首页>> 文学论坛>> 军事生活>> 罗斯拉夫·哈谢克 Jaroslav Hasek   捷克 Czech   第一次世界大战   (1883年4月30日1923年1月3日)
好兵帅克 The Good Soldier Švejk
  《好兵帅克》(The Good Soldier Švejk)全名《好兵帅克在第一次世界大战中的遭遇》,它是捷克杰出的讽刺作家哈谢克(Jaroslav Hašek)的一部长篇政治讽刺小说。作家以自己在奥匈帝国军队服役时所获得的大量素材提炼而成。
  
  好兵帅克-小说简介
  
  小说以普通士兵帅克在第一次世界大战中的经历为线索,深刻揭露奥匈帝国统治者的凶残专横及其军队的腐朽堕落。他们对人民奸淫掠夺,官兵之间欺上压下,“友军”之间相互倾轧,他们虐待俘虏,各级军官个个愚昧无知、贪婪腐败。这一切,在小说中暴露无遗。小说成功地塑造了一个与人民血肉相连的普通捷克士兵帅克的智慧、力量以及对占领者的不满情绪与自发反抗的精神。帅克善良又勇敢,机智而不露声色,貌似平凡,而且有点“愚昧”和滑稽可笑。然而他却善于运用民间谚语、笑话,接过上司的口号,以其人之道还治其人之身,伺机巧妙地同反动统治者作斗争。只要他到哪里,那里就被搅得鸡飞狗跳、天翻地覆,把反动政权的秩序搞得一团糟,使反动统治机器无法运动。从而表达对敌人的无比仇恨和对异族统治下的人民的深切同情与无比关怀。小说出版后被译成40多种文字,在世界各地都拥有广泛的读者,享有世界声誉。


  The Good Soldier Švejk (also spelled Schweik or Schwejk, and pronounced /ˈʃveɪk/; Czech: [ˈʃvɛjk]) is the abbreviated title of an unfinished satirical novel by Jaroslav Hašek. It was illustrated by Josef Lada and George Grosz after Hašek's death. The original Czech title of the work is Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války, literally The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk During the World War.
  
  Hašek originally intended Švejk to cover a total of six volumes, but had completed only four (which are now usually merged into one book) upon his death from tuberculosis in 1923. Many critics consider the book to be one of the greatest novels of the 20th century.
  
   Themes
  
  The novel is set during World War I in Austria-Hungary, a multi-ethnic empire full of long-standing tensions. Fifteen million people died in the War, one million of them Austro-Hungarian soldiers of whom around 140,000 were Czechs. Jaroslav Hašek participated in this conflict and examined it in The Good Soldier Švejk.
  
  Many of the situations and characters seem to have been inspired, at least in part, by Hašek's service in the 91st Infantry Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army. However, the novel also deals with broader anti-war themes: essentially a series of absurdly comic episodes, it explores both the pointlessness and futility of conflict in general and of military discipline, specifically Austrian military discipline, in particular. Many of its characters, especially the Czechs, are participating in a conflict they do not understand on behalf of a country to which they have no loyalty.
  
  The character of Josef Švejk is a development of this theme. Through possibly-feigned idiocy or incompetence he repeatedly manages to frustrate military authority and expose its stupidity in a form of passive resistance: the reader is left unclear, however, as to whether Švejk is genuinely incompetent, or acting quite deliberately with dumb insolence. These absurd events reach a climax when Švejk, wearing a Russian uniform, is mistakenly taken prisoner by his own troops.
  
  In addition to satirising Habsburg authority, Hašek repeatedly sets out corruption and hypocrisy attributed to priests of the Catholic Church.
  Plot summary
  
  The story begins in Prague with news of the assassination in Sarajevo that precipitates World War I.
  
  Švejk displays such enthusiasm about faithfully serving the Austrian Emperor in battle that no one can decide whether he is merely an imbecile or is craftily undermining the war effort. However, he is arrested by a member of the secret police, Bretschneider, after making some politically sensitive remarks, and is sent to prison. After being certified insane he is finally transferred to a madhouse, before being ejected.
  
  Švejk gets his charwoman to wheel him (he claims to be suffering from rheumatism) to the recruitment offices in Prague, where his apparent zeal causes a minor sensation. Unfortunately, he is transferred to a hospital for malingerers because of his rheumatism. He finally joins the army as batman to army chaplain Otto Katz; Katz loses him at cards to Lieutenant Lukáš, whose batman he then becomes. Lukáš is then posted with his march battalion to barracks in České Budějovice, in Southern Bohemia, preparatory to being sent to the front. After missing the train to Budějovice, Švejk embarks on a long anabasis on foot around Southern Bohemia in a vain attempt to find Budějovice, before being arrested as a possible spy and deserter (a charge he strenuously denies) and escorted to his regiment. He is then promoted to company orderly.
  
  The unit embarks on a long train journey towards Galicia and the Eastern Front. Stopping in a town on the border between Austria and Hungary, Švejk is again arrested, this time for causing an affray involving a respectable Hungarian citizen and engaging in a street fight. Before reaching the front line, Švejk is taken prisoner by his own side as a suspected Russian deserter, after arriving at a lake and trying on an abandoned Russian uniform. Narrowly avoiding execution, he manages to rejoin his unit. The unfinished novel breaks off abruptly before Švejk has a chance to be involved in any combat or enter the trenches, though it appears Hašek may have conceived that the characters would have continued the war in a POW camp, much as he had done.
  
  The book also includes a very large number of anecdotes told by Švejk (usually either to deflect the attentions of an authority figure, or to insult them in a concealed manner) which are not directly related to the plot.
  Selected characters
  
  The characters of The Good Soldier Švejk generally either are used as the butt of Hašek's absurdist humour or represent fairly broad social and ethnic stereotypes found in the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time. People are often distinguished by the dialect and register of Czech or German they speak, a quality that does not translate easily. Many German- and Polish-speaking characters, for example, are shown as speaking comedically broken or heavily accented Czech, while many Czechs speak broken German; much use is also made of slangy expressions.
  
  Some characters seem to have been partly based on real people serving with the Imperial and Royal 91st Infantry Regiment, in which Hašek served as a one-year volunteer.
  
  Josef Švejk
   The novel's hero: in civilian life a dealer in stolen dogs.
  Palivec
   The foul-mouthed landlord of Švejk's local pub - the "U Kalicha" on Na Bojišti street, Prague. Palivec is eventually arrested by Bretschneider (see below) after commenting that flies shit on the pub's portrait of Franz Joseph I of Austria.
  Bretschneider
   A secret policeman for the Austro-Hungarian government, who repeatedly tries to catch Švejk and others out on their anti-monarchist views. Is eventually eaten by his own dogs, after buying a succession of animals from Švejk in an attempt to incriminate him.
  Staff Warder Slavík
   A cruel and corrupt prison official (revealed to have himself ended up in prison under the Republic of Czechoslovakia).
  Chaplain Otto Katz
   Katz is an army chaplain with a fondness for drinking, especially good communion wine, and gambling. A convert to Catholicism, many aspects of Katz's character are something of an anti-semitic caricature. Švejk seems fond of Katz, but the latter loses the services of Švejk to Lieutenant Lukáš in a game of cards.
  Lieutenant Lukáš
   Švejk's long-suffering company commander. A Czech from South Bohemia, Lukáš is something of a womanizer but is depicted in a broadly sympathetic manner by Hašek (the records of the real-life 91st Regiment show an Oberleutnant Rudolf Lukáš at the time of Hašek's service; Hašek admired Lukáš and even wrote him a number of poems). Though Švejk's actions eventually lead to Lukáš being labelled as a notorious philanderer in the Hungarian national press, he starts to miss Švejk after the latter is promoted to company orderly.
  Colonel Friedrich Kraus von Zillergut
   An idiotic Austrian officer with a penchant for giving his colleagues long-winded, moronic explanations of everyday objects (such as thermometers and postage stamps) and situations; run over by a cart while attempting to demonstrate what a pavement is. Kraus's dog is stolen by Švejk as a gift to Lukáš; the enraged colonel subsequently arranges Lukáš's transfer to the front.
  Captain Sagner
   One of the regiment's professional officers and commander of Švejk's march battalion; an ambitious careerist, he is later revealed to have been a closet Czech patriot in his youth. A Captain Sagner appears to have served in the 91st Regiment, where he was Hašek's battalion commander.
  Colonel Schröder
   The bad-tempered colonel of Švejk's regiment, and a caricature of the typical German-speaking senior officers of the Austro-Hungarian army.
  Jurajda
   The battalion's spiritualist cook; before military service he had edited an "occultist" journal. Spends time attempting to avoid frontline service through letters he is writing to his wife, in which he details meals he is intending to cook for senior officers.
  2nd Lieutenant Dub
   Dub is a Czech schoolmaster, officer of the reserve, and commander of the battalion's 3rd company: he has strongly monarchist views. As a conservative, pro-Habsburg Czech, Dub is the subject of some of Hašek's most vicious satire. Repeatedly placed in humiliating situations, such as being found drunk in a brothel or falling off a horse (in all Slavonic languages the word 'dub' ('oak') itself is a common synonym for a dull, idiotic person). Is said to have been based on a lieutenant of the reserve, Mechalek, who served in Hašek's regiment.
  Quartermaster Sergeant-Major Vaněk
   Another recurring character, Vaněk (a chemist from Kralupy nad Vltavou in civilian life) is an example of an easy-going but self-serving senior NCO, whose main concern is to make his own existence as comfortable as possible.
  Volunteer Marek
   The character of one-year volunteer Marek is to some degree a self-portrait by the author, who was himself a one-year volunteer in the 91st. For example, Marek — like Hašek — was fired from the editorship of a natural history magazine after writing articles about imaginary animals. Is appointed the battalion historian by Sagner and occupies himself with devising memorable and heroic deaths in advance for his colleagues.
  Vodička
   A sapper friend of Švejk noted mainly for his extreme hatred of Hungarians, which leads to an unfortunate incident in Bruck an der Leitha.
  Cadet Biegler
   Biegler is a young junior officer with pretensions to nobility, despite being the middle-class son of a furrier. Biegler takes his military duties so seriously he is ridiculed even by his senior officers, and is mistakenly hospitalised as a "carrier of cholera germs" after medical staff misdiagnose (for army PR-purposes) a cognac-induced hangover.
  Captain Tayrle
   The brigade adjutant and a particularly disgusting example of a headquarters officer, whose interests appear to lie mainly in crude jokes and sampling of local prostitutes.
  General Fink von Finkenstein
   An aristocratic, vicious and near-insane senior Austrian officer and commander of the garrison fort of Przemyśl, Fink treats his men with extreme brutality. Almost succeeds in having Švejk executed after the latter is taken prisoner by his own side.
  Chaplain Martinec
   A chaplain plagued by drink-induced spiritual doubts, whose attempt to provide spiritual consolation to Švejk ends in disaster.
  "Sergeant Teveles"
   A man in possession of a silver Military Merit Medal, purchased from a Bosnian, and claiming to be a Sergeant Teveles, who had previously disappeared along with the entire 6 March Company during fighting in Belgrade.
  Baloun
   A miller from Český Krumlov in civilian life, and Švejk's successor as Lukáš's batman, Baloun is a glutton and is regularly punished for stealing Lukáš's food. Will eat raw dough, sausage skins, etc., when nothing else is available.
  
  Literary significance and criticism
  
  A number of literary critics consider The Good Soldier Švejk to be one of the first anti-war novels, predating Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front. Furthermore, Joseph Heller said that if he had not read The Good Soldier Švejk, he would never have written his novel Catch-22.
  Broader cultural influence
  
  The idiocy/subversion of Švejk has entered the Czech language in the form of words of švejkovina ("švejking"), švejkovat ("to švejk"), švejkárna (military absurdity), etc. Peter Sellers in his movie "Shot in the Dark", uses two comic bits from Svejk. From the overbearing captain "You know what a road is? - simplistic overstatement, and poor Lieutenent Lucas in despair to Svejk , "I should have shot you — who would have said anything ? who ?", (this was put to Clouseau by Captain Dreyfuss in the movie).
  Adaptations
  
   * The Czech animator Jiří Trnka adapted the novel as an animated film in 1955, including Jan Werich starring as a narrator.
   * Czech director Karel Steklý filmed the adventures in two films in 1956 and 1957, starring Rudolf Hrušínský as Švejk.
   * In West Germany the book was newly adapted in the 1960s, starring Heinz Rühmann.
   * A 13-part TV series in German, Die Abenteuer des braven Soldaten Schwejk, directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner, was made and broadcast by the Austrian state TV (ORF) in 1972. The title role was played by Fritz Muliar.
   * Czechoslovakian puppetoon version "Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka" (1986)
   * In November 2008, BBC Radio 4 broadcasted a two-part radio adaptation starring Sam Kelly.
  
  The Good Soldier Švejk inspired Bertolt Brecht to write a play continuing his adventures in World War II. It was aptly titled Schweik in the Second World War.
  
  Švejk became the subject of comic books, films, an opera, a musical, statues, and the theme of many restaurants in a number of European countries.
  
  Arthur Koestler worked on an uncompleted sequel called The Good Soldier Schweik Goes to War Again.[citation needed]
  
   * Robert Kurka wrote an opera based on the novel, first performed in 1958.
   * The Harry Harrison science fiction series 'Bill, the Galactic Hero', begun in 1965, is a retelling of the Švejk story updated to a future galactic war.
  
  Translations and adaptations
  
  Three major English-language translations of Švejk have been published:
  
   * The Good Soldier Schweik, tr. Paul Selver, 1930.
   * The Good Soldier Svejk and His Fortunes in the World War, tr. Cecil Parrott, 1973; reprints: ISBN 0140182748 & ISBN 978-0140449914.
   * The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Svejk During the World War, Book One, Books 3 & 4 (E-book).
   * The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk During the World War, Book Two
   * The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk During the World War, Book(s) Three & Four]
  
  The first translation does not give a full impression of Hašek's original. Whole passages are missing (such as the famous imaginary-animals passage on the Animal World Magazine, and the whole of Volume 4 after Švejk's capture as a Russian), various passages are bowdlerised, and the style is somewhat stifling and unimaginative, contrary to the language used by Hašek. Succeeding translations are generally perceived as evolving from good to better.[citation needed]
  
  The translation by Sadlon (all four books) is now also available on CD, together with a collection of several dozen great works of satire from B*R Samizdat Express
  
  There is also an orchestral suite and an opera , both for wind ensemble, written by Robert Kurka, as well as a stage adaptation, Svejk, by Colin Teevan.
译序
  说起我最早接触《好兵帅克》这部世界讽刺文学名著的经过,真是有点失敬,同时也说明我对欧洲文学史有多么孤陋寡闻。
   四十年代初,我住在伦敦西北郊一所公寓里。每逢伤风感冒,我总找点轻松的读物,经常买的是企鹅丛书,因为当时每本仅六个便士,而且封面分别用不同颜色标志着其内容。譬如小说的封皮是桔黄色的,回忆录则是蓝色的。《好兵帅克》则被列为幽默类。
   书拿起来就再也放不下了。当时我被帅克这位绝妙人物整个吸引住了。我对这本书有了相见恨晚之感,并且责怪把它列为幽默类,未免太轻率了。后来才知道,这部奇书是捷克有史以来的杰作之一,已经被译成近三十种文字。作者哈谢克曾被欧洲批评家与十六世纪的拉布雷(《巨人传》的作者)和塞万提斯(《堂吉诃德》的作者)相提并论。这是个节译本,原作要长上三倍。我之所以挑这个节本来译,是因为它节得很高明,略去了原作借用天主教繁琐教规或捷文双关语一些费解的笑料,保留了原作的精华。
   一个极端残暴、透顶的帝国(奥匈帝国)为了在欧洲争夺霸权,就凭借武力奴役另一个弱小但是倔强的民族(捷克人民),并驱使其成员参加一场由于分赃不均而引起的大(第一次世界大战);而以帅克这个无与伦比的人物为代表的捷克民族,由于处在劣势,表面上唯唯诺诺,屈从效忠,甚至口呼“万岁”,内心却充满了鄙夷和憎恨,从而采取种种使反动统治者哭笑不得的方式进行顽强的抵抗;通过主人公帅克这个普通士兵在第一次世界大战期间从应征入伍到开拔前线的经历,作者以笑骂的笔锋对这个色厉内荏的帝国内部的强横暴虐、昏愦无能加以无情的暴露与控诉——这就是《好兵帅克》这部杰出的讽刺小说的基本内容。《绞刑架下的报告》的作者、捷克的民族英雄、卓越的反法西斯战士伏契克曾经对帅克这个人物所产生的影响作出这样高度的评价,说他“仿佛是一条虫子,在蛀蚀(奥匈帝国)那个反动制度时是很起劲的,尽管并不是始终都很自觉的;在摧毁这座压迫与的大厦上,他是起了作用的。”
   在某种意义上,《好兵帅克》也可以说是一部历史小说,因为它从内部描写了欧洲近代史上一个最古老的王朝——奥匈帝国崩溃的过程。作品几乎是严格按照第一次世界大战编年顺序写的,从第二卷(帅克入伍后由布拉格开拔前方)起,战局、事件、路线,都与当年的奥匈军队作战史基本吻合,甚至帅克所在的联队番号以及作品中有些人物(卢卡施、万尼克、杜布等)也不是虚构的。然而此书的价值并不在于它如何忠于史实,而在于作者哈谢克以卓绝的漫画式手法,准确、深刻地剖析了奥匈帝国的政府、军队、法院、机关以至医院、教会的反动而又虚弱的本质。通过手里拿着“叛国者”帽子到处寻找拘捕对象的特务布里契奈德,以及那草菅人命的军医,我们可以看到奥匈帝国是怎样一座黑暗、残暴的监狱。为了揭露所谓“神职人员”这种寄生虫,作者在卡兹和拉辛两个神甫的形象上着了浓重的笔墨。这个帝国的一切残酷、肮脏、荒谬与丑恶,都没能逃脱哈谢克那支锋利、辛辣的笔,他无情地揭露了这个庞大帝国所加于捷克民族的种种灾难,并塑造出帅克这个平凡而又极富于机智的不朽形象。
   当然,这部小说暴露得最彻底、抨击得最有力的还是奥匈帝国所炫耀的军队。反动统治者为了驱使人民替他们那腐朽政权去当炮灰,不得不制造一些虚伪的“军人荣誉感”,鼓吹“忠君爱国”的黩武思想,用宗教麻醉、欺骗以及特务和集中营等强制手段,硬把包括老弱病残在内的人们推上火线。作者形象地描写了那个军队中主权式的官兵关系和掠夺者与被掠夺者之间的军民关系,揭示出临阵拼凑起来的“友”军之间互相倾轧,以至职业军官对后备军官和自愿军官的轻蔑。这样的军队既谈不上效率、纪律,更没有“士气”可言。军官们以彼此贻误对方的公事来报私仇,士兵比赛着怠工;列车开走了,军官还躲在车站后面同妓女讲着价钱。这样的军队对“自己人”是那样残酷,对待俘虏和敌方老百姓更不如禽兽。《好兵帅克》这部小说的力量就在于:它以生动有力、令人笑破肚皮的情节,富于说服力地告诉我们:一个不义的军队,无论它在数量上如何庞大,到头来只能失败,灭亡。
   作者雅罗斯拉夫·哈谢克(一八八三~一九二三)出生于布拉格。他的父亲是一所私立德国中学的数学教员,薪俸微薄,家境贫寒。哈谢克十三岁丧父后,就去一家药铺当学徒。一七年,当哈谢克还是个十四岁的少年时,他就参加了反对异族统治者的活动,常常扯掉他们贴的戒严布告,撕破奥匈帝国的国微,砸碎反动政府机关的窗玻璃,并曾因参加反德而被以“军事裁判法”名义逮捕,投入牢狱。哈谢克十六岁进了一所中等商业学校。级任老师是历史小说家阿洛依斯·伊拉谢克,他在班上时常讲述捷克民族英雄的轶事,对哈谢克的启发极大。
   商业学校辍学后,哈谢克没有进银行去当职员,却选择了写作的道路。读书期间,他就经常为《》写稿,一九○七年当上了《公社》的主编。他经常到内地对矿工及纺织工人演讲,不断受到奥匈帝国特务的监视,曾因反抗坐过一个月的牢。一九○八年他两次为局传讯,一次是由于他试图扯下挂在温塞斯拉斯广场上的奥匈帝国国旗,另一次控告他的罪名是“扰乱治安”。一九一○年他主编《动物世界》,次年,由于他编造了一些虚构的动物形象,被出版商弗克斯解雇了。一九○三年他一度参加过无政府主义组织,一九○七年就断然同他们决裂。
   哈谢克是一位辛勤的作家。一九○○至一九○八年间,他写过一百八十五篇讽刺小品。一九○九年开始写短篇小说,最初登在约塞夫·拉达(1887~1957,即为本书作插图的那位画家)所主编的《漫画报》上。他生平爱好徒步旅行,并喜欢深入布拉格下层社会。他在十五年的文学生涯中,写了不下一千篇短篇小说,对自己所观察到的社会上种种丑恶现象,进行了无情的鞭答。《好兵帅克》最初也是以一组短篇小说的形式问世的。此外,他写的剧本也曾上演过。
   正像他所创造的帅克这个人物一样,哈谢克本人在现实生活中也干过不少令奥匈帝国当局瞋目切齿的妙举。一九一一年,当奥匈帝国大搞议会选举时,哈谢克组织了一个所谓“在合法范围内主张温和及和平的政党”,并在一家下等酒馆里发表“竞选”演说,对奥匈帝国的社会制度进行了猛烈抨击。事后他告诉人说,这是为了替那家酒馆招徕主顾。另一回 发生在第一次世界大战初期。他住进布拉格一家旅馆,在旅客登记簿“国籍”栏填上与奥匈帝国相敌对的“俄罗斯”,又在“来此何事”栏填上“窥探奥地利参谋部的活动”。于是,蠢猪般的局立即派人把该旅馆密密匝匝地包围起来,以为这下可抓到了一名重要间谍。及至大白后,严厉责问他为什么在战争期间开这种玩笑,哈谢克带着一副真诚神情回答说,他对奥地利的效率不大放心,是想考验一下他们警惕性如何。警方哭笑不得,罚他坐了五天牢。
   一九一五年——即第一次世界大战爆发后的第二年,哈谢克应征入伍,参加第九十一步兵团,也就是帅克所属的那个部队。起初他们驻扎在捷斯凯—布迪尤维斯。当年九月,俄军突破防线,切断了哈谢克所属部队同奥匈帝国主力军之间的联系。哈谢克终于被俄军俘虏。被俘后,哈谢克先在基辅,后来又转移到乌拉尔山南端的托兹克伊。在俘虏营里,他也没有间断文学活动。他当上了在基辅出版的一家捷克文杂志《捷克斯洛伐克》的记者,并继续从事《好兵帅克》的写作。一九一七年,这家杂志社出版了《好兵帅克》的单行本。他还模仿英国作家狄更斯的《匹克威克分传》,写了《匹克威克俱乐部》,内容也都是对奥匈帝国统治者昏庸的讽刺。
   当时俄军在俘虏中间组织了一支捷克兵团与奥匈帝国作战,由于哈谢克一时认识不清,他就报名参加了。但是后来当这个兵团变质为反白卫军的盟友——即臭名昭著的捷克斯洛伐克师团,并开往马拉河去反对布尔什维克时,哈谢克逃走了。他躲在萨马拉县沃尔霍河流域的摩尔维诺。一九一八年,哈谢克在基辅毅然参加了红军,一个月后,成为布尔什维克党员。那个反动师团宣布他为“贼”,并下令通缉。据说有一次他赴萨马拉为红军办事时,曾为该师团所俘。但他又成功地逃掉了。他积极参加宣传工作,动员在的捷克士兵支援十月。他曾在辛比尔斯克参加著名的红军第五军,并成为军队和党的干队,后任布古尔马市的部队副司令员。一九一九年他被委任为乌发市外国员委员会的书记,同年任红箭印刷厂的党委书记。一九二○年任红军第五军部国际组组长。哈谢克在伊尔库兹克时,担任过德文杂志《狂飙》、匈文杂志《进攻》和布里亚特蒙古文杂志《曙光》的领导工作。哈谢克在一封信中曾谈到他在伊尔库兹克时结识一位参加十月的中国将军。哈谢克跟那位将军学习中文,同时教他捷克文。他十分遗憾地写道,在八万六千个中国方块字中间,他只认得八十个。据说当时红军军事委员会还曾请哈谢克主编一种中文刊物。
   一九二○年,捷克社会党派了个访苏代表团,他们请哈谢克回国工作。他立即同意了。同年十二月,他回到布拉格,并为社会党左翼的机关报《红色权力报》写文章。当时捷克是个新建立的共和国。不久,哈谢克被政敌诬蔑为“奸细”。
   但他继续不屈不挠地从事《好兵帅克》的写作。由于找不到出版者,一九二一年在朋友们的资助下,自费把第一卷刊印成书,并且同友人上街去叫卖,结果大为成功。他本计划共写成四卷。开始写第四卷时,他得了疟疾。在病榻上,他用口述的方式继续创作。一九二三年,刚写完第三章,他就因心脏麻痹和肺炎溘然与世长辞。时年还不满四十。对捷克,对欧洲,对人类进步的文学事业,他的夭折都是莫大的损失!后来他的朋友卡尔·万尼克把全书续完,但因文笔有显著差别,近年来的版本多删去不用了。
   捷克著名画家约塞夫·拉达为《好兵帅克》所画的插图是与原书齐名的不朽之作。事实上,哈谢克生前并没看到这些跟他的作品知此相得益彰的插图。他仅仅在一九二一年请拉达为此书画过一幅封面。一九二四年,也即是哈谢克逝世的次年,拉达才应《捷克日报》星期日特辑的编者之约,为《好兵帅克》作了五四○幅插图,在该刊上连载,每幅插图下面并由画家从原著中选摘一段作为说明。据统计,拉达先后曾为哈谢克的全部作品画过一三三九幅速写,其中仅《好兵帅克》他就画了九○九幅,每幅都是这么道劲有力,轮廓分明,疏疏几笔,就能攫住书中人物——尤其是主人公帅克——的灵魂,在书籍插图史上,别树一格。
   拉达出生于一个穷鞋匠的家庭,自幼就喜欢绘画。他早期受捷克现实主义画家密克拉士·阿烈士(1852~1913)的影响颇深。十四岁在一家装订作坊当学徒,因而接触到许多附有插图的名著。从那时起,他就开始利用工余作画。一九○四年,五月出版社第一次印行了他的四幅画。
   拉达还喜欢研究民间装束,搜集童谣。他的绘画的独创性是同捷克丰富的民族传统紧密结合的。他的线条朴素自然,色彩鲜明活泼,笔下充满着民间生活的诗意。
   拉达最初为好几部童话作过插图,又编绘《我的字母》、《愉快的生物学》等启蒙性读物。一九二五到一九三五年间,他主编过儿童刊物《小花儿》、漫画杂志《动物世界》,为《红色权力报》作过画,并替另一讽刺作家哈沃里契克·勃鲁斯基的作品画过插图。但是拉达主要是以为《好兵帅克》所作的这批插图而闻名的。
   像帅克那样一个普通的人,一向就是拉达画作中的主要题材。他从来不画没有人物的风景,在他的画面上活跃着的总是手工业工人、泥水匠、农民、磨坊工人、看林人、老太婆或小孩。他对哈谢克这部作品有深湛的体会,在插图风格上与原作达到高度的和谐,这是因为他们二人从一九○七年就结下深挚的友谊,这种友谊是建立在他们共同对人民炽烈的热爱和对反动统治者深切的痛恨上。在哈谢克创作这部小说的年月里,他们一直密切交往,一度还一道生活过。对哈谢克作品中所表达的思想感情,拉达了解得最为透彻。一九四七年,捷克政府曾颁给他以“人民艺术家”的光辉称号。
   萧乾
   一九九○年九月
卷首语
  伟大的时代就得有伟—大的人物出现。有一种谦卑的,默默无闻的英雄,他们既没有拿破仑的英名,也没有他那些丰功伟业。可是把这种人的品德分析一下,连亚历山大大帝⑴也将显得黯然无色。今天走在布拉格的街上,你就会遇到一个人,他一点也不觉得自己在这伟大新时代的历史上有什么重要性。他很谦卑地走着自己的路,谁也不去惊动,同时也没有新闻记者来惊动他,请求会见。如果你请问一下他贵姓大名,他会用朴素而谦卑的声调说:“我是帅克。”
   而这一声不吭、毫无架子、穿得很寒伧的人,正是我们所熟知的好兵帅克。当波希米亚王国⑵的公民们还在奥地利统治之下的时候,他们就交口称赞这个骁勇、刚直的人了。今天,虽然我们成立了共和国⑶,他的光辉也不会因而消逝的。
   我很喜欢好兵帅克。在叙述他在大战⑷中的奇遇时,我相信读者对这个谦卑的、默默无闻的英雄,一定也会引起共鸣的。他并没像希罗斯特拉特⑸那个傻瓜那样,仅仅为了自己的事迹可以登报或编入教科书,就纵火焚烧依斐苏斯⑹的女神庙。
   仅仅这一点,就够了。
   -
   ⑴亚历山大大帝(公元前三五六~三二三),马其顿国王,古代欧洲战略家,也是曾凭武力侵略过埃及和波斯帝国的野心家。
   ⑵即捷克。一五二六年,捷克王国并入哈布斯堡帝国后,改称为波希米亚王国。
   ⑶指第一次世界大战结束以后一九一八年十月成立的资产阶级共和国。
   ⑷指第一次世界大战。
   ⑸希罗斯特拉持,是小亚细亚依斐苏斯人。公元前三五六年他为了给自己制造名气竟纵火把城里美丽的女神庙烧了。
   ⑹依斐苏斯是古时小亚细亚的一座城市。城以阿尔忒弥斯女神庙而出名。在希腊神话中,阿尔忒弥斯象征大地的一切生产力。
首页>> 文学论坛>> 军事生活>> 罗斯拉夫·哈谢克 Jaroslav Hasek   捷克 Czech   第一次世界大战   (1883年4月30日1923年1月3日)