首页>> 文学论坛>>小说>> 外国经典>> 古斯塔夫·福楼拜 Gustave Flaubert   法国 France   十九世纪的法国   (1821年12月17日1880年5月8日)
包法利夫人 Madame Bovary
  查理·包法利是个军医的儿子。他天资不高,但很勤勉、老实,为人懦弱无能。父亲对教育不重视。他在十二岁是由母亲为他争得了上学的权利,后来当了医生。这时他的父母又为他找了个每年有一千二百法郎收入的寡妇——杜比克夫人做妻子,她已四十五岁了,又老又丑,“柴一样干,象春季发芽一样一脸疙瘩”。但她因为有钱,并不缺少应选的夫婿。她和查理结婚后,便成了管束他的主人:查理必须顺从她的心思穿衣服,照她的吩咐逼迫欠款的病人;她拆阅他的信件,隔着板壁偷听他给妇女看病。
  
  一天,查理医生接到一封紧急的信件,要他到拜尔斗给一个富裕农民卢欧先生治病,他的一条腿摔断了。卢欧是个五十岁左右的矮胖子,他的太太二年前已去世了。家里由她的独生女爱玛料理。这是个具有浪漫气质的女孩子,面颊是玫瑰色的,头发黑油油的,在脑后挽成一个大髻,眼睛很美丽,由于睫毛的缘故,棕颜色仿佛是黑颜色,她“朝你望来,毫无顾虑,有一种天真无邪胆大的神情”。她给查理留下了深刻的印象。查理给卢欧诊治过后,答应他三天后再去拜访,但到第二天他就去了。此后,他一星期去两次。先后花了四十六天的时间,治好了卢欧的腿。
  
  查理妻子同丈夫常上拜尔斗去。免不了要打听病人的底细。当她知道卢欧小姐曾受过教育,懂得跳舞、地理、素描、刺绣和弹琴时,醋劲大发。她要丈夫把手放在弥撒书上,向她发誓,今后再也不去拜尔斗了。查理唯命是听,照样做了。但不久发生了一件意外的事,他妻子的财产保管人带着她的现金逃跑了。查理的父母发现媳妇一年并没有一千二百法郎的收入(她在订婚的时候撒了谎),于是跑来和她吵闹。她在一气之下,吐血死了。
  
  卢欧老爹给查理送诊费来,当他知道查理的不幸后,便尽力安慰他,说自己也曾经历过丧偶的痛苦。他邀请查理到拜尔斗去散散心。查理去了,并且爱上了爱玛。他向卢欧老爹提亲。卢欧感到查理不是理想的女婿,不过人家说他品行端正,省吃俭用,自然也不会太计较陪嫁,便答应了。开春后,查理和爱玛按当地的风俗举行了婚礼。
  
  爱玛十三岁进了修道院附设的寄宿女校念书。她在那里受着贵族式的教育。她爱教堂的花卉、宗教的音乐,并在浪漫主义小说的熏陶下成长。彼耶的小说《保耳与维尔吉妮》是她最喜爱的图书之一。她梦想过小竹房子的生活,尤其是有位好心的小哥哥,情意缠绵,爬上比钟楼还要高的大树去摘红果子,或者赤着脚在沙滩上跑,给你抱来一个鸟巢;她又“衷心尊敬那些出名或者不幸的妇女”,沉浸在罗漫蒂克的缅想中。一位在大革命前出身于贵族世家的老姑娘,每月到修道院做一星期女工,她向女生们讲浪漫故事,而且衣袋里总有一本传奇小说。后来,爱玛的母亲死了,父亲把她接回家去。
  
  爱玛结婚了,她终于得到了那种不可思议的爱情。在这以前,爱情仿佛是一只玫瑰色羽毛的巨鸟,可望而不可即,在诗的灿烂的天堂里翱翔。婚后,她却发觉查理是个平凡而又庸俗的人。他“谈吐象人行道一样平板,见解庸俗,如同来往行人一般衣著寻常,激不起情绪,也激不起笑或者梦想”。查理不会游泳、不会比剑,不会放枪。有一次爱玛用传奇小说中一个骑马的术语问他,他竟瞠目不知所对。她悔恨自己为什么要结婚!有时,她为了弥补感情上的空虚,她向查理吟诵她记得起来的情诗,一面吟,一面叹息。可是吟过之后,她发现自己如同吟唱前一样平静,而查理也没有因此而感动,正如火刀敲石子,她这样敲过之后,不见冒出一颗火星来。
  
  不久,查理医好了一位声名显赫的侯爵的口疮。侯爵为答谢查理,他邀请查理夫妇到他的田庄渥毕萨尔去作客。查理夫妇坐着马车去了。那是个有着意大利风格的庄园,房子很大,还有美丽的花园。爱玛对侯爵家豪华的气派,高雅的客人,珠光宝气的舞会场面,一一感到入迷。一位风流潇洒的子爵来邀她跳舞,给她留下了极深的印象。在回家的路上,她拾得了子爵的一个雪茄匣,又勾起了她对舞伴的怀念。回到家,她向女仆人发脾气。她把雪茄匣藏起来,每当查理不在家时,她把它取出来,开了又开,看了又看,甚至还闻了衬里的味道:一种杂有美女樱和烟草的味道。她“希望死,又希望住到巴黎”。
  
  渥毕萨尔之行,在爱玛的生活上,凿了一个洞眼,如同山上那些大裂缝,一阵狂风暴雨,一夜工夫,就成了这般模样。她无可奈何,只得想开些。不过她参加舞会的漂亮衣著、缎鞋,她都虔诚地放入五斗柜。“她的心也象它们一样,和财富有过接触之后,添了一些磨蹭不掉的东西”。爱玛辞退了女佣人,不愿意在道特住下去了。她对丈夫老是看不顺眼。她变得懒散,“乖戾和任性”。
  
  查理怕引起爱玛生病。他们从道特搬到永镇居住。这是个通大路的村镇,有一个古老的教堂和一条子弹射程那样长的街。街上有金狮客店和引人注目的郝麦先生的药房。郝麦是个药剂师,戴一顶金坠小绒帽,穿一双绿皮拖鞋,他那洋洋自得的脸上有几颗细麻子,神气就象挂在他头上的柳条笼里的金翅雀那样。他经常爱自我吹嘘,标榜自己是个无神论者,他没有医生执照,但私自给农民看病。爱玛到永镇那天,由郝麦和一个在律师那里做练习生的赖昂陪着吃晚饭。
  
  赖昂·都普意是个有着金黄头发的青年,金狮饭店包饭吃的房客。爱玛和他初次见面便很谈得来。他们有相同的志趣,而且都爱好旅行和音乐。此后,他们便经常在一道谈天,议论浪漫主义的小说和时行的戏剧,并且“不断地交换书籍和歌曲”。包法利先生难得妒忌,并不引以为怪。
  
  爱玛生了一个女孩,起名为白尔特。交给木匠的女人喂养。赖昂有时陪她一道去看女儿。他们日益接近起来,爱玛生日时,赖昂送了一份厚礼,爱玛也送给他一张毯子。
  
  时装商人勒乐,是个狡黠的做生意的能手,虚胖的脸上不留胡须,仿佛抹了一道稀薄的甘草汁;一双贼亮的小黑眼睛,衬上白头发,越发显得灵活。他逢人胁肩谄笑,腰一直哈着,姿势又象鞠躬,又象邀请。他看出爱玛是个爱装饰的“风雅的妇女”,便自动上门兜揽生意,并赊帐给她,满足她各种虚荣的爱好。
  
  爱玛爱上了赖昂。她为了摆脱这一心思,转而关心家务,把小白尔特也接回家来,并按时上教堂。她瘦了,面色苍白,象大理石一样冰凉。有一次,她甚至想把心中的秘密在忏悔时向教士吐露,但她看到教士布尔尼贤俗不可耐,才没有这样做。她由于心情烦躁,把女儿推跌了,碰破了她的脸。赖昂也陷入爱情的罗网。他为了摆脱这一苦闷,便上巴黎念完法科的课程。临别时,他和爱玛依依惜别。他们都感到无限的惆怅。
  
  爱玛因烦恼生起病来。对赖昂的回忆成了她愁闷的中心。即使旅客在俄国大草原雪地上燃起的火堆,也比不上赖昂在她回忆中那么明亮。一次,徐赦特的地主罗道耳弗·布朗皆来找包法利医生替其马夫放血。这是个风月场中的老手。约莫三十四岁光景,性情粗野,思悟明敏。他有两处庄田,新近又买下一个庄园,每年有一万五千法郎以上的收入。他见爱玛生得标致,初见面便打下勾引她的坏主意。
  
  罗道耳弗利用在永镇举办州农业展览会的机会接近爱玛,为她当向导,向她倾吐衷曲,他把自己装扮成一个没有朋友、没人关心,郁闷到极点的可怜虫。他说只要能得到一个真心相待他的人,他将克服一切困难,去达到目的。他们一同谈到内地的庸俗,生活的窒闷,理想的毁灭……
  
  展览会揭幕典礼开始了,州行政委员廖万坐着四轮大马车姗姗来迟。这是个秃额头,厚眼皮,脸色灰白的人。他向群众发布演说,对“美丽祖国的现状”进行了一番歌功颂德。他说目前法国“处处商业繁盛,艺术发达,处处兴修新的道路,集体国家添了许多新的动脉,构成新的联系;我们伟大的工业中心又活跃起来;宗教加强巩固,法光普照,我们的码头堆满货物……”??,群众还向他吐舌头。会后,举行了发奖仪式。政府把一枚值二十五法郎的银质奖章颁发给一个“在一家田庄服务了五十四年”的老妇。那老妇一脸皱纹,干瘦疲惫不堪。当她领到奖章后说:“我拿这送给我们的教堂堂长,给我作弥撒。”最后,又举行了放焰火。爱玛和罗道耳弗都不关心展览会一幕幕滑稽剧的进行。他们只是借此机会说话儿,谈天,直到出诊的查理回来为止。
  
  展览会后,爱玛已忘不了罗道耳弗了。而罗道耳弗却有意过了六星期才去看她。他以关心爱玛的健康为由,把自己的马借给她骑。他们一同到野外散心。爱玛经不起罗道耳弗的诱惑,做了他的情妇。他们瞒着包法利医生常在一起幽会。这时,爱玛感情发展到狂热的程度,她要求罗道耳弗把她带走,和他一同出奔。她和查理的母亲也吵翻了。
  
  然而,罗道耳弗完全是个口是心非的伪君子。他抱着玩弄女性、逢场作戏的丑恶思想,欺骗了爱玛的感情。他答应和她一同出逃,可是出逃那天,他托人送给爱玛一封信。信中说,逃走对他们两人都不合适,爱玛终有一天会后悔的。他不愿成为她后悔的原因;再说人世冷酷,逃到那儿都不免受到侮辱。因此,他要和她的爱情永别了。爱玛气得发昏,她的心跳得象大杠子撞城门一样。傍晚,她看到罗道耳弗坐着马车急驶过永镇,去卢昂找他的情妇--一个女戏子去了。爱玛当即晕倒。此后,她生了一场大病。病好后,她想痛改前非,重新生活。可是,这时又发生了另一场事。
  
  药剂师郝麦邀请包法利夫妇到卢昂去看戏。在剧场里,爱玛遇见了过去曾为之动情的练习生赖昂。现在,他在卢昂的一家事务所实习。于是,他们埋藏在心底多年的爱情种子又萌芽了。他们未看完戏,便跑到码头谈天。这时,赖昂已不是初出茅庐的后生,而是一个有着充分社会经验的人了。他一见面便想占有爱玛,并向她诉说离别后的痛苦。当爱玛谈到自己害了一场大病,差点死掉时,赖昂装出十分悲伤的样子。他说,他也“羡慕坟墓的宁静”,时常想到死,甚至有一天,他还立了个遗嘱,吩咐别人在他死后,要用爱玛送给他的那条漂亮的毯子裹着埋他。他极力怂恿爱玛再留一天,去看完这场戏。包法利医生因医疗事务先赶回永镇去了。爱玛留下来。于是她和赖昂便一同去参观卢昂大教堂,坐着马车在市内兜风。这样,爱玛和赖昂姘搭上了。
  
  爱玛回到永镇后,借口到卢昂去学钢琴,实际上,她是去和赖昂幽会。爱玛再一次把自己的全部热情倾注在赖昂身上,沉溺在恣情的享乐之中。为了不花销,她背着丈夫向商人勒乐借债。
  
  然而,赖昂和罗道耳弗一样欺骗了爱玛的感情。他渐渐地对爱玛感到厌腻了。尤其是当他收到母亲的来信和都包卡吉律师的解劝时,决定和爱玛断绝来往。因为这种暧昧的关系,将要影响他的前程。不久,他就要升为第一练习生了。于是,他开始回避她。
  
  正在这时,爱玛接到法院的一张传票。商人勒乐要逼她还债,法院限定爱玛在二十四小时内,把全部八千法郎的借款还清,否则以家产抵押。爱玛无奈去向勒乐求情,要他再宽限几天,但他翻脸不认人,不肯变通。爱玛去向赖昂求援,赖昂骗她借不到钱,躲开了。她去向律师居由曼借钱,可是这老鬼却乘她眉急之际想占有她。她气愤地走了。最后,她想到徐赦特去找罗道耳弗帮助。罗道耳弗竟公然说他没有钱。爱玛受尽凌辱,心情万分沉重。当她从罗道耳弗家出来时,感到墙在摇晃,天花板往下压她。她走进一条悠长的林荫道上,绊在随风散开的枯叶堆上……回到家,爱玛吞吃了砒霜。她想这样一来“一切欺诈,卑鄙和折磨她的无数欲望,都和她不相干了”。包法利医生跪在她的床边,她把手放在他的头发里面,这种甜蜜的感觉,越发使医生感到难过。爱玛也感到对不起自己的丈夫。她对他说:“你是好人。”最后,她看了孩子一眼,痛苦地离开了这个世界。
  
  为了偿清债务,包法利医生把全部家产都当光卖尽了。他在翻抽屉时,发现了妻子和赖昂的来往情书以及罗道耳弗的画像。他伤心极了,好长时间都闭门不出。一次,他在市场上遇见了罗道耳弗,但他原谅了自己的情敌,认为“错的是命”。他在承受了种种打击之后,也死了。爱玛遗下的女儿寄养在姨母家里,后来进了纱厂。
  
  包法利医生死后,先后有三个医生到永镇开业,但都经不起郝麦拼命的排挤,没有一个站得住脚。于是这位非法开业的药剂师大走红运,并获得了政府颁发给他的十字勋章。


  Madame Bovary is Gustave Flaubert's first published novel and is considered his masterpiece. The story focuses on a doctor's wife, Emma Bovary, who has adulterous affairs and lives beyond her means in order to escape the banalities and emptiness of provincial life. Though the basic plot is rather simple, even archetypal, the novel's true art lies in its details and hidden patterns. Flaubert was notoriously a perfectionist about his writing and claimed always to be searching for le mot juste ("the right word").
  
  The novel was attacked for obscenity by public prosecutors when it was first serialized in La Revue de Paris between October 1, 1856 and December 15, 1856, resulting in a trial in January 1857 that made the story notorious. After the acquittal on February 7, 1857, it became a bestseller when it was published as a book in April 1857, and now stands virtually unchallenged not only as a seminal work of Realism, but as one of the most influential novels ever written.
  
  A 2007 poll of contemporary authors, published in a book entitled The Top Ten, cited Madame Bovary as one of the two greatest novels ever written, second only to Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina.
  
  Plot summary
  
  Madame Bovary takes place in provincial northern France, near the town of Rouen in Normandy. The story begins and ends with Charles Bovary, a stolid, kindhearted man without much ability or ambition. As the novel opens, Charles is a shy, oddly-dressed teenager arriving at a new school amidst the ridicule of his new classmates. Later, Charles struggles his way to a second-rate medical degree and becomes an officier de santé in the Public Health Service. His mother chooses a wife for him, an unpleasant but supposedly rich widow, and Charles sets out to build a practice in the village of Tostes (now Tôtes).
  
  One day, Charles visits a local farm to set the owner's broken leg, and meets his client's daughter, Emma Rouault. Emma is a beautiful, daintily-dressed young woman who has received a "good education" in a convent and who has a latent but powerful yearning for luxury and romance imbibed from the popular novels she has read. Charles is immediately attracted to her, and begins checking on his patient far more often than necessary until his wife's jealousy puts a stop to the visits. When his wife dies, Charles waits a decent interval, then begins courting Emma in earnest. Her father gives his consent, and Emma and Charles are married.
  
  At this point, the novel begins to focus on Emma. Charles means well, but is boring and clumsy, and after he and Emma attend a ball given by the Marquis d'Andervilliers, Emma grows disillusioned with married life and becomes dull and listless. Charles consequently decides that his wife needs a change of scenery, and moves from the village of Tostes into a larger, but equally stultifying market town, Yonville (traditionally based on the town of Ry). Here, Emma gives birth to a daughter, Berthe; however, motherhood, too, proves to be a disappointment to Emma. She then becomes infatuated with one of the first intelligent young men she meets in Yonville, a young law student, Léon Dupuis, who seems to share her appreciation for "the finer things in life", and who returns her admiration. Out of fear and shame, however, Emma hides her love for Léon and her contempt for Charles, and plays the role of the devoted wife and mother, all the while consoling herself with thoughts and self-congratulations of her own virtue. Finally, in despair of ever gaining Emma's affection, Léon departs to study in Paris.
  
  One day, a rich and rakish landowner, Rodolphe Boulanger, brings a servant to the doctor's office to be bled. He casts his eye over Emma and decides she is ripe for seduction. To this end, he invites Emma to go riding with him for the sake of her health; solicitous only for Emma's health, Charles embraces the plan, suspecting nothing. A three-year affair follows. Swept away by romantic fantasy, Emma risks compromising herself with indiscreet letters and visits to her lover, and finally insists on making a plan to run away with him. Rodolphe, however, has no intention of carrying Emma off, and ends the relationship on the eve of the great elopement with an apologetic, self-excusing letter delivered at the bottom of a basket of apricots. The shock is so great that Emma falls deathly ill, and briefly turns to religion.
  
  When Emma is nearly fully recovered, she and Charles attend the opera, on Charles' insistence, in nearby Rouen. The opera reawakens Emma's passions, and she re-encounters Léon who, now educated and working in Rouen, is also attending the opera. They begin an affair. While Charles believes that she is taking piano lessons, Emma travels to the city each week to meet Léon, always in the same room of the same hotel, which the two come to view as their "home." The love affair is, at first, ecstatic; then, by degrees, Léon grows bored with Emma's emotional excesses, and Emma grows ambivalent about Léon, who becoming himself more like the mistress in the relationship, compares poorly, at least implicitly, to the rakish and domineering Rodolphe. Meanwhile, Emma, given over to vanity, purchases increasing amounts of luxury items on credit from the crafty merchant, Lheureux, who arranges for her to obtain power of attorney over Charles’ estate, and crushing levels of debts mount quickly.
  
  When Lheureux calls in Bovary's debt, Emma pleads for money from several people, including Léon and Rodolphe, only to be turned down. In despair, she swallows arsenic and dies an agonizing death; even the romance of suicide fails her. Charles, heartbroken, abandons himself to grief, preserves Emma's room as if it is a shrine, and in an attempt to keep her memory alive, adopts several of her attitudes and tastes. In his last months, he stops working and lives off the sale of his possessions. When he accidentally comes across Rodolphe's love letters one day, he still tries to understand and forgive. Soon after, he becomes reclusive; what has not already been sold of his possessions is seized to pay off Lheureux, and he dies, leaving his young daughter Berthe to live with distant relatives and eventually sent to work at a cotton mill.
  Chapter-by-chapter
  Part One
  
   1. Charles Bovary's childhood, student days
   2. First marriage, Charles meets Rouault and his daughter Emma; Charles's first wife dies
   3. Charles proposes to Emma
   4. The wedding
   5. The new household at Tostes
   6. An account of Emma's childhood and secret fantasy world
   7. Emma becomes bored; invitation to a ball by the Marquis d'Andervilliers
   8. The ball at the château La Vaubyessard
   9. Emma follows fashions; her boredom concerns Charles, and they decide to move; they find out she is pregnant
  
  Part Two
  
   1. Description of Yonville-l'Abbaye: Homais, Lestiboudois, Binet, Bournisien, Lheureux
   2. Emma meets Léon Dupuis, the lawyer's clerk
   3. Emma gives birth to Berthe, visits her at the nurse's house with Léon
   4. A card game; Emma's friendship with Léon grows
   5. Trip to see flax mill; Lheureux's pitch; Emma is resigned to her life
   6. Emma visits the priest Bournisien; Berthe is injured; Léon leaves for Paris
   7. Charles's mother bans novels; the blood-letting of Rodolphe's farmhand; Rodolphe meets Emma
   8. The comice agricole (agricultural show); Rodolphe woos Emma
   9. Six weeks later Rodolphe returns and they go out riding; he seduces her and the affair begins
   10. Emma crosses paths with Binet; Rodolphe gets nervous; a letter from her father makes Emma repent
   11. Operation on Hippolyte's clubfoot; M. Canivet has to amputate; Emma returns to Rodolphe
   12. Emma's extravagant presents; quarrel with mother-in-law; plans to elope
   13. Rodolphe runs away; Emma falls gravely ill
   14. Charles is beset by bills; Emma turns to religion; Homais and Bournisien argue
   15. Emma meets Léon at performance of Lucie de Lammermoor
  
  Part Three
  
   1. Emma and Léon converse; tour of Rouen Cathedral; cab-ride synecdoche
   2. Emma goes to Homais; the arsenic; Bovary senior's death; Lheureux's bill
   3. She visits Léon in Rouen
   4. She resumes "piano lessons" on Thursdays
   5. Visits to Léon; the singing tramp; Emma starts to fiddle the accounts
   6. Emma becomes noticeably anxious; debts spiral out of control
   7. Emma begs for money from several people
   8. Rodolphe cannot help; she swallows arsenic; her death
   9. Emma lies in state
   10. The funeral
   11. Charles finds letter; his death
  
  Characters
  Emma Bovary
  
  Emma is the novel's protagonist and is the main source of the novel's title (although Charles's mother and his former wife are also referred to as Madame Bovary). She has a highly romanticized view of the world and craves beauty, wealth, passion and high society. It is the disparity between these romantic ideals and the realities of her country life that drive most of the novel, most notably leading her into two extramarital love affairs as well as causing her to accrue an insurmountable amount of debt that eventually leads to her suicide.
  
  Emma is quite intelligent, but she never has a chance to develop her mind. As an adult, Emma's capacity for imagination is far greater than her capacity for analysis. She is observant about surface details, such as how people are dressed, but she never looks below the surface. As a result, she is easily taken in by people who are pretending to be something more than they really are (which most people in the book do for one reason or another). Emma not only believes in the false fronts other people present to her, but she despises the very few people (Charles's mother, Madame Homais, and Monsieur Binet) who are exactly as they appear to be.
  
  Convinced that the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence, Emma does not realize that extreme joy, even for the wealthy and powerful, comes rarely. Not only country or bourgeois life is dull. For instance, Emma is surprised to see that aristocrats do not serve fancy food and drink at their everyday breakfasts: she'd prefer to believe that for the nobility, life is really an excitement-filled drama. Later, she fails to see that Rodolphe's wealth hasn't made him happy, despite obvious evidence of this fact.
  
  Since Emma lives chiefly in her own fantasy world, other people's opinions or perceptions of her aren't important except to the extent that they serve some aspect of whatever drama she's trying to act out. At the ball, she's convinced that her aristocratic hosts have fully accepted her as one of their own, so much so that she expects an invitation the following year. In reality, the hosts condescended to invite Charles and Emma to the ball as reward for a favor, intending for it to be a once-in-a-lifetime treat. Indeed, Emma makes several missteps that would be embarrassing to anyone steeped in upper-class culture of the period. She waltzes so badly that she tangles her dress up with her dance partner, and she uses the gaffe as an excuse to rest her head on his chest. She is one of the few people left at the party when the hosts finally go to bed. She does not attempt to establish new social contacts at the party, nor does she write a thank-you note afterwards. She does not attempt to return the cigar-case she and Charles find later, which might have been a reasonable pretext to resume correspondence with their host. So she is far from a gracious guest, and she fails to do the things that could, under the right circumstances, lead to real social connections in high places.
  
  Emma seldom makes an effort to cultivate friendships with other people, unless doing so serves the image she has of herself. She wants desperately to be an aristocrat, particularly after the d'Andervilliers ball, but although she's very good at aping the superficial behaviors (such as clothing and figures of speech), she lacks the manners and savoir-faire to actually operate in their culture. No matter what social group she decides she belongs to (aristocrats, the people of Yonville, people with "noble souls", adulteresses, religious martyrs, dramatic heroines, etc.), every time her role requires interaction with someone who actually is in that group Emma messes up. She doesn't go out of her way to ingratiate herself with new people, because she genuinely doesn't care what they think of her. The same indifference causes her to be rejected by most people in Tostes and Yonville, and to be very careless of her reputation once she starts having extramarital affairs. Binet, Homais, Charles's mother, and Lheureux all catch her in compromising situations, and she truly doesn't care. At some level, she wants not only the excitement of taking the risk, but possibly the drama that would result from being caught.
  
  Emma seeks out the extremes in life, both positive and negative. That she seeks out positive experiences is obvious, because unless she's experiencing the peak of ecstasy, she's convinced she's miserable. She also re-writes her own history and memory, telling herself that she has "never" been happy every time it appears to her that, by indulging some whim, she can achieve the emotional experiences to which she feels entitled. Her appetite for stimulation grows to the point where she becomes jaded enough not to appreciate the small pleasures in life, simply because they are small pleasures. The more she experiences, the less she is satisfied with more normal activities. Consider, for example, her taste in literature. She starts out with romances and bourgeois women's magazines targeted to her real social and economic position. From there she graduates to high-fashion women's magazines that advocate conspicuous consumption. The next step is overwrought romantic poetry, followed by tragic opera, and culminating in the violent pornography which she reads between assignations with Léon. As Vladimir Nabokov observes, Emma "reads books emotionally, in a shallow juvenile manner, putting herself in this or that female character's place."
  
  Emma feels entitled to seek out increasing pleasure and stimulation for herself. Her sense of entitlement grows over time, as does her belief that she has been somehow wronged by destiny or by the people around her. As a young girl, Emma was influenced by her improvident but pretentious father. She was also indulged as a teen and as a young adult, and nobody ever realized her expectations and attitudes about life were unreasonable or attempted to correct them. Emma's mother died too early, and her father let her be raised at a convent and educated like a young woman of independent means. Emma eventually comes to believe that all her wishes will come true, if she believes in them strongly enough and throws a big enough tantrum when she doesn't get her way. Although her father is aware of the problem, he never tries to address it and chooses to leave it to Charles instead.
  
  Over the course of the book, Emma finds different ways to rationalize her feeling of entitlement at different times of her life. Before her marriage, she craves excitement because she is bored. In Tostes, particularly after the ball, she believes she was unjustly born into the wrong socioeconomic class and that everything would be better if only she were rich. Later, after being introduced to poetry, she believes she suffers because she has a noble soul. Ultimately she casts herself as a tragic heroine.
  
  Emma's attraction to the negative extremes of the human experience is less obvious, but the signs are there. As a teenager, she's rewarded for an overblown, somewhat fake display of grief after her mother's death. Her father caters to her whims, as does Charles, who responds to Emma's ennui and psychosomatic illnesses by ignoring his patients and concentrating solely on his wife. Emma's fleeting but intense fascination with religion is much the same: people reward her pious conduct with extra attention and treat her as though she's superior, which reinforces her feelings of entitlement.
  
  It is Emma's sense of superiority and entitlement that make her vulnerable to people who seek to use and manipulate her. Anyone who plays along with Emma's pretentiousness is assured of her good graces. Lheureux, the predatory money-lender who fleeces Emma and Charles, is obsequious to Emma in order to get her to spend more money on unnecessary purchases. He takes advantage of her sense of entitlement by treating her like a grand lady and by indicating that she deserves all the impractical luxuries he persuades her to buy. By giving Emma credit for business sense and experience she doesn't actually possess, Lheureux takes advantage of Emma's financial inexperience. He skims ridiculous sums off the top of every promissory note he has Emma sign, and bluffs her into believing that large commissions are somehow customary in business. Unwilling to admit her ignorance, Emma lets herself be conned instead.
  
  Throughout her life, Emma selects dramatic, exaggerated depictions of human existence and adopts them as a romantic or personal ideal; moreover, she convinces herself that her ideal is somehow the norm, and that the reality she experiences is the exception to the rule. As a teenager, she seeks to emulate the romantic novels she read while at the convent. After the ball, she seeks to emulate the nobility and the wealthy and creates a new romantic ideal based on a man she met at the ball. After being introduced to poetry, she adopts a romantic martyr-like facade. After being exposed to the melodramatic opera "Lucia de Lammermoor", Emma adopts the insane fictional character Lucy Ashton as her role model and becomes convinced that the correct way to respond to adversity is to lose her mind and commit suicide, which she eventually does.
  
  Each individual decision of Emma's seems plausible and reasonable in isolation, but her actions and decisions on the whole make her a very difficult character to like. She is too self-absorbed to consider the consequences of her actions as they affect other people. Her recklessness with money leads to financial ruin not just for herself but for her husband and child.
  Charles Bovary
  
  Emma's husband, Charles Bovary, is a very simple and common man. He is a country doctor by profession, but is, as in everything else, not very good at it. He is in fact not qualified enough to be termed a doctor, but is instead an officier de santé, or "health officer". When he is persuaded by Homais, the local pharmacist, to attempt a difficult operation on a patient's clubfoot, the effort is an enormous failure, and his patient's leg must be amputated by a better doctor.
  
  Charles adores his wife and finds her faultless, despite obvious evidence to the contrary. He never suspects her affairs and gives her complete control over his finances, thereby securing his own ruin. Despite Charles's complete devotion to Emma, she despises him as he is the epitome of all that is dull and common. When Charles discovers Emma's deceptions after her death he is devastated and dies soon after, but not before frittering away the very last of the assets remaining after his bankruptcy by living the way he believed Emma would have wanted him to live.
  
  Charles is presented from the start as a likeable and well-meaning fool who happens to have a good memory and a way with people. Although it annoys Emma that Charles doesn't deduce her attitude toward him based on her very subtle hints and cues, she would need a far more blunt approach to get her message across. Charles's lack of insight regarding Emma is not unique. He fails to realize that Homais is not his friend but his enemy and lets the pharmacist isolate him from the other people in town. He fails to realize that Rodolphe has designs on Emma. He trusts Léon implicitly even though he's aware Emma is emotionally attached to the young clerk. He fails to realize that Emma's expenditures have put the household in debt, and he doesn't realize that Lheureux is a financial predator. He also ignores potential allies in the town who might have pointed out what everybody else thought was obvious.
  
  Charles is no genius, but at the time he meets Emma he's doing well financially. He's married, he's got a thriving practice that has grown in response to his popularity with his patients, and he's got a good reputation in the community. After he moves to a new town, he never regains his former position, and Emma is part of the reason why. He knows he is in financial trouble, but continues to enable Emma's spendthrift ways. He takes on more than his share of his responsibility for the success of the marriage, and he tries to cover for Emma's lapses. Meanwhile, he gives up control over the financial aspects of his practice, which allows Emma to start embezzling. In fact, he borrows from a moneylender and does not tell Emma.
  
  During Emma's first mysterious collapse, which is in response to her realization that she's not getting a second ball invitation, Charles abandons his patients and acts as her full-time nurse even though her life is not obviously in danger. The more he hovers, the worse Emma's "health problem" becomes. He gives up a thriving practice and moves to an area where he knows nobody. He nurses her through two more collapses, and allows her to talk him into attempting an operation he is not qualified to perform.
  Monsieur Homais
  
  Monsieur Homais is the town pharmacist. In one incident, he convinces Charles to perform corrective surgery on a young stable boy, afflicted with a club foot. During this era, correcting or eliminating a disability was a daring option and he may have considered this an opportunity to garner personal attention and praise. The operation is a disaster, and the stable boy is left with his leg amputated at the thigh.
  
  Despite having been convicted of practicing medicine without a license, he continues to give "consultations" in his pharmacy. This means that the presence of a licensed health officer in town is a threat to him. Not only are he and Charles in competition for patients, but if Charles were to report Homais for practicing medicine without a license, the courts would deal strictly with Homais given that it would be a second conviction. So, to keep the clueless Charles from turning him in to the authorities should Charles ever find out about the "consultations", Homais becomes Charles's best friend, at least on the surface. Meanwhile he undermines Charles at every opportunity. Convincing him to attempt the risky club foot operation may have been part of an ongoing strategy to discredit Charles so as to run him out of town. At the end of the book, after Charles's death, Homais uses similar strategies to get rid of subsequent doctors and is left in sole control of the medical profession in Yonville.
  
  He is also vehemently anti-clerical and an atheist. He is the one who insists that Emma should go riding with Rodolphe, that Charles take her to see the opera in Rouen, and that she be allowed to take expensive music lessons in Rouen. No idiot, and with his ear to the ground for gossip, Homais appears to be completely unaware of Emma's adultery but subtly goes out of his way to make it easier for her. He also directly enables her ultimate act of self-destruction by detailing in her presence the means by which his supply of arsenic might be accessed.
  Madame Homais
  
  The wife of Monsieur Homais, Madame Homais is a simple woman whose life revolves around her husband and children, of which she has four. Caring for four children is no trivial task, especially without electricity, hot running water, or any form of public schooling beyond occasional classes offered by the parish priest. Furthermore, in addition to her own four children Madame Homais cares for Justin, a teenage relative who lives with the Homais family and who helps Monsieur Homais out in the pharmacy. She also takes care of a boarder: a young male student by the name of Léon Dupuis. With that many people in the household, Madame Homais can be excused for having a live-in maid to help with at least some of the cooking, cleaning, and mending. Even with the maid's help, Madame Homais works very hard. Since the pharmacy is quite successful, she could perhaps get away with having her own horse or dressing in the latest fashions, but she does not. Instead, she takes in a boarder to earn extra money.
  
  Madame Homais serves chiefly as a foil for Emma. Whereas Madame Homais, or even Charles's infirm first wife, has a legitimate reason for wanting a maid, Emma is able-bodied aside from her drama-induced fainting fits and collapses. She simply chooses to do no housework, and to refrain from any of the activities bourgeois women generally did in order to earn money on the side. She does not sub-let an upstairs bedroom to a tenant the way Madame Homais rents to Léon, she leaves all the housekeeping to the maid, and does no work herself unless it suits whatever religious or social fantasy she has about herself at the time. Madame Homais does not dress fashionably or even well, whereas Emma is always dressed in the latest expensive fashions that are more lavish than what anyone else in Yonville seems able to afford. Madame Homais dotes on her children, while Emma ignores and despises her daughter unless she's acting out a maternal fantasy.
  
  Emma despises Madame Homais for her simplicity, unless she's in the mood to pretend to idealize good mothers. Madame Homais, however, seems unaware that Emma dislikes her. Even when other people gossip about Emma, Madame Homais defends her. That naive loyalty is rewarded with nothing but contempt most of the time.
  Léon Dupuis
  
  First befriending Emma when she moves to Yonville, Léon seems a perfect match for her. He shares her romantic ideals as well as her disdain for common life. He worships Emma from afar before leaving to study law in Paris. A chance encounter brings the two together several years later and this time they begin an affair. Though the relationship is passionate at first, after a time the mystique wears off.
  
  Financially, Léon cannot afford to carry on the affair, so Emma pays more and more of the bills. Eventually she assumes the whole financial burden. She also takes the lead in planning meetings and setting up communication, which is a reversal of the role she had with Rodolphe. Léon does not seem to find Emma's financial aggression disturbing or inappropriate, although when Emma asks him to pawn some spoons she'd received as a wedding gift from her father, Léon does become uncomfortable. He objects to the heavy spending, but does not press too hard when Emma overrules him. He's content to be the recipient of Emma's largesse, and to not think too much about where the money is coming from. He also does not feel particularly obligated to reciprocate later, when Emma asks him for help in her hour of financial need.
  
  Over time, Léon becomes disenchanted with Emma, particularly after her attentions start to affect his work. The first time she arrives at his office, he's charmed and leaves work quickly. After a while, the interruptions have an effect on his work and his attitude to the other clerks. Eventually someone sends word to Léon's mother that her son is "ruining himself with a married woman", and Léon's mother and employer insist that he break off the affair. Léon does, briefly, but cannot stay away from Emma. His reluctance is tempered with relief because Emma's pursuit of him has become increasingly disturbing. When Emma's debts finally come due, she attempts to seduce Léon into stealing the money to cover her debts from his employer. At this point, he becomes genuinely afraid. He fobs her off with an excuse and disappears from her life.
  Rodolphe Boulanger
  
  Rodolphe is a wealthy local man who seduces Emma as one more addition to a long string of mistresses. Though occasionally charmed by Emma, Rodolphe feels little true emotion towards her. As Emma becomes more and more desperate, Rodolphe loses interest and worries about her lack of caution. He eventually ends their relationship, but not before going through a collection of letters and tokens from previous mistresses, all of whom ended up wanting either love or money.
  
  Rodolphe's deteriorating feelings for Emma do not keep him from accepting the valuable gifts she showers on him throughout their relationship, even though he realizes at some level that she can't afford to be so generous. The gifts she gives him are of the same value and quality as she imagines an aristocrat such as the Vicount might receive from a similarly aristocratic mistress. Rodolphe's gifts to Emma are nowhere near as valuable even though he is by far the wealthier of the two. He does not feel particularly obligated by having accepted the gifts, even though they create a large part of Emma's debt to Lheureux.
  
  When Emma asks Rodolphe for help at the peak of her financial crisis, after refusing the sex-for-money exchange offered by the wealthy Monsieur Guillaumin, she essentially attempts to initiate a sex-for-money exchange with Rodolphe. She pretends at first to have returned out of love, then when the timing feels right she asks him for money, using an obvious lie about why she needs a loan. She therefore comes across as among the most mercenary of Rodolphe's past mistresses. Rodolphe therefore sees no need to help her, though he could perhaps not afford to lend her enough money to keep her creditors at bay even if he desired to.
  Monsieur L'heureux
  
  A manipulative and sly merchant who continually convinces Emma to buy goods on credit and borrow money from him. L'heureux plays Emma masterfully and eventually leads her so far into debt as to cause her financial ruin and subsequent suicide.
  
  L'heureux's reputation as an aggressive money lender is well known in Yonville. Had Emma or Charles had the wit to make inquiries about him or even to listen to the gossip, they would have realized that L'heureux had ruined at least one other person in town through his stratagems. Yet the only "friend" they trust, Homais, is fully aware of L'heureux's treachery but disinclined to warn Emma or Charles. So both Emma and Charles end up borrowing money from L'heureux without each other's knowledge.
  Setting
  
  The setting of Madame Bovary is crucial to the novel for several reasons. First, it is important as it applies to Flaubert's realist style and social commentary. Secondly, the setting is important in how it relates to the protagonist Emma.
  
  It has been calculated that the novel begins in October 1827 and ends in August 1846 (Francis Steegmuller). This is around the era known as the “July Monarchy”, or the rule of King Louis-Philippe. This was a period in which there was a great up-surge in the power of the bourgeois middle class. Flaubert detested the bourgeoisie. Much of the time and effort, therefore, that he spends detailing the customs of the rural French people can be interpreted as social criticism.
  
  Flaubert put much effort into making sure his depictions of common life were accurate. This was aided by the fact that he chose a subject that was very familiar to him. He chose to set the story in and around the city of Rouen in Normandy, the setting of his own birth and childhood. This care and detail that Flaubert gives to his setting is important in looking at the style of the novel. It is this faithfulness to the mundane elements of country life that has garnered the book its reputation as the beginning of the literary movement known as “literary realism”.
  
  Flaubert also deliberately used his setting to contrast with his protagonist. Emma's romantic fantasies are strikingly foiled by the practicalities of the common life around her. Flaubert uses this juxtaposition to reflect on both subjects. Emma becomes more capricious and ludicrous in the harsh light of everyday reality. By the same token, however, the self-important banality of the local people is magnified in comparison to Emma, who, though impractical, still reflects an appreciation of beauty and greatness that seems entirely absent in the bourgeois class.
  Style
  
  The book, loosely based on the life story of a schoolfriend who had become a doctor, was written at the urging of friends, who were trying (unsuccessfully) to "cure" Flaubert of his deep-dyed Romanticism by assigning him the dreariest subject they could think of, and challenging him to make it interesting without allowing anything out-of-the-way to occur. Although Flaubert had little liking for the styles of Balzac or Zola, the novel is now seen as a prime example of Realism, a fact which contributed to the trial for obscenity (which was a politically-motivated attack by the government on the liberal newspaper in which it was being serialized, La Revue de Paris). Flaubert, as the author of the story, does not comment directly on the moral character of Emma Bovary and abstains from explicitly condemning her adultery. This decision caused some to accuse Flaubert of glorifying adultery and creating a scandal.
  
  The Realist movement used verisimilitude through a focus on character development. Realism was a reaction against Romanticism. Emma may be said to be the embodiment of a romantic; in her mental and emotional process, she has no relation to the realities of her world. She inevitably becomes dissatisfied since her larger-than-life fantasies are impossible to realize. Flaubert declared that much of what is in the novel is in his own life by saying, "Madame Bovary, c'est moi" ("Madame Bovary is me").
  
  Madame Bovary, on the whole, is a commentary on the entire self-satisfied, deluded, bourgeois culture of Flaubert's time period. His contempt for the bourgeoisie is expressed through his characters: Emma and Charles Bovary lost in romantic delusions; absurd and harmful scientific characters, a self-serving money lender, lovers seeking excitement finding only the banality of marriage in their adulterous affairs. All are seeking escape in empty church rituals, unrealistic romantic novels, or delusions of one sort or another.
  Literary significance and reception
  
  Long established as one of the greatest novels ever written, the book has often been described as a "perfect" work of fiction. Henry James writes: "Madame Bovary has a perfection that not only stamps it, but that makes it stand almost alone; it holds itself with such a supreme unapproachable assurance as both excites and defies judgment."
  Adaptations
  
  Madame Bovary has been made into several films, beginning with Jean Renoir's 1932 version. It has also been the subject of multiple television miniseries and made-for-TV movies. The most notable of these adaptations was the 1949 film produced by MGM. Directed by Vincente Minnelli, it starred Jennifer Jones in the title role, co-starring James Mason, Van Heflin, Louis Jourdan, and Gene Lockhart. It was adapted by Giles Cooper for the BBC in 1964, with the same script being used for a new production in 1975. A new BBC version adapted by Heidi Thomas was made in 2000, starring Frances O'Connor and Hugh Bonneville.
  
  Claude Chabrol made his version starring Isabelle Huppert.
  
  Madame Bovary has been adapted into a piece of musical theatre, entitled The Bovary Tale. Composer: Anne Freier. Librettist: Laura Steel. The first performance was at the Gatehouse Theatre in Highgate Village in September 2009.
  
  David Lean's film Ryan's Daughter (1970) was a loose adaptation of the story, relocating it to Ireland during the time of the Easter Rebellion. The script had begun life as a straight adaptation of Bovary, but Lean convinced writer Robert Bolt to re-work it into another setting.
  
  Indian director Ketan Mehta adapted the novel into a 1992 Hindi film Maya Memsaab.
  
  Madame Blueberry is an 1998 film in the Veggietales animated series. It is a loose parody of Madame Bovary, in which Madame Blueberry, an anthropomorphic blueberry, gathers material possessions in a vain attempt to find happiness.
  
  Academy Award nominated film Little Children features the novel as part of a book club discussion, and shares a few elements of the main idea.
  
  Naomi Ragen loosely based her 2007 novel The Saturday Wife on Madame Bovary.
  
  Posy Simmonds graphic novel Gemma Bovery reworked the story into a satirical tale of English expatriates in France.
  
  Vale Abraão (1993) (Abraham's Vale) by Manoel de Oliveira is a close interpretation set in Portugal, even referencing and discussing Flaubert's novel several times.
  
  "Madame Ovary" is the name of a character in DC Comics' The Adventures of the Outsiders #33-35. Madame Ovary's name was really Dr. Ovarin, and she was created by Mike W. Barr and Alan Davis.
包法利夫人(译本序)
  施康强
   福楼拜的《包法利夫人》已有好几个中译本,其中一个出于已故李健吾先生的大手笔。李先生还写过一部《福楼拜评传》,对这位作者推崇备志:“斯汤达深刻、巴尔扎克伟大、但是福楼拜,完美。”
   这个评价或许过高,但是我们至少可以说:福楼拜力求完美。
   福楼拜不是一般意义上的小说家,他自称,他也确实是艺术家,文字的艺术家。他视文字、文学创作为生命,每一部作品,每一章,每一节,每一句,都是呕心沥血的结果。对于他,小说的形式和风格比其内容更加重要。他写得很慢,很苦,反复修改,要求每一个细节都来自仔细的观察或亲身体验,要求文字具有音乐的节奏。(“一句好的散文应该同一句好诗一样,是不可改动的,是同样有节奏,同样响亮的。”)写包法利夫人服毒时,他感到自己也好象也中了毒。
   他写《包法利夫人》花了四年零四个月,每天工作十二小时。正反两面的草稿写了一千八百页,最后定稿不到五百页。当然他有条件这么做。他出身富裕的资产阶级,不必为谋生而忙碌,更不必卖文为生,有的是精雕细琢的工夫。1856年《包法利夫人》在《巴黎杂志》上发表,不仅标志着十九世纪法国小说史的一个转折,而且在世界范围影响了小说这个文学体裁在此后一个多世纪的演变和发展过程。
   如同塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》是对骑士小说的清算一样,《包法利夫人》在一定意义上是对浪漫主义与浪漫小说的清算。女主人公爱玛·包法利(“爱玛”是个浪漫的名字,“包法利”Bovary这个姓氏的词根Bov包含“牛”的意思:福楼拜煞费苦心选定的这个姓名,本身就意味着想入非非的浪漫与平庸的现实之间的反差)是外省一个富裕农民的女儿,在修道院度过青年时代,饱读浪漫派作品。她成年后嫁给一名乡镇医生,平庸、迟钝、不解儿女柔情的包法利,真所谓“彩凤随鸦”。于是她不安于室,先后成为风月老手、地主罗多尔夫与书记员莱昂的情人。为了取悦莱昂,维持奢华的生活,她挥霍了丈夫的财产,还借了高利贷。后来莱昂对她生厌,高利贷向她逼债,她只有服砒霜自杀。
   故事很简单,没有浪漫派小说曲折离奇的情节,无非是一个“淫妇”通奸,自食其果。作者的本意也不是讲故事,他为小说加了一个副标题:《外省风情》。他为我们展示十九世纪中叶法国外省生活的工笔画卷,那是个单调沉闷、狭隘闭塞的世界,容不得半点对高尚的理想,乃至爱玛这样对虚幻的“幸福”的追求,而以药剂师奥梅为代表的所谓自由资产者打着科学的旗号,欺世盗名,无往而不胜。妇女在这个社会中更是弱者,福楼拜自己就说过:“就在此刻,同时在二十二个村庄中,我可怜的包法利夫人正在忍受苦难,伤心饮泣。”
   这部今天进入文学教科书的作品,在它发表的第二年却被当局加上有伤风化、诽谤宗教等罪名,由检察官提出公诉。检察官列举书中四个段落为佐证。一,爱玛在树林里委身于罗多尔夫,她因奸情而变得更加美丽:这是对通奸的颂扬。二,爱玛病后去领圣体,她用对情人的语言向天主倾诉。三,爱玛与莱昂在奔驰的马车里做爱(《巴黎杂志》的编辑删掉了这一段),然后是对他们幽会的旅馆房间的“描写”。四,对爱玛临死终场面的描写违背宗教和道德原则,夹杂的联想。
   我们且看第三项指控。检察官委婉地称之为“马车里的沦落”的那一段:
   车子掉头往回走;而这一回,既无目标又无方向,只是在随意游荡。只见它先是驶过圣波尔教堂,勒斯居尔,加尔刚山,红墉镇,快活林广场;随后是马拉德尔里街,迪南德里街,圣罗曼塔楼,圣维维安教堂,圣马克洛教堂,圣尼凯兹教堂,---再驶过海关;---旧城楼,三管道和纪念公墓。车夫不时从车座上朝那些小酒店投去绝望的目光。他不明白车厢里的那二位究竟着了什么魔,居然就是不肯让车停下。他试过好几次,每回都即刻听见身后传来怒气冲冲的喊声。于是他只得狠下心来鞭打那两匹汗涔涔的驽马,任凭车子怎么颠簸,怎么东磕西碰,全都置之度外,他焉头耷脑,又渴又倦又伤心,差点儿哭了出来。
   在码头,在货车与车桶之间,在街上,在界石拐角处,城里的那些男男女女都睁大眼睛,惊愕地望着这幕外省难得一见的场景---一辆遮着帘子、比坟墓还密不透风的马车,不停地在眼前晃来晃去,颠簸得像条海船。
   有一回,中午时分在旷野上,阳光射得镀银旧车灯锃锃发亮的当口,从黄步小窗帘里探出只裸露的手来,把一团碎纸扔出窗外,纸屑像白蝴蝶似的随风飘散,落入远处开满紫红花朵的苜蓿地里。
   随后,六点钟光景,马车停进博伏瓦齐纳街区一条小巷,下来一个女人,面纱放得很低,头也不回地往前走去。
   这段叙述,适见福楼拜艺术手段的高超。他让读者处于车夫与市民的视角,猜想车里可能发生了什么事情。当今的通俗小说作者或者影视编导处理汽车(相当于福楼拜时代的马车)里的场面,不知浇上多少浓油赤酱。
   再看对旅馆房间的“描绘”:
   在这个充满欢乐的温馨的房间,尽管华丽里透出些衰颓,他俩依然钟爱无比!每次来总看到家具依然如故,有时还会在台钟的底座上找到几枚发夹,那是上星期四她忘在这儿的。壁炉边上,有张镶嵌螺钿的黄檀木小圆桌,他俩就在这圆桌上用餐。爱玛把肉切开,连同温柔甜蜜的千言万语,一块儿递给他;香槟泡沫从精致的酒杯溢出,流到她的戒指上,她忘情地纵声大笑。他俩已完完全全被对方所占有,根本无法自拔,因此都以为这儿就是他俩的家,他们要在这儿一起生活,直到地老天荒,就像一对年轻的终身夫妻那样。他们说我们的房间,我们的地毯,我们的椅子,她甚至管莱昂送她的拖鞋叫我的拖鞋,那是当初看她喜欢,莱昂特地买给她的礼物。这双粉红缎面的拖鞋,用天鹅绒毛滚着边。她坐在他的膝上,脚够不着地,只能悬在半空;这时那双小巧玲珑、鞋跟不包革的拖鞋,就单靠光脚的脚趾点着。
   与其说作者“”,不如说是检察官大人神经过敏。
   幸亏福楼拜请出一位地位显赫、能言善辩的大律师,法庭最后判福楼拜无罪。
   这场官司的结果,是《包法利夫人》成为畅销书。这以后,由于这篇小说多层次的、丰富的内涵,更由于持不同美学观点的小说家和批评家们各取所需,它得到不同的评价。我们只能挂一漏万,举其大端。
   尽管福楼拜本人对现实主义和自然主义等等颇有微词,左拉对《包法利夫人》推崇备至:“以《包法利夫人》为典型的自然主义小说的首要特征,是准确复制生活,排除任何故事性成分。作品的结构仅在于选择场景以及某种和谐的展开程序......最终是小说家杀死主人公,如果他只接受普通生活的平常进程。”
   早在上一个世纪,已有论者强调这部小说的心理学和哲学层面。儒勒.德.戈吉耶发明了“包法利主义”这个名词,把它定义为“人所具有的把自己设想成另一个样子的能力”。(应该说,“包法利主义”的存在先于包法利夫人,而且是超国界的。中国文学史上有无数“心比天高,命如纸薄”或“始乱终弃”的“红颜薄命”的故事。它也延伸到当今世界,青年男女对明星、对“大众情人”的崇拜,其实也是“包法利主义”的一种变体。)
   本世纪初,从英国小说家亨利.詹姆斯开始,批评界致力于凸现福楼拜作品的艺术层面。詹姆斯写道:“福楼拜只在表现手法中看到艺术品的存在,他向我们提出挑战,看谁能确定另一个评定作品生命力的标准而不论为笑柄。”
   福楼拜研究本世纪蔚为显学。六十年代兴起的法国“新小说”作家和理论家们视福楼拜为先驱。让.罗赛主要研究《包法利夫人》的叙述技巧和叙述观点,他说这部“什么也不涉及的书”是现代反小说的祖先。这话也不是毫无根据。福楼拜本人在一封信里说过:“我以为美的,是一本什么也不涉及的书,一本没有外部联系的书,它以自身风格的内在力量支撑自己,如同地球无所评籍,悬在空中,一本几乎没有主题的书,或者,至少,主题几乎是看不见的,如果这是可能的。”在另一封信里他说:“因此既没有美丽的题材,也没有卑贱的题材,而且,从纯艺术的观点来看,我们几乎可以把不存在任何题材奉为格言,因为风格本身就是观察事物的绝对方式。”小说中对物体的刻画越是精细,这个物体就越是孤立于它从属的那个整体,除了它作为物体存在在那里,失去其他任何意义,如小说中夏尔的那顶帽子。
   萨特研究福楼拜,写了一部两千页的大书《家庭的白痴》。他认为“被动性”在福楼拜身上非常重要。他爱用被动态造句,也是被动性的体现。他的父亲,鲁昂的名医,在家庭里滥用权力;母亲对他没有感情;继承父业,也成为名医的兄长引起他的嫉妒心。凡此种种,造成他的孤僻倾向,使他成为一个曾经是不幸的,后来又把神经官能症作为摆脱不幸的办法的人。艺术或文学不一定是神经官能症患者的事情,但是为艺术而艺术,如福楼拜,要求一种神经官能症。
   最后要提到著名的秘鲁作家略萨,他写了一部研究福楼拜的专著《无休止的纵欲》,标题来自福楼拜的一句话:“承受人生的唯一方式是沉溺于文学,如同无休止的纵欲。”(1858年9月4日致勒罗瓦耶.德.尚特比小姐的信)他推崇《包法利夫人》为第一部现代小说,赞扬福楼拜对形式完美的追求,认为在后者身上,“形式从来未与生活分离:形式是生活最好的维护者”。
   如果说《包法利夫人》的文本为批评家的诠释提供了无穷的可能性,对于翻译家,文本在形式上的完美却是一个严峻的考验和挑战。译者不仅要准确传达词义,如果他尽心尽职,还要尽可能顾及原文的音乐性。李健吾先生以作家的才情译书,他的译本行文潇洒,有的翻译评论家誉之为“定本”。他的文章确实漂亮,试引一段(第三部第五章,爱玛坐马车从永镇到鲁昂,城市在她的眼下出现);
   城像圆剧场,一步比一步低,雾气笼罩,直到过了桥,才乱纷纷展开。再过去又是旷野,形象单调,越远越高,最后碰上灰天的模糊的基线。全部风景,这样从高望去,平平静静,像煞一幅画。停锚的船只,堆在一个角落;河顺着绿岭弯来弯去;长方形的岛屿,如同几条大黑鱼,停在水面,一动不动。工厂的烟囱冒出大团棕色的烟,随风飘散。教堂的尖顶突破浓雾,清越的钟声有冶铸厂的轰隆轰隆的响声伴奏。马路的枯树,站在房屋中间,好象成堆的紫色荆棘一样。雨洗过的屋顶,由于市区有高有低,光色参差不齐。有时候,吹来一阵劲风,浮云飘向圣.卡特琳岭,仿佛空气凝成波涛,冲击岸边绝崖,先是气势汹汹,转瞬又销声匿迹了。
   我们看到,李先生爱用四字成语和四字结构,因此句读较多,这一段文字一共用了三十五个标点符号,包括逗号、分号和句号。福楼拜极其重视文句的节奏,原文只用了二十二个标点符号。本书作者周克希先生力图在一定程度上复制原文的节奏,他的译文用了二十五个标点符号:
   像圆形剧场那样下凹,沐浴在雾霭之中的这座城市,过了桥那头才渐渐开阔,布局也没了章法。再往后,平坦的田野重又走势单调地隆起,延接到远处苍茫的边际。从高处如此望去,整片景色了无动静,像一幅画;下锚的船只挤挨在一隅;河流在葱郁的冈峦脚下描画出流畅的弧线,椭圆形的岛屿恰似露出水面的一条条黑色的大鱼。工厂的烟囱吐出滚滚浓烟,随风飘散开去。铸造厂传来隆隆的响声,和着矗立在雾中的教堂钟楼清脆的排钟声。大街两旁的树木,凋零了树叶,宛似屋宇间一蓬蓬紫色的荆棘,屋顶上的雨水犹自闪着亮光,屋面随地势起伏而明暗不一。时而,一阵风挟着云团掠向圣卡特琳娜山冈,犹如股股气浪悄没声儿地撞碎在峭壁上。
   翻译没有定本,李健吾先生的译本是否定本,这些都是学术界还没定论的问题。我不敢说周克希先生的译本在总体上或在某一方面超过李先生的译本或其他译本,但是我可以说,这是一个不同的,有自觉的美学追求,因而有其价值的译本。
第一节
  我们正在上自习,忽然校长进来了,后面跟着一个没有穿学生装的新学生,还有一个小校工,却端着一张大书桌。正在打瞌睡的学生也醒过来了,个个站了起来,仿佛功课受到打扰似的。
   校长做了个手势,要我们坐下,然后转过身去,低声对班主任说:
   “罗杰先生,我把这个学生交托给你了,让他上五年级吧。要是他的功课和品行都够格的话,再让他升高班,他的岁数已经够大的了。”
   这个新生坐在门背后的角落里,门一开,谁也看不见他,他是一个小乡巴佬,大约有十五岁,个子比我们哪一个都高。他的头发顺着前额剪齐,像乡下教堂里的歌童,看起来又懂事,又不自在。他的肩膀虽然不算宽,可是那件黑纽绿呢小外衣一定穿得太紧,袖口绷开了线缝的地方,露出了晒红的手腕,一看就知道是卷起袖子干惯了活的。浅黄色的长裤子给背带吊得太高,漏出了穿蓝袜子的小腿。脚上穿了一双不常擦油的钉鞋。
   大家背起书来。他竖起耳朵来听,专心得好像在教堂里听传道,连腿也不敢跷,胳膊也不敢放在书桌上。两点钟下课铃响的时候,要不是班主任提醒他,他也不知道和我们一齐排队。
   我们平时有个习惯,一进教室,就把帽子抛在地上,以免拿在手里碍事;因此,一跨过门槛,就得把帽子扔到长凳底下,并且还要靠墙,掀起一片尘土;这已经成为规矩了。
   不知道这个新生是没有注意到我们这一套,还是不敢跟大家一样做,课前的祷告做完之后,他还把鸭舌帽放在膝盖上。他的帽子像是一盘大杂烩,看不出到底是皮帽、军帽、圆顶帽、尖嘴帽还是睡帽,反正是便宜货,说不出的难看,好像哑巴吃了黄连后的苦脸。帽子是鸡蛋形的,里面用铁丝支撑着,帽口有三道滚边;往上是交错的菱形丝绒和兔皮,中间有条红线隔开;再往上是口袋似的帽筒;帽顶是多边的硬壳纸,纸上蒙着复杂的彩绣,还有一根细长的饰带,末端吊着一个金线结成的小十字架作为坠子。
   帽子是新的,帽檐还闪光呢。
   “站起来,”老师说。
   他一起立,鸭舌帽就掉了。全班人都笑了起来。
   他弯下腰去拿帽子。旁边一个学生用胳膊捅了他一下,帽子又掉了,他又拣了一回。
   “不必担心,你的王冠不会摔坏,”老师很风趣地说。
   学生都哈哈大笑起来,可怜的新生更加手足无措,不知道帽子应该拿在手里,还是让它掉在地下,还是把它戴在头上。他到底又坐下了,帽子还是放在膝盖上。
   “站起来,”老师再说—遍,“告诉我你叫什么名字。”
   新生口里含了萝卜似地说了一个听不清楚的名字。
   “再说一遍!”
   新生还是说了一个稀里糊涂的名字,全班都笑得更厉害了。
   “声音高点!”老师喊道,“声音高点!”
   于是新生狠下决心,张开血盆大口,像在呼救似的,使出了吃奶的力气叫道:“下坡花力!”
   这下好了,笑声叫声直线上升,越来越闹,有的声音尖得刺耳,有的像狼号,有的像狗叫,有人跺脚,有人学舌:“下坡花力!下坡花力!”好不容易才变成零星的叫声,慢慢静了下来,但是一排板凳好像一串爆竹,说不准什么时候还会爆发出一两声压制不住的笑声,犹如死灰复燃的爆竹一样。老师只好用罚做功课的雨点,来淋湿爆竹,总算逐渐恢复了教室里的秩序;老师又要新生听写,拼音,翻来复去地念,才搞清楚了他的名字是夏尔·包法利,就罚这条可怜虫坐到讲台前懒学生坐的板凳上去。他正要去,又站住了。
   “你找什么?”老师问道。
   “我的……”新生心神不定,眼睛左右张望,胆小怕事地说。
   “全班罚抄五百行诗!”教师一声令下,就像海神风浪一般,压下了一场方兴未艾的风暴。
   “都不许闹!”老师生气了,一面从高筒帽里掏出手帕来擦满脸的汗水,一面接着说。“至于你呢,新来的学生,你给我抄二十遍拉丁动词‘笑’的变位法。”
   然后,他用温和一点的声音说:
   “你的帽子嘛,回头就会找到,没有人抢你的!”
   一切恢复平静。头都低下来做练习了。新生端端正正坐了两个钟头,虽然说不定什么时候,不知道什么人的笔尖就会弹出一个小纸团来,溅他一脸墨水。他只用手擦擦脸,依然一动不动,也不抬头看一眼。
   上晚自习的时候,他从书桌里拿出袖套来,把文具摆得整整齐齐,细心地用尺在纸上划线。我们看他真用功,个个词都不厌其烦地查词典。当然,他就是靠了他表现的这股劲头,才没有降到低年级去;因为他即使勉强懂得文法规则,但是用词造句并不高明。他的拉丁文是本村神甫给他启的蒙,他的父母为了省钱,不是拖得实在不能再拖了,还不肯送他上学堂。
   他的父亲夏尔·德尼·巴托洛梅·包法利,原来是军医的助手,在一八一二年左右的征兵案件中受到了连累,不得不在这时离开部队,好在他那堂堂一表的人材,赢得了一家衣帽店老板女儿的欢心,使他顺便捞到了六万法郎的嫁妆。他的长相漂亮,喜欢吹牛,总使他靴子上的马刺铿锵作响,嘴唇上边的胡子和络腮胡子连成一片,手指上总戴着戒指,衣服又穿得光彩夺目,外表看起来像个勇士,平易近人又像个推销员。一结了婚,头两三年他就靠老婆的钱过日子,吃得好,起得晚,用瓷烟斗一大斗、一大斗地吸烟,晚上不看完戏不回家,还是咖啡馆的常客。岳父死了,没有留下多少财产,他不高兴,要开一家纺织厂,又蚀了本,只好回到乡下,想在那里显显身手。但是,他既不懂得织布,又不懂得种地;他的马不是用来耕耘,而是用来驰骋;他的苹果酒不是一桶一桶卖掉,而是一瓶一瓶喝光;他院子里最好的鸡鸭,都供自己食用;他的猪油也用来擦亮自己打猎穿的皮鞋;不消多久,他发现自己最好打消一切发财的念头。
   于是他一年花两百法郎,在科州和皮卡迪交界的一个村子里,租了一所半田庄、半住宅的房子;他灰心丧气,怨天尤人,从四十五岁起,就关门闭户,说是厌倦人世,决意只过安静的日子了。
   他的妻子从前爱他简直着了魔,简直是对他百依百顺;不料她越顺着他,他却越远着她。她本来脾气好,感情外露,爱情专一,后来上了年纪,就像走了气的酒会变酸一样,也变得难相处了,说话唠叨,神经紧张。她吃了多少苦呵!起初看见他追骚逐臭,碰到村里的浪荡女人都不放过,夜里醉得人事不省,满身酒气,从多少下流地方给送回家来,她都没有抱怨。后来,她的自尊心受了伤,只好不言不语,忍气吞声,逆来顺受,就这样过了一辈子。她还得到处奔波,忙这忙那。她得去见诉讼代理人,去见法庭庭长,记住什么时候期票到期,办理延期付款;在家里,她又得缝缝补补,洗洗烫烫,监督工人,开发工钱,而她的丈夫却什么也不管,从早到晚都昏沉沉、懒洋洋,仿佛在跟人赌气似的,稍微清醒一点就对她说些忘恩负义的话,缩在火炉旁边吸烟,向炉灰里吐痰。
   等到她生了一个男孩,却不得不交给奶妈喂养。小把戏断奶回家后,又把他惯得像一个王子,母亲喂他果酱,父亲却让他光着脚丫子满地跑,还冒充哲学家,说什么小畜牲一丝不挂,可能活得更好。父母对孩子的想法背道而驰,父亲头脑里有男人的理想,他要按照斯巴达的方式严格训练儿子,好让他有强健的体格。他要儿子冬天睡觉不生火,教他大口喝甘蔗酒,看见教堂的队伍就说粗话。可是小孩子天性驯良,辜负了父亲的苦心,枉费了他的精力。母亲总把儿子带在身边,为他剪硬纸板,给他讲故事,没完没了地自言自语,快乐中有几分忧郁,亲热得又过于罗唆。她的日子过得孤寂,就把支离破碎的幻想全都寄托在孩子身上。她梦想着厚禄,仿佛看见他已经长大成人,漂亮,聪明,不管是修筑桥梁公路也好,做官执法也好,都有所成就了。她教他认字,甚至弹着一架早买的旧钢琴,教他唱两三支小调。但是对这一套,重财轻文的包法利先生却说是太划不来了。难道他们有条件供养他上公立学校,将来买个一官半职,或者盘进一家店面?再说,一个人只要胆大脸皮厚,总会有得意的日子。包法利太太只好咬咬嘴唇,让孩子在村里吊儿郎当。
   他跟在庄稼汉后面,用土块打得乌鸦东飞西跑,他沿着沟摘黑莓吃,手里拿根钓竿,却说是在看管火鸡;到了收获季节他就翻晒谷子,在树林里东奔西跑;下雨天他在教堂门廊下的地上画方格,玩跳房子的游戏,碰到节日他就求教堂的管事让他敲钟,好把身子吊在粗绳上,绳子来回摆动,他就觉得在随风飞舞。
   因此,他长得像一棵硬木树,手臂结实,肤色健美。
   十二岁上,他母亲才得到允许,让他开始学习。他的启蒙老师是教堂的神甫。不过上课的时间太短,又不固定,起不了多大作用。功课都是忙里偷闲教的,刚刚行过洗礼,又要举行葬礼,中间有点闲暇,就站在圣器室里,匆匆忙忙讲上一课;或者是在晚祷之后,神甫不出门了,又叫人去把学生找来。他们两人上得楼来,走进他的房间,于是各就各位:苍蝇和蛾子也围着蜡烛飞舞。天气一热,孩子就打瞌睡;神甫双手压在肚皮上,昏昏沉沉,不消多久,也就张嘴打起鼾来。有时,神甫给附近的病人行过临终圣礼回家,看见夏尔在田地里顽皮捣乱,就把他喊住,训了他刻把钟,并且利用机会,叫他在树底下背动词变位表。但不是天下雨,就是过路的熟人,把他们的功课打断了。尽管如此,神甫对他一直表示满意,甚至还说:小伙子记性挺好。
   夏尔不能就停留在这一步呀。母亲一抓紧,父亲问心有愧,或者是嫌累了,居然不反对就让了步,但还是又拖了一年,等到这个顽童行过第一次圣体瞻礼再说。六个月一晃就过去了;第二年十月底,夏尔总算进了卢昂中学,还是过圣·罗曼节期间,他父亲来赶热闹时,亲自把他带来的。
   时过境迁,我们现在谁也不记得他的事了,只知道他脾气好,玩的时候玩,读书的时候读书,在教室里听讲,在寝室里睡觉,在餐厅里就餐。他的家长代理人是手套街一家五金批发店的老板,每个月接他出来一次,总是在星期天铺子关门之后,打发他到码头去逛逛,看看船来船往,然后一到七点,就送他回学校晚餐。每个星期四晚上,他给母亲写一封长信,用的是红墨水,还用三块小面团封口;然后他就复习历史课的笔记,或者在自习室里读一本过时的、情节拖带的《希腊游记》,散步的时候,他老是和校工聊天,因为他们两个都是乡下来的。
   靠了用功,他在班上总是保持中下水平;有一回考博物学,他虽然没有得奖,却受到了表扬。但是,到三年级结束的时候,他的父母要他退学,并且要他学医,说是相信他会出人头地,得到学位的。
   他的母亲认识罗伯克河岸一家洗染店,就在四层楼上为他找了一间房子。她把他的膳宿安排停当,弄来几件家具,一张桌子,两把椅子,还从家里运来一张樱桃木的旧床,另外买了一个生铁小火炉,储存了一堆木柴,准备可怜的孩子过冬取暖之用。住了一个礼拜之后,她才回乡下去,临行前还千叮咛、万嘱咐,说现在就只剩下他一个人了,一定要会照管自己。
   布告栏里的功课表使他头昏脑胀:解剖学、病理学、生理学、药剂学、化学、植物学、诊断学、治疗学,还不提卫生学和药材学,一个个名词他都搞不清来龙去脉,看起来好像神庙的大门,里面庄严肃穆,一片黑暗。他什么也不懂;听讲也是白搭,一点也没理解。不过他很用功,笔记订了一本又是一本,上课每堂都到,实习一次不缺。他完成繁琐的日常工作,就像蒙住眼睛拉磨的马一样,转来转去也不知道磨的是什么。
   为了省得他花钱,他的母亲每个星期都托邮车给他带来一大块叉烧小牛肉,他上午从医院回来,就靠着墙顿脚取暖,吃叉烧肉当午餐。然后又是上课,上阶梯教室,上救济院,上完课再穿街过巷,回住所来。晚上,他吃过房东不丰盛的晚餐,又上楼回房间用功。他身上穿的衣服给汗水浸湿了,背靠着烧红了的小火炉,一直冒汽。
   到了夏天美好的黄昏时刻,闷热的街头巷尾都空荡荡的,只有女佣人在大门口踢毽子。他打开窗户,凭窗眺望,看见底下的小河流过桥梁栅栏,颜色有黄有紫有蓝,使卢昂这个街区变成了见不得人的小威尼斯。有几个工人蹲在河边洗胳膊。阁楼里伸出去的竿子上,晾着一束一束的棉线。对面屋顶上是一望无际的青天,还有一轮西沉的红日。乡下该多好呵!山毛榉下该多凉爽呵!他张开鼻孔去吸田野的清香,可惜只闻到一股热气。他消瘦了,身材变得修长,脸上流露出一种哀怨的表情,更容易得到别人的关怀。
   人只要一马虎,就会自然而然地摆脱决心的束缚。有一次,他没去实习,第二天,又没去上课,一尝到偷懒的甜头,慢慢就进得去出不来了。他养成了上小酒馆的习惯,在那里玩骨牌玩得入了迷。每天晚上关在一个肮脏的赌窟里,在大理石台子上,掷着有黑点的小羊骨头骰子,在他看来,似乎是难能可贵的自由行动,抬高了他在自己眼里的身价。这就似是头一回走进花花世界尝到禁脔一样;在进门的时候,把手指放在门扶手上,心里已经涌起般的快感了。那时,压在内心深处的种种欲望都冒了出来;他学会了对女伴唱小调,兴高采烈地唱贝朗瑞的歌曲,能调五味酒,最后,还懂得了谈情说爱。
   他这样准备医生考试,结果当然是彻底失败。当天晚上,他家里还在等他回来开庆功会呢!他动身走回家去,一到村口又站住了,托人把母亲找出来,一五一十都告诉了她。母亲原谅儿子,反而责怪主考人不公平,没有让他通过,并且说父亲面前由她来交代,这就给他吃了定心丸。
   等到五年以后,包法利先生才知道考试;事情已经过去,不能再算陈年老账,何况他怎能相信自己生的儿子会是蠢才呢!
   于是夏尔重新复习功课,继续准备考试,并且事先把考过的题目都背得烂熟。他总算通过了,成绩还算良好。这对他的母亲来说,简直是个大喜的日子:他们大摆喜筵。
   到哪里去行医呢?去托特吧。那里只有一个老医生。很久以来,包法利太太就巴不得他死掉。不等老头子卷铺盖,夏尔就在他对面住下,迫不及待地要呢!
   好不容易把儿子带大了,让他学会了行医谋生,帮他在托特挂牌开业,这还不算完:他还没成家呢。她又给他娶了一房媳妇,那是迪埃普一个事务员的寡妇,四十五岁,一年有一千二百法郎的收入。
   杜比克家的寡妇虽然长得丑,骨瘦如柴,满脸的疙瘩像春天发芽的树枝,但并不愁嫁不出去,供她挑选的还不乏其人。为了达到目的,包法利大娘不得不费尽心机,把对手都挤掉,甚至有一个猪肉店老板,得到几个神甫撑腰,也给她巧施妙计,破坏了好事。
   夏尔打着如意算盘,满以为一结婚,条件就会变得更好,人可以自作主张,钱可以随意花费。哪里晓得当家作主的是他老婆;他在人面前应该这样说,不能那样说,每逢斋戒日要吃素,要顺着她的意思穿衣服,按照她的吩咐催促病人还帐。她拆他的私信,监视他的行动,隔着板壁听他看病,如果诊室里有妇女的话。她每天早晨要喝巧克力,没完没了地要他关心。她老是抱怨神经痛,胸脯痛,气血两亏。脚步声响吵了她;他一走又冷落了她;回到她身边呢,那当然是希望她早死。夜里,夏尔回到家中,她就从被窝底下伸出瘦长的胳膊,搂住他的脖子,把他拉到床边坐下,对他诉起苦来:他一定是忘记她了,爱上别的女人了!人家早就说过,她的命苦,说到最后,她为了健康,向他要一点甜药水,还要一点爱情。
首页>> 文学论坛>>小说>> 外国经典>> 古斯塔夫·福楼拜 Gustave Flaubert   法国 France   十九世纪的法国   (1821年12月17日1880年5月8日)