Home>> Literature>> 外国经典>> M.A. Sholokhov   Russia   苏联   (May 24, 1905 ADFebruary 21, 1984 AD)
Quiet Flows the Don
  Cossacks, ancient noble family of slaves fled Russia after the reproduction elsewhere group developed
  Don Elegy
  We honor the land is not used to plow tillage ... ...
  We use the horseshoe to plow the land,
  Glorious Cossack land species is the head,
  Quiet Flows the Don everywhere decorated with a young widow,
  Our Father, Quiet Flows the Don is full of orphans,
  Quiet Flows the Don of the rolling waves of the father and mother's tears.
  Oh, alas, Quiet Flows the Don, our father!
  Oh, alas, Quiet Flows the Don, your muddy water why?
  Oh, I Quiet Flows the Don of the water how can you not muddy!
  Cold Spring from my Quiet Flows the Don of the river flowing out,
  Silver fish to muddy my Quiet Flows the Don.
  - Old Cossack song
    
  "Quiet Flows the Don" is a famous Soviet writer Sholokhov's masterpiece. This book is divided into four, from 1928 until 1940, sharing 12 years before the completion of its creation. Sholokhov film debut came upon immediately by domestic and international attention, has been called "amazing masterpiece," "Soviet literature, it has not met the same compared to the novel." This book was awarded the Stalin prize in 1941, 1965, Sholokhov won the Nobel Prize for Literature books thus became the first Soviet writer so honored.
  "Quiet Flows the Don," depicts the 1912 to 1922 between two revolutions (February Revolution, October Revolution), and two wars (the First World War, the Soviet civil war) in the sides of major historical events and the Don Cossacks In the turbulent life of 10 years, broadly reflecting the unique customs of the Cossacks, Cossacks changes in all sectors, the majority of Cossacks turning point in the complex history of ups and downs experienced by the road, and involved a powerful vortex of historical events in the hero Ge high interest in the tragedy of fate.
  This novel has been published since 1928, have been Stalin's favor, which is Sholokhov lives in the Great Purges protected during the main reason for it being too high Wilkie and Romain Rolland, Lu Xun, Kobayashi Takiji and Hemingway other world-renowned author of highly praised. When the book was translated into German in Germany after the release, actually printed more than a German writer Remak's "Western Front." It has been translated into almost all major world languages, and a reprinted, sold worldwide, the contemporary world's most widely circulated literature, the reader is one of the most famous. Its influence is worldwide.
  "Quiet Flows the Don" by its depth of content and theme, it covers the reality of the breadth and depth to reveal the process of life, it depicts a lively variety of character and explore the depth of the inner world of the hero, and the integrated use of various language arts skills are indeed a delicate euphemism both spectacular and majestic, gripping epic novel.
  Content outline
  Mailiehuofu a living in Russia during the Tatar village of the Don River, this small son Geligolie fell in love with the neighbor's wife, A Kexi Stepan Virginia. A Kexi Virginia long-term abuse by her husband, then by Stepan in the military during the affair with Geligolie have. Geligolie father outside in order to avoid scandal Yang, arranged in a village girl he married Natalie in Australia. But Geligolie not love her, and soon open cohabitation with A Kexi Virginia, the village has become a scandal.
  Geligolie ashamed of his father, beating his son. Geligolie huff away from home, he ran out of the village and well-李斯特尼兹基 A Kexi Virginia home helpers. During this time, A Kexi Virginia had a daughter. Soon, Geligolie enlisted.
  Natalie Australia see her husband on their own without any feelings, the pain was like suicide. However, comfort in every possible way by Mailiehuofu home, she finally calmed down. Geligolie first leave home, find A Kexi Virginia officers and landlords belongings Master Eugene hooked into adultery. Unfortunately, the tragic death of their daughter. Geligolie angry. He found a fight Eugene, and Virginia beat the A Kexi meal. Then return to their home, request forgiveness Natalie Australia. They reconciled. The end of vacation, Natalie has been pregnant in Australia, soon gave birth to a male and female twins.
  Geligolie courage in the military fighting the enemy, so was awarded the Cross, the village became the first Knight. In the army, he met his brother Pietro and rival Stepan. Stepan repeatedly to harm Geligolie, but can not start. Geligolie but in a battle to save a life Stepan. Two scores off.
  Geligolie back to the village after they heard the news of the Red Army to call. The villagers are ready to flee, Gregorian high actually not. Then came the news of the Red Army burning and looting, which cause great panic. For the villagers organized a resistance army. Geligolie villagers refused the request to him as leader, Pietro became a leader. Counterattack in the White Army, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of defeat. Geligolie met the Red Army captured the original parent, and rebuked him to kill the White Army prisoners of war of the past.
  In 1918, the Don Cossack region became a battlefield of revolution and counterrevolution. Tatar village was turned to the White Army, was the side of the Red Army. Geligolie and Pietro have become leader of the White Army. Pietro ruthless, is a complete counter-revolution. Gregorian High actually live in the depression in the. He would not killing innocent people, just in hurried retreat to preserve their lives. What he has no intention in the doctrine of the struggle, just peace as soon as possible.
  The insurgency continues. At this time, Eugene returned to his hometown. He lost an arm in the war, came back after with a married woman. His former mistress A Kexi Virginia is still waiting for him. Eugene never married but do not want her to and from the. After a while they intimate that he would give her some money to let her go. A Kexi much against Virginia.
  Geligolie tired of war, he returned to the Tatar village of Red political power has taken over the village. He is now on the A Kexi Virginia has not the slightest love, while getting good impression of Natalie Australia. After the Red Army began to consolidate the rule eliminated dissidents. Geligolie be included in the first list. He heard the wind, the night away.
  With the increasing political imprisonment and executions, people fed up with the Red Army Cossacks indiscriminate and rise up, rebel in a relatively short period of time was a success, Pietro soon became commander. He start with sinister, ruthless to the Red Army in a battle later, he was the Red Army captured and killed.
  Geligolie was promoted to division commander in the rebel. Pietro's death made him a ruthless, murderous. But he never killing of sick and elderly. As a group the Red Army opened a small difference, the Tatar village occupied by the rebels, the Red Army leaders were executed. Daria hand as Pietro avenged.
  Geligolie home for the holidays, sister-in-law Daria tried flirting with him he refused. Geligolie have tired of war and lust, but he still missed the A Kexi Virginia. Natalie Leah gradually cool to him. He decided to return troops. To go before he met Ake Xi river in Dayton Virginia. Two-phase, as long, but also ignited a spark of love.
  By 1919, the Soviet government realized that they face the daunting task. And sent over a large number of Red Army to defeat the rebels. Rebel with a large number of refugees crossed the Don River and blocked the Red Army offensive.
  Red Army took over the Tatar village, all well-off were arson burned the house. Natalie died of typhoid in Australia to stay in the village. As teachers of Geligolie Although war continued, still taking the time to send someone over to the A Kexi Virginia. They resumed their former intimacy.
  White Army fought back, the Red Army was driven away. At this time the rebels were compiled into a regular army. Geligolie because of no education, drop any squadron leader for the Cavaliers. White Army also sent punitive expeditions killing those who have helped the Red Army, and this makes the Tatar village fell into terror. At this time, Daria had contracted syphilis and plunge himself. Natalie Australia are doing abortions when bleeding to death.
  As the Red Army offensive and Cossack troops continue to strengthen the growing phenomenon of many soldiers deserted, the White Army retreat. Geligolie and A Kexi Virginia also tried to escape, but 因阿克西尼亚 disease without the trip. Later, she returned to the Tatar village. Geligolie then joined the Red Army, fighting with the Poles in the performance is very brave.
  Soon, Geligolie back home. Authorities heard the news, immediately sent came for him. He escaped and joined the mutiny from the Red Army out of the Fuming troops. Fuming want to organize the Communist Party of the Cossack revolt tax requisitions. But the rebellion was quickly suppressed. Rebels have been killed, only Geligolie back to the village. Geligolie fled again when brought to the A Kexi Virginia, but she was a chase from the Red Army patrol killed. Geligolie thrown away their arms, back home. Now he has only his own son. He does not want to lose the only family of this world.
Translated by Google
顿河悲歌
  我们光荣的土地不是用犁来翻耕……
  
  我们的土地用马蹄来翻耕,
  
  光荣的土地上种的是哥萨克的头颅,
  
  静静的顿河到处装点着年轻的寡妇,
  
  我们的父亲,静静的顿河上到处是孤儿,
  
  静静的顿河的滚滚的波涛是爹娘的眼泪。
  
  噢噫,静静的顿河,我们的父亲!
  
  噢噫,静静的顿河,你的流水为什么这样浑?
  
  啊呀,我静静的顿河的流水怎么能不浑!
  
  寒泉从我静静的顿河的河底向外奔流,
  
  银白色的鱼儿把我静静的顿河搅浑。
  
  ――哥萨克古歌
第一章
  麦列霍夫家的院子在村子的尽头。牲口圈的两扇小门朝着北面的顿河。在长满青苔的灰绿色白垩巨石之间有一条八沙绳长的坡道,下去就是河岸:遍地是珠母贝壳,河边被水浪冲击的鹅卵石形成了一条灰色的曲岸。再过去,就是微风吹皱的青光粼粼的顿河急流。东面,在用红柳树编成的场院篱笆外面。是黑特曼大道,一丛丛的白艾,马蹄践踏过的、生命力顽强的褐色车前草;岔道口上有一座小教堂;教堂后面,是飘忽的蜃气笼罩着的草原。南面,是白垩的山脊。西面,是一条穿过广场、直通到河边草地去的街道。
  参加倒数第二次土耳其战争的哥萨克麦列霍夫·普罗珂菲回到了村子。他从土耳其带回个老婆,一个裹着披肩的娇小女人。她总是把脸遮掩起来,很少露出她那忧郁、野性的眼睛。丝披肩散发着一种远方的神秘气味,那绚丽的绣花令女人们艳羡。被俘虏的土耳其女人总是回避普罗珂菲家的亲属,所以麦列霍夫老头子不久就把儿子分了出去,一直到死也没有到儿子家去过,因为他不能忘掉这种耻辱。
  普罗珂菲很快就安排好了家业:木匠给他盖起了房子,自己围起了养牲口的院子。秋初,就把驼背的外国老婆领到了新家。他俩跟在装着家产的大板车后头,走出村子;全村老少都涌上街头来观看。哥萨克们克制地用大胡子掩饰自己的嘲笑,女人们却在大声地议论,一群肮脏的孩子跟在普罗珂菲后面咦咦呀呀地乱叫;但是他敞开外衣,缓慢地,好像是顺着犁沟走一样,把老婆的一只柔软的小手紧握在黑手巴掌里,倔强地昂起那微白的、多额发的脑袋,只有颧骨下面凸起的肌肉在颤抖,两道总是死板板的、仿佛僵化了的眉毛中间渗出了汗珠。
  从那时起,村子里就很少见到他了,他也不去哥萨克聚会的广场,孤独地生活在村头顿河边上的小房子里。村子里流传着有关他的故事,说得神乎其神。在牧道外放牧牛犊的孩子们说,他们好像看见,每到黄昏,当霞光黯淡下去的时候,普罗珂菲就抱着老婆,走到鞑靼村外墓地的土岗上,把她放在土岗顶上,背朝着一块千百年来被风吹雨打得千疮百孔的巨石;然后自己坐到她身旁,就这样,他们久久地向草原眺望着,一直眺望到霞光完全消失的时候。这时,普罗珂菲把妻子裹在羊皮大衣里,又抱回家去。全村的人都在猜测这种奇怪的行径,可是谁也说不出个所以然来,女人们为此忙得连拉家常的工夫都没有了。关于普罗珂菲的妻子有各式各样的说法:有些人证明说,她是空前未有的美人,另一些人的看法却恰恰相反。直到天不怕、地不怕的玛夫拉——一个正在服役的哥萨克的妻子——假装到普罗珂菲家去讨新鲜酵母回来以后,一切才算弄明白了。普罗珂菲到地窖里去取酵母,玛夫拉就趁这个工夫偷偷瞧了一眼,原来落到普罗珂菲手里的土耳其女人是个丑八怪……
  过了一会儿,红涨着脸的玛夫拉,头巾歪到了一边,站在胡同里对一群娘儿们添油加醋地说道:“亲爱的人们,真不明白,她哪点儿迷住了他,哪怕是个普通娘儿们倒也罢了,可是她,……肚子不像肚子,屁股不像屁股,简直丑死啦。咱们的姑娘们可比她长得水灵多啦。至于身段,简直像马蜂一样,一折就断;两只眼睛,又黑又大,眼睛一瞪,活像个妖精,老天爷饶恕我吧。一定是怀了孩子了,真的!”
  “怀了孩子啦?”婆娘们惊讶地问道。
  “我也不是黄毛丫头啦,已经养过三个孩子啦。”
  “那么相貌呢?”
  “相貌吗?黄脸膛。眼睛浑澄澄的,大概在外国过得并不舒服。还有,姐儿们,她穿着……普罗珂菲的裤子。”
  “是吗?……”婆娘们都惊骇地同声叫道。
  “我亲眼看见的——穿着裤子,只是没有裤绦,准是把他的便服裤子穿上啦。上身穿一件长布衫,从布衫下面露出掖在袜筒里的裤子。我一看,吓得我心惊胆战……”
  村子里悄悄地传开了,说普罗河菲的老婆会使妖法。阿司塔霍夫家的儿媳妇(阿司塔霍夫家住在村头上,紧挨普罗珂菲家)起誓说,好像是在三一节的第二天,她在黎明前看见,普罗珂菲的老婆头巾也没有戴,光着脚,在他们家院子里挤牛奶。从那以后,母牛的奶头就干瘪成小孩子拳头一样大;奶也断了,而向久牛就死了。
  那一年,发生了空前罕见的畜疫。顿河边布满牛栏的沙滩上,每天都要出现一些母牛和小牛的尸体。牛疫又传染到马身上。在村镇牧场上牧放的马群越来越少了。于是流言蜚语立刻在大街小巷传播开来……
  哥萨克们开了个会,然后来到普罗珂菲家。
  主人走到台阶上来,向大家行礼。
  “诸位老人家,你们有什么事光临舍下啊?”
  人群默默地向台阶边移动着。
  最后,一个喝得醉醺醺的老头子首先喊道:“把你那妖婆给我们拖出来!我们要审判她!
  普罗珂菲窜回屋子,但是他们在门洞里追上了他。身材高大的炮兵——绰号叫“牛车杆子”——把普罗珂菲的脑袋向墙上撞着,劝道:“别吵,别吵,这没有什么可吵的!……我们绝不动你,但是我们要把你的老婆踩进地里去。把她弄死,总比全村的人因为没有牲口都饿死好得多啊。你别吵,不然我把你的脑袋在墙上撞碎!”
  “把她,把那母狗,拖到院子里来!……”人们在台阶旁边叫喊道。一个和普罗珂菲同团当过兵的哥萨克,把土耳其女人的头发缠在一只手上,用另外一只手捂住她那拼命喊叫的嘴,一溜烟似的穿过门洞,把她拖了出来,扔到人们的脚边。一声尖叫划破吼叫的人们的喧嚣。普罗珂菲推开六个哥萨克,冲进内室,从墙上扯下马刀。哥萨克互相拥挤着,从门洞里退出去。普罗珂菲在头顶挥舞着闪闪发光、嗖嗖响的马刀,从台阶上冲下来。人群哆嗦了一下,在院子里四散开去。
  在仓库的附近,普罗珂菲追上那个跑动困难的炮兵“牛车杆子”,从后面斜着把他从左肩一直劈到腰部。哥萨克们撞倒篱笆桩子,穿过场院,向草原逃去。
  过了半个钟头,重新鼓起勇气的人群才又走近院子。两个侦察畏缩着身子,走进了门洞。全身都浸在血泊里的普罗珂菲的妻子,难看地仰着脑袋,横在厨房的门坎上。咬得尽是伤口的舌头,在痛苦地呲着牙张开的嘴里抽动。普罗珂菲脑袋颤抖着,目光呆滞,正在把一个哇哇哭着的肉团子——早产的婴儿——包到羊皮袄里。
  普罗珂菲的妻子当天晚上就死了。孩子的祖母,普罗珂菲的母亲,可怜这个不足月的孩子,就把他抱回家去。
  家人把他放在蒸热的锯末里,喂他马奶吃,过了一个月,认定这个黝黑的土耳其长相的孩子能够活下去的时候,就把他抱到教堂里去受了洗礼。跟祖父一样,也叫潘苔莱。过了十二年,普罗珂菲刑满归来。剪得短短的、杂有几根银丝的红胡于和一身俄罗斯式的衣服,使他变成了异乡人,不像个哥萨克了。他把儿子领回去,又重整起家业来。
  潘苔莱长成了一个肤色黝黑、天不怕地不怕的小伙子。面貌和匀称的身材都像母亲。
  普罗珂菲给他娶了个哥萨克姑娘,是邻居的女儿。从那时起,土耳其血统就和哥萨克血统交融了。从这儿开始,高鼻子、带点野性、漂亮的哥萨克麦列霍夫家族——村里都叫他们土耳其人——就在村子里繁衍起来了。
  潘苔莱埋葬了父亲以后,便埋头经营起家业:重新翻盖了房子,宅院扩大了,又圈进了半俄亩荒地,盖了几间洋铁皮顶的新贮藏室和仓房。铺房顶的工匠按主人的要求,用剩下的铁片剪了一对铁公鸡,安装在仓房的屋顶上。这对公鸡的那副逍遥自在的样子,使麦列霍夫家的院子平添了几许欢快的气氛,显得自足而富裕。
  岁月流逝,到了晚年,潘苔莱·普罗珂菲耶维奇发福了:往横里长起来,背略微驼了些,但是看上去依然还是个体态匀称的老头子。他身板儿硬实,走起路来一瘸一拐(年轻的时候,参加沙皇阅兵的御前赛马,把左腿摔伤),左耳朵上戴着一只半月形的银耳环,一直到老年,他的胡须和头发依然是乌黑的;发起脾气能气得死去活来;这显然使他那曾经是很漂亮的妻子提前衰老了,现在已经成了个满脸蛛网般皱纹的胖老太太了。
  大儿子彼得罗已经娶了亲,他很像母亲;个子不高,翘鼻子,生着一头麦色乱蓬蓬的头发,褐色的眼睛;可是小儿子葛利高里却像父亲:虽然比彼得罗小六岁,但个头却比哥哥高半个脑袋,他也像父亲一样,生着下垂的鹰鼻子,稍稍有点斜的眼眶里,嵌着一对淡蓝色的。扁桃仁似的热情的眼睛,高高的颧骨上紧绷着一层棕红色的皮肤。葛利高里也和父亲一样,有点儿驼背,甚至连笑的时候,爷俩的表情也是一样的粗野。
  父亲宠爱的女儿杜妮亚什卡是个长胳膊、大眼睛的姑娘。加上彼得罗的妻子达丽亚和她的一个小孩——这就是麦列霍夫家的全部成员了。