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卡门 Carmen
  在遥远荒凉的波西米亚,强盗头子独眼龙在一次行动中被俘,关在地牢里,他美丽而淘气的妻子卡门(15岁),带着丈夫的属下,前来营救他,她利用几次浪漫神秘的邂逅勾引了警察霍赛,成为他的情妇,利用他对她的迷恋,骗他去一夜情,从而为同谋们劫狱制造了机会,救出了自己的丈夫。
    
  而霍赛因为失职,被嫉恨他的同僚举报后关押在地牢,卡门设法营救他,但他出于原则和尊严,拒绝了卡门的帮助,被贬为将军的看门官,此间卡门又在强盗丈夫的安排下,勾引了将军府邸上作客的英国军官,希望借此敲诈勒索,抢上一笔。
    
  霍赛妒忌之下,杀死了英国军官,破坏了他们的计划,从而走上了犯罪的道路。
    
  强盗头子为了报复,带人马堵截要杀他。美丽淘气的卡门再次向走投无路的霍赛伸出双手,劝他入伙他们的队伍,4人一起过着抢劫的生活。
    
  但霍赛再次出于妒忌,杀死了卡门的丈夫,当上了强盗头子,并娶卡门为妻。之后,他严厉禁止卡门和陌生人说话,并打算带卡门远离江湖,过隐居的生活。生性自由的卡门感到很拘束,她比较喜欢以前那种随心所欲的生活,就在旅馆里和一个斗牛士私奔了。霍赛一路追杀他们,他在半路上遇见了气急败坏的斗牛士,他说卡门前些天一个船长私奔了。霍赛将他杀死后,继续追杀卡门。当他找到卡门时,卡门正准备等她的新情郎——私奔,霍赛在半路上解决掉那个船长的性命,然后威胁卡门,他说自己愿意原谅她过去的罪过,只要她跟他走。卡门高傲地拒绝了,她说宁可选择自由,也不要过那种压抑的生活,于是霍赛用匕首杀死了卡门,痛哭着离开这个伤心的地方。
  《卡门》-作者简介
  
  普罗斯佩•梅里美(1803~1870),法国剧作家和短篇小说大师;同时也是历史学家和考古学家。出身于巴黎一个画家家庭。原攻读法律,但对希腊语、西班牙语、英语、俄语及这些语种的文学有更浓厚的兴趣。19岁开始创作,作品有收集出版的剧本集《克拉拉•加苏尔戏剧集》(包括五个剧本)和历史剧《雅克团》,有长篇小说《查理九世的轶事》和中、短篇小说《马特奥•法尔哥内》、《攻占棱堡》、《塔曼果》、《高龙巴》、《嘉尔曼》、《伊尔的美神》等。此外,还有游记《航海札记》和历史学、考古学方面的论著发表。
  《卡门》-人物评价
  
  卡门看起来那么纯洁,简直像街上的小圣母,有一度甚至是刑满释放犯们的宝贝。他们请她喝酒,保护着她,谁想对她不轨,他们就打断他的胳膊;如果没有她,他们的心里会塌陷,失去最后一点对人生的信念。卡门主动打破这一切。可能是她的血液起作用。
  
  因为她发现,如果跟他们性交,能够给那些男人包括男孩很大地快慰,除此以外,她还能秘密抵达他们的内心领域,采集到他们轻易不对外开放的温柔。
  
  她经常自带避孕套和换洗内裤到那些已婚者的家里,乘他们的妻子们不在,同他们秘密约会。不难想象,当她不提任何要求离开时,那些家伙是多么地感激涕零。卡门享受他们的感激。
  
  慢慢地,这成了卡门与外界沟通的方式,否则,她倒很愿意把自己封闭起来,沉浸于施展那段日子的回忆。
  《卡门》《卡门》
  小说里卡门的行为是放荡不羁的,是难以想象的。在卡门的世界里,她的一切价值准则和人生原则和普通人的观念有着那么深刻、鲜明的冲突。为了这个冲突,《卡门》以及卡门的内心深深地吸引着我们。
  
  卡门是善良的,卡门也是可悲的。她用性交来获得爱的感觉,来获得男人心底的轻易不开放的温柔,来获得他们的感激,来获得自己的价值与尊严。但她不能爱,她可以通过性交来感受爱。因为她的爱有别与普通人的爱,她的爱来得更加真诚,更加彻底,更加忘我,更加炙热,因为,她的爱就是她的生命。一旦爱,爱对于她而言就是毁灭,就是死亡……
  
  最后,李冯这样结束了这个故事:它落在月台上,溅起了一些灰尘,几张钱也滑落了出来,卡门像条衰弱的狗一样扑了上去,慌乱地把钱塞回了信封里,然后她把信封揣好,拍拍身上的土,转身离去,从始至终,都没有看我一眼。
  
  我关上窗户,呆呆地坐在小卡座上,鼻子两侧一阵冰凉,可这次流出来的不上鼻血,而是眼泪。我在想,我跟卡门的关系就这么结束了!过了一会儿,眼泪停了,我开始下意识地大量车厢里走动的年轻女人。我的精力是如此地充沛,是卡门赋予了我这一切。但是在那之后,我确实就再没有看见过卡门。
  
  豪塞在遇到卡门之前是个什么样子的男人呢?他安分守己,忠于职守,是个够格而且前途无量的军人,但由于已经不是战争年代,连当年曾参与抵抗拿破仑军队入侵时立了战功的老战士都落草为寇了,年轻人在军队中不过像其他行当一样按照国家的既有规范,在岁月的流逝中成为一个尽管有地位却并非不可替代的平凡人物。《鹅毛笔》中的青年教士按照传统的道路走下去很可能成为一个主教,而豪塞同样很可能成为一个将军,但因为女人的出现和作用,他们的人生道路都发生了改变。同时,由于没有女人的世界是不完整的世界,可以说,他们的生命因与女人的情爱变得更为丰富、完整了,相反,循规蹈矩、不敢逾越礼俗规范一步的人生恰恰是单调、残缺的。可是,我们的豪塞在遇到卡门之前跟那个教士一样对女人没有经验,他要向充满生命热情和无羁野性的卡门学习什么是整全的人生。另外,值得一说的是,豪塞是个虔诚的教徒,但宗教同样没有让他感到在世生命的完整。
  《卡门》-作品背景
  
  故事发生在1830年代的西班牙。这个时间和地点都不是随意的——彼时,18世纪的启蒙哲学家已经为现代人建造好思想的 “天城”,拿破仑也接着风卷云涌的法国大革命用刀剑携着“自由、平等、博爱”的观念横扫欧洲;彼地,关于斗牛士这种真正英雄式男人的传说绵延不绝,而古老的秩序在大革命和拿破仑代表的历史潮流和趋势的冲击下虽然走向衰颓,但其传统的力量仍在奋力维持着传统的正义——正义这种东西每个正常社会都不可或缺,但同时从来就争议不清,在这个头绪混乱、一切都有待重新确立的时代更是如此。
    
  哈姆雷特生活在一个乾坤颠倒、礼崩乐坏的时代,他被死去的父亲的亡灵赋予重整秩序的使命,但他的悲剧性性格使他难以胜任,结果只有与一个乱世一起被埋葬。如果凯撒复生,又会如何?他会像被沉思折磨得无从决断重大政治事务的哈姆雷特一样,在现代社会中也只能做一个空有一腔热血最终却只有无可奈何的没落英雄吗?不仅如此,卡门这样一个女人展示了英雄气,虽然她从来没有担负过整顿秩序的使命,相反,她正是以旧秩序的瓦解者和摧毁者形象出现的。
  《卡门》-作品评价
  
  卡门本来就天资卓越、野性难驯,社会的侮辱和损害只能加深她对社会本就根深蒂固的反感和怨恨。不错,越是卑微的生灵,心中就可能埋藏越深的怨恨,尤其当似乎显得无辜地被社会践踏在脚下时,一旦不能很好对待自我存在的命运,灵魂中就会长满狠毒的野草。
    
  卡门向所有男人平等分配自己的欲望——这种欲望很难说是情欲,甚至说是纯粹的性欲都显得牵强,虽然有理由认为这个吉普赛女郎肉欲强烈,但不如说这种欲望就是对金钱的欲望。资本家追求的无非就是赚钱,根本无关乎自由、平等和博爱等缥缈的价值,卡门想要的也不过是通过平等地接受男人的欲望而得到“天生的平等派”金钱,这是她从小到大为了生存下来养成的一种最为本能的习惯。在这里,你会看到,卡门并非像她自己想象中那么“自由”——她生而有肉身,为了满足肉身的基本需要(比如吃饭),她向社会有所企求,而同样正是她的肉身通过满足男人的需要(对卡门的性欲,或者抽象的性欲)来满足了自己的基本需要。这种交易不过就是“卖淫”。
    
  但仅仅这样评价卡门就太流于浮表了。卡门的独特之处在于,她不甘于被动接受这种被侮辱和被损害的命运,如果她在幼年无法反抗它,那么只会使她在成年后更强烈地反抗它。她似乎是被男人玩弄的,但她会认为是她在玩弄男人。她很擅长于挑逗和诱惑,那时她表现得真够下贱却也实在让男人无法抗拒,当男人向她或者说向被她挑拨出的情欲屈服时,她是一个战胜者,男人似乎可以玩弄她了,而她心里则会暗暗嘲笑:究竟是谁更为卑贱下流?她甚至干脆把蔑视摆在脸上——当被逮捕审讯时,她漫不经心地哼起小调,当她像引诱任何一个男人一样引诱豪塞时,她又哼起一段更为节奏更为热烈、野性的小调。她似乎早已把自己的命运置之度外,而肉身在她看来不过是一个已经堕落到底、无以挽救的臭皮囊,只等最后毁灭时机的到来了。
    
  这里触及的问题很多。卡门清醒地意识到自己是走在堕落的不归路吗?她为什么在反抗被侮辱和被损害的命运同时,又甘愿沉沦到底而非进一步地走向悔罪和新生的道路?不知有多少观众在“哀其不幸”的同时“怒其不争”,但这仍不能阻止我们对卡门这个人物形象的喜爱——如果不是喜爱,至少也谈不上是厌恶。为什么会这样呢?在弄清这第二个令人深思的地方之前,还是让我们先看看“卡门对豪塞的教育”。
  
  实际上,土匪和走私犯的的生存已经在国家正义之外,他们不承认既有的律法和伦理秩序,游走其外,和私己性情爱伦理一样作为一种瓦解性力量出现。如果当时占统治地位的国家正义出现危机,这种江湖正义就很可能以星星之火成燎原之势,并最终取而代之,但其前提是它必须有赢得人心的力量和优势。但卡门的丈夫是那种无道的匪贼,加上国家正义的强大,其灭亡是迟早之事。但由于豪赛的出现,他被迫陷入卡门与豪赛交织的情爱伦理的网络之中。
  
  严格讲,卡门与她的丈夫之间没有什么情爱可言。可以把这种关系视为卡门与那些仅仅觊觎她美妙肉身的男人之间关系的浓缩和代表,他们都是作为没有灵魂的生物出现,因此也说不上构成属人的伦理关系。这种关系本质上就是强者对弱者的欺凌和霸道,如果国家正义允许它的出现并对其无所作为、无能为力,说明国家正义已经出现危机,势必将不再能服贴人心了。而卡门与豪赛之间情爱伦理关系的形成起初离不开肉身性的促发,但它一旦稳固、韧化,又势必将在国家伦理的或强固或薄弱的伦理之网下打开一片疏离的空间,如果国家伦理本身已经陷入昏暗不明的境地,这片空间也就可能让人感到光亮的存在。但卡门与豪赛是否制造了光亮的存在仍是一个疑问,这不仅因为他们置身的国家伦理不够昏昧,更因为这种情爱伦理关系极其复杂。
    
  豪塞对卡门的丈夫的嫉恨是毋庸置疑的,但这种强烈的感情不仅是男人之间的争风吃醋,更是豪塞看到自己心爱之人被当作物品糟蹋后萌生的对不义的愤怒。要是卡门不是豪塞所爱之人,或许这种愤恨之情不会那么强烈,但豪塞偏偏感到卡门应该只属于他一人,彼此连接的生命情线加上无法避免的占有欲使卡门不能心平气和地忍耐下去。尤其当他本人就在旁边像那个年老的伙伴看着自己跟卡门做爱一样看着卡门跟她丈夫做爱时,说那种感觉就像万箭穿心、痛不欲生也不为过。于是,豪塞要么去死,要么不许任何人占有卡门,这种意向在他杀死中尉时已经初步显现,在他杀死卡门丈夫时就更为明显了。
  
  卡门在双方决斗时紧张豪塞的生死存亡,或许这就是“爱”了,正是这种紧张让卡门蒙住自己丈夫的头以助豪塞杀死他。谋杀亲夫?卡门与“丈夫”的夫妻关系很可能根本没有得到国家法律规范的认可,之所以说是她“丈夫”不过是名义上的,这个称谓不过要表明,“这是我的,谁也不许碰,除非得到老子的许可”。卢梭在《论人类不平等的起源》的第二部分开篇说:“谁第一个把一块土地圈起来并想到说:这是我的,而且找到一些头脑十分简单的人居然相信了他的话,谁就是文明社会的真正奠基者。”如果说国家正义的奠基者是“大盗”,江湖正义的奠基者就是“小盗”,而情爱伦理在理想上是摆脱这两种不义的“正义”的束缚、获取自由的一种方式。也就是说,个体与整体之间出现不可调和的矛盾,和谐的境界只是一种理想状态。


  "Carmen" is a novella by Prosper Mérimée, written and first published in 1845. It has been adapted into a number of dramatic works, including the famous opera by Georges Bizet.
  
  Sources
  
  According to a letter Mérimée wrote to the Countess of Montijo, "Carmen" was inspired by a story she told him on his visit to Spain in 1830. He said, "It was about that ruffian from Málaga who had killed his mistress, who consecrated herself exclusively to the public. […] As I have been studying the Gypsies for some time, I have made my heroine a Gypsy."
  
  An important source for the material on the Roma (Gypsies) was George Borrow's book The Zincali (1841). Another source may have been the narrative poem "The Gypsies" by Alexander Pushkin (Brown 1986).
  Plot summary
  
  The novella comprises four parts. Only the first three appeared in the original publication in the Revue des Deux Mondes (Review of the Two Worlds); the fourth first appeared in the book publication in 1846. Mérimée tells the story as if it had really happened to him on his trip to Spain in 1830.
  
  Part I. While searching for the site of the Battle of Munda in a lonely spot in Andalusia, Mérimée meets a man who his guide hints is a dangerous robber. Instead of fleeing, Mérimée befriends the man by sharing cigars and food. They stay in the same primitive inn that night. The guide tells Mérimée that the man is the robber known as Don José Navarro and leaves to inform on him, but Mérimée warns Don José, who escapes.
  
  Part II. Later, in Córdoba, Mérimée meets Carmen, a beautiful Roma woman who is fascinated by his repeating watch. He goes to her home so she can tell his fortune, and she impresses him with her occult knowledge. They are interrupted by Don José, and although Carmen makes throat-cutting gestures, José escorts Mérimée out. Mérimée finds his watch is missing.
  
  Some months later, again in Córdoba, a friend of Mérimée's tells him that Don José Navarro is to be garrotted the next day. Mérimée visits the prisoner and hears the story of his life.
  
  Part III. Our robber's real name is José Lizarrabengoa, and he is a Basque hidalgo from Navarre. He killed a man in a fight resulting from a game of paume (presumably some form of Basque pelota) and had to flee. In Seville he joined a unit of dragoons, soldiers with police functions.
  Statue of Carmen on the Paseo Alcalde Marqués de Contadero, Seville
  
  One day he met Carmen, then working in the cigar factory he was guarding. As he alone in his unit ignored her, she teased him. A few hours later, he arrested her for cutting x's in a co-worker's face in a quarrel. She convinced him by speaking Basque that she was half Basque, and he let her go, for which he was imprisoned for a month and demoted.
  
  After his release, he encountered her again and she repaid him with a day of bliss, followed by another when he allowed her fellow smugglers to pass his post. He looked for her at the house of one of her Roma friends, but she entered with his lieutenant. In the ensuing fight, José killed the lieutenant and had to join Carmen's outlaw band.
  
  With the outlaws, he progressed from smuggling to robbery, and was sometimes with Carmen but suffered from jealousy as she used her attractions to further the band's enterprises; he also learned that she was married. After her husband joined the band, José provoked a knife fight with him and killed him. Carmen became José's wife.
  
  However, she told him she loved him less than before, and she became attracted to a successful young picador named Lucas. José, mad with jealousy, begged her to forsake other men and live with him; they could start an honest life in America. She said that she knew from omens that he was fated to kill her, but "Carmen will always be free," and as she now hated herself for having loved him, she would never give in to him. He stabbed her to death and then turned himself in. Don José ends his tale by saying that the Roma are to blame for the way they raised Carmen.
  
  Part IV. If readers expect a continuation of the story, perhaps with a description of José's execution, they will be surprised. This part consists of scholarly remarks on the Roma: their appearance, their customs, their conjectured history, and their language. According to Henri Martineau, editor of a collection of Mérimée's fiction, the etymologies at the end are "extremely suspect".
  Differences from the opera
  
  As the above summary and that of Bizet's opera indicate, the opera is based on Part III of the story only and eliminates many elements, such as Carmen's husband. It greatly increases the role of other characters, such as the Dancaïre, who is only a minor character in the story; the Remendado, who one page after he is introduced is wounded by soldiers and then shot by Carmen's husband to keep him from slowing the gang down; and Lucas (renamed Escamillo and promoted to matador), who is seen only in the bull ring in the story. The opera's female singing roles other than Carmen—Micaëla, Frasquita, and Mercédès—have no counterparts in the novella. Carmen knows her fate not from reading cards but from interpreting such omens as a hare running between José's horse's legs. Other differences are too numerous to list.
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