與悲劇性 結局似乎“更為一致”。
   哈代在《還鄉》中對埃格敦荒原景色描寫出色,人物心理刻畫細膩。他善於烘 托氣氛,做到情景交融。在閱讀英語原著時,我對哈代這位語言大師的欽佩之情油 然而生。不過,滿頁生輝的文章,給翻譯帶來難度。翻譯哈代的作品,是一個艱苦 的過程,充滿了挑戰。我在工作之餘,經過一年多時間的努力,終於把書譯完了。 現在,我有一種苦盡甘來的感覺。哈代的語言經得起推敲、琢磨、品味,很過癮。 我覺得我的努力是值得的,因為我從中得到一種愉悅。
   牛津大學出版社出版的《還鄉》原著附有較為詳細的註釋。我在翻譯過程中, 參照該書,對小說中有關歷史、文化、風俗等方面的背景知識加了註釋,以幫助讀 者理解。凡《聖經》引文,都是根據中國教協會一九九四年印發的《新舊約全 書》譯文。 王守仁
   一九九七年二月
首頁>> 文學>> 现实百态>> 托馬斯·哈代 Thomas Hardy   英國 United Kingdom   溫莎王朝   (1840年六月2日1928年元月11日)