首頁>> 文學>> 外国经典>> 古斯塔夫·福樓拜 Gustave Flaubert   法國 France   十九世紀的法國   (1821年十二月17日1880年五月8日)
包法利夫人 Madame Bovary
  查理·包法利是個軍醫的兒子。他天資不高,但很勤勉、老實,為人懦弱無能。父親對教育不重視。他在十二歲是由母親為他爭得了上學的權利,後來當了醫生。這時他的父母又為他找了個每年有一千二百法郎收入的寡婦——杜比剋夫人做妻子,她已四十五歲了,又老又醜,“柴一樣幹,象春季發芽一樣一臉疙瘩”。但她因為有錢,並不缺少應選的夫婿。她和查理結婚後,便成了管束他的主人:查理必須順從她的心思穿衣服,照她的吩咐逼迫欠款的病人;她拆閱他的信件,隔着板壁偷聽他給婦女看病。
  
  一天,查理醫生接到一封緊急的信件,要他到拜爾鬥給一個富裕農民盧歐先生治病,他的一條腿摔斷了。盧歐是個五十歲左右的矮胖子,他的太太二年前已去世了。傢裏由她的獨生女愛瑪料理。這是個具有浪漫氣質的女孩子,面頰是玫瑰色的,頭髮黑油油的,在腦後輓成一個大髻,眼睛很美麗,由於睫毛的緣故,棕顔色仿佛是黑顔色,她“朝你望來,毫無顧慮,有一種天真無邪膽大的神情”。她給查理留下了深刻的印象。查理給盧歐診治過後,答應他三天後再去拜訪,但到第二天他就去了。此後,他一星期去兩次。先後花了四十六天的時間,治好了盧歐的腿。
  
  查理妻子同丈夫常上拜爾鬥去。免不了要打聽病人的底細。當她知道盧歐小姐曾受過教育,懂得跳舞、地理、素描、刺綉和彈琴時,醋勁大發。她要丈夫把手放在彌撒書上,嚮她發誓,今後再也不去拜爾鬥了。查理唯命是聽,照樣做了。但不久發生了一件意外的事,他妻子的財産保管人帶着她的現金逃跑了。查理的父母發現媳婦一年並沒有一千二百法郎的收入(她在訂婚的時候撒了謊),於是跑來和她吵鬧。她在一氣之下,吐血死了。
  
  盧歐老爹給查理送診費來,當他知道查理的不幸後,便盡力安慰他,說自己也曾經歷過喪偶的痛苦。他邀請查理到拜爾鬥去散散心。查理去了,並且愛上了愛瑪。他嚮盧歐老爹提親。盧歐感到查理不是理想的女婿,不過人傢說他品行端正,省吃儉用,自然也不會太計較陪嫁,便答應了。開春後,查理和愛瑪按當地的風俗舉行了婚禮。
  
  愛瑪十三歲進了修道院附設的寄宿女校念書。她在那裏受着貴族式的教育。她愛教堂的花卉、宗教的音樂,並在浪漫主義小說的熏陶下成長。彼耶的小說《保耳與維爾吉妮》是她最喜愛的圖書之一。她夢想過小竹房子的生活,尤其是有位好心的小哥哥,情意纏綿,爬上比鐘樓還要高的大樹去摘紅果子,或者赤着腳在沙灘上跑,給你抱來一個鳥巢;她又“衷心尊敬那些出名或者不幸的婦女”,沉浸在羅漫蒂剋的緬想中。一位在大革命前出身於貴族世傢的老姑娘,每月到修道院做一星期女工,她嚮女生們講浪漫故事,而且衣袋裏總有一本傳奇小說。後來,愛瑪的母親死了,父親把她接回傢去。
  
  愛瑪結婚了,她終於得到了那種不可思議的愛情。在這以前,愛情仿佛是一隻玫瑰色羽毛的巨鳥,可望而不可即,在詩的燦爛的天堂裏翺翔。婚後,她卻發覺查理是個平凡而又庸俗的人。他“談吐象人行道一樣平板,見解庸俗,如同來往行人一般衣著尋常,激不起情緒,也激不起笑或者夢想”。查理不會遊泳、不會比劍,不會放槍。有一次愛瑪用傳奇小說中一個騎馬的術語問他,他竟瞠目不知所對。她悔恨自己為什麽要結婚!有時,她為了彌補感情上的空虛,她嚮查理吟誦她記得起來的情詩,一面吟,一面嘆息。可是吟過之後,她發現自己如同吟唱前一樣平靜,而查理也沒有因此而感動,正如火刀敲石子,她這樣敲過之後,不見冒出一顆火星來。
  
  不久,查理醫好了一位聲名顯赫的侯爵的口瘡。侯爵為答謝查理,他邀請查理夫婦到他的田莊渥畢薩爾去作客。查理夫婦坐着馬車去了。那是個有着意大利風格的莊園,房子很大,還有美麗的花園。愛瑪對侯爵傢豪華的氣派,高雅的客人,珠光寶氣的舞會場面,一一感到入迷。一位風流瀟灑的子爵來邀她跳舞,給她留下了極深的印象。在回傢的路上,她拾得了子爵的一個雪茄匣,又勾起了她對舞伴的懷念。回到傢,她嚮女僕人發脾氣。她把雪茄匣藏起來,每當查理不在傢時,她把它取出來,開了又開,看了又看,甚至還聞了襯裏的味道:一種雜有美女櫻和煙草的味道。她“希望死,又希望住到巴黎”。
  
  渥畢薩爾之行,在愛瑪的生活上,鑿了一個洞眼,如同山上那些大裂縫,一陣狂風暴雨,一夜工夫,就成了這般模樣。她無可奈何,衹得想開些。不過她參加舞會的漂亮衣著、緞鞋,她都虔誠地放入五鬥櫃。“她的心也象它們一樣,和財富有過接觸之後,添了一些磨蹭不掉的東西”。愛瑪辭退了女傭人,不願意在道特住下去了。她對丈夫老是看不順眼。她變得懶散,“乖戾和任性”。
  
  查理怕引起愛瑪生病。他們從道特搬到永鎮居住。這是個通大路的村鎮,有一個古老的教堂和一條子彈射程那樣長的街。街上有金獅客店和引人註目的郝麥先生的藥房。郝麥是個藥劑師,戴一頂金墜小絨帽,穿一雙緑皮拖鞋,他那洋洋自得的臉上有幾顆細麻子,神氣就象挂在他頭上的柳條籠裏的金翅雀那樣。他經常愛自我吹噓,標榜自己是個無神論者,他沒有醫生執照,但私自給農民看病。愛瑪到永鎮那天,由郝麥和一個在律師那裏做練習生的賴昂陪着吃晚飯。
  
  賴昂·都普意是個有着金黃頭髮的青年,金獅飯店包飯吃的房客。愛瑪和他初次見面便很談得來。他們有相同的志趣,而且都愛好旅行和音樂。此後,他們便經常在一道談天,議論浪漫主義的小說和時行的戲劇,並且“不斷地交換書籍和歌麯”。包法利先生難得妒忌,並不引以為怪。
  
  愛瑪生了一個女孩,起名為白爾特。交給木匠的女人喂養。賴昂有時陪她一道去看女兒。他們日益接近起來,愛瑪生日時,賴昂送了一份厚禮,愛瑪也送給他一張毯子。
  
  時裝商人勒樂,是個狡黠的做生意的能手,虛胖的臉上不留鬍須,仿佛抹了一道稀薄的甘草汁;一雙賊亮的小黑眼睛,襯上白頭髮,越發顯得靈活。他逢人脅肩諂笑,腰一直哈着,姿勢又象鞠躬,又象邀請。他看出愛瑪是個愛裝飾的“風雅的婦女”,便自動上門兜攬生意,並賒帳給她,滿足她各種虛榮的愛好。
  
  愛瑪愛上了賴昂。她為了擺脫這一心思,轉而關心傢務,把小白爾特也接回傢來,並按時上教堂。她瘦了,面色蒼白,象大理石一樣冰涼。有一次,她甚至想把心中的秘密在懺悔時嚮教士吐露,但她看到教士布爾尼賢俗不可耐,纔沒有這樣做。她由於心情煩躁,把女兒推跌了,碰破了她的臉。賴昂也陷入愛情的羅網。他為了擺脫這一苦悶,便上巴黎念完法科的課程。臨別時,他和愛瑪依依惜別。他們都感到無限的惆悵。
  
  愛瑪因煩惱生起病來。對賴昂的回憶成了她愁悶的中心。即使旅客在俄國大草原雪地上燃起的火堆,也比不上賴昂在她回憶中那麽明亮。一次,徐赦特的地主羅道耳弗·布朗皆來找包法利醫生替其馬夫放血。這是個風月場中的老手。約莫三十四歲光景,性情粗野,思悟明敏。他有兩處莊田,新近又買下一個莊園,每年有一萬五千法郎以上的收入。他見愛瑪生得標緻,初見面便打下勾引她的壞主意。
  
  羅道耳弗利用在永鎮舉辦州農業展覽會的機會接近愛瑪,為她當嚮導,嚮她傾吐衷麯,他把自己裝扮成一個沒有朋友、沒人關心,鬱悶到極點的可憐蟲。他說衹要能得到一個真心相待他的人,他將剋服一切睏難,去達到目的。他們一同談到內地的庸俗,生活的窒悶,理想的毀滅……
  
  展覽會揭幕典禮開始了,州行政委員廖萬坐着四輪大馬車姍姍來遲。這是個禿額頭,厚眼皮,臉色灰白的人。他嚮群衆發佈演說,對“美麗祖國的現狀”進行了一番歌功頌德。他說目前法國“處處商業繁盛,藝術發達,處處興修新的道路,集體國傢添了許多新的動脈,構成新的聯繫;我們偉大的工業中心又活躍起來;宗教加強鞏固,法光普照,我們的碼頭堆滿貨物……”??,群衆還嚮他吐舌頭。會後,舉行了發奬儀式。政府把一枚值二十五法郎的銀質奬章頒發給一個“在一傢田莊服務了五十四年”的老婦。那老婦一臉皺紋,幹瘦疲憊不堪。當她領到奬章後說:“我拿這送給我們的教堂堂長,給我作彌撒。”最後,又舉行了放焰火。愛瑪和羅道耳弗都不關心展覽會一幕幕滑稽劇的進行。他們衹是藉此機會說話兒,談天,直到出診的查理回來為止。
  
  展覽會後,愛瑪已忘不了羅道耳弗了。而羅道耳弗卻有意過了六星期纔去看她。他以關心愛瑪的健康為由,把自己的馬藉給她騎。他們一同到野外散心。愛瑪經不起羅道耳弗的誘惑,做了他的情婦。他們瞞着包法利醫生常在一起幽會。這時,愛瑪感情發展到狂熱的程度,她要求羅道耳弗把她帶走,和他一同出奔。她和查理的母親也吵翻了。
  
  然而,羅道耳弗完全是個口是心非的偽君子。他抱着玩弄女性、逢場作戲的醜惡思想,欺騙了愛瑪的感情。他答應和她一同出逃,可是出逃那天,他托人送給愛瑪一封信。信中說,逃走對他們兩人都不合適,愛瑪終有一天會後悔的。他不願成為她後悔的原因;再說人世冷酷,逃到那兒都不免受到侮辱。因此,他要和她的愛情永別了。愛瑪氣得發昏,她的心跳得象大杠子撞城門一樣。傍晚,她看到羅道耳弗坐着馬車急駛過永鎮,去盧昂找他的情婦--一個女戲子去了。愛瑪當即暈倒。此後,她生了一場大病。病好後,她想痛改前非,重新生活。可是,這時又發生了另一場事。
  
  藥劑師郝麥邀請包法利夫婦到盧昂去看戲。在劇場裏,愛瑪遇見了過去曾為之動情的練習生賴昂。現在,他在盧昂的一傢事務所實習。於是,他們埋藏在心底多年的愛情種子又萌芽了。他們未看完戲,便跑到碼頭談天。這時,賴昂已不是初出茅廬的後生,而是一個有着充分社會經驗的人了。他一見面便想占有愛瑪,並嚮她訴說離別後的痛苦。當愛瑪談到自己害了一場大病,差點死掉時,賴昂裝出十分悲傷的樣子。他說,他也“羨慕墳墓的寧靜”,時常想到死,甚至有一天,他還立了個遺囑,吩咐別人在他死後,要用愛瑪送給他的那條漂亮的毯子裹着埋他。他極力慫恿愛瑪再留一天,去看完這場戲。包法利醫生因醫療事務先趕回永鎮去了。愛瑪留下來。於是她和賴昂便一同去參觀盧昂大教堂,坐着馬車在市內兜風。這樣,愛瑪和賴昂姘搭上了。
  
  愛瑪回到永鎮後,藉口到盧昂去學鋼琴,實際上,她是去和賴昂幽會。愛瑪再一次把自己的全部熱情傾註在賴昂身上,沉溺在恣情的享樂之中。為了不花銷,她背着丈夫嚮商人勒樂藉債。
  
  然而,賴昂和羅道耳弗一樣欺騙了愛瑪的感情。他漸漸地對愛瑪感到厭膩了。尤其是當他收到母親的來信和都包卡吉律師的解勸時,决定和愛瑪斷絶來往。因為這種曖昧的關係,將要影響他的前程。不久,他就要升為第一練習生了。於是,他開始回避她。
  
  正在這時,愛瑪接到法院的一張傳票。商人勒樂要逼她還債,法院限定愛瑪在二十四小時內,把全部八千法郎的藉款還清,否則以傢産抵押。愛瑪無奈去嚮勒樂求情,要他再寬限幾天,但他翻臉不認人,不肯變通。愛瑪去嚮賴昂求援,賴昂騙她藉不到錢,躲開了。她去嚮律師居由曼借錢,可是這老鬼卻乘她眉急之際想占有她。她氣憤地走了。最後,她想到徐赦特去找羅道耳弗幫助。羅道耳弗竟公然說他沒有錢。愛瑪受盡凌辱,心情萬分沉重。當她從羅道耳弗傢出來時,感到墻在搖晃,天花板往下壓她。她走進一條悠長的林蔭道上,絆在隨風散開的枯葉堆上……回到傢,愛瑪吞吃了砒霜。她想這樣一來“一切欺詐,卑鄙和折磨她的無數欲望,都和她不相幹了”。包法利醫生跪在她的床邊,她把手放在他的頭髮裏面,這種甜蜜的感覺,越發使醫生感到難過。愛瑪也感到對不起自己的丈夫。她對他說:“你是好人。”最後,她看了孩子一眼,痛苦地離開了這個世界。
  
  為了償清債務,包法利醫生把全部傢産都當光賣盡了。他在翻抽屜時,發現了妻子和賴昂的來往情書以及羅道耳弗的畫像。他傷心極了,好長時間都閉門不出。一次,他在市場上遇見了羅道耳弗,但他原諒了自己的情敵,認為“錯的是命”。他在承受了種種打擊之後,也死了。愛瑪遺下的女兒寄養在姨母傢裏,後來進了紗廠。
  
  包法利醫生死後,先後有三個醫生到永鎮開業,但都經不起郝麥拼命的排擠,沒有一個站得住腳。於是這位非法開業的藥劑師大走紅運,並獲得了政府頒發給他的十字勳章。


  Madame Bovary is Gustave Flaubert's first published novel and is considered his masterpiece. The story focuses on a doctor's wife, Emma Bovary, who has adulterous affairs and lives beyond her means in order to escape the banalities and emptiness of provincial life. Though the basic plot is rather simple, even archetypal, the novel's true art lies in its details and hidden patterns. Flaubert was notoriously a perfectionist about his writing and claimed always to be searching for le mot juste ("the right word").
  
  The novel was attacked for obscenity by public prosecutors when it was first serialized in La Revue de Paris between October 1, 1856 and December 15, 1856, resulting in a trial in January 1857 that made the story notorious. After the acquittal on February 7, 1857, it became a bestseller when it was published as a book in April 1857, and now stands virtually unchallenged not only as a seminal work of Realism, but as one of the most influential novels ever written.
  
  A 2007 poll of contemporary authors, published in a book entitled The Top Ten, cited Madame Bovary as one of the two greatest novels ever written, second only to Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina.
  
  Plot summary
  
  Madame Bovary takes place in provincial northern France, near the town of Rouen in Normandy. The story begins and ends with Charles Bovary, a stolid, kindhearted man without much ability or ambition. As the novel opens, Charles is a shy, oddly-dressed teenager arriving at a new school amidst the ridicule of his new classmates. Later, Charles struggles his way to a second-rate medical degree and becomes an officier de santé in the Public Health Service. His mother chooses a wife for him, an unpleasant but supposedly rich widow, and Charles sets out to build a practice in the village of Tostes (now Tôtes).
  
  One day, Charles visits a local farm to set the owner's broken leg, and meets his client's daughter, Emma Rouault. Emma is a beautiful, daintily-dressed young woman who has received a "good education" in a convent and who has a latent but powerful yearning for luxury and romance imbibed from the popular novels she has read. Charles is immediately attracted to her, and begins checking on his patient far more often than necessary until his wife's jealousy puts a stop to the visits. When his wife dies, Charles waits a decent interval, then begins courting Emma in earnest. Her father gives his consent, and Emma and Charles are married.
  
  At this point, the novel begins to focus on Emma. Charles means well, but is boring and clumsy, and after he and Emma attend a ball given by the Marquis d'Andervilliers, Emma grows disillusioned with married life and becomes dull and listless. Charles consequently decides that his wife needs a change of scenery, and moves from the village of Tostes into a larger, but equally stultifying market town, Yonville (traditionally based on the town of Ry). Here, Emma gives birth to a daughter, Berthe; however, motherhood, too, proves to be a disappointment to Emma. She then becomes infatuated with one of the first intelligent young men she meets in Yonville, a young law student, Léon Dupuis, who seems to share her appreciation for "the finer things in life", and who returns her admiration. Out of fear and shame, however, Emma hides her love for Léon and her contempt for Charles, and plays the role of the devoted wife and mother, all the while consoling herself with thoughts and self-congratulations of her own virtue. Finally, in despair of ever gaining Emma's affection, Léon departs to study in Paris.
  
  One day, a rich and rakish landowner, Rodolphe Boulanger, brings a servant to the doctor's office to be bled. He casts his eye over Emma and decides she is ripe for seduction. To this end, he invites Emma to go riding with him for the sake of her health; solicitous only for Emma's health, Charles embraces the plan, suspecting nothing. A three-year affair follows. Swept away by romantic fantasy, Emma risks compromising herself with indiscreet letters and visits to her lover, and finally insists on making a plan to run away with him. Rodolphe, however, has no intention of carrying Emma off, and ends the relationship on the eve of the great elopement with an apologetic, self-excusing letter delivered at the bottom of a basket of apricots. The shock is so great that Emma falls deathly ill, and briefly turns to religion.
  
  When Emma is nearly fully recovered, she and Charles attend the opera, on Charles' insistence, in nearby Rouen. The opera reawakens Emma's passions, and she re-encounters Léon who, now educated and working in Rouen, is also attending the opera. They begin an affair. While Charles believes that she is taking piano lessons, Emma travels to the city each week to meet Léon, always in the same room of the same hotel, which the two come to view as their "home." The love affair is, at first, ecstatic; then, by degrees, Léon grows bored with Emma's emotional excesses, and Emma grows ambivalent about Léon, who becoming himself more like the mistress in the relationship, compares poorly, at least implicitly, to the rakish and domineering Rodolphe. Meanwhile, Emma, given over to vanity, purchases increasing amounts of luxury items on credit from the crafty merchant, Lheureux, who arranges for her to obtain power of attorney over Charles’ estate, and crushing levels of debts mount quickly.
  
  When Lheureux calls in Bovary's debt, Emma pleads for money from several people, including Léon and Rodolphe, only to be turned down. In despair, she swallows arsenic and dies an agonizing death; even the romance of suicide fails her. Charles, heartbroken, abandons himself to grief, preserves Emma's room as if it is a shrine, and in an attempt to keep her memory alive, adopts several of her attitudes and tastes. In his last months, he stops working and lives off the sale of his possessions. When he accidentally comes across Rodolphe's love letters one day, he still tries to understand and forgive. Soon after, he becomes reclusive; what has not already been sold of his possessions is seized to pay off Lheureux, and he dies, leaving his young daughter Berthe to live with distant relatives and eventually sent to work at a cotton mill.
  Chapter-by-chapter
  Part One
  
   1. Charles Bovary's childhood, student days
   2. First marriage, Charles meets Rouault and his daughter Emma; Charles's first wife dies
   3. Charles proposes to Emma
   4. The wedding
   5. The new household at Tostes
   6. An account of Emma's childhood and secret fantasy world
   7. Emma becomes bored; invitation to a ball by the Marquis d'Andervilliers
   8. The ball at the château La Vaubyessard
   9. Emma follows fashions; her boredom concerns Charles, and they decide to move; they find out she is pregnant
  
  Part Two
  
   1. Description of Yonville-l'Abbaye: Homais, Lestiboudois, Binet, Bournisien, Lheureux
   2. Emma meets Léon Dupuis, the lawyer's clerk
   3. Emma gives birth to Berthe, visits her at the nurse's house with Léon
   4. A card game; Emma's friendship with Léon grows
   5. Trip to see flax mill; Lheureux's pitch; Emma is resigned to her life
   6. Emma visits the priest Bournisien; Berthe is injured; Léon leaves for Paris
   7. Charles's mother bans novels; the blood-letting of Rodolphe's farmhand; Rodolphe meets Emma
   8. The comice agricole (agricultural show); Rodolphe woos Emma
   9. Six weeks later Rodolphe returns and they go out riding; he seduces her and the affair begins
   10. Emma crosses paths with Binet; Rodolphe gets nervous; a letter from her father makes Emma repent
   11. Operation on Hippolyte's clubfoot; M. Canivet has to amputate; Emma returns to Rodolphe
   12. Emma's extravagant presents; quarrel with mother-in-law; plans to elope
   13. Rodolphe runs away; Emma falls gravely ill
   14. Charles is beset by bills; Emma turns to religion; Homais and Bournisien argue
   15. Emma meets Léon at performance of Lucie de Lammermoor
  
  Part Three
  
   1. Emma and Léon converse; tour of Rouen Cathedral; cab-ride synecdoche
   2. Emma goes to Homais; the arsenic; Bovary senior's death; Lheureux's bill
   3. She visits Léon in Rouen
   4. She resumes "piano lessons" on Thursdays
   5. Visits to Léon; the singing tramp; Emma starts to fiddle the accounts
   6. Emma becomes noticeably anxious; debts spiral out of control
   7. Emma begs for money from several people
   8. Rodolphe cannot help; she swallows arsenic; her death
   9. Emma lies in state
   10. The funeral
   11. Charles finds letter; his death
  
  Characters
  Emma Bovary
  
  Emma is the novel's protagonist and is the main source of the novel's title (although Charles's mother and his former wife are also referred to as Madame Bovary). She has a highly romanticized view of the world and craves beauty, wealth, passion and high society. It is the disparity between these romantic ideals and the realities of her country life that drive most of the novel, most notably leading her into two extramarital love affairs as well as causing her to accrue an insurmountable amount of debt that eventually leads to her suicide.
  
  Emma is quite intelligent, but she never has a chance to develop her mind. As an adult, Emma's capacity for imagination is far greater than her capacity for analysis. She is observant about surface details, such as how people are dressed, but she never looks below the surface. As a result, she is easily taken in by people who are pretending to be something more than they really are (which most people in the book do for one reason or another). Emma not only believes in the false fronts other people present to her, but she despises the very few people (Charles's mother, Madame Homais, and Monsieur Binet) who are exactly as they appear to be.
  
  Convinced that the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence, Emma does not realize that extreme joy, even for the wealthy and powerful, comes rarely. Not only country or bourgeois life is dull. For instance, Emma is surprised to see that aristocrats do not serve fancy food and drink at their everyday breakfasts: she'd prefer to believe that for the nobility, life is really an excitement-filled drama. Later, she fails to see that Rodolphe's wealth hasn't made him happy, despite obvious evidence of this fact.
  
  Since Emma lives chiefly in her own fantasy world, other people's opinions or perceptions of her aren't important except to the extent that they serve some aspect of whatever drama she's trying to act out. At the ball, she's convinced that her aristocratic hosts have fully accepted her as one of their own, so much so that she expects an invitation the following year. In reality, the hosts condescended to invite Charles and Emma to the ball as reward for a favor, intending for it to be a once-in-a-lifetime treat. Indeed, Emma makes several missteps that would be embarrassing to anyone steeped in upper-class culture of the period. She waltzes so badly that she tangles her dress up with her dance partner, and she uses the gaffe as an excuse to rest her head on his chest. She is one of the few people left at the party when the hosts finally go to bed. She does not attempt to establish new social contacts at the party, nor does she write a thank-you note afterwards. She does not attempt to return the cigar-case she and Charles find later, which might have been a reasonable pretext to resume correspondence with their host. So she is far from a gracious guest, and she fails to do the things that could, under the right circumstances, lead to real social connections in high places.
  
  Emma seldom makes an effort to cultivate friendships with other people, unless doing so serves the image she has of herself. She wants desperately to be an aristocrat, particularly after the d'Andervilliers ball, but although she's very good at aping the superficial behaviors (such as clothing and figures of speech), she lacks the manners and savoir-faire to actually operate in their culture. No matter what social group she decides she belongs to (aristocrats, the people of Yonville, people with "noble souls", adulteresses, religious martyrs, dramatic heroines, etc.), every time her role requires interaction with someone who actually is in that group Emma messes up. She doesn't go out of her way to ingratiate herself with new people, because she genuinely doesn't care what they think of her. The same indifference causes her to be rejected by most people in Tostes and Yonville, and to be very careless of her reputation once she starts having extramarital affairs. Binet, Homais, Charles's mother, and Lheureux all catch her in compromising situations, and she truly doesn't care. At some level, she wants not only the excitement of taking the risk, but possibly the drama that would result from being caught.
  
  Emma seeks out the extremes in life, both positive and negative. That she seeks out positive experiences is obvious, because unless she's experiencing the peak of ecstasy, she's convinced she's miserable. She also re-writes her own history and memory, telling herself that she has "never" been happy every time it appears to her that, by indulging some whim, she can achieve the emotional experiences to which she feels entitled. Her appetite for stimulation grows to the point where she becomes jaded enough not to appreciate the small pleasures in life, simply because they are small pleasures. The more she experiences, the less she is satisfied with more normal activities. Consider, for example, her taste in literature. She starts out with romances and bourgeois women's magazines targeted to her real social and economic position. From there she graduates to high-fashion women's magazines that advocate conspicuous consumption. The next step is overwrought romantic poetry, followed by tragic opera, and culminating in the violent pornography which she reads between assignations with Léon. As Vladimir Nabokov observes, Emma "reads books emotionally, in a shallow juvenile manner, putting herself in this or that female character's place."
  
  Emma feels entitled to seek out increasing pleasure and stimulation for herself. Her sense of entitlement grows over time, as does her belief that she has been somehow wronged by destiny or by the people around her. As a young girl, Emma was influenced by her improvident but pretentious father. She was also indulged as a teen and as a young adult, and nobody ever realized her expectations and attitudes about life were unreasonable or attempted to correct them. Emma's mother died too early, and her father let her be raised at a convent and educated like a young woman of independent means. Emma eventually comes to believe that all her wishes will come true, if she believes in them strongly enough and throws a big enough tantrum when she doesn't get her way. Although her father is aware of the problem, he never tries to address it and chooses to leave it to Charles instead.
  
  Over the course of the book, Emma finds different ways to rationalize her feeling of entitlement at different times of her life. Before her marriage, she craves excitement because she is bored. In Tostes, particularly after the ball, she believes she was unjustly born into the wrong socioeconomic class and that everything would be better if only she were rich. Later, after being introduced to poetry, she believes she suffers because she has a noble soul. Ultimately she casts herself as a tragic heroine.
  
  Emma's attraction to the negative extremes of the human experience is less obvious, but the signs are there. As a teenager, she's rewarded for an overblown, somewhat fake display of grief after her mother's death. Her father caters to her whims, as does Charles, who responds to Emma's ennui and psychosomatic illnesses by ignoring his patients and concentrating solely on his wife. Emma's fleeting but intense fascination with religion is much the same: people reward her pious conduct with extra attention and treat her as though she's superior, which reinforces her feelings of entitlement.
  
  It is Emma's sense of superiority and entitlement that make her vulnerable to people who seek to use and manipulate her. Anyone who plays along with Emma's pretentiousness is assured of her good graces. Lheureux, the predatory money-lender who fleeces Emma and Charles, is obsequious to Emma in order to get her to spend more money on unnecessary purchases. He takes advantage of her sense of entitlement by treating her like a grand lady and by indicating that she deserves all the impractical luxuries he persuades her to buy. By giving Emma credit for business sense and experience she doesn't actually possess, Lheureux takes advantage of Emma's financial inexperience. He skims ridiculous sums off the top of every promissory note he has Emma sign, and bluffs her into believing that large commissions are somehow customary in business. Unwilling to admit her ignorance, Emma lets herself be conned instead.
  
  Throughout her life, Emma selects dramatic, exaggerated depictions of human existence and adopts them as a romantic or personal ideal; moreover, she convinces herself that her ideal is somehow the norm, and that the reality she experiences is the exception to the rule. As a teenager, she seeks to emulate the romantic novels she read while at the convent. After the ball, she seeks to emulate the nobility and the wealthy and creates a new romantic ideal based on a man she met at the ball. After being introduced to poetry, she adopts a romantic martyr-like facade. After being exposed to the melodramatic opera "Lucia de Lammermoor", Emma adopts the insane fictional character Lucy Ashton as her role model and becomes convinced that the correct way to respond to adversity is to lose her mind and commit suicide, which she eventually does.
  
  Each individual decision of Emma's seems plausible and reasonable in isolation, but her actions and decisions on the whole make her a very difficult character to like. She is too self-absorbed to consider the consequences of her actions as they affect other people. Her recklessness with money leads to financial ruin not just for herself but for her husband and child.
  Charles Bovary
  
  Emma's husband, Charles Bovary, is a very simple and common man. He is a country doctor by profession, but is, as in everything else, not very good at it. He is in fact not qualified enough to be termed a doctor, but is instead an officier de santé, or "health officer". When he is persuaded by Homais, the local pharmacist, to attempt a difficult operation on a patient's clubfoot, the effort is an enormous failure, and his patient's leg must be amputated by a better doctor.
  
  Charles adores his wife and finds her faultless, despite obvious evidence to the contrary. He never suspects her affairs and gives her complete control over his finances, thereby securing his own ruin. Despite Charles's complete devotion to Emma, she despises him as he is the epitome of all that is dull and common. When Charles discovers Emma's deceptions after her death he is devastated and dies soon after, but not before frittering away the very last of the assets remaining after his bankruptcy by living the way he believed Emma would have wanted him to live.
  
  Charles is presented from the start as a likeable and well-meaning fool who happens to have a good memory and a way with people. Although it annoys Emma that Charles doesn't deduce her attitude toward him based on her very subtle hints and cues, she would need a far more blunt approach to get her message across. Charles's lack of insight regarding Emma is not unique. He fails to realize that Homais is not his friend but his enemy and lets the pharmacist isolate him from the other people in town. He fails to realize that Rodolphe has designs on Emma. He trusts Léon implicitly even though he's aware Emma is emotionally attached to the young clerk. He fails to realize that Emma's expenditures have put the household in debt, and he doesn't realize that Lheureux is a financial predator. He also ignores potential allies in the town who might have pointed out what everybody else thought was obvious.
  
  Charles is no genius, but at the time he meets Emma he's doing well financially. He's married, he's got a thriving practice that has grown in response to his popularity with his patients, and he's got a good reputation in the community. After he moves to a new town, he never regains his former position, and Emma is part of the reason why. He knows he is in financial trouble, but continues to enable Emma's spendthrift ways. He takes on more than his share of his responsibility for the success of the marriage, and he tries to cover for Emma's lapses. Meanwhile, he gives up control over the financial aspects of his practice, which allows Emma to start embezzling. In fact, he borrows from a moneylender and does not tell Emma.
  
  During Emma's first mysterious collapse, which is in response to her realization that she's not getting a second ball invitation, Charles abandons his patients and acts as her full-time nurse even though her life is not obviously in danger. The more he hovers, the worse Emma's "health problem" becomes. He gives up a thriving practice and moves to an area where he knows nobody. He nurses her through two more collapses, and allows her to talk him into attempting an operation he is not qualified to perform.
  Monsieur Homais
  
  Monsieur Homais is the town pharmacist. In one incident, he convinces Charles to perform corrective surgery on a young stable boy, afflicted with a club foot. During this era, correcting or eliminating a disability was a daring option and he may have considered this an opportunity to garner personal attention and praise. The operation is a disaster, and the stable boy is left with his leg amputated at the thigh.
  
  Despite having been convicted of practicing medicine without a license, he continues to give "consultations" in his pharmacy. This means that the presence of a licensed health officer in town is a threat to him. Not only are he and Charles in competition for patients, but if Charles were to report Homais for practicing medicine without a license, the courts would deal strictly with Homais given that it would be a second conviction. So, to keep the clueless Charles from turning him in to the authorities should Charles ever find out about the "consultations", Homais becomes Charles's best friend, at least on the surface. Meanwhile he undermines Charles at every opportunity. Convincing him to attempt the risky club foot operation may have been part of an ongoing strategy to discredit Charles so as to run him out of town. At the end of the book, after Charles's death, Homais uses similar strategies to get rid of subsequent doctors and is left in sole control of the medical profession in Yonville.
  
  He is also vehemently anti-clerical and an atheist. He is the one who insists that Emma should go riding with Rodolphe, that Charles take her to see the opera in Rouen, and that she be allowed to take expensive music lessons in Rouen. No idiot, and with his ear to the ground for gossip, Homais appears to be completely unaware of Emma's adultery but subtly goes out of his way to make it easier for her. He also directly enables her ultimate act of self-destruction by detailing in her presence the means by which his supply of arsenic might be accessed.
  Madame Homais
  
  The wife of Monsieur Homais, Madame Homais is a simple woman whose life revolves around her husband and children, of which she has four. Caring for four children is no trivial task, especially without electricity, hot running water, or any form of public schooling beyond occasional classes offered by the parish priest. Furthermore, in addition to her own four children Madame Homais cares for Justin, a teenage relative who lives with the Homais family and who helps Monsieur Homais out in the pharmacy. She also takes care of a boarder: a young male student by the name of Léon Dupuis. With that many people in the household, Madame Homais can be excused for having a live-in maid to help with at least some of the cooking, cleaning, and mending. Even with the maid's help, Madame Homais works very hard. Since the pharmacy is quite successful, she could perhaps get away with having her own horse or dressing in the latest fashions, but she does not. Instead, she takes in a boarder to earn extra money.
  
  Madame Homais serves chiefly as a foil for Emma. Whereas Madame Homais, or even Charles's infirm first wife, has a legitimate reason for wanting a maid, Emma is able-bodied aside from her drama-induced fainting fits and collapses. She simply chooses to do no housework, and to refrain from any of the activities bourgeois women generally did in order to earn money on the side. She does not sub-let an upstairs bedroom to a tenant the way Madame Homais rents to Léon, she leaves all the housekeeping to the maid, and does no work herself unless it suits whatever religious or social fantasy she has about herself at the time. Madame Homais does not dress fashionably or even well, whereas Emma is always dressed in the latest expensive fashions that are more lavish than what anyone else in Yonville seems able to afford. Madame Homais dotes on her children, while Emma ignores and despises her daughter unless she's acting out a maternal fantasy.
  
  Emma despises Madame Homais for her simplicity, unless she's in the mood to pretend to idealize good mothers. Madame Homais, however, seems unaware that Emma dislikes her. Even when other people gossip about Emma, Madame Homais defends her. That naive loyalty is rewarded with nothing but contempt most of the time.
  Léon Dupuis
  
  First befriending Emma when she moves to Yonville, Léon seems a perfect match for her. He shares her romantic ideals as well as her disdain for common life. He worships Emma from afar before leaving to study law in Paris. A chance encounter brings the two together several years later and this time they begin an affair. Though the relationship is passionate at first, after a time the mystique wears off.
  
  Financially, Léon cannot afford to carry on the affair, so Emma pays more and more of the bills. Eventually she assumes the whole financial burden. She also takes the lead in planning meetings and setting up communication, which is a reversal of the role she had with Rodolphe. Léon does not seem to find Emma's financial aggression disturbing or inappropriate, although when Emma asks him to pawn some spoons she'd received as a wedding gift from her father, Léon does become uncomfortable. He objects to the heavy spending, but does not press too hard when Emma overrules him. He's content to be the recipient of Emma's largesse, and to not think too much about where the money is coming from. He also does not feel particularly obligated to reciprocate later, when Emma asks him for help in her hour of financial need.
  
  Over time, Léon becomes disenchanted with Emma, particularly after her attentions start to affect his work. The first time she arrives at his office, he's charmed and leaves work quickly. After a while, the interruptions have an effect on his work and his attitude to the other clerks. Eventually someone sends word to Léon's mother that her son is "ruining himself with a married woman", and Léon's mother and employer insist that he break off the affair. Léon does, briefly, but cannot stay away from Emma. His reluctance is tempered with relief because Emma's pursuit of him has become increasingly disturbing. When Emma's debts finally come due, she attempts to seduce Léon into stealing the money to cover her debts from his employer. At this point, he becomes genuinely afraid. He fobs her off with an excuse and disappears from her life.
  Rodolphe Boulanger
  
  Rodolphe is a wealthy local man who seduces Emma as one more addition to a long string of mistresses. Though occasionally charmed by Emma, Rodolphe feels little true emotion towards her. As Emma becomes more and more desperate, Rodolphe loses interest and worries about her lack of caution. He eventually ends their relationship, but not before going through a collection of letters and tokens from previous mistresses, all of whom ended up wanting either love or money.
  
  Rodolphe's deteriorating feelings for Emma do not keep him from accepting the valuable gifts she showers on him throughout their relationship, even though he realizes at some level that she can't afford to be so generous. The gifts she gives him are of the same value and quality as she imagines an aristocrat such as the Vicount might receive from a similarly aristocratic mistress. Rodolphe's gifts to Emma are nowhere near as valuable even though he is by far the wealthier of the two. He does not feel particularly obligated by having accepted the gifts, even though they create a large part of Emma's debt to Lheureux.
  
  When Emma asks Rodolphe for help at the peak of her financial crisis, after refusing the sex-for-money exchange offered by the wealthy Monsieur Guillaumin, she essentially attempts to initiate a sex-for-money exchange with Rodolphe. She pretends at first to have returned out of love, then when the timing feels right she asks him for money, using an obvious lie about why she needs a loan. She therefore comes across as among the most mercenary of Rodolphe's past mistresses. Rodolphe therefore sees no need to help her, though he could perhaps not afford to lend her enough money to keep her creditors at bay even if he desired to.
  Monsieur L'heureux
  
  A manipulative and sly merchant who continually convinces Emma to buy goods on credit and borrow money from him. L'heureux plays Emma masterfully and eventually leads her so far into debt as to cause her financial ruin and subsequent suicide.
  
  L'heureux's reputation as an aggressive money lender is well known in Yonville. Had Emma or Charles had the wit to make inquiries about him or even to listen to the gossip, they would have realized that L'heureux had ruined at least one other person in town through his stratagems. Yet the only "friend" they trust, Homais, is fully aware of L'heureux's treachery but disinclined to warn Emma or Charles. So both Emma and Charles end up borrowing money from L'heureux without each other's knowledge.
  Setting
  
  The setting of Madame Bovary is crucial to the novel for several reasons. First, it is important as it applies to Flaubert's realist style and social commentary. Secondly, the setting is important in how it relates to the protagonist Emma.
  
  It has been calculated that the novel begins in October 1827 and ends in August 1846 (Francis Steegmuller). This is around the era known as the “July Monarchy”, or the rule of King Louis-Philippe. This was a period in which there was a great up-surge in the power of the bourgeois middle class. Flaubert detested the bourgeoisie. Much of the time and effort, therefore, that he spends detailing the customs of the rural French people can be interpreted as social criticism.
  
  Flaubert put much effort into making sure his depictions of common life were accurate. This was aided by the fact that he chose a subject that was very familiar to him. He chose to set the story in and around the city of Rouen in Normandy, the setting of his own birth and childhood. This care and detail that Flaubert gives to his setting is important in looking at the style of the novel. It is this faithfulness to the mundane elements of country life that has garnered the book its reputation as the beginning of the literary movement known as “literary realism”.
  
  Flaubert also deliberately used his setting to contrast with his protagonist. Emma's romantic fantasies are strikingly foiled by the practicalities of the common life around her. Flaubert uses this juxtaposition to reflect on both subjects. Emma becomes more capricious and ludicrous in the harsh light of everyday reality. By the same token, however, the self-important banality of the local people is magnified in comparison to Emma, who, though impractical, still reflects an appreciation of beauty and greatness that seems entirely absent in the bourgeois class.
  Style
  
  The book, loosely based on the life story of a schoolfriend who had become a doctor, was written at the urging of friends, who were trying (unsuccessfully) to "cure" Flaubert of his deep-dyed Romanticism by assigning him the dreariest subject they could think of, and challenging him to make it interesting without allowing anything out-of-the-way to occur. Although Flaubert had little liking for the styles of Balzac or Zola, the novel is now seen as a prime example of Realism, a fact which contributed to the trial for obscenity (which was a politically-motivated attack by the government on the liberal newspaper in which it was being serialized, La Revue de Paris). Flaubert, as the author of the story, does not comment directly on the moral character of Emma Bovary and abstains from explicitly condemning her adultery. This decision caused some to accuse Flaubert of glorifying adultery and creating a scandal.
  
  The Realist movement used verisimilitude through a focus on character development. Realism was a reaction against Romanticism. Emma may be said to be the embodiment of a romantic; in her mental and emotional process, she has no relation to the realities of her world. She inevitably becomes dissatisfied since her larger-than-life fantasies are impossible to realize. Flaubert declared that much of what is in the novel is in his own life by saying, "Madame Bovary, c'est moi" ("Madame Bovary is me").
  
  Madame Bovary, on the whole, is a commentary on the entire self-satisfied, deluded, bourgeois culture of Flaubert's time period. His contempt for the bourgeoisie is expressed through his characters: Emma and Charles Bovary lost in romantic delusions; absurd and harmful scientific characters, a self-serving money lender, lovers seeking excitement finding only the banality of marriage in their adulterous affairs. All are seeking escape in empty church rituals, unrealistic romantic novels, or delusions of one sort or another.
  Literary significance and reception
  
  Long established as one of the greatest novels ever written, the book has often been described as a "perfect" work of fiction. Henry James writes: "Madame Bovary has a perfection that not only stamps it, but that makes it stand almost alone; it holds itself with such a supreme unapproachable assurance as both excites and defies judgment."
  Adaptations
  
  Madame Bovary has been made into several films, beginning with Jean Renoir's 1932 version. It has also been the subject of multiple television miniseries and made-for-TV movies. The most notable of these adaptations was the 1949 film produced by MGM. Directed by Vincente Minnelli, it starred Jennifer Jones in the title role, co-starring James Mason, Van Heflin, Louis Jourdan, and Gene Lockhart. It was adapted by Giles Cooper for the BBC in 1964, with the same script being used for a new production in 1975. A new BBC version adapted by Heidi Thomas was made in 2000, starring Frances O'Connor and Hugh Bonneville.
  
  Claude Chabrol made his version starring Isabelle Huppert.
  
  Madame Bovary has been adapted into a piece of musical theatre, entitled The Bovary Tale. Composer: Anne Freier. Librettist: Laura Steel. The first performance was at the Gatehouse Theatre in Highgate Village in September 2009.
  
  David Lean's film Ryan's Daughter (1970) was a loose adaptation of the story, relocating it to Ireland during the time of the Easter Rebellion. The script had begun life as a straight adaptation of Bovary, but Lean convinced writer Robert Bolt to re-work it into another setting.
  
  Indian director Ketan Mehta adapted the novel into a 1992 Hindi film Maya Memsaab.
  
  Madame Blueberry is an 1998 film in the Veggietales animated series. It is a loose parody of Madame Bovary, in which Madame Blueberry, an anthropomorphic blueberry, gathers material possessions in a vain attempt to find happiness.
  
  Academy Award nominated film Little Children features the novel as part of a book club discussion, and shares a few elements of the main idea.
  
  Naomi Ragen loosely based her 2007 novel The Saturday Wife on Madame Bovary.
  
  Posy Simmonds graphic novel Gemma Bovery reworked the story into a satirical tale of English expatriates in France.
  
  Vale Abraão (1993) (Abraham's Vale) by Manoel de Oliveira is a close interpretation set in Portugal, even referencing and discussing Flaubert's novel several times.
  
  "Madame Ovary" is the name of a character in DC Comics' The Adventures of the Outsiders #33-35. Madame Ovary's name was really Dr. Ovarin, and she was created by Mike W. Barr and Alan Davis.
包法利夫人(譯本序)
  施康強
   福樓拜的《包法利夫人》已有好幾個中譯本,其中一個出於已故李健吾先生的大手筆。李先生還寫過一部《福樓拜評傳》,對這位作者推崇備志:“斯湯達深刻、巴爾紮剋偉大、但是福樓拜,完美。”
   這個評價或許過高,但是我們至少可以說:福樓拜力求完美。
   福樓拜不是一般意義上的小說傢,他自稱,他也確實是藝術傢,文字的藝術傢。他視文字、文學創作為生命,每一部作品,每一章,每一節,每一句,都是嘔心瀝血的結果。對於他,小說的形式和風格比其內容更加重要。他寫得很慢,很苦,反復修改,要求每一個細節都來自仔細的觀察或親身體驗,要求文字具有音樂的節奏。(“一句好的散文應該同一句好詩一樣,是不可改動的,是同樣有節奏,同樣響亮的。”)寫包法利夫人服毒時,他感到自己也好象也中了毒。
   他寫《包法利夫人》花了四年零四個月,每天工作十二小時。正反兩面的草稿寫了一千八百頁,最後定稿不到五百頁。當然他有條件這麽做。他出身富裕的資産階級,不必為謀生而忙碌,更不必賣文為生,有的是精雕細琢的工夫。1856年《包法利夫人》在《巴黎雜志》上發表,不僅標志着十九世紀法國小說史的一個轉折,而且在世界範圍影響了小說這個文學體裁在此後一個多世紀的演變和發展過程。
   如同塞萬提斯的《堂吉訶德》是對騎士小說的清算一樣,《包法利夫人》在一定意義上是對浪漫主義與浪漫小說的清算。女主人公愛瑪·包法利(“愛瑪”是個浪漫的名字,“包法利”Bovary這個姓氏的詞根Bov包含“牛”的意思:福樓拜煞費苦心選定的這個姓名,本身就意味着想入非非的浪漫與平庸的現實之間的反差)是外省一個富裕農民的女兒,在修道院度過青年時代,飽讀浪漫派作品。她成年後嫁給一名鄉鎮醫生,平庸、遲鈍、不解兒女柔情的包法利,真所謂“彩鳳隨鴉”。於是她不安於室,先後成為風月老手、地主羅多爾夫與書記員萊昂的情人。為了取悅萊昂,維持奢華的生活,她揮霍了丈夫的財産,還藉了高利貸。後來萊昂對她生厭,高利貸嚮她逼債,她衹有服砒霜自殺。
   故事很簡單,沒有浪漫派小說麯折離奇的情節,無非是一個“淫婦”通姦,自食其果。作者的本意也不是講故事,他為小說加了一個副標題:《外省風情》。他為我們展示十九世紀中葉法國外省生活的工筆畫捲,那是個單調沉悶、狹隘閉塞的世界,容不得半點對高尚的理想,乃至愛瑪這樣對虛幻的“幸福”的追求,而以藥劑師奧梅為代表的所謂自由資産者打着科學的旗號,欺世盜名,無往而不勝。婦女在這個社會中更是弱者,福樓拜自己就說過:“就在此刻,同時在二十二個村莊中,我可憐的包法利夫人正在忍受苦難,傷心飲泣。”
   這部今天進入文學教科書的作品,在它發表的第二年卻被當局加上有傷風化、誹謗宗教等罪名,由檢察官提出公訴。檢察官列舉書中四個段落為佐證。一,愛瑪在樹林裏委身於羅多爾夫,她因姦情而變得更加美麗:這是對通姦的頌揚。二,愛瑪病後去領聖體,她用對情人的語言嚮天主傾訴。三,愛瑪與萊昂在奔馳的馬車裏做愛(《巴黎雜志》的編輯刪掉了這一段),然後是對他們幽會的旅館房間的“描寫”。四,對愛瑪臨死終場面的描寫違背宗教和道德原則,夾雜的聯想。
   我們且看第三項指控。檢察官委婉地稱之為“馬車裏的淪落”的那一段:
   車子掉頭往回走;而這一回,既無目標又無方向,衹是在隨意遊蕩。衹見它先是駛過聖波爾教堂,勒斯居爾,加爾剛山,紅墉鎮,快活林廣場;隨後是馬拉德爾裏街,迪南德裏街,聖羅曼塔樓,聖維維安教堂,聖馬剋洛教堂,聖尼凱茲教堂,---再駛過海關;---舊城樓,三管道和紀念公墓。車夫不時從車座上朝那些小酒店投去絶望的目光。他不明白車廂裏的那二位究竟着了什麽魔,居然就是不肯讓車停下。他試過好幾次,每回都即刻聽見身後傳來怒氣衝衝的喊聲。於是他衹得狠下心來鞭打那兩匹汗涔涔的駑馬,任憑車子怎麽顛簸,怎麽東磕西碰,全都置之度外,他焉頭耷腦,又渴又倦又傷心,差點兒哭了出來。
   在碼頭,在貨車與車桶之間,在街上,在界石拐角處,城裏的那些男男女女都睜大眼睛,驚愕地望着這幕外省難得一見的場景---一輛遮着簾子、比墳墓還密不透風的馬車,不停地在眼前晃來晃去,顛簸得像條海船。
   有一回,中午時分在曠野上,陽光射得鍍銀舊車燈鋥鋥發亮的當口,從黃步小窗簾裏探出衹裸露的手來,把一團碎紙扔出窗外,紙屑像白蝴蝶似的隨風飄散,落入遠處開滿紫紅花朵的苜蓿地裏。
   隨後,六點鐘光景,馬車停進博伏瓦齊納街區一條小巷,下來一個女人,面紗放得很低,頭也不回地往前走去。
   這段敘述,適見福樓拜藝術手段的高超。他讓讀者處於車夫與市民的視角,猜想車裏可能發生了什麽事情。當今的通俗小說作者或者影視編導處理汽車(相當於福樓拜時代的馬車)裏的場面,不知澆上多少濃油赤醬。
   再看對旅館房間的“描繪”:
   在這個充滿歡樂的溫馨的房間,儘管華麗裏透出些衰頽,他倆依然鐘愛無比!每次來總看到傢具依然如故,有時還會在臺鐘的底座上找到幾枚發夾,那是上星期四她忘在這兒的。壁爐邊上,有張鑲嵌蠃鈿的黃檀木小圓桌,他倆就在這圓桌上用餐。愛瑪把肉切開,連同溫柔甜蜜的千言萬語,一塊兒遞給他;香檳泡沫從精緻的酒杯溢出,流到她的戒指上,她忘情地縱聲大笑。他倆已完完全全被對方所占有,根本無法自拔,因此都以為這兒就是他倆的傢,他們要在這兒一起生活,直到地老天荒,就像一對年輕的終身夫妻那樣。他們說我們的房間,我們的地毯,我們的椅子,她甚至管萊昂送她的拖鞋叫我的拖鞋,那是當初看她喜歡,萊昂特地買給她的禮物。這雙粉紅緞面的拖鞋,用天鵝絨毛滾着邊。她坐在他的膝上,腳夠不着地,衹能懸在半空;這時那雙小巧玲瓏、鞋跟不包革的拖鞋,就單靠光腳的腳趾點着。
   與其說作者“”,不如說是檢察官大人神經過敏。
   幸虧福樓拜請出一位地位顯赫、能言善辯的大律師,法庭最後判福樓拜無罪。
   這場官司的結果,是《包法利夫人》成為暢銷書。這以後,由於這篇小說多層次的、豐富的內涵,更由於持不同美學觀點的小說傢和批評傢們各取所需,它得到不同的評價。我們衹能挂一漏萬,舉其大端。
   儘管福樓拜本人對現實主義和自然主義等等頗有微詞,左拉對《包法利夫人》推崇備至:“以《包法利夫人》為典型的自然主義小說的首要特徵,是準確復製生活,排除任何故事性成分。作品的結構僅在於選擇場景以及某種和諧的展開程序......最終是小說傢殺死主人公,如果他衹接受普通生活的平常進程。”
   早在上一個世紀,已有論者強調這部小說的心理學和哲學層面。儒勒.德.戈吉耶發明了“包法利主義”這個名詞,把它定義為“人所具有的把自己設想成另一個樣子的能力”。(應該說,“包法利主義”的存在先於包法利夫人,而且是超國界的。中國文學史上有無數“心比天高,命如紙薄”或“始亂終棄”的“紅顔薄命”的故事。它也延伸到當今世界,青年男女對明星、對“大衆情人”的崇拜,其實也是“包法利主義”的一種變體。)
   本世紀初,從英國小說傢亨利.詹姆斯開始,批評界致力於凸現福樓拜作品的藝術層面。詹姆斯寫道:“福樓拜衹在表現手法中看到藝術品的存在,他嚮我們提出挑戰,看誰能確定另一個評定作品生命力的標準而不論為笑柄。”
   福樓拜研究本世紀蔚為顯學。六十年代興起的法國“新小說”作傢和理論傢們視福樓拜為先驅。讓.羅賽主要研究《包法利夫人》的敘述技巧和敘述觀點,他說這部“什麽也不涉及的書”是現代反小說的祖先。這話也不是毫無根據。福樓拜本人在一封信裏說過:“我以為美的,是一本什麽也不涉及的書,一本沒有外部聯繫的書,它以自身風格的內在力量支撐自己,如同地球無所評籍,懸在空中,一本幾乎沒有主題的書,或者,至少,主題幾乎是看不見的,如果這是可能的。”在另一封信裏他說:“因此既沒有美麗的題材,也沒有卑賤的題材,而且,從純藝術的觀點來看,我們幾乎可以把不存在任何題材奉為格言,因為風格本身就是觀察事物的絶對方式。”小說中對物體的刻畫越是精細,這個物體就越是孤立於它從屬的那個整體,除了它作為物體存在在那裏,失去其他任何意義,如小說中夏爾的那頂帽子。
   薩特研究福樓拜,寫了一部兩千頁的大書《家庭的白癡》。他認為“被動性”在福樓拜身上非常重要。他愛用被動態造句,也是被動性的體現。他的父親,魯昂的名醫,在家庭裏濫用權力;母親對他沒有感情;繼承父業,也成為名醫的兄長引起他的嫉妒心。凡此種種,造成他的孤僻傾嚮,使他成為一個曾經是不幸的,後來又把神經官能癥作為擺脫不幸的辦法的人。藝術或文學不一定是神經官能癥患者的事情,但是為藝術而藝術,如福樓拜,要求一種神經官能癥。
   最後要提到著名的秘魯作傢略薩,他寫了一部研究福樓拜的專著《無休止的縱欲》,標題來自福樓拜的一句話:“承受人生的唯一方式是沉溺於文學,如同無休止的縱欲。”(1858年9月4日緻勒羅瓦耶.德.尚特比小姐的信)他推崇《包法利夫人》為第一部現代小說,贊揚福樓拜對形式完美的追求,認為在後者身上,“形式從來未與生活分離:形式是生活最好的維護者”。
   如果說《包法利夫人》的文本為批評傢的詮釋提供了無窮的可能性,對於翻譯傢,文本在形式上的完美卻是一個嚴峻的考驗和挑戰。譯者不僅要準確傳達詞義,如果他盡心盡職,還要盡可能顧及原文的音樂性。李健吾先生以作傢的才情譯書,他的譯本行文瀟灑,有的翻譯評論傢譽之為“定本”。他的文章確實漂亮,試引一段(第三部第五章,愛瑪坐馬車從永鎮到魯昂,城市在她的眼下出現);
   城像圓劇場,一步比一步低,霧氣籠罩,直到過了橋,纔亂紛紛展開。再過去又是曠野,形象單調,越遠越高,最後碰上灰天的模糊的基綫。全部風景,這樣從高望去,平平靜靜,像煞一幅畫。停錨的船衹,堆在一個角落;河順着緑嶺彎來彎去;長方形的島嶼,如同幾條大黑魚,停在水面,一動不動。工廠的煙囪冒出大團棕色的煙,隨風飄散。教堂的尖頂突破濃霧,清越的鐘聲有冶鑄廠的轟隆轟隆的響聲伴奏。馬路的枯樹,站在房屋中間,好象成堆的紫色荊棘一樣。雨洗過的屋頂,由於市區有高有低,光色參差不齊。有時候,吹來一陣勁風,浮雲飄嚮聖.卡特琳嶺,仿佛空氣凝成波濤,衝擊岸邊絶崖,先是氣勢洶洶,轉瞬又銷聲匿跡了。
   我們看到,李先生愛用四字成語和四字結構,因此句讀較多,這一段文字一共用了三十五個標點符號,包括逗號、分號和句號。福樓拜極其重視文句的節奏,原文衹用了二十二個標點符號。本書作者周剋希先生力圖在一定程度上復製原文的節奏,他的譯文用了二十五個標點符號:
   像圓形劇場那樣下凹,沐浴在霧靄之中的這座城市,過了橋那頭纔漸漸開闊,佈局也沒了章法。再往後,平坦的田野重又走勢單調地隆起,延接到遠處蒼茫的邊際。從高處如此望去,整片景色了無動靜,像一幅畫;下錨的船衹擠挨在一隅;河流在蔥鬱的岡巒腳下描畫出流暢的弧綫,橢圓形的島嶼恰似露出水面的一條條黑色的大魚。工廠的煙囪吐出滾滾濃煙,隨風飄散開去。鑄造廠傳來隆隆的響聲,和着矗立在霧中的教堂鐘樓清脆的排鐘聲。大街兩旁的樹木,凋零了樹葉,宛似屋宇間一蓬蓬紫色的荊棘,屋頂上的雨水猶自閃着亮光,屋面隨地勢起伏而明暗不一。時而,一陣風挾着雲團掠嚮聖卡特琳娜山岡,猶如股股氣浪悄沒聲兒地撞碎在峭壁上。
   翻譯沒有定本,李健吾先生的譯本是否定本,這些都是學術界還沒定論的問題。我不敢說周剋希先生的譯本在總體上或在某一方面超過李先生的譯本或其他譯本,但是我可以說,這是一個不同的,有自覺的美學追求,因而有其價值的譯本。
第一節
  我們正在上自習,忽然校長進來了,後面跟着一個沒有穿學生裝的新學生,還有一個小校工,卻端着一張大書桌。正在打瞌睡的學生也醒過來了,個個站了起來,仿佛功課受到打擾似的。
   校長做了個手勢,要我們坐下,然後轉過身去,低聲對班主任說:
   “羅傑先生,我把這個學生交托給你了,讓他上五年級吧。要是他的功課和品行都夠格的話,再讓他升高班,他的歲數已經夠大的了。”
   這個新生坐在門背後的角落裏,門一開,誰也看不見他,他是一個小鄉巴佬,大約有十五歲,個子比我們哪一個都高。他的頭髮順着前額剪齊,像鄉下教堂裏的歌童,看起來又懂事,又不自在。他的肩膀雖然不算寬,可是那件黑紐緑呢小外衣一定穿得太緊,袖口綳開了綫縫的地方,露出了曬紅的手腕,一看就知道是捲起袖子幹慣了活的。淺黃色的長褲子給背帶吊得太高,漏出了穿藍襪子的小腿。腳上穿了一雙不常擦油的釘鞋。
   大傢背起書來。他竪起耳朵來聽,專心得好像在教堂裏聽傳道,連腿也不敢蹺,胳膊也不敢放在書桌上。兩點鐘下課鈴響的時候,要不是班主任提醒他,他也不知道和我們一齊排隊。
   我們平時有個習慣,一進教室,就把帽子拋在地上,以免拿在手裏礙事;因此,一跨過門檻,就得把帽子扔到長凳底下,並且還要靠墻,掀起一片塵土;這已經成為規矩了。
   不知道這個新生是沒有註意到我們這一套,還是不敢跟大傢一樣做,課前的禱告做完之後,他還把鴨舌帽放在膝蓋上。他的帽子像是一盤大雜燴,看不出到底是皮帽、軍帽、圓頂帽、尖嘴帽還是睡帽,反正是便宜貨,說不出的難看,好像啞巴吃了黃連後的苦臉。帽子是雞蛋形的,裏面用鐵絲支撐着,帽口有三道滾邊;往上是交錯的菱形絲絨和兔皮,中間有條紅綫隔開;再往上是口袋似的帽筒;帽頂是多邊的硬殼紙,紙上蒙着復雜的彩綉,還有一根細長的飾帶,末端吊着一個金綫結成的小十字架作為墜子。
   帽子是新的,帽檐還閃光呢。
   “站起來,”老師說。
   他一起立,鴨舌帽就掉了。全班人都笑了起來。
   他彎下腰去拿帽子。旁邊一個學生用胳膊捅了他一下,帽子又掉了,他又揀了一回。
   “不必擔心,你的王冠不會摔壞,”老師很風趣地說。
   學生都哈哈大笑起來,可憐的新生更加手足無措,不知道帽子應該拿在手裏,還是讓它掉在地下,還是把它戴在頭上。他到底又坐下了,帽子還是放在膝蓋上。
   “站起來,”老師再說—遍,“告訴我你叫什麽名字。”
   新生口裏含了蘿蔔似地說了一個聽不清楚的名字。
   “再說一遍!”
   新生還是說了一個稀裏糊塗的名字,全班都笑得更厲害了。
   “聲音高點!”老師喊道,“聲音高點!”
   於是新生狠下决心,張開血盆大口,像在呼救似的,使出了吃奶的力氣叫道:“下坡花力!”
   這下好了,笑聲叫聲直綫上升,越來越鬧,有的聲音尖得刺耳,有的像狼號,有的像狗叫,有人跺腳,有人學舌:“下坡花力!下坡花力!”好不容易纔變成零星的叫聲,慢慢靜了下來,但是一排板凳好像一串爆竹,說不準什麽時候還會爆發出一兩聲壓製不住的笑聲,猶如死灰復燃的爆竹一樣。老師衹好用罰做功課的雨點,來淋濕爆竹,總算逐漸恢復了教室裏的秩序;老師又要新生聽寫,拼音,翻來復去地念,纔搞清楚了他的名字是夏爾·包法利,就罰這條可憐蟲坐到講臺前懶學生坐的板凳上去。他正要去,又站住了。
   “你找什麽?”老師問道。
   “我的……”新生心神不定,眼睛左右張望,膽小怕事地說。
   “全班罰抄五百行詩!”教師一聲令下,就像海神風浪一般,壓下了一場方興未艾的風暴。
   “都不許鬧!”老師生氣了,一面從高筒帽裏掏出手帕來擦滿臉的汗水,一面接着說。“至於你呢,新來的學生,你給我抄二十遍拉丁動詞‘笑’的變位法。”
   然後,他用溫和一點的聲音說:
   “你的帽子嘛,回頭就會找到,沒有人搶你的!”
   一切恢復平靜。頭都低下來做練習了。新生端端正正坐了兩個鐘頭,雖然說不定什麽時候,不知道什麽人的筆尖就會彈出一個小紙團來,濺他一臉墨水。他衹用手擦擦臉,依然一動不動,也不擡頭看一眼。
   上晚自習的時候,他從書桌裏拿出袖套來,把文具擺得整整齊齊,細心地用尺在紙上劃綫。我們看他真用功,個個詞都不厭其煩地查詞典。當然,他就是靠了他表現的這股勁頭,纔沒有降到低年級去;因為他即使勉強懂得文法規則,但是用詞造句並不高明。他的拉丁文是本村神甫給他啓的蒙,他的父母為了省錢,不是拖得實在不能再拖了,還不肯送他上學堂。
   他的父親夏爾·德尼·巴托洛梅·包法利,原來是軍醫的助手,在一八一二年左右的徵兵案件中受到了連累,不得不在這時離開部隊,好在他那堂堂一表的人材,贏得了一傢衣帽店老闆女兒的歡心,使他順便撈到了六萬法郎的嫁妝。他的長相漂亮,喜歡吹牛,總使他靴子上的馬刺鏗鏘作響,嘴唇上邊的鬍子和絡腮鬍子連成一片,手指上總戴着戒指,衣服又穿得光彩奪目,外表看起來像個勇士,平易近人又像個推銷員。一結了婚,頭兩三年他就靠老婆的錢過日子,吃得好,起得晚,用瓷煙斗一大鬥、一大鬥地吸煙,晚上不看完戲不回傢,還是咖啡館的常客。嶽父死了,沒有留下多少財産,他不高興,要開一傢紡織廠,又蝕了本,衹好回到鄉下,想在那裏顯顯身手。但是,他既不懂得織布,又不懂得種地;他的馬不是用來耕耘,而是用來馳騁;他的蘋果酒不是一桶一桶賣掉,而是一瓶一瓶喝光;他院子裏最好的雞鴨,都供自己食用;他的豬油也用來擦亮自己打獵穿的皮鞋;不消多久,他發現自己最好打消一切發財的念頭。
   於是他一年花兩百法郎,在科州和皮卡迪交界的一個村子裏,租了一所半田莊、半住宅的房子;他灰心喪氣,怨天尤人,從四十五歲起,就關門閉戶,說是厭倦人世,决意衹過安靜的日子了。
   他的妻子從前愛他簡直着了魔,簡直是對他百依百順;不料她越順着他,他卻越遠着她。她本來脾氣好,感情外露,愛情專一,後來上了年紀,就像走了氣的酒會變酸一樣,也變得難相處了,說話嘮叨,神經緊張。她吃了多少苦呵!起初看見他追騷逐臭,碰到村裏的浪蕩女人都不放過,夜裏醉得人事不省,滿身酒氣,從多少下流地方給送回傢來,她都沒有抱怨。後來,她的自尊心受了傷,衹好不言不語,忍氣吞聲,逆來順受,就這樣過了一輩子。她還得到處奔波,忙這忙那。她得去見訴訟代理人,去見法庭庭長,記住什麽時候期票到期,辦理延期付款;在傢裏,她又得縫縫補補,洗洗燙燙,監督工人,開發工錢,而她的丈夫卻什麽也不管,從早到晚都昏沉沉、懶洋洋,仿佛在跟人賭氣似的,稍微清醒一點就對她說些忘恩負義的話,縮在火爐旁邊吸煙,嚮爐灰裏吐痰。
   等到她生了一個男孩,卻不得不交給奶媽喂養。小把戲斷奶回傢後,又把他慣得像一個王子,母親喂他果醬,父親卻讓他光着腳丫子滿地跑,還冒充哲學家,說什麽小畜牲一絲不挂,可能活得更好。父母對孩子的想法背道而馳,父親頭腦裏有男人的理想,他要按照斯巴達的方式嚴格訓練兒子,好讓他有強健的體格。他要兒子鼕天睡覺不生火,教他大口喝甘蔗酒,看見教堂的隊伍就說粗話。可是小孩子天性馴良,辜負了父親的苦心,枉費了他的精力。母親總把兒子帶在身邊,為他剪硬紙板,給他講故事,沒完沒了地自言自語,快樂中有幾分憂鬱,親熱得又過於羅唆。她的日子過得孤寂,就把支離破碎的幻想全都寄托在孩子身上。她夢想着厚祿,仿佛看見他已經長大成人,漂亮,聰明,不管是修築橋梁公路也好,做官執法也好,都有所成就了。她教他認字,甚至彈着一架早買的舊鋼琴,教他唱兩三支小調。但是對這一套,重財輕文的包法利先生卻說是太劃不來了。難道他們有條件供養他上公立學校,將來買個一官半職,或者盤進一傢店面?再說,一個人衹要膽大臉皮厚,總會有得意的日子。包法利太太衹好咬咬嘴唇,讓孩子在村裏吊兒郎當。
   他跟在莊稼漢後面,用土塊打得烏鴉東飛西跑,他沿着溝摘黑莓吃,手裏拿根釣竿,卻說是在看管火雞;到了收穫季節他就翻曬𠔌子,在樹林裏東奔西跑;下雨天他在教堂門廊下的地上畫方格,玩跳房子的遊戲,碰到節日他就求教堂的管事讓他敲鐘,好把身子吊在粗繩上,繩子來回擺動,他就覺得在隨風飛舞。
   因此,他長得像一棵硬木樹,手臂結實,膚色健美。
   十二歲上,他母親纔得到允許,讓他開始學習。他的啓蒙老師是教堂的神甫。不過上課的時間太短,又不固定,起不了多大作用。功課都是忙裏偷閑教的,剛剛行過洗禮,又要舉行葬禮,中間有點閑暇,就站在聖器室裏,匆匆忙忙講上一課;或者是在晚禱之後,神甫不出門了,又叫人去把學生找來。他們兩人上得樓來,走進他的房間,於是各就各位:蒼蠅和蛾子也圍着蠟燭飛舞。天氣一熱,孩子就打瞌睡;神甫雙手壓在肚皮上,昏昏沉沉,不消多久,也就張嘴打起鼾來。有時,神甫給附近的病人行過臨終聖禮回傢,看見夏爾在田地裏頑皮搗亂,就把他喊住,訓了他刻把鐘,並且利用機會,叫他在樹底下背動詞變位表。但不是天下雨,就是過路的熟人,把他們的功課打斷了。儘管如此,神甫對他一直表示滿意,甚至還說:小夥子記性挺好。
   夏爾不能就停留在這一步呀。母親一抓緊,父親問心有愧,或者是嫌纍了,居然不反對就讓了步,但還是又拖了一年,等到這個頑童行過第一次聖體瞻禮再說。六個月一晃就過去了;第二年十月底,夏爾總算進了盧昂中學,還是過聖·羅曼節期間,他父親來趕熱鬧時,親自把他帶來的。
   時過境遷,我們現在誰也不記得他的事了,衹知道他脾氣好,玩的時候玩,讀書的時候讀書,在教室裏聽講,在寢室裏睡覺,在餐廳裏就餐。他的傢長代理人是手套街一傢五金批發店的老闆,每個月接他出來一次,總是在星期天鋪子關門之後,打發他到碼頭去逛逛,看看船來船往,然後一到七點,就送他回學校晚餐。每個星期四晚上,他給母親寫一封長信,用的是紅墨水,還用三塊小面團封口;然後他就復習歷史課的筆記,或者在自習室裏讀一本過時的、情節拖帶的《希臘遊記》,散步的時候,他老是和校工聊天,因為他們兩個都是鄉下來的。
   靠了用功,他在班上總是保持中下水平;有一回考博物學,他雖然沒有得奬,卻受到了表揚。但是,到三年級結束的時候,他的父母要他退學,並且要他學醫,說是相信他會出人頭地,得到學位的。
   他的母親認識羅伯剋河岸一傢洗染店,就在四層樓上為他找了一間房子。她把他的膳宿安排停當,弄來幾件傢具,一張桌子,兩把椅子,還從傢裏運來一張櫻桃木的舊床,另外買了一個生鐵小火爐,儲存了一堆木柴,準備可憐的孩子過鼕取暖之用。住了一個禮拜之後,她纔回鄉下去,臨行前還千叮嚀、萬囑咐,說現在就衹剩下他一個人了,一定要會照管自己。
   佈告欄裏的功課表使他頭昏腦脹:解剖學、病理學、生理學、藥劑學、化學、植物學、診斷學、治療學,還不提衛生學和藥材學,一個個名詞他都搞不清來竜去脈,看起來好像神廟的大門,裏面莊嚴肅穆,一片黑暗。他什麽也不懂;聽講也是白搭,一點也沒理解。不過他很用功,筆記訂了一本又是一本,上課每堂都到,實習一次不缺。他完成繁瑣的日常工作,就像蒙住眼睛拉磨的馬一樣,轉來轉去也不知道磨的是什麽。
   為了省得他花錢,他的母親每個星期都托郵車給他帶來一大塊叉燒小牛肉,他上午從醫院回來,就靠着墻頓腳取暖,吃叉燒肉當午餐。然後又是上課,上階梯教室,上救濟院,上完課再穿街過巷,回住所來。晚上,他吃過房東不豐盛的晚餐,又上樓回房間用功。他身上穿的衣服給汗水浸濕了,背靠着燒紅了的小火爐,一直冒汽。
   到了夏天美好的黃昏時刻,悶熱的街頭巷尾都空蕩蕩的,衹有女傭人在大門口踢毽子。他打開窗戶,憑窗眺望,看見底下的小河流過橋梁柵欄,顔色有黃有紫有藍,使盧昂這個街區變成了見不得人的小威尼斯。有幾個工人蹲在河邊洗胳膊。閣樓裏伸出去的竿子上,晾着一束一束的棉綫。對面屋頂上是一望無際的青天,還有一輪西沉的紅日。鄉下該多好呵!山毛櫸下該多涼爽呵!他張開鼻孔去吸田野的清香,可惜衹聞到一股熱氣。他消瘦了,身材變得修長,臉上流露出一種哀怨的表情,更容易得到別人的關懷。
   人衹要一馬虎,就會自然而然地擺脫决心的束縛。有一次,他沒去實習,第二天,又沒去上課,一嘗到偷懶的甜頭,慢慢就進得去出不來了。他養成了上小酒館的習慣,在那裏玩骨牌玩得入了迷。每天晚上關在一個骯髒的賭窟裏,在大理石臺子上,擲着有黑點的小羊骨頭骰子,在他看來,似乎是難能可貴的自由行動,擡高了他在自己眼裏的身價。這就似是頭一回走進花花世界嘗到禁臠一樣;在進門的時候,把手指放在門扶手上,心裏已經涌起般的快感了。那時,壓在內心深處的種種欲望都冒了出來;他學會了對女伴唱小調,興高采烈地唱貝朗瑞的歌麯,能調五味酒,最後,還懂得了談情說愛。
   他這樣準備醫生考試,結果當然是徹底失敗。當天晚上,他傢裏還在等他回來開慶功會呢!他動身走回傢去,一到村口又站住了,托人把母親找出來,一五一十都告訴了她。母親原諒兒子,反而責怪主考人不公平,沒有讓他通過,並且說父親面前由她來交代,這就給他吃了定心丸。
   等到五年以後,包法利先生纔知道考試;事情已經過去,不能再算陳年老賬,何況他怎能相信自己生的兒子會是蠢才呢!
   於是夏爾重新復習功課,繼續準備考試,並且事先把考過的題目都背得爛熟。他總算通過了,成績還算良好。這對他的母親來說,簡直是個大喜的日子:他們大擺喜筵。
   到哪裏去行醫呢?去托特吧。那裏衹有一個老醫生。很久以來,包法利太太就巴不得他死掉。不等老頭子捲鋪蓋,夏爾就在他對面住下,迫不及待地要呢!
   好不容易把兒子帶大了,讓他學會了行醫謀生,幫他在托特挂牌開業,這還不算完:他還沒成傢呢。她又給他娶了一房媳婦,那是迪埃普一個事務員的寡婦,四十五歲,一年有一千二百法郎的收入。
   杜比剋傢的寡婦雖然長得醜,骨瘦如柴,滿臉的疙瘩像春天發芽的樹枝,但並不愁嫁不出去,供她挑選的還不乏其人。為了達到目的,包法利大娘不得不費盡心機,把對手都擠掉,甚至有一個豬肉店老闆,得到幾個神甫撐腰,也給她巧施妙計,破壞了好事。
   夏爾打着如意算盤,滿以為一結婚,條件就會變得更好,人可以自作主張,錢可以隨意花費。哪裏曉得當傢作主的是他老婆;他在人面前應該這樣說,不能那樣說,每逢齋戒日要吃素,要順着她的意思穿衣服,按照她的吩咐催促病人還帳。她拆他的私信,監視他的行動,隔着板壁聽他看病,如果診室裏有婦女的話。她每天早晨要喝巧剋力,沒完沒了地要他關心。她老是抱怨神經痛,胸脯痛,氣血兩虧。腳步聲響吵了她;他一走又冷落了她;回到她身邊呢,那當然是希望她早死。夜裏,夏爾回到傢中,她就從被窩底下伸出瘦長的胳膊,摟住他的脖子,把他拉到床邊坐下,對他訴起苦來:他一定是忘記她了,愛上別的女人了!人傢早就說過,她的命苦,說到最後,她為了健康,嚮他要一點甜藥水,還要一點愛情。
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