首頁>> 文學>> 职场培训>> 羅伯特·西奧迪尼 Robert Cialdini   美國 United States   現代美國   (1945年四月27日), 諾亞·戈登斯坦 Noah Goldstein   美國 United States   現代美國  
說服力 Influence: Science and Practice
  作者: (美)西奧迪尼,戈登斯坦,馬丁 著,馮銀銀 譯
  出版社: 天津教育出版社
  出版年: 2009-01-01
  
  說服力——說服他人的50個秘密
  
  著名影響力及說服力專傢獨創的說服力六大原則:
  ●互惠原則(即以恩報恩)
  ●權威原則(做决定時尋求專傢幫助)
  ●承諾/一致性原則(即言行一致或行為與價值觀相符)
  ●稀缺原則(即物以稀為貴的道理)
  ●喜歡原則(我們會對喜歡的人表示贊同)
  ●從衆原則(即跟隨他人做法)
  本書將從多角度全面解析這些原則的內含,以及在不同場合中的運用,讓說服力滲透到你個人生活的每一個角落中.
  閱讀推薦:
  1、世界著名影響力及說服力專傢羅伯特•西奧迪尼最新作品,其《影響力》自引進以來,備受好評。本書是作者最新力作,持續登上歐美、日韓暢銷書排行榜,全球暢銷過百萬册。
  2、內容簡潔實用,卻發人深省。作者獨創說服力六大原則,50個關於說服力的秘密,你也可以成為具有影響力的溝通大師。
  3、金融危機來襲,實操性強的財經類作品會受到更多關註,而這本書將會對每一個有志於成功的商務人士帶來實質性的幫助。
  4、一本可以當做商務禮品的圖書,本書被譽為送給商務人士的最佳禮品,國外媒體在評價這本書的時候,給出了這樣的評價,“ 有什麽書用來送人時不會辱沒對方的智慧?它就是《說服力》。”
  
  目錄 1 前言 2 怎樣通過為觀衆製造不便來提高說服力? 4 如何將從衆效應轉化為說服力? 6 什麽樣的錯誤會讓說服力大打折扣 7 什麽樣的勸說方式會收到反效果? 8 什麽時候選擇越多應者越少? 9 什麽樣的情況會令贈品變為次品? 10 為什麽高端産品的出現會推動次一級商品的銷售? 11 恐懼能說服人嗎?或是有相反的效果? 12 在國際象棋上能學到什麽樣的說服技巧? 13 哪種辦公用品會牢牢樹立您的影響力? 15 為什麽餐館應該扔掉薄荷籃? 16 “不加附帶條件”含有怎樣的說服力? 17 幫助的有效期像面包還是紅酒? 17 怎樣得寸進尺? 18 怎樣成為影響力大師? 20 美國總統候選人怎麽提高支持率? 20 怎樣做能促使承諾兌現? 21 如何用一致性來對抗一致性? 23 從本傑明•富蘭剋林身上能學到什麽樣的說服技能? 23 什麽時候提一點點小要求會得到長期滿足? 24 高價位起拍或低價位起拍,哪個更容易讓顧客掏錢包? 25 怎樣才能不動聲色的“自賣自誇”? 26 成為房間裏最耀眼的明星會帶來哪些潛在的風險? 27 可以從領導者那裏學到什麽說服技巧? 28 為什麽集體會議會導致一場災難? 29 魔鬼代言人和真正反對者誰更有說服力? 30 為何正面教材有時不如反面教材? 31 怎樣能化劣勢為優勢? 32 什麽樣的缺陷能打開人們的錢袋? 33 何時纔是承認錯誤的最好時機? 33 何時服務器的癱瘓反而給創造了良機? 35 相似之處如何製造與衆不同? 35 何時名字會成為您遊戲的籌碼? 36 我們能從侍應生身上學到什麽? 38 什麽樣的笑容能讓全世界都以笑回應? 39 是什麽讓人們收集紀念性茶巾? 40 損失能教會我們什麽? 42


  Influence: Science and Practice (ISBN 0-321-18895-0) is a Psychology book examining the key ways people can be influenced by "Compliance Professionals". The book's author is Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University. The key premise of the book is that, in a complex world where people are overloaded with more information than they can deal with, people fall back on a decision making approach based on generalizations. These generalizations develop because they allow people to usually act in a correct manner with a limited amount of thought and time. However, they can be exploited and effectively turned into weapons by those who know them to influence others to act certain ways.
  
  The findings in the book are backed up by numerous empirical studies conducted in the fields of Psychology, Marketing, Economics, Anthropology and Social Science.
  
  The author also worked undercover in many compliance fields such as car sales and door-to-door sales.
  
  The key "weapons of influence" outlined are:
  
  Reciprocation
  
  People generally feel obliged to return favours offered to them. This trait is embodied in all human cultures and is one of the human characteristics that allow us to live as a society.
  
  Compliance professionals often play on this trait by offering a small gift to potential customers. Studies have shown that even if the gift is unwanted, it will influence the recipient to reciprocate.
  
  A variation on this theme is to ask for a particularly big favour. When this is turned down, a smaller favour is asked for. This is likely to be successful because a concession on one side (the downscaling of the favour) will be reciprocated by a concession by the other party (agreement to the smaller favour).
  
  Reciprocation is an application of Reciprocity (social psychology).
  
   Commitment and consistency
  
  People have a general desire to appear consistent in their behaviour. People generally also value consistency in others.
  
  Compliance professionals can exploit the desire to be consistent by having someone make an initial, often small, commitment. Requests can then be made that are in keeping with this initial commitment.
  
  People also have a strong desire to stand by commitments made by providing further justification and reasons for supporting them. This pattern of behaviour toward or resulting in a negative outcome is called escalation of commitment.
  
   Social proof
  
  People generally look to other people similar to themselves when making decisions. This is particularly noticeable in situations of uncertainty or ambiguity.
  
  This trait has led compliance professionals to provide fake information on what others are doing. Examples of this are staged interviews on television advertisements or "infomercials".
  
   Liking
  
  People are more likely to agree to offers from people whom they like.
  
  There are several factors that can influence people to like some people more than others:
  
   * Physical attractiveness can give people a "halo" effect whereby others are more likely to trust them and think of them as smarter and more talented.
  
   * People tend to like people who are most like themselves.
  
   * People tend to like those who pay them compliments.
  
   * People who they are forced to cooperate with to achieve a common goal tend to form a trust with those people.
  
   * People tend to like people that make them laugh. For example, think about how many lectures start with a joke.
  
  Any one of the above methods may not help influence people, but used in combination, their effects can be magnified.
  
   Authority
  
  The Milgram experiment ran by Stanley Milgram provided some of the most stunning insights into how influential authority can be over others.
  
  People often act in an automated fashion to commands from authority, even if their instincts suggest the commands should not be followed.
  
   Scarcity
  
  People tend to want things as they become less available. This has led advertisers to promote goods as "limited availability", or "short time only".
  
  It has also been shown that when information is restricted (such as through censorship), people want the information more and will hold that information in higher regard.
  
  Items are also given a higher value when they were once in high supply but have now become scarce.
  
   Influencing as a process
  
  
  This section while interesting has nothing to do with Cialdini's book. Cialdini makes no attempt to tell the reader how to use these techniques.
  
  The concepts presented above may be incorporated into a process to be followed by prospective influencers. The required preliminary activity is to make sure that the contemplated situation should indeed follow the influencing process as compared to some other similar process. This diagram helps in evaluating this decision. Next, if influencing is appropriate for the contemplated situation, the following steps may be performed.
  
   * Phase 1: Before the influencing session
   o Step 1: Prepare and plan: The first step is to determine exactly what the influencer needs from the people to be influenced, or client(s). Next, the needs and wants of the client are determined and the opening statement is prepared. The opening statement should present an offer that, if accepted, will also help to satisfy the influencer's needs. Possible negative reactions are anticipated and useful responses are planned. Role-play is a good way of maximizing the effectiveness of the preparation. Consult Influencing for details and examples.
  
   * Phase 2: At the influencing meeting
   o Step 2: The opening statement is presented.
   o Step 3: The client's needs are confirmed.
   o Step 4: Listen to the client's response and respond appropriately.
   o Step 5: Ask the client to accept the prepared offer.
   o Step 6: If the client accepts, thanks are expressed and any required formalities are completed. If the client refuses, another attempt may be made at another time or another potential client may be visited.
  
   * Phase 3: Analysis after the meeting.
   o Step 7: Reviewing the influencing experience helps one learn the lessons on how to achieve a better outcome. Therefore, one should take the time to review each element and ask oneself, "what went well?" and "what could be improved next time?"
第1章
  《說服力—說服他人的50個秘密》戈登斯坦
  世界著名影響力及說服力專傢羅伯特•西奧迪尼最新作品,其《影響力》自引進以來,備受好評。本書是作者最新力作,持續登上歐美、日韓暢銷書排行榜,全球暢銷過百萬册。內容簡潔實用,卻發人深省。作者獨創說服力六大原則,50個關於說服力的秘密,你也可以成為具有影響力的溝通大師。金融危機來襲,實操性強的財經類作品會受到更多關註,而這本書將會對每一個有志於成功的商務人士帶來實質性的幫助。
  世界是一個舞臺
  世界是一個舞臺,任何細微的臺詞變化都會引發戲劇性的不同。
  有個笑話是這樣的:喜劇演員漢尼·楊曼(HennyYoungman)在提到昨晚的住宿時說:"什麽破酒店的大毛巾!連行李箱都塞不進去。"
  近幾年,這樣的道德睏境(moraldilemma)有所改觀。如今,人們不再考慮是否要撤掉酒店內的毛巾,而考慮是否重複使用毛巾。越來越多的酒店參與了環保計劃,他們勸說客人重複使用毛巾以節約資源,減排清潔劑類污染物。酒店常常會在客房內擺放一張小卡片,以起到提醒客人的作用。
  這樣的小卡片折射出了說服力的秘密。
  在不受任何條件限製的情況下,什麽樣的卡片能達到最佳的說服效果呢?
  在告訴您答案前,先來看看卡片的設計者如何鼓勵客人參與環保。一項針對各類酒店的調查顯示,此類卡片的重點都是放在環保的重要性上,他們希望以此說服客人重複使用毛巾。卡片上的文字全是老生常談的一套,如毛巾重複使用有利於保護資源,還能防止對環境造成損害和污染。此外,卡片周圍還會配上些醒目的環保圖片,如彩虹、雨點、熱帶雨林……,甚至還有馴鹿。
  一般來說,這樣的說服策略會有一定效果。某大型環保標志生産商表示,多數客人住宿期間至少會重複使用一次毛巾。看來,這些標志帶來的效果還是較為樂觀的。
  儘管如此,心理學家仍在尋找更有效的說服辦法。好像路邊"虛位以待"的廣告牌一樣,卡片也在嚮我們發出設計邀請:"來試試您的方法吧"。結果,我們發現衹要稍稍改變說服方法,整個酒店業的環保計劃就會收到更好效果。稍後我們會解釋是什麽樣的改變。
  嚴格說,推行環保屬於個案。但從大範圍看,我們想告訴人們的是,通過學習有效的說服技巧,每個人都能提高自己的說服力。正如本書提到的,一些簡單細小的改變會令您更具說服力。我們會在不同場合進行相關實驗,其中一些實驗由我們完成,另一些由其他科學家完成。我們還將共同討論實驗中包含的道理。
  本書的主要目的是讓讀者更好的掌握說服技巧,讓當事雙方各取所需。除了教給您各種有效並符合道德標準的說服技巧外,我們還列出了一些要提請註意的事項,它能幫助您做决定時抵製那些細微或明顯的外界影響。
  本書的實驗依據不是偽心理學(poppsychology)或所謂的"個人經歷",而是用科學的方法解釋說服過程中人們心理的變化。我們會用社會影響心理學為您答疑解惑。例如,為何近代一位梵蒂岡天主教主教逝世的消息一經公佈,就有大批群衆涌入千裏以外的商店,購買與之毫不相關的紀念品?我們還將為您分析什麽樣的辦公用品對說服他人更有幫助、人們能從影片《星球大戰》中盧剋·天行者身上學到怎樣的領導才能、什麽錯誤會令說服效果適得其反、怎樣扭轉劣勢以達到更好的說服效果,以及自視或被他人視為專傢會面臨的隱患。
第2章
  說服是一門科學,而非藝術
  關於說服力的研究已經進行了一個半世紀。但至今這門學科還有其神秘性,它常常默默無聞地刊登在學術雜志中。雖說關於說服力的實驗有很多,但多數人往往會忽視此類研究。面對"怎麽影響他人"這個問題時,人們運用的是經濟學、政治學及公共規範方面的知識。讓人想不通的是,為何大傢做决定時甚少顧及心理學知識。
  一種解釋是,和需要經過學習才能掌握的經濟、政治及公共規範知識相比,人們認為自己靠直覺就能明白他人心理,這種直覺是在日常生活及與他人的交往中形成的。因此,人們在做决定時極少尋求心理學知識,也不會嚮心理學家咨詢。過分的自信讓人們錯失了說服他人的最佳時機,更糟糕的是,人們對心理學的誤解會把自己和他人陷於睏境之中。
  除了犯過分依賴個人直覺的錯誤外,過分的主觀引導也會導致說服效果差強人意。例如:為何推廣人員以環保做為毛巾重複使用的宣傳點?也許他們的出發點和我們大多數人一樣--都在問自己:"什麽會讓我重複使用毛巾?"通過分析他們認為,能說服自己的答案,也同樣能說服他人。但他們不知道的是,稍稍改動宣傳語會令說服效果更好。
  說服是一門科學。儘管它常被誤認為是門藝術。很多有才能的藝術傢都接受過技能訓練,以更好的發揮天分。然而,真正享有盛譽的藝術傢依靠的是天生的才能和創造力,這些是經他人指點也無法獲得的。所幸,說服力不像藝術,它是能通過學習得到提高的。即使是自認為不具說服力的人,或是認為連哄小孩玩玩具都不會的人,也能通過學習心理學知識、運用有效技巧來增加說服力。
  不管您是經理、律師或保健工作者,又或是决策人、餐館侍應生、銷售人員、老師或其它行業的職員,本書都能幫助您成為說服力大師。我們將一起探討說服方法,這些方法是以《影響力》(該書已於2006年由人民大學出版社出版,並迅速登上全國經管類暢銷書排行榜。)一書為基石的,該書的作者也是本書作者之一的羅伯特·西奧迪尼。
  本書中的說服方法主要圍繞六個說服力原則:互惠原則(即以恩報恩)、權威原則(做决定時尋求專傢幫助)、承諾/一致性原則(即言行一致或行為與價值觀相符)、稀缺原則(即物以稀為貴的道理)、喜歡原則(我們會對喜歡的人表示贊同)和從衆原則(即跟隨他人做法)。
  我們將為您解釋這些原則的內含,它們怎樣從細處運作,當然本書的討論並不局限於以上問題。儘管多數的說服方法都會運用到上述原則,但還是有不少方法是利用其它心理因素的,我們稍後會為您一一講解。
  此外,本書還講解了說服技巧在不同場合中的運用,不僅僅包括辦公室,也滲透到您的個人生活中,如與父母、鄰居及朋友的相處。我們給您的建議是切實可行的,同時也符合道德標準並簡便易學,無須付出過多努力或花費。
  最後,我們要嚮漢尼·楊曼(Henny Youngman)表達歉意,我們絶對相信在閱讀完本書後,您裝滿各種說服技巧的工具箱,想來是難以關上了。
首頁>> 文學>> 职场培训>> 羅伯特·西奧迪尼 Robert Cialdini   美國 United States   現代美國   (1945年四月27日), 諾亞·戈登斯坦 Noah Goldstein   美國 United States   現代美國