首页>> 文学论坛>> 职场培训>> 罗伯特·西奥迪尼 Robert Cialdini   美国 United States   现代美国   (1945年4月27日), 诺亚·戈登斯坦 Noah Goldstein   美国 United States   现代美国  
说服力 Influence: Science and Practice
  作者: (美)西奥迪尼,戈登斯坦,马丁 著,冯银银 译
  出版社: 天津教育出版社
  出版年: 2009-01-01
  
  说服力——说服他人的50个秘密
  
  著名影响力及说服力专家独创的说服力六大原则:
  ●互惠原则(即以恩报恩)
  ●权威原则(做决定时寻求专家帮助)
  ●承诺/一致性原则(即言行一致或行为与价值观相符)
  ●稀缺原则(即物以稀为贵的道理)
  ●喜欢原则(我们会对喜欢的人表示赞同)
  ●从众原则(即跟随他人做法)
  本书将从多角度全面解析这些原则的内含,以及在不同场合中的运用,让说服力渗透到你个人生活的每一个角落中.
  阅读推荐:
  1、世界著名影响力及说服力专家罗伯特•西奥迪尼最新作品,其《影响力》自引进以来,备受好评。本书是作者最新力作,持续登上欧美、日韩畅销书排行榜,全球畅销过百万册。
  2、内容简洁实用,却发人深省。作者独创说服力六大原则,50个关于说服力的秘密,你也可以成为具有影响力的沟通大师。
  3、金融危机来袭,实操性强的财经类作品会受到更多关注,而这本书将会对每一个有志于成功的商务人士带来实质性的帮助。
  4、一本可以当做商务礼品的图书,本书被誉为送给商务人士的最佳礼品,国外媒体在评价这本书的时候,给出了这样的评价,“ 有什么书用来送人时不会辱没对方的智慧?它就是《说服力》。”
  
  目录 1 前言 2 怎样通过为观众制造不便来提高说服力? 4 如何将从众效应转化为说服力? 6 什么样的错误会让说服力大打折扣 7 什么样的劝说方式会收到反效果? 8 什么时候选择越多应者越少? 9 什么样的情况会令赠品变为次品? 10 为什么高端产品的出现会推动次一级商品的销售? 11 恐惧能说服人吗?或是有相反的效果? 12 在国际象棋上能学到什么样的说服技巧? 13 哪种办公用品会牢牢树立您的影响力? 15 为什么餐馆应该扔掉薄荷篮? 16 “不加附带条件”含有怎样的说服力? 17 帮助的有效期像面包还是红酒? 17 怎样得寸进尺? 18 怎样成为影响力大师? 20 美国总统候选人怎么提高支持率? 20 怎样做能促使承诺兑现? 21 如何用一致性来对抗一致性? 23 从本杰明•富兰克林身上能学到什么样的说服技能? 23 什么时候提一点点小要求会得到长期满足? 24 高价位起拍或低价位起拍,哪个更容易让顾客掏钱包? 25 怎样才能不动声色的“自卖自夸”? 26 成为房间里最耀眼的明星会带来哪些潜在的风险? 27 可以从领导者那里学到什么说服技巧? 28 为什么集体会议会导致一场灾难? 29 魔鬼代言人和真正反对者谁更有说服力? 30 为何正面教材有时不如反面教材? 31 怎样能化劣势为优势? 32 什么样的缺陷能打开人们的钱袋? 33 何时才是承认错误的最好时机? 33 何时服务器的瘫痪反而给创造了良机? 35 相似之处如何制造与众不同? 35 何时名字会成为您游戏的筹码? 36 我们能从侍应生身上学到什么? 38 什么样的笑容能让全世界都以笑回应? 39 是什么让人们收集纪念性茶巾? 40 损失能教会我们什么? 42


  Influence: Science and Practice (ISBN 0-321-18895-0) is a Psychology book examining the key ways people can be influenced by "Compliance Professionals". The book's author is Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University. The key premise of the book is that, in a complex world where people are overloaded with more information than they can deal with, people fall back on a decision making approach based on generalizations. These generalizations develop because they allow people to usually act in a correct manner with a limited amount of thought and time. However, they can be exploited and effectively turned into weapons by those who know them to influence others to act certain ways.
  
  The findings in the book are backed up by numerous empirical studies conducted in the fields of Psychology, Marketing, Economics, Anthropology and Social Science.
  
  The author also worked undercover in many compliance fields such as car sales and door-to-door sales.
  
  The key "weapons of influence" outlined are:
  
  Reciprocation
  
  People generally feel obliged to return favours offered to them. This trait is embodied in all human cultures and is one of the human characteristics that allow us to live as a society.
  
  Compliance professionals often play on this trait by offering a small gift to potential customers. Studies have shown that even if the gift is unwanted, it will influence the recipient to reciprocate.
  
  A variation on this theme is to ask for a particularly big favour. When this is turned down, a smaller favour is asked for. This is likely to be successful because a concession on one side (the downscaling of the favour) will be reciprocated by a concession by the other party (agreement to the smaller favour).
  
  Reciprocation is an application of Reciprocity (social psychology).
  
   Commitment and consistency
  
  People have a general desire to appear consistent in their behaviour. People generally also value consistency in others.
  
  Compliance professionals can exploit the desire to be consistent by having someone make an initial, often small, commitment. Requests can then be made that are in keeping with this initial commitment.
  
  People also have a strong desire to stand by commitments made by providing further justification and reasons for supporting them. This pattern of behaviour toward or resulting in a negative outcome is called escalation of commitment.
  
   Social proof
  
  People generally look to other people similar to themselves when making decisions. This is particularly noticeable in situations of uncertainty or ambiguity.
  
  This trait has led compliance professionals to provide fake information on what others are doing. Examples of this are staged interviews on television advertisements or "infomercials".
  
   Liking
  
  People are more likely to agree to offers from people whom they like.
  
  There are several factors that can influence people to like some people more than others:
  
   * Physical attractiveness can give people a "halo" effect whereby others are more likely to trust them and think of them as smarter and more talented.
  
   * People tend to like people who are most like themselves.
  
   * People tend to like those who pay them compliments.
  
   * People who they are forced to cooperate with to achieve a common goal tend to form a trust with those people.
  
   * People tend to like people that make them laugh. For example, think about how many lectures start with a joke.
  
  Any one of the above methods may not help influence people, but used in combination, their effects can be magnified.
  
   Authority
  
  The Milgram experiment ran by Stanley Milgram provided some of the most stunning insights into how influential authority can be over others.
  
  People often act in an automated fashion to commands from authority, even if their instincts suggest the commands should not be followed.
  
   Scarcity
  
  People tend to want things as they become less available. This has led advertisers to promote goods as "limited availability", or "short time only".
  
  It has also been shown that when information is restricted (such as through censorship), people want the information more and will hold that information in higher regard.
  
  Items are also given a higher value when they were once in high supply but have now become scarce.
  
   Influencing as a process
  
  
  This section while interesting has nothing to do with Cialdini's book. Cialdini makes no attempt to tell the reader how to use these techniques.
  
  The concepts presented above may be incorporated into a process to be followed by prospective influencers. The required preliminary activity is to make sure that the contemplated situation should indeed follow the influencing process as compared to some other similar process. This diagram helps in evaluating this decision. Next, if influencing is appropriate for the contemplated situation, the following steps may be performed.
  
   * Phase 1: Before the influencing session
   o Step 1: Prepare and plan: The first step is to determine exactly what the influencer needs from the people to be influenced, or client(s). Next, the needs and wants of the client are determined and the opening statement is prepared. The opening statement should present an offer that, if accepted, will also help to satisfy the influencer's needs. Possible negative reactions are anticipated and useful responses are planned. Role-play is a good way of maximizing the effectiveness of the preparation. Consult Influencing for details and examples.
  
   * Phase 2: At the influencing meeting
   o Step 2: The opening statement is presented.
   o Step 3: The client's needs are confirmed.
   o Step 4: Listen to the client's response and respond appropriately.
   o Step 5: Ask the client to accept the prepared offer.
   o Step 6: If the client accepts, thanks are expressed and any required formalities are completed. If the client refuses, another attempt may be made at another time or another potential client may be visited.
  
   * Phase 3: Analysis after the meeting.
   o Step 7: Reviewing the influencing experience helps one learn the lessons on how to achieve a better outcome. Therefore, one should take the time to review each element and ask oneself, "what went well?" and "what could be improved next time?"
第1章
  《说服力—说服他人的50个秘密》戈登斯坦
  世界著名影响力及说服力专家罗伯特•西奥迪尼最新作品,其《影响力》自引进以来,备受好评。本书是作者最新力作,持续登上欧美、日韩畅销书排行榜,全球畅销过百万册。内容简洁实用,却发人深省。作者独创说服力六大原则,50个关于说服力的秘密,你也可以成为具有影响力的沟通大师。金融危机来袭,实操性强的财经类作品会受到更多关注,而这本书将会对每一个有志于成功的商务人士带来实质性的帮助。
  世界是一个舞台
  世界是一个舞台,任何细微的台词变化都会引发戏剧性的不同。
  有个笑话是这样的:喜剧演员汉尼·杨曼(HennyYoungman)在提到昨晚的住宿时说:"什么破酒店的大毛巾!连行李箱都塞不进去。"
  近几年,这样的道德困境(moraldilemma)有所改观。如今,人们不再考虑是否要撤掉酒店内的毛巾,而考虑是否重复使用毛巾。越来越多的酒店参与了环保计划,他们劝说客人重复使用毛巾以节约资源,减排清洁剂类污染物。酒店常常会在客房内摆放一张小卡片,以起到提醒客人的作用。
  这样的小卡片折射出了说服力的秘密。
  在不受任何条件限制的情况下,什么样的卡片能达到最佳的说服效果呢?
  在告诉您答案前,先来看看卡片的设计者如何鼓励客人参与环保。一项针对各类酒店的调查显示,此类卡片的重点都是放在环保的重要性上,他们希望以此说服客人重复使用毛巾。卡片上的文字全是老生常谈的一套,如毛巾重复使用有利于保护资源,还能防止对环境造成损害和污染。此外,卡片周围还会配上些醒目的环保图片,如彩虹、雨点、热带雨林……,甚至还有驯鹿。
  一般来说,这样的说服策略会有一定效果。某大型环保标志生产商表示,多数客人住宿期间至少会重复使用一次毛巾。看来,这些标志带来的效果还是较为乐观的。
  尽管如此,心理学家仍在寻找更有效的说服办法。好像路边"虚位以待"的广告牌一样,卡片也在向我们发出设计邀请:"来试试您的方法吧"。结果,我们发现只要稍稍改变说服方法,整个酒店业的环保计划就会收到更好效果。稍后我们会解释是什么样的改变。
  严格说,推行环保属于个案。但从大范围看,我们想告诉人们的是,通过学习有效的说服技巧,每个人都能提高自己的说服力。正如本书提到的,一些简单细小的改变会令您更具说服力。我们会在不同场合进行相关实验,其中一些实验由我们完成,另一些由其他科学家完成。我们还将共同讨论实验中包含的道理。
  本书的主要目的是让读者更好的掌握说服技巧,让当事双方各取所需。除了教给您各种有效并符合道德标准的说服技巧外,我们还列出了一些要提请注意的事项,它能帮助您做决定时抵制那些细微或明显的外界影响。
  本书的实验依据不是伪心理学(poppsychology)或所谓的"个人经历",而是用科学的方法解释说服过程中人们心理的变化。我们会用社会影响心理学为您答疑解惑。例如,为何近代一位梵蒂冈天主教主教逝世的消息一经公布,就有大批群众涌入千里以外的商店,购买与之毫不相关的纪念品?我们还将为您分析什么样的办公用品对说服他人更有帮助、人们能从影片《星球大战》中卢克·天行者身上学到怎样的领导才能、什么错误会令说服效果适得其反、怎样扭转劣势以达到更好的说服效果,以及自视或被他人视为专家会面临的隐患。
第2章
  说服是一门科学,而非艺术
  关于说服力的研究已经进行了一个半世纪。但至今这门学科还有其神秘性,它常常默默无闻地刊登在学术杂志中。虽说关于说服力的实验有很多,但多数人往往会忽视此类研究。面对"怎么影响他人"这个问题时,人们运用的是经济学、政治学及公共规范方面的知识。让人想不通的是,为何大家做决定时甚少顾及心理学知识。
  一种解释是,和需要经过学习才能掌握的经济、政治及公共规范知识相比,人们认为自己靠直觉就能明白他人心理,这种直觉是在日常生活及与他人的交往中形成的。因此,人们在做决定时极少寻求心理学知识,也不会向心理学家咨询。过分的自信让人们错失了说服他人的最佳时机,更糟糕的是,人们对心理学的误解会把自己和他人陷于困境之中。
  除了犯过分依赖个人直觉的错误外,过分的主观引导也会导致说服效果差强人意。例如:为何推广人员以环保做为毛巾重复使用的宣传点?也许他们的出发点和我们大多数人一样--都在问自己:"什么会让我重复使用毛巾?"通过分析他们认为,能说服自己的答案,也同样能说服他人。但他们不知道的是,稍稍改动宣传语会令说服效果更好。
  说服是一门科学。尽管它常被误认为是门艺术。很多有才能的艺术家都接受过技能训练,以更好的发挥天分。然而,真正享有盛誉的艺术家依靠的是天生的才能和创造力,这些是经他人指点也无法获得的。所幸,说服力不像艺术,它是能通过学习得到提高的。即使是自认为不具说服力的人,或是认为连哄小孩玩玩具都不会的人,也能通过学习心理学知识、运用有效技巧来增加说服力。
  不管您是经理、律师或保健工作者,又或是决策人、餐馆侍应生、销售人员、老师或其它行业的职员,本书都能帮助您成为说服力大师。我们将一起探讨说服方法,这些方法是以《影响力》(该书已于2006年由人民大学出版社出版,并迅速登上全国经管类畅销书排行榜。)一书为基石的,该书的作者也是本书作者之一的罗伯特·西奥迪尼。
  本书中的说服方法主要围绕六个说服力原则:互惠原则(即以恩报恩)、权威原则(做决定时寻求专家帮助)、承诺/一致性原则(即言行一致或行为与价值观相符)、稀缺原则(即物以稀为贵的道理)、喜欢原则(我们会对喜欢的人表示赞同)和从众原则(即跟随他人做法)。
  我们将为您解释这些原则的内含,它们怎样从细处运作,当然本书的讨论并不局限于以上问题。尽管多数的说服方法都会运用到上述原则,但还是有不少方法是利用其它心理因素的,我们稍后会为您一一讲解。
  此外,本书还讲解了说服技巧在不同场合中的运用,不仅仅包括办公室,也渗透到您的个人生活中,如与父母、邻居及朋友的相处。我们给您的建议是切实可行的,同时也符合道德标准并简便易学,无须付出过多努力或花费。
  最后,我们要向汉尼·杨曼(Henny Youngman)表达歉意,我们绝对相信在阅读完本书后,您装满各种说服技巧的工具箱,想来是难以关上了。
首页>> 文学论坛>> 职场培训>> 罗伯特·西奥迪尼 Robert Cialdini   美国 United States   现代美国   (1945年4月27日), 诺亚·戈登斯坦 Noah Goldstein   美国 United States   现代美国