《 hóng zì》 shì làng màn zhù yì zuò jiā huò sāng de cháng piān xiǎo shuō， chuàng zuò yú 1851 nián。 zuò pǐn yǐ 17 shì jì zhōng yè de běi měi zhí mín dì xīn yīng gé lán de yán kù jiào quán tǒng zhì wéi bèi jǐng， miáo xiě měi lì shàn liáng de hǎi sī tè zài zhàng fū qí líng wō sī shī zōng hòu dú jū de qíng kuàng xià， ài shàng liǎo qīng nián mù shī dīng méi sī dài 'ěr， bìng yǔ tā shēng liǎo yī gè nǚ hái …… zuò pǐn yòng céng céng shēn rù de shǒu fǎ， duì rén wù xīn lǐ jìn xíng zì rán、 xì nì、 bī zhēn de miáo xiě hé fēn xī， jù yòu qiáng liè de yì shù gǎn rǎn lì。
　　 xiǎo shuō《 hóng zì》 - zuò pǐn jiǎn jiè
　　
　　
　　 xiǎo shuō yǐ liǎng bǎi duō nián qián de zhí mín dì shí dài de měi zhōu wéi tí cái， dàn jiē lù de què shì 19 shì jì zī běn zhù yì fā zhǎn shí dài měi lì jiān hé zhòng guó shè huì diǎn fǎ de cán kù、 zōng jiào de qī piàn hé dào dé de xū wěi。 zhù rén gōng hǎi sī tè bèi xiě chéng liǎo chóng gāo dào dé de huà shēn。 tā bù dàn gǎn huà liǎo biǎo lǐ bù yī de dīng méi sī dài 'ěr， tóng shí yě zài gǎn huà zhe chōng mǎn zuì 'è de shè huì。 zhì yú tā de zhàng fū qí lín wò sī， xiǎo shuō zé bǎ tā xiě chéng liǎo yī gè yī xīn zhǐ xiǎng kuī mì fù chóu de yǐng zǐ shì de rén wù。 tā zài xiǎo shuō zhōng zhǐ qǐ qíng jié pū diàn de zuò yòng。
　　 xiǎo shuō guàn yòng xiàng zhēng shǒu fǎ， rén wù、 qíng jié hé yǔ yán dū pō jù zhù guān xiǎng xiàng sè cǎi， zài miáo xiě zhōng yòu cháng bǎ rén de xīn lǐ huó dòng hé zhí jué fàng zài shǒu wèi。 yīn cǐ， tā bù jǐn shì měi lì jiān hé zhòng guó làng màn zhù yì xiǎo shuō de dài biǎo zuò， tóng shí yě bèi chēng zuò shì měi lì jiān hé zhòng guó xīn lǐ fēn xī xiǎo shuō de kāi chuàng piān。
　　 xiǎo shuō《 hóng zì》 - nèi róng gěng gài
　　
　　 zài shí qī shì jì zhōng yè de yī gè xià tiān， yī tiān zǎo chén， yī dà qún bō shì dùn jū mín yōng jǐ zài jiān yù qián de cǎo dì shàng， zhuāng yán dì mù bù zhuǎn jīng dì dīng zhe láo fáng mén。
　　
　　 suí zhe láo mén de dǎ kāi， yī gè huái bào sān gè yuè dà de yīng 'ér de nián qīng nǚ rén huǎn huǎn dì zǒu dào liǎo rén qún qián， zài tā de xiōng qián pèi dài zhe yī gè xiān hóng de A zì， yào yǎn de hóng zì xī yǐn liǎo suǒ yòu rén de mù guāng， tā jiù shì hǎi sī tè bái lán tài tài。 tā yóu yú bèi rèn wéi fàn liǎo tōng jiān zuì 'ér shòu dào shěn pàn， bìng yào yǒng yuǎn pèi dài nà gè dài biǎo zhe chǐ rǔ de hóng zì。
　　
　　 zài jiǎo xíng tái shàng， miàn duì zhe zǒng dū bèi líng hàn hé yuē hàn wēi 'ěr xùn mù shī de wēi bī lì yòu， tā yǐ jí dà de yì lì rěn shòu zhe qū rǔ， rěn shòu zhe rén xìng suǒ néng chéng dān de yī qiē， ér zhàn zài tā shēn bàng de nián qīng mù shī dīng méi sī dài 'ěr què liú lù chū yī zhǒng yōu xīn chōng chōng、 jīng huāng shī cuò de shén sè， qià sì yī gè rén zài rén shēng dào lù shàng piān lí liǎo fāng xiàng， gǎn dào fēi cháng mí wǎng， zhǐ yòu bǎ zì jǐ fēng bì qǐ lái cái jué dé 'ān rán。 hǎi sī tè bái lán jiān dìng dì shuō： “ wǒ yǒng yuǎn bù huì shuō chū hái zǐ de fù qīn shì shuí de ”， shuō zhè jù huà de shí hòu tā de yǎn jīng méi yòu qù kàn wēi 'ěr xùn mù shī， ér shì níng shì zhe nà nián qīng mù shī shēn chén 'ér yōu yù de yǎn jīng。“ zhè hóng zì lào dé tài shēn liǎo。 nǐ shì qǔ bù xià lái de。 dàn yuàn wǒ néng zài rěn shòu wǒ de tòng kǔ de tóng shí， yě rěn shòu zhù tā de tòng kǔ！” hǎi sī tè bái lán shuō。
　　
　　 zhè shí， zài rén qún zhōng， hǎi sī tè bái lán kàn dào liǎo yī gè xiàngmào qí tè de nán rén： ǎi xiǎo cāng lǎo， zuǒ jiān bǐ yòu jiān gāo， zhèng yòng zhe yīn huì de yǎn shén zhù shì zhe tā， zhè gè nán rén jiù shì tā shī sàn liǎo liǎng nián zhī jiǔ de zhàng fū qí líng wò sī héng héng yī gè cái zhì chū zhòng、 xué shí yuān bó de yī shēng。 dāng tā fā xiàn hǎi sī tè bái lán rèn chū liǎo tā shí， shì yì tā bù yào shēng zhāng。 zài qí líng wò sī de yǎn lǐ rán shāo zhe chóu hèn de nù huǒ， tā yào xiàng hǎi sī tè bái lán jí tā de qíng rén fù chóu， bìng qiě tā xiāng xìn yī dìng néng gòu chéng gōng。
　　
　　 hǎi sī tè bái lán bèi dài huí yù zhōng zhī hòu， qí líng wò sī yǐ yī shēng de shēn fèn jiàn dào liǎo tā， dàn hǎi sī tè bái lán bù kěn shuō chū hái zǐ de fù qīn shì shuí， bìng qiě xiàng qí líng wò sī tǎn yán tā cóng tā nà lǐ cóng lái méi yòu gǎn shòu dào guò 'ài qíng， qí líng wò sī wēi xié hǎi sī tè bái lán bù yào xiè lù tā men de fū qī guān xì， tā bù néng zāo shòu yī gè bù zhōng shí nǚ rén de zhàng fū suǒ yào méng shòu de chǐ rǔ， fǒu zé， tā huì ràng tā de qíng rén míng yù sǎo dì， huǐ diào de bù jǐn jǐn shì tā de míng yù， dì wèi， shèn zhì hái yòu tā de líng hún hé shēng mìng， hǎi sī tè bái lán dāyìng liǎo。
　　
　　 hǎi sī tè bái lán chū yù hòu， dài zhe zì jǐ de nǚ 'ér xiǎo zhū 'ér kào zhe zhēn xiàn jì yì wéi chí zhe shēng huó， tā men lí qún suǒ jū， nà xiān hóng de A zì jiāng qū rǔ shēn shēn lào zài liǎo hǎi sī tè bái lán de xīn lǐ。 xiǎo zhū 'ér cháng dé měi lì tuō sú， yòu zhe juéjiàng de xìng gé hé chōng pèi de jīng lì， tā hé nà hóng zì yī qǐ shǎn yào zài shì rén de miàn qián， zài nà gè qīng jiào tú de shè huì lǐ， tā men shì chǐ rǔ de xiàng zhēng， dàn yě zhǐ yòu tā men shì xiān liàng de。
　　
　　 dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī bù jǐn nián qīng jùn měi， ér qiě xué shí yuān bó， shàn yú cí lìng， yòu zhe jí gāo de bǐng fù hé jí shēn de zào yì， zài jiào mín zhōng yòu zhe jí gāo de wēi wàng。 dàn shì， zì cóng hǎi sī tè bái lán shòu shěn yǐ lái， tā de jiàn kāng rì qū léi ruò， mǐn gǎn， yōu yù yǔ kǒng huāng mí màn liǎo tā de zhěng gè sī xù， tā cháng cháng yè bù chéng mèi de dǎo gào， měi féng lüè shòu jīng kǒng huò shì tū rán yù dào shénme yì wài shì jiàn shí， tā de shǒu jiù huì lǒng zài xīn shàng， xiān shì yī zhèn hóng cháo， rán hòu biàn shì mǎn miàn cāng bái， xiǎn dé shí fēn kǔ tòng。 zhè yī qiē dū ràng qí líng wò sī kàn zài yǎn lǐ， duì tā chǎn shēng liǎo nóng hòu de xīng qù， bìng yǐ yī shēng de shēn fèn yǔ tā xíng yǐng xiāng suí。
　　
　　 suí zhe shí jiān de tuī yí， xiǎo zhū 'ér jiàn jiàn de zhǎngdà liǎo， tā chuānzhuó mǔ qīn wéi tā zuò de hóng tiān 'é róng qún shān， bēn páo zhe， tiào yuè zhe， xiàng yī tuán xiǎo huǒ yàn zài rán shāo， zhè yào yǎn de hóng sè shǐ qīng jiào tú men jué dé hái zǐ shì lìng yī zhǒng xíng shì de hóng zì， shì bèi fù yú liǎo shēng mìng de hóng zì！ bèi líng hàn zǒng dū hé shén fǔ yuē hàn wēi 'ěr xùn rèn wéi xiǎo zhū 'ér yīnggāi yǔ mǔ qīn fēn kāi， yīn wéi tā de mǔ qīn shì gè zuì rén， méi yòu néng lì wán chéng shǐ hái zǐ chéng wéi qīng jiào tú de zhòng rèn。 dàn shì hǎi sī tè bái lán jiān jué bù tóng yì。 tā dà shēng shuō zhū 'ér shì shàng dì gěi tā de hái zǐ， zhū 'ér shì tā de xìng fú！ yě shì tā de zhé mó！ shì zhū 'ér jiào tā hái huó zài shì shàng！ yě shì zhū 'ér jiào tā shòu zhe chéng fá！ rú guǒ tā men duó zǒu zhū 'ér， hǎi sī tè bái lán qíng yuàn xiān sǐ gěi tā men kàn。 hǎi sī tè bái lán zhuànxiàng dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī， xī wàng tā néng gòu fā biǎo yì jiàn。 dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī miàn sè cāng bái， yī zhǐ shǒu wǔ zhù xīn kǒu， nà shuāng yòu dà yòu hēi de yǎn jīng shēn chù， zài fán nǎo hé yōu yù zhī zhōng hái yòu yī gè tòng kǔ de tiān dì， tā rèn wéi zhū 'ér shì shàng dì gěi hǎi sī tè bái lán de hái zǐ， yīnggāi tīng cóng shàng dì de 'ān pái， rú guǒ tā néng bǎ hái zǐ sòng shàng tiān guó， nà me hái zǐ yě jiù néng bǎ tā dài dào tiān guó， zhè shì shàng dì shén shèng de zhǐ yì。 zhè yàng zhū 'ér cái méi yòu bèi dài zǒu。
　　
　　 zhè yī qiē， dōubèi bǎo jīng shì gù de qí líng wò sī kàn zài yǎn lǐ， tā yī diǎn diǎn dì xiàng dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī nèi xīn bī jìn， qí líng wò sī xiàng guān chá bìng rén yī yàng qù guān chá tā， yī fāng miàn guān chá dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī de rì cháng shēng huó， kàn tā zěn yàng zài guàn yòu de sī lù zhōng qián jìn， lìng yī fāng miàn guān chá tā bèi tóu rù lìng yī zhǒng dào dé jìng jiè shí suǒ biǎo xiàn de xíng tài， tā jìn liàng fā jué mù shī nèi xīn de 'ào mì。 suí zhe shí jiān de tuī yí， qí líng wò sī jiàn jiàn dì zǒu jìn liǎo dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī de xīn lǐ， bìng xiàng tā de líng hún shēn chù tàn jìn。
　　
　　 yī tiān， dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī zhèng zài chén shuì， qí líng wò sī zǒu liǎo jìn lái， bō kāi liǎo tā de fǎ yī， zhōng yú fā xiàn liǎo dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī yī zhí yǐn cáng de mì mì héng héng tā de xiōng kǒu shàng yòu zhe hé hǎi sī tè bái lán yī yàng de hóng sè biāo jì， tā xīn xǐ ruò kuáng， nà shì yī zhǒng kuáng yě de jīng qí、 huān lè hé kǒng jù de biǎo qíng！ nà zhǒng hài rén de kuáng xǐ， jué bù jǐn jǐn shì yóu yǎn jīng hé biǎo qíng suǒ biǎo dá de， shèn zhì shì cóng tā zhěng gè de chǒu lòu shēn qū bèng fā chū lái， tā jiāng liǎng bì shēn xiàng tiān huā bǎn， yī zhǐ jiǎo shǐ jìn duǒ zhe dì miàn， yǐ zhè zhǒng fēi tóng xún cháng de zī tài fàng zòng dì biǎo xiàn tā de kuáng xǐ！ dāng yī gè bǎo guì de rén lèi líng hún shī qù liǎo tiān guó， duò rù sǎ dàn de dì yù zhī zhōng shí， nà mó wáng zhī dào gāi rú hé jǔ dòng liǎo。
　　
　　 qí líng wò sī jīng xīn dì shí shī zhe tā de fù chóu jìhuà， tā lì yòng dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī mǐn gǎn、 fù yú xiǎng xiàng de tè diǎn， zhuā zhù tā de fù zuì xīn lǐ， zhé mó tā de xīn líng， tā bǎ zì jǐ zhuāng bàn chéng kě xìn lài de péng yǒu， ràng duì fāng xiàng tā tù lù yī qièkǒng jù、 zì zé、 fán nǎo、 ào huǐ、 fù zuì gǎn， nà xiē xiàng shì jiè yǐn mán zhe de yī qiē nèi jiù， běn kě yǐ huò dé shì jiè de bó dà xīn xiōng de lián mǐn hé yuán liàng de， rú jīn què yào jiē shì gěi tā zhè gè nèi xīn chōng mǎn liǎo fù chóu huǒ yàn de rén， zuì zuì qiàrúqífèn dì ràng tā dé cháng fù chóu zhī sù zhài。 ér cǐ shí de dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī duì qí líng wò sī què méi yòu rèn hé de huái yí， suī rán tā zǒng shì huì gǎn dào yòu yī zhǒng 'è shì lì zài jǐn jǐn de dīng zhe zì jǐ， zǒng yòu yī zhǒng bù xiáng de yù gǎn， yóu yú tā bù bǎ rèn hé rén shì wéi kě xìn lài de péng yǒu， gù cǐ dāng dí rén shí jì shàng yǐ chū xiàn shí， réng rán biàn rèn bù chū。 jiù zài dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī bǎo cháng ròu tǐ shàng de jí bìng de tòng kǔ hé jīng shén shàng de cuī cán de tóng shí， tā zài shèng zhí shàng què dà fàng yì cǎi， qǔ dé liǎo huī huáng de chéng jiù。 gōng zhòng de jǐng yǎng gèng jiā jiā zhòng liǎo tā de zuì 'è gǎn， shǐ tā de xīn lǐ bù kān zhòng fù。
　　
　　 zhōng yú， zài yī tiān qī hēi de yè lǐ， dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī mèng yóu bān zǒu dào liǎo shì chǎng shàng de jiǎo xíng tái shàng， fā chū yī shēng bēi tòng de sī hǎn。 hǎi sī tè bái lán hé xiǎo zhū 'ér gāng gāng shǒu hù zhe yī gè rén qù shì， qià qiǎo cóng zhè lǐ jīng guò， tā kàn dào dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī yǐ chǔyú bēng kuì de biān yuán， jīng shén lì liàng yǐ jīng dào liǎo wú néng wéi lì de dì bù。 yī zhǒng huǐ zuì gǎn shǐ dīng méi sī dài 'ěr yāo qǐng tā men yī tóng dēng shàng liǎo jiǎo xíng tái：“ nǐ men mǔ nǚ liǎ yǐ qián yǐ jīng zài zhè 'ér zhàn guò liǎo， kě shì wǒ dāng shí méi hé nǐ men zài yī qǐ。 zài shàng lái yī cì bā， wǒ men sān gè rén yī qǐ zhàn zhe bā！” hǎi sī tè bái lán wò zhe hái zǐ de yī zhǐ shǒu， mù shī wò zhe hái zǐ de lìng yī zhǐ shǒu， tā men gòng tóng zhàn zài liǎo jiǎo xíng tái shàng。 jiù zài tā zhè me zuò de shùn jiān， sì yòu yī bān bù tóng yú tā zì jǐ shēng mìng de xīn shēng mìng de jī yuè zhī cháo， jí liú bān yǒng rù tā de xīn fáng， chōng guò tā zhōu shēn de xuè guǎn， fǎng fó nà mǔ nǚ liǎ zhèng bǎ tā men shēng mìng de wēn nuǎn chuán dì gěi tā bàn má mù de shēn qū， sān rén gòu chéng liǎo yī tiáo bì hé de diàn lù， cǐ shí， tiān kōng shǎn guò liǎo yī sī liàng guāng， dīng méi sī dài 'ěr fǎng fó kàn jiàn tiān kōng zhōng chū xiàn liǎo yī gè jù dà de zì mǔ“ A”。 rán 'ér， zhè yī qiē dū ràng gēn zōng 'ér zhì de qí líng wò sī kàn dào liǎo， zhè shǐ dé dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī jí wéi kǒng huāng， dàn shì， qí líng wò sī què shuō dīng méi sī dài 'ěr xiān shēng huàn liǎo yè yóu zhèng， bìng bǎ tā dài huí liǎo jiā。 dīng méi sī dài 'ěr xiān shēng jiù xiàng yī gè gāng gāng cóng 'è mèng zhōng jīng xǐng de rén， xīn zhōng 'ào sàng dé fā lěng， biàn tīng píng nà yī shēng bǎ zì jǐ lǐng zǒu liǎo。
　　
　　 xǔ duō nián guò qù liǎo， xiǎo zhū 'ér yǐ jīng qī suì liǎo， hǎi sī tè bái lán cǐ shí suǒ chù de dì wèi yǐ tóng tā dāng chū shòu rǔ shí bù wán quán yī yàng liǎo。 rú guǒ yī gè rén zài dà jiā miàn qián yòu zhe yǔ zhòng bù tóng de tè shū dì wèi， ér tóng shí yòu bù gān shè rèn hé gōng gòng huò gè rén de lì yì， tā jiù zuì zhōng huì yíng dé pǔ biàn de zūn zhòng。 hǎi sī tè bái lán cóng lái yǔ shì wú zhēng， zhǐ shì háo wú yuàn yóu dì qū cóng yú shè huì de zuì bù gōng píng de dài yù； tā yě méi yòu yīn zì jǐ de bù xìng 'ér xī jì shénme bào cháng； tā tóng yàng bù yǐ zhòng yú rén men de tóng qíng。 yú shì， zài tā yīn fàn zuì 'ér sàng shī liǎo quán lì、 bèi pò dú chù yī yú de zhè xiē nián yuè lǐ， dà dà dì yíng dé liǎo rén xīn。 tā chú liǎo yī xīn yī yì de dǎ bàn xiǎo zhū 'ér wài， tā hái jìn zì jǐ suǒ néng qù bāng zhù qióng rén， yòng kuān dà de xīn qù bāo róng yī qiē， rén men kāi shǐ bù zài bǎ nà hóng zì kàn zuò shì zuì guò de biāo jì， ér shì dàngchéng zì nà shí qǐ de xǔ duō shàn xíng de xiàng zhēng。
　　
　　 zài zhè jǐ nián lǐ， xǔ duō réndōu fā shēng zhe biàn huà， qí líng wò sī biàn de gèng jiā cāng lǎo liǎo， hǎi sī tè bái lán yuán lái yìn xiàng zuì shēn de tā xiān qián nà zhǒng cōng huì hàoxué de pǐn gé， nà zhǒng píng hé 'ān xiáng de fēng dù， rú jīn yǐ jīng dàng rán wú cún， qǔ 'ér dài zhī de shì yī zhǒng jíqiè kuī cè de shén sè， jìn hū fēng kuáng 'ér yòu jié lì yǎn shì， ér zhè zhǒng yǎn shì shǐ bàng rén yì fā qīng chǔ dì kàn chū tā de yīn xiǎn。 hǎi sī tè bái lán qǐng qiú qí líng wò sī fàng guò dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī， bù yào zài cuī cán tā de líng hún liǎo， dàn shì dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī de tòng kǔ、 fù chóu de kuài lè yǐ jīng chōng hūn liǎo qí líng wò sī de tóu nǎo， tā jué dìng jì xù shí shī zì jǐ de yīn móu， tā yào màn màn dì zhé mó dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī， fù chóu yǐ jīng chéng wéi tā shēng huó wéi yī de mùdì。 hǎi sī tè bái lán jué dìng jiāng qí líng wò sī de zhēn shí shēn fèn gào sù dīng méi sī dài 'ěr。
　　
　　 zài yī piàn nóng mì de sēn lín lǐ， hǎi sī tè bái lán jiàn dào liǎo dīng méi sī dài 'ěr， tā men hù sù zhōng cháng， shù shuō zhe jǐ nián lái xīn dǐ de mì mì， tā men shòu zhe tóng yàng de tòng kǔ hé jiān 'áo， tóng yàng shòu zhe liáng zhī hé dào dé de niè shì。 dīng méi sī dài 'ěr gào sù tā， suī rán tā de xiōng qián méi yòu pèi dài hóng zì， dàn shì， tóng yàng de hóng zì zài tā de shēng mìng lǐ yī zhí rán shāo zhe。 cǐ shí， hǎi sī tè bái lán cái yì shí dào xī shēng diào mù shī de hǎo míng shēng， shèn zhì ràng tā sǐ diào， dū bǐ tā yuán xiān suǒ xuǎn zé de tú jìng yào qiáng dé duō， tā gào sù dīng méi sī dài 'ěr qí líng wò sī jiù shì tā de zhàng fū， tā suǒ zuò de yī qiēdōu shì wèile tā de róng yù、 dì wèi jí shēng mìng cái yǐn mán liǎo zhè gè mì mì。 yīn 'àn xiōng měng de yǎn shén shùn jiān yǒng shàng liǎo dīng méi sī dài 'ěr de liǎn shàng， tā tòng chǔ de bǎ liǎn mái zài shuāng shǒu zhī zhōng。 hǎi sī tè bái lán quàn dīng méi sī dài 'ěr lí kāi zhè lǐ， dào yī gè méi yòu rén rèn shí de dì fāng qù， dào yī gè kě yǐ bì kāi qí líng wò sī shuāng yǎn de dì fāng qù， tā yuàn yì hé tā kāi shǐ yī duàn xīn de shēng huó， guò qù de yǐ jīng yī qù bù fù fǎn liǎo！ xiàn zài yòu hé bì qù liú liàn ní？ dīng méi sī dài 'ěr yóu yù zhe， tā yào me chéng rèn shì yī míng zuì fàn 'ér táo zǒu， yào me jì xù chōng dāng yī míng wěi jūn zǐ 'ér liú xià， dàn tā de liáng xīn yǐ nán yǐ cóng zhōng qǔ dé píng héng； wèile bì miǎn sǐ wáng hé chǐ rǔ de wēi xiǎn， yǐ jí yī gè dí rén de mò cè de guǐ jì， dīng méi sī dài 'ěr jué dìng chū zǒu。
　　
　　 hǎi sī tè bái lán de gǔ lì jí duì xīn shēng huó de chōng jǐng， shǐ dīng méi sī dài 'ěr chóngxīn yòu liǎo shēng huó de yǒng qì hé xī wàng。 gāng hǎo yòu yī sōu tíng bó zài gǎng wān de chuán sān tiān zhī hòu jiù yào dào yīng guó qù， tā men jué dìng zuò zhè sōu chuán fǎn huí 'ōu zhōu， yī qiēdōu zài shùn lì dì jìn xíng zhe。 tā men měi tiān dōubèi zhè zhǒng xīn de xī wàng jī lì zhe、 xīng fèn zhe， dīng méi sī dài 'ěr jué dìng yǎn jiǎng wán qìng zhù shuō jiào hòu jiù lí kāi。 xīn yīng gé lán de jié rì rú qī 'ér zhì， dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī de yǎn jiǎng yě 'àn jìhuà jìn xíng zhe， hǎi sī tè bái lán hé xiǎo zhū 'ér lái dào shì chǎng， tā de liǎn shàng yòu yī zhǒng qián suǒ wèi jiàn de biǎo qíng， tè shū de bù 'ān hé xīng fèn，“ zài zuì hòu kàn yī yǎn zhè hóng zì hé pèi dài hóng zì de rén bā！” tā xiǎng，“ zài guò yī duàn shí jiān， tā jiù huì yuǎn zǒu gāo fēi liǎo！ nà shēn bù kě cè de dà hǎi jiāng bǎ nǐ men zài tā xiōng qián zhuó shāo de biāo jì yǒng yuǎn yānmò wú cún！” zhè shí， nà sōu zhǔn bèi kāi wǎng yīng guó chuán zhǐ de chuán cháng zǒu liǎo guò lái， tā gào sù hǎi sī tè bái lán， qí líng wò sī jiāng tóng tā men tóng xíng， hǎi sī tè bái lán chè dǐ jué wàng liǎo。
　　
　　 dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī de xuān jiǎng qǔ dé liǎo kōng qián jué hòu de zuì huī huáng chéng gōng， dàn suí hòu tā biàn dé fēi cháng shuāi ruò hé cāng bái， tā bù lǚ liàngqiàng， nèi xīn de fù zuì gǎn jí liáng xīn de qiǎn zé zuì zhōng zhàn shèng liǎo tā chū táo de yì zhì， zài jīng guò jiǎo xíng tái de shí hòu， tā zhèng tuō qí líng wò sī de jī bàn， zài hǎi sī tè bái lán de chān fú xià dēng shàng liǎo jiǎo xíng tái， tā lā zhe zhū 'ér， zài zhòng rén miàn qián shuō chū liǎo zài xīn dǐ mái cáng liǎo qī nián de mì mì， tā jiù shì xiǎo zhū 'ér de fù qīn， tā chě kāi liǎo fǎ yī de shì dài， lù chū liǎo hóng zì， zài zhòng rén de jīng jù zhī shēng zhōng， zhè gè shòu jìn róu lìn de líng hún cí shì liǎo。
　　
　　 qí líng wò sī bǎ fù chóu dāng zuò tā shēng huó de wéi yī mùdì， kě shì dāng tā shèng lì hòu， tā niǔ qū de xīn líng zài yě zhǎo bù dào yǐ tuō， tā xùn sù kū wěi liǎo。 bù dào yī nián， tā sǐ liǎo， tā bǎ yí chǎn zèng gěi liǎo xiǎo zhū 'ér。 bù jiǔ， hǎi sī tè bái lán hé xiǎo zhū 'ér yě zǒu liǎo。 hóng zì de gù shì jiàn jiàn biàn chéng liǎo chuán shuō。 xǔ duō nián yǐ hòu， zài dà yáng de lìng yī biān， xiǎo zhū 'ér chū jià liǎo， guò zhe fēi cháng xìng fú de shēng huó， ér hǎi sī tè bái lán yòu huí dào liǎo bō shì dùn， xiōng qián yǐ jiù pèi dài zhe nà gè hóng zì， zhè lǐ yòu guò tā de zuì niè， zhè lǐ yòu guò tā de bēi shāng， zhè lǐ yě hái huì yòu tā de chàn huǐ。 yòu guò liǎo xǔ duō nián， zài yī zuò xià xiàn de lǎo fén fù jìn， yòu wā liǎo yī zuò xīn fén。 liǎng zuò fén gòng yòng yī kuài mù bēi。 shàng miàn kè zhe zhè me yīháng míng wén：“ yī piàn mò hēi de tǔ dì， yī gè xuè hóng de A zì。”
　　 xiǎo shuō《 hóng zì》 - zuò pǐn fēn xī
　　
　　《 hóng zì》 de gù shì yī kāi piān， yìng rù dú zhě yǎn lián de， xī xiān shì“ xīn zhí mín dì de kāi tuò zhě men” zài wàn shì cǎo chuàng zhī shí wàng bù liǎo yǔ mù dì tóng shí xiū jiàn de jiān yù， zhè zhū“ wén míng shè huì de hēi huā“ cóng lái bù céng jīng lì guò zì jǐ de qīng chūn sháo huá”， yīn wéi tā“ yǔ zuì 'è 'èr zì xī xī xiāng guān”， tā nà zhēng níng yīn sēn de wài mào， lián tóng mén qián cǎo dì shàng“ guò yú fán mào dì cù shēng zhe de bù kān rù mùdì zá gé”， dū zēng jiā liǎo huì 'àn qī chǔ de sè diào， rán 'ér zài zhè yī piàn huī hēi zhī zhōng， què 'ào rán tǐng lì zhe yī cóng méi hún，“ shèng kāi zhe bǎo shí chuán de huā duǒ”， xiàng zhēng zhe rén lèi de dào dé…… jiē xià lái， biàn chū guān liǎo nǚ zhù rén gōng hǎi sī tè bái lán， huái bào chū shēng de zhū 'ér，“ tā huàn fā de měi lì， jìng bǎ lóng jìn zhe tā de bù xìng hé chǐ rǔ níng chéng yī lún guāng huán”， lìng rén lián xiǎng qǐ“ shèng mǔ de xíng xiàng”。 zhè yàng yī duàn hú hú rú shēng de wén zì， bù dàn wèiwǒ men zhǎn xiàn liǎo rén wù huó dòng de wǔ tái bèi jǐng， ér qiě qǐ fā dú zhě qù sī kǎo zuò pǐn de zhù tí。
　　
　　 zhè zhǒng yòng lüè dài shén mì sè cǎi de zì rán jǐng xiàng hōng tuō huán jìng、 zhā rǎn qì fēn hé yìng chèn rén wù xīn lǐ de shǒu fǎ fǔ shí jiē shì， zuì tū chū de biàn shì dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī hé hǎi sī tè jí zhū 'ér zài yè wǎn hé mì lín zhōng de liǎng cì huì jiàn： yóu hóng zì lián xì zài yī qǐ de jǐ gè zhù yào rén wù de tóng shí chū chǎng， rú tóng xì jù zhōng dié qǐ de gāo cháo， bǎ quán shū jǐn zhì zài yī gè yán mì de jié gòu zhī zhōng。
　　
　　 zuò zhě hái bǎ zhè zhǒng shǒu fǎ yòng yú kè huà rén wù yè tā de bǐ xià cì yào rén wù de shì fēi shàn 'è hé tā men zhī jiān de sī 'ēn yuàn yuàn xiěde shí fēn hán xù， ér jǐ gè zhù yào rén wù zé tōng guò gè bié de xīn lǐ wā jué、 chéng shuāng de zǔ hé de chōng tū hé tóng shí chū chǎng liàng xiāng de jiāo huì， jiāo dài chū gè rén yǔ hóng zì xiāng guān de xiàng zhēng。
　　
　　 quán shū xiě dào de rén wù bù guò shí duō gè， qí zhōng yòu xìng míng de bù chāo guò shí gè。 zhí dé zhù yì de shì bèi líng hàn zǒng dū、 wēi 'ěr xùn mù shī、 xī bīn sī lǎo fū rén hé nà wèi zuì nián qīng 'ér wéi yī yòu tóng qíng xīn de gū niàn zhè sì gè cì yào rén wù， tā men fēn bié shì zhū 'ér、 dīng méi sī dài 'ěr mù shī、 luó jié qí líng wò sī hé hǎi sī tè zhè sì gè zhù yào rén wù de fǎn chèn huò yǐng zǐ。 ér sì míng zhù yào rén wù yòu xíng chéng liǎng duì， shǐ tā men de gè xìng zài xiāng dé yì zhāng zhī zhōng yú yǐ hān chàng lín lí de biǎo xiàn。
　　 xiǎo shuō《 hóng zì》 - hóng zì“ A” de xiàng zhēng yì yì
　　
　　 hǎi sī tè · bái lán shì yòu xíng de hóng zì。 tā chū shēn mòluò de shì jiā， fù mǔ pín qióng 'ér zhèng zhí。 tā de bù xìng de hūn yīn， jiā zhī liǎng nián zhōng zhàng fū yīn xùn jiē wú ． yáo chuán tā yǐ zàng shēn hǎi dǐ， zhè gè gū kǔ fū yǐ de shàofù yǔ cái mào xiāng dāng de dīng méi sī dài 'ěr de 'ài qíng biàn xiǎn dé hé qíng hé lǐ。 shì qíng bài lù hòu， tā bèi pò zhōng shēn pèi dài hóng zì， wèile 'ài rén de míng shēng， tā dú zì chéng dān liǎo quán bù zuì zé yǔ chǐ rǔ。 chū yú duì tā de juàn liàn zhī qíng， tā bù dàn zài tā shēng qián bù kěn yuǎn lí tā suǒ zài de jiào qū， jiù shì zài tā sǐ hòu， réng rán fàng qì liǎo yǔ nǚ 'ér gòng xiǎng tiān lún zhī lè de yōu yuè shēng huó， chóngfǎn mái yòu tā shī gǔ de gù dì， chóngxīn dài shàng hóng zì， zhí dào sǐ hòu zàng zài tā shēn biān， yǐ biàn yǒng yuǎn shǒu hù、 wēi yǐ zhe tā。 zhè gè yǒng gǎn de nǚ xìng hái jīng xīn cì xiù nà hóng zì， zhuóyì dǎ bàn tā de xiǎo zhū 'ér， bù jǐn chū miàn hàn wèi zì jǐ jiào yǎng tā de quán lì， ér qiě zūn zhòng hái zǐ kuáng yě de tiān xìng， nǔ lì péi yǎng tā chéng rén。 zài zuò zhě de bǐ xià， hǎi sī tè yuǎn bù zhǐ shì gè zhēng qǔ gè xìng jiě fàng de nǚ rén， tā hái jí qǔ liǎo“ bǐ hóng zì lào yìn suǒ dài biǎo de zuì 'è hái yào zhì mìng” de jīng shén， bǎ máo tóu zhǐ xiàng liǎo“ yǔ gǔ dài zhǔn zé mìqiè xiāng guān de gǔ dài piān jiàn de wán zhěng tǐ xì héng héng zhè shì nà xiē wáng shì guì zhòu zhēn zhèng de cáng shēn zhī dì”， chēng dé qǐ shì yī wèi xiàng yú mèi de chuán tǒng xuān zhàn de dǒu shì liǎo。 zhè yàng de gāo dù， shì hěn duō wén xué zuò pǐn zhōng de fù nǚ xíng xiàng suǒ nán yǐ qǐ jí de。 tā de zhè zhǒng jīng shén jìng jiè jìn guǎn méi yòu wéi tā de nà xiē qǐng jiào tú xiāng qīn hé yú bù kě jí de zhǎngguān men suǒ lǐ jiě ( fǒu zé， bù fēn yào hé lái hé děng hènghuò )， dàn wú lùn rú hé， yóu yú tā de hé xīn rú kǔ、 zhù rén wéi lè děng zhǒng liǎng měi dé， shǐ tā xiōng qián de hóng zì bù zài shì“ tōng jiān” ( rù dult“ y) de chǐ rǔ huī jì， miàn chéng liǎo“ néng gān” (Able)， shèn zhì“ zhí dé zūn jìng” (AdmiraLIe) de biāo zhì liǎo。
　　
　　 dīng méi sī dài 'ěr shì wú xíng de hóng zì。 yǔ hǎi sī tè xiāng bǐ， tā xiǎn dé qiè nuò， dàn zhè shì tā shòu zōng jiào shù fù mí zhòng de jiēguǒ。 tā bìng fēi bù xiǎng gōng kāi qiān huǐ zì jǐ de“ zuì niè”， dàn tā de zhè zhǒng yuàn wàng guò duō dì tóng“ shú zuì” ‘ nèixǐng” děng zōng jiào yì shí jiū chán zài yī qǐ， yīn cǐ xíng dòng shàng yě zhǐ néng chù chù shòu qí jú bàn。 tā jì yào shòu nèi xīn de qiǎn zé， yòu yào fáng wài jiè de kuī cè； tā míng míng yòu zì jǐ de 'ài， què piān piān yào bǎ zhè zhǒng gǎn qíng shì tóng xié mó。 tā zài tòng kǔ zhōng zhēngzhá liǎo qī nián， zuì zhōng suī rán yǐ tǎn lù xiōng táng shàng de“ zuì 'è” lào yìn， wán chéng liǎo dào dé de jìng huà yǔ líng hún de fēi shēng， dàn tā shǐ zhōng méi zài qì chéng rèn zì jǐ 'ài de zhèng dāng， gèng tán bù dào yǔ jiù de jīng shén tǐ xì chè dǐ jué liè， yǔ hǎi sī tè xiāng bǐ， sì hū gèng jiā yìng chèn chū hòu zhě de gāo dà。
　　
　　 qí líng wò sī shì hóng zì de zhì zào yīn。 tā nà chǒu lòu de wài mào hé jī xíng de qū tǐ， zhèng shì tā chǒu lòu hé jī xíng de líng hún de xiě zhào。 tā xuǎn zé liǎo ràng dīng méi sī dài 'ěr huàzhāo shòu jiān 'áo de fù chóu shǒu duàn， shí jì shàng chéng liǎo zǔ zhǐ tā shú zuì de 'è mó。 tā hé hǎi sī tè de jié hé suī rán chū yú tā zhuī qiú jiā tíng wēn nuǎnhuo gè rén xìng fú de yī yǐ zhī sī， dàn bì jìng shì yī zhǒng 'ài， yuán yě wú kě hòu fēi； dàn dāng zhè zhǒng 'ài zhuǎn biàn chéng hèn， bǎ fù chóu zuò wéi shēng huó mù biāo， bù xī pāo qì“ bó 'ài” de jī dū jīng shén， yǐ niè shì tā rén de líng hún wéi lè zhī hòu， fǎn dǎo yóu bèi hài zhě duò luò chéng“ zuì huài de zuì rén”， bù dàn zài shī qù fù chóu zhè yī shēng huó mù biāo shí jié shù liǎo zì jǐ de shēng mìng， ér qiě sǐ hòu yě bù huì dé dào xīn shēng。
　　
　　 xiǎo zhū 'ér zé shì huó de hóng zì，“ shì lìng yī zhǒng xíng shì de hóng zì， shì bèi fù yú liǎo shēng mìng de hóng zì！” zhè gè sī shēng de xiǎo jīng líng hé tā mǔ qīn xiōng qián de hóng zì jiāo xiāng huī yìng， jì shì“ zuì 'è” de chǎn wù yòu shì 'ài qíng de jié jīng。 hǎi sī tè bǎ hóng zì yòng jīn sè sī xiàn zhuāng shì dé shí fēn huá měi， xiǎo zhū 'ér yě gěi dǎ bàn dé xiān lì yì cháng。 tā de měi bó qí líng màn sī de chǒu xíng chéng qiáng liè duì bǐ： yī fāng miàn tǐ guān liǎo zuò zhě de làng màn zhù yì guān diǎn yī lǎo yī shēng de bó xué duō shí shǐ tā chéng wéi shēn shòu wén kā kuī rǎn de shè huì rén miàn xiǎo nǚ hái sì yuán jì dá de kuáng yě zé réng bǎo chí zhe zì rán rén de chún zhēn； lìng fāng miàn yòu biǎo míng liǎo zuò zhě de zōng jiào yì shí héng héng qí líng yá sī jì rán shì chè dàn， xiǎo zhū 'ér biàn shì“ tiān shǐ”（ Angel），“ A” zì zài tā shēn shàng， cóng 'ér jù bèi liǎo gèng jī jí de hé yì。 qià shí shì zài zhè gè hán yì shàng， jì tuō liǎo zuò zhě měi hǎo de lǐ xiǎng， yě tǐ xiàn liǎo tā duì zōng jiào de huàn xiǎng，
　　 xiǎo shuō《 hóng zì》 - zuò zhě chuàng zuò《 hóng zì》 yuán yì
　　
　　 huò sāng shì yī wèi shì jiè guān xiāng dāng fù zá de zuò jiā， tā xuǎn zé 'ài qíng bēi jù zuò wéi《 hóng zì》 de zhù tí， shǐ zì jǐ shēn shēn xiàn rù nán jiě de máo dùn zhī zhōng。 ài qíng běn shì rén lèi de tiān xìng， dàn 'àn zhào jī dū jiào yì。 yà dāng hé xià wá tōu chī liǎo yī diàn yuán de zhì huì zhī guǒ， dǒng dé liǎo nán huān nǚ 'ài， bù zài kào shàng dì chuàng zào 'ér yóu zì yǐ fán yǎn rén lèi， zhè běn shēn zhèng shì“ yuán zuì”， zhì yú sī qíng， gèng chù fàn liǎo jī dū jiào de dì qī jiè。 huò sāng suī shēn shòu jiào huì yǐng xiǎng， dàn zì cóng 'ōu zhōu wén yì fù xīng yǐ lái， ài qíng zǎo yǐ chéng liǎo wén yì zuò pǐn yǒng héng de zhù tí， shí shí shòu dào gē sòng， tā jí shǐ zài bǎo shǒu， yě bù huì bù rèn wéi zhè shì tiān jīng dì yì de liǎo。 yú shì， shū zhōng biàn chù chù kě jiàn zuò zhě nán yán de kǔ zhōng： tā suī rán qiǎn zé bù hé lǐ de hūn yīn， shèn zhì bǎ nán nǚ zhù rén gōng de 'ài qíng shuō chéng shì“ shén shèng de gòng xiàn”， dàn bù gǎn kěn dìng bù hé“ fǎ” de gǎn qíng， gèng bù kěn shǐ yòu qíng rén zhōng chéng juàn shǔ。 tā zhǐ néng ràng qí líng wò sī zài sǐ qián“ liáng xīn fā xiàn”， bǎ yí chǎn quán bù liú gěi zhū 'ér。
　　
　　 shí jì shàng， huò sāng zài《 hóng zì》 zhōng yào biǎo dá de， shì shè huì xiàn zhuàng hé rén lèi mìng yùn， bìng jiè yǐ jìn yī bù tàn tǎo tā suǒ guān xīn de“ shàn” yǔ“ è” de zhé lǐ。 nà zuò gòu chéng《 hóng zì》 gù shì zhōng xīn chǎng jǐng de shì zhòng xíng tái， shí miàn bèi miáo shù chéng“ xiàng shì jiào táng de fù shǔ jiàn zhù”， sì shì yào bǎ shè huì de chǒu 'è jí bù rén dào guī jiù yú zōng jiào， dàn jì 'ér yòu bèi xiě zuò“ rú tóng fǎ guó dà gé mìng shí qī kǒng bù dǎng rén de duàn tóu tái”， biǎo míng liǎo tā duì shè huì biàn gé de bù jiě yǔ yí jù。 cóng zhè yī lì zhèng zhōng wǒ men bù nán kàn chū， zuò jiā yǐ mǐn ruì de mù guāng dòng xī liǎo shè huì de zhǒng zhǒng bì duān， dàn bìng bù zhī dào yīnggāi hé qù hé cóng。 tā cóng rén dào zhù yì chū fā， bǎ shè huì de bù hé lǐ xiàn zhuàng hé rén lèi de bēi cǎn mìng yùn， guī jié wéi“ shàn” yǔ“ è” zhī zhēng， dàn tā de shàn 'è guān yòu shēn shòu zōng jiào jiào tiáo de jìn rǎn， chéng liǎo chán jiā bù qīng de kōng fàn yì lùn， shuō shí me“ ài zǒng yào bǐ hèn lái dé róng yì， zhè zhèng shì rén lèi běn xìng zhī suǒ zài。…… hèn shèn zhì huì tōng guò qiāoqiāo jiàn jìn de guò chéng biàn chéng 'ài。” hái tí chū“ hèn hé 'ài， guī gēn jié dǐ shì bù shì tóng yī de dōng xī……”； ér shū zhōng nà zhǒng nóng zhòng de yīn yù sè cǎi， yě gěi rén yā yì duō yú zhèn fèn。
　　
　　 rán 'ér， wǒ men zài yuè dú hé xīn shǎng wén xué míng zhù shí， jì bù yìng kē qiú zuò jiā， yě bù gāi wéi yú tā de jú xiàn。 huò sāng běn rén yòu bǎo shǒu sī xiǎng hé shén mì zhù yì qīng xiàng， dú liǎo zhè bù zuò pǐn hòu， néng gòu kàn dào jiù zhì dù de hēi 'àn， bìng huàn qǐ biàn gé shè huì de lǐ xiǎng， yuàn yì wéi gèng měi hǎo de rén lèi mìng yùn qù fèn zhēng， bù yě shì jī jí de má？ chéng rú zuò zhě zài yǔ quán shū kāi piān yáo xiāng hū yìng de jié wěi níng suǒ xiě：“ zhè chuán shuō shí zài yīn cǎn， zhǐ yòu yī diǎn bǐ yīn yǐng hái yào yōu 'àn de yǒng héng de guāng bān shāo shāo gěi rén yī diǎn kuān wèi：“ yī piàn mò hēi de tǔ dì， yī gè xuè hóng de A zì。” huò sāng zuò pǐn de yī dà cháng chù shì yǐn rén shēn sī、 fā rén lián xiǎng。
　　
　　《 hóng zì》 fā biǎo hòu huò dé jù dà chéng gōng， huò sāng jì 'ér chuàng zuò liǎo bù shǎo zuò pǐn。 qí zhōng《 dài yòu qī gè jiān jiǎo gé de fáng zǐ》（ 1851） miáo xiě pǐn 'ēn qīn jiā zú de zǔ xiān móu cái hài mìng 'ér shǐ hòu dài zāo dào bào yìng de gù shì， shuō míng cái fù shì huò huàn，“ yī dài rén de zuì niè yào yāng jí zǐ sūn”； zhè bù xiǎo shuō yě fǎn yìng liǎo zī běn zhù yì fā zhǎn chū qī de xuè xīng lüè duó。 lìng yī bù xiǎo shuō《 fú gǔ chuán qí》（ 1852） yǐ bù lǔ kè nóng chǎng shēng huó wéi tí cái， biǎo dá liǎo zuò zhě duì zhè zhǒng shè huì gǎi liáng de cháng shì shī wàng de xīn qíng yǐ jí duì kuáng rè de gǎi gé zhě de yàn 'è。
　　
　　 pí 'ěr sī dāng xuǎn wéi měi guó zǒng tǒng hòu， huò sāng yú 1853 nián bèi rèn mìng wéi zhù yīng guó lì wù pǔ de lǐng shì。 1857 nián hòu , huò sāng qiáo jū yì dà lì , chuàng zuò liǎo lìng yī bù tǎo lùn shàn 'è wèn tí de cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 yù shí diāo xiàng》 (1860)。 1860 nián huò sāng fǎn huí měi guó， zài kāng kē dé dìng jū， jiān chí xiě zuò。 1864 nián 5 yuè 19 rì qù shì， shēn hòu liú xià 4 bù wèi wán chéng de cháng piān xiǎo shuō。
　　
　　 huò sāng shì yī gè sī xiǎng shàng chōng mǎn máo dùn de zuò jiā， xīn yīng gé lán de qīng jiào zhù yì chuán tǒng duì tā yǐng xiǎng hěn shēn。 yī fāng miàn tā fǎn kàng zhè gè chuán tǒng， pēng jī zōng jiào kuáng rèhuo xiá 'ài、 xū wěi de zōng jiào xìn tiáo； lìng yī fāng miàn tā yòu shòu zhè gè chuán tǒng de shù fù， yǐ jiā 'ěr wén jiào pài de shàn 'è guān niàn lái rèn shí shè huì hé zhěng gè shì jiè。 zuò jiā hè méi 'ěr wéi 'ěr céng zhǐ chū， tā de zuò pǐn zhōng shèn tòu zhe“ jiā 'ěr wén jiào pài de‘ rén xìng běn zhì ’ hé‘ yuán zuì’ de guān niàn”。 huò sāng sī xiǎng bǎo shǒu， duì shēng chǎn de fā zhǎn hé jì shù jìn bù bào yòu dǐ chù qíng xù， duì shè huì gǎi gé chí huái yí tài dù， duì dāng shí péng bó kāi zhǎn de fèi nú yùn dòng bù hěn lǐ jiě。 zhè xiē zài tā de zuò pǐn zhōng dōuyòu suǒ liú lù。 zài yì shù shàng tā dú jù yī gé， shàn cháng xīn lǐ miáo xiě， shàn yú jiē shì rén wù de nèi xīn chōng tū。 tā bǎ zì jǐ de xiǎo shuō chēng wéi“ xīn lǐ luó màn shǐ”。 tā qián xīn wā jué yǐn cáng zài shì wù bèi hòu de bù yì jué chá de yì yì， zuò pǐn xiǎng xiàng fēng fù， jié gòu yán jǐn。

　　The Scarlet Letter (1850) is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, considered to be his masterpiece and most famous work. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores themes of legalism, sin, and guilt.
　　
　　Plot summary
　　
　　The novel takes place during the summer in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts in a Puritan village. A young woman, named Hester Prynne, has been led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and on the breast of her gown "a rag of scarlet cloth" that "assumed the shape of a letter." It was the uppercase letter "A". The Scarlet Letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin—a badge of shame—for all to see. A man, who was elderly and a stranger to the town, enters the crowd and asks another onlooker what's happening. He responds by explaining that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she, and whose real name is unknown, has sent her ahead to America whilst settling affairs in Europe. However, her husband does not arrive in Boston, and the consensus is that he has been lost at sea. It is apparent that, while waiting for her husband, Hester has had an affair, leading to the birth of her daughter. She will not reveal her lover's identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her subsequent public shaming, is the punishment for her sin and secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child's father.
　　
　　The elderly onlooker is Hester's missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and her daughter Pearl grows into a willful, impish child—in Hawthorne's work, Pearl is more of a symbol than an actual character—and is said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister's torments and Hester's secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.
　　The Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas may have been made with Hawthorne's advice.
　　
　　Dimmesdale's psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester's charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl's request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red "A" in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning adultery. Hester can see that the minister's condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale's self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his true identity to Dimmesdale.
　　
　　Later in the story, while walking through the forest, the sun would not shine on Hester, although Pearl could bask in it. They then encounter Dimmesdale, as he is taking a walk in the woods that day. Hester informs Dimmesdale of the true identity of Chillingworth and the former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived with.
　　
　　The day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday put on in honor of an election and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.
　　
　　Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resumes her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married a European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", for Hester and Dimmesdale.
　　Major themes
　　Nathaniel Hawthorne
　　Sin
　　
　　The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge—specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as "her passport into regions where other women dared not tread", leading her to "speculate" about her society and herself more "boldly" than anyone else in New England.
　　
　　As for Dimmesdale, the "cheating minister" of his sin gives him "sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his chest vibrate[s] in unison with theirs." His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy. The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.
　　
　　The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it—as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be–is held out in part as an invitation to find "some sweet moral blossom" in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that "the deep heart of nature" (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child than her Puritan neighbors do. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.
　　
　　Chillingworth's misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the anger in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.
　　
　　Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.
　　Past and present
　　
　　The clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be "the soul and spirit of New England hardihood". Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with "no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities", who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.
　　
　　Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as "dim and dusky", "grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned", "bitter persecutors" whose "better deeds" would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne's disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors' disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. "A writer of story books!" But even as he disagrees with his ancestors' viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a "sense of place" in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.
　　Publication history
　　
　　Hawthorne originally planned The Scarlet Letter to be a shorter novelette which was part of a collection to be named Old Time Legends. His publisher, James Thomas Fields, convinced him to expand the novelette to a full-length novel. Hawthorne's wife Sophia later disputed that Fields had a larger role than this, complaining that "he has made the absurd boast that he was the sole cause of the Scarlet Letter being published!" She noted that her husband's friend Edwin Percy Whipple, a critic, approached Fields to consider its publication.
　　
　　The Scarlet Letter was published as a novel in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period. When he delivered the final pages to Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular. In fact, the book was an instant best-seller though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500. Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".
　　
　　The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days, and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 USD.
　　Critical response
　　
　　On its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne's, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them". Orestes Brownson complained that Hawthorne did not understand Christianity, confession, and remorse. A review in the Church Review and Ecclesiastical Register concluded the author "perpetrates bad morals."
　　
　　On the other hand, 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter. Henry James once said of the novel, "It is beautiful, admirable, extraordinary; it has in the highest degree that merit which I have spoken of as the mark of Hawthorne's best things--an indefinable purity and lightness of conception...One can often return to it; it supports familiarity and has the inexhaustible charm and mystery of great works of art."
　　
　　The book's immediate and lasting success are due to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint.[citation needed] In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.
　　Allusions
　　
　　 * Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591–1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.
　　 * Martin Luther (1483–1545) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
　　 * Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.
　　 * John Winthrop (1588–1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
　　 * King's Chapel Burying Ground in the final paragraph exists; the Elizabeth Pain gravestone is traditionally considered an inspiration for the protagonists' grave.