shǒuyè>> wénxué>> 现实百态>> wéi duō · guǒ Victor Hugo   guó France   shí jiǔ shì de guó   (1802niánèryuè26rì1885niánwǔyuè22rì)
xiào miàn rén The Man Who Laughs
  《 xiào miàn rénshì guǒ zài liù jiǔ nián xiě chéng de cháng piān xiǎo shuōzhè xiǎo shuō shí shì shí shì chū de yīng guó shè huì wéi bèi jǐng jiù shì cóng zhān shì 'èr shì dào de 'ér 'ān wáng tǒng zhì yīng guó de shí xiǎo shuō zhù rén gōng wēn lán shì jué shì de hòu dàicóng xiǎo jiù bèi mài gěi 'ér tóng fàn chéng wéi gōng tíng yīn móu de shēng pǐn luò dào 'ér tóng fàn zhī shǒu hòubèi dòng guò huǐ róng shǒu shùliǎn kǒng yīn shǐ zhōng xiàng zài guài xiào yànghòu lái bèi hǎo xīn de liú làng rén suǒ shōu yǎngcóng jiù gēn zhe dào chù mài wēn lán zài jiàn dào zhī qiánhái zài xuě shàng jiù guò yīng héng héng jiù shì máng niàn hǎo xīn de shōu yǎng liǎo xià lái men rén hǎi piāo shòu jìn pín qióng xìng de zhé dàn shì men bìng méi yòu xiàng huán jìng men zhī jiān chōng mǎn zhe chéng zhì de gǎn qíngzài diān pèi liú làng shēng huó zhōng wēn lán máng niàn zhī jiān jiàn jiàn chǎn shēng liǎo 'ài qínghòu lái wēn lán yòu huì chóngxīn huò jué shì de tóu xián què yàn 'è guì shēng huózài huì tòng chì liǎo guì zuì xíng hòuhuí dào de tóng bàn zhè shí jīng bìng yǎn yǎn zhōng shì wēn lán bēi tòng wàn fēnjiēguǒ tóu hǎi shā wēn lán de bēi cǎn zāo cóng 'ér shēng de shí zhèng shì yīng guó chǎn jiē mìng hòu jiǔ chǎn jiē xīn guì jiàn liǎo jūn zhù xiàn zhèng mìng de jiēguǒ duì rén mín lái shuōzhǐ shì běn zhù de jiā suǒ dài liǎo fēng jiàn zhù de jiā suǒcái quán zhōng zài xiǎo cuō tǒng zhì jiē shǒu guǎng rén mín jiù guò zhe nán shēn zhòng de shēng huó
  《 xiào miàn rén》 - zuò pǐn shǎng
  
   guǒ tōng guò wēn lán men de bēi cǎn zāo fǎn yìng liǎo dāng shí de liǎng duì de jiē de jiān ruì máo dùnzhàn jué duō shù de rén mín qún zhòng guò zhe pín qióng kùn de shēng huó xiǎo cuō shàng céng guì qióng shē chǐdào bài huài guǒ yòng liǎo fēng de shǐ wén xiàn shēng dòng liè liǎo dāng shí yīng guó píng děng de shè huì miàn màojiē tǒng zhì jiē de zhǒng zhǒng wěi chǒu 'èzài xiǎo shuō zuò zhě wán quán zhàn zài tóng qíng rén mín de chǎng shàng wéi pín zhòng zuò biàn miáo huì céng rén mín de xiào miàn rén wēn lán zài guì yuàn duì xiē wáng sūn guì de kāng kǎi 'áng de kòng gāi shì quán shū de gāo cháogāi shì duì zhè yàng píng děng shè huì de wéi lín jìn zhì de miáo huìrén mín guò zhe cǎn de zuì de rén bèi dìng liǎo zuì suì de xiǎo niàn kāi shǐ mài yínméi kuàng gōng rén méi kuài tián rén chī de shì shù cǎo gēnyīng 'ér shuì zài shàng chū lái de dòng chú liǎo pín qióngshī huāng bìng wài men kàn dào zài bǎi xìng tóu shàng de hái yòu jǐng chá zōng jiào dài jiān xíngděng děngbǎo jīng cāng sāng de jiù duì wēn lán zhè yàng shuō guò chén shì qióng rén wéi de péng yǒu men zhǐ shuō shì chéng rèn tóng shì men de quán quán duì guān shuōshì’。 duì guó wáng shuōshì’。 lǎo men guǒ gāo xīngjiù shǎng men gùn jiù bèi men guòzhè shì men de quán men shǐ men de tóu duànduì men de zūn yán huì yòu shénme sǔn hài yòu zhǐ chū:“ shì shēng huó zài zhè yàng guó jiā diào sān nián de xiǎo shùjiù 'ān 'ān jìng jìng bèi rén sòng shàng jiǎo xíng jiàzhù jiào tíng yào shì pàn jué fàn liǎo duān xié jiào de zuìjiù gāi huó huó shāo 。” zài lìng fāng miàntǒng zhì jiē xiǎng shòu zhǒng zhǒng quánqióng shē chǐpàn mìng zhà bǎi xìng de xuè hàn lái gōng men huī huò wáng zhàng de nián fèng xià jiù yào zēng jiā shí wàn yīng bàng juān shuì yàng yàng zēng jiā guǒ xiào miàn rén wēn lán de bēi cǎn shìjiù 'ān pái zài zhè yàng huán jìng wēn lán zài huì de yánshì duì shè huì de yòu de kòng shí wēn lán de liǎng qīn rén héng de bēi cǎn zāo běn shēnjiù shì yòu de kòng tǒng zhì zhě de shǒu huǐ miè men de xìng shǐ láo láo shǒu zhù dechén shì qióng rén wéi de péng yǒude xìn tiáo táo zhè zhǐ kàn jiàn de de shǒuzhè shàn liáng de lián de rén men de mìng yùn zhèng shì dāng shí yīng guó guǎng de láo dòng rén mín de biàn mìng yùn guǒ zài xiǎo shuō zhōng yùn yòng liǎo zuì wéi shàn cháng de làng màn zhù de duì shǒu shēng dòng huá liǎo zhè zhù yào rén de xíng xiàng
  
   wēn lán de liǎn shì chǒu dedàn shì de nèi xīn què měi dāng bèi rén pāo rén dān dān gēn shén dǒu de shí hòu hái xiǎng dào jiù lìng wài hái dān lìng wài rén de mìng yùn zài chéng wéi jué shì hòuwàng liǎo bǎi xìng de tòng chì liǎo xiē guì lǎo zuì hòu qíng yuàn pāo róng huá guìhuí dào de qīn rén shēn biānyīn ,“ suī rán jiādōu rèn wéi shì guài shì què rèn wéi shì tiān shàng de shén xiān。” shuō:“ cháng chǒuzhè suàn liǎo shénmezuò huài shì cái jiào chǒu wēn lán zhǐ zuò hǎo shìsuǒ zuì piào liàng。” shì xiā cóng xiǎo jiù méi yòu jiàn guò yáng guāngdàn shì yǎn jīng suī rán kàn jiànquè chōng mǎn liǎo liàng guāng”。 kàn dào liàng yǎn rén kàn dào de dōng biàn shì wēn lán de nèi xīn de měi xīn 'ài zhe wēn lán wēn lán shì zuò de tài yángzhè shì měi chún jié de shàonǚ shì shàn liáng zhì huì de lǎo rén qióng kùnshōu liú xià liǎng 'ér yǎng liǎo men de cái zhì shì jīng rén dezài de shēn shàng shǎn yào zhe láo dòng rén mín de zhì huì de guāng mángrán 'ér shēn shòu shēng huó de nándǒng tào rén qíng shì zài 'è shì de hài xià lái shùn shòuzài men sān rén zhī jiān cún zài zhe shēn hòu de gǎn qíng men xiāng wéi mìng qīn 'àishuí kāi shuíshuí shǎo liǎo shuí men zhī jiān zhè zhǒng zhēn zhì de gǎn qíngjiā qiáng liǎo xiǎo shuō jié de bēi fēn
  
   gēn men xíng chéng qiáng liè duì zhào de shì 'ān wángyuē 'ān wèi · héng 'āi jué shì zhè rén men cán bào zhuān héngzuò wēi zuò huāng yín chǐdào bài huàiwèile mǎn de shénme chǒu shìdōu zuòde chū lái kàn ān wáng zēng hèn yuē 'ān néng kàn dào jià gěi wēn lán zhè xíng rén wéi shì háo mèi zhī qíngyuē 'ān wèi · héng 'āi liǎng réndōu yuàn jié hūnyīn wéi zhè duì de fàng dàng shēng huó yòu duō biàn yuē 'ān shèn zhì yǐn yòu wēn lánxiǎng xún zhǎo duò luò de zhè zhǒng xíng wéi zhǐ yòu cóng de fàng dàng chǐ de biàn tài xīn zhōng dào jiě shìzhè mào ruò tiān xiānxīn shé xiē de réndāng zuì hòu zhī dào wēn lán shì de zhēn zhèng de zhàng de shí hòufǎn 'ér gǎn zǒuduì shuō hèn
  
   xiǎo shuō de làng màn zhù hái biǎo xiàn zài zuò jiā duì qíng jié de 'ān pái shàngzhěng shì shì yóu duō chū rén wài de shì jiàn lián jié 'ér chéng dexiǎo shuō kāi shǐ líng dīng de hái gěi pāo zài huāng liáng de hǎi 'àn shàngděng dài zhe de zhǐ yòu wángdàn shì què táo chū liǎo kùn jìngzhè yàng de kāi tóu jiù qiáng liè yǐn zhù liǎo zhěyóu shì 'èr juàn kāi shǐyuē 'ān de lái xìn gěi wēn lán dài lái de 'ān hǎi zhōng piào lái de de wēn lán rán biàn 'ér wéi lǎng chá jué shì kàn jiàn jiān káng chū kǒu guān cái wéi wēn lán bèi chǔsǐyuē 'ān wēn lán 'ǒu rán xiāng jiàn wēn lán zài huì kòng tǒng zhì zhě de zuì 'è xún zhǎo qīn rén jiàn zhèng xiǎng tiào shí kàn jiàn tóu jīhū xíng yǐng de láng gǒu 'ào děng děngzhēn shuō shì lán dié fēng yún biàn huànér wēn lán de xíng xiàng zài zhè lián chuàn de qíng jié zhǎn zhōng xiǎn xiān míngzhè shì zhè xiǎo shuō de yòu
  
   rán 'ér guǒ suī rán zhēn shí miáo liǎo píng děng de shè huì miàn màodàn shì duì shè huì de běn zhì shì quē rèn shí deyīn duì dāng shí shè huì de jiē máo dùn jiē hái shì gòu shēn de quē shǎo zhèng què de fēn zài huá fǎn miàn rén de shí hòuquè wèi shǔ yào de 'ěr fèi luó xiě chéng liǎo shǒu 'è méi yòu zhè rén cóng zhōng shī zhǎn de yīn móu guǐ wēn lán de mìng yùn néng jiù huì bēi cǎnzhì qíng jié zhǎn guò duō jiàn zhù zài wài de shì jiàn chū xiàn shàngǒu rán xìng tài rán 'ér rán chōng dàn liǎo chū yán de bēi de xìng zhì wàizuò zhě yǐn jīng diǎnjiā chā zhī chù shǐ rén gǎn dào jiào duōzhè xiē dōukě shuō shì zhè zuò pǐn de zhī chù


  The Man Who Laughs is a novel by Victor Hugo, originally published in April 1869 under the French title L'Homme qui rit. Also published under the title "By Order of the King". Although among Hugo's most obscure works, it was adapted into a popular 1928 film, directed by Paul Leni and starring Conrad Veidt, Mary Philbin and Olga Baclanova.
  
  Background
  
  Hugo wrote The Man Who Laughs, or the Laughing Man, over a period of fifteen months while he was living in the Channel Islands, having been exiled from his native France due to the controversial political content of his previous novels. Hugo's working title for this book was On the King's Command, but a friend suggested The Man Who Laughs.
  Plot summary
  
  The first major character whom the reader is introduced to is a mountebank who dresses in bearskins and calls himself Ursus (Latin for “bear”). His only companion is a large domesticated wolf, whom Ursus has named Homo (Latin for “man”, in a pun over the Hobbesian saying "homo homini lupus"). Ursus lives in a caravan, which he conveys to holiday fairs and markets throughout southern England, where he sells folk remedies.
  
  The action moves to an English sea coast, on the night of January 29, 1690. Hugo sets this date precisely, but nowhere in the narrative does he link it to any specific real-world historical event. A group of men, their identities unknown to us, are urgently loading a ship for departure. A boy, ten years old, is among their company, but the men are anxious to be rid of him. While the boy desperately pleads not to be abandoned, the men leave him behind and cast off.
  
  The desperate boy, barefoot and starving, wanders through a snowstorm and reaches a gibbet, where he finds the corpse of a hanged criminal. The dead man is wearing shoes: utterly worthless to him now, yet precious to this boy. Beneath the gibbet, the boy finds a ragged woman, frozen to death. The boy is about to move onward when he hears a sound within the woman's garments: He discovers an infant girl, barely alive, clutching the woman's breast. Hugo's narrative describes a single drop of frozen milk, resembling a pearl, suspended from the dead woman's nipple.
  
  Although the boy's survival seems unlikely, he now takes possession of the infant in an attempt to keep her alive. The girl's eyes are sightless and clouded, and he understands that she is blind. In the snowstorm, he encounters an isolated caravan, the domicile of Ursus.
  
  The action shifts forward 15 years, to England during the reign of Queen Anne. We meet the Duchess Josiana, a spoiled and jaded peeress who is bored by the dull routine of court. A courtier tells the duchess that the only cure for her boredom is “Gwynplaine”, although he does not divulge who or what this Gwynplaine might be.
  
  Now we are reunited with the wanderers. Ursus is 15 years older now. Surprisingly, the wolf Homo is still alive too, although the narration admits that his fur is greyer. Gwynplaine is the abandoned boy, now 25 years old and matured to well-figured manhood. In a flashback, we witness the first encounter between Ursus and Gwynplaine. The boy is clutching a nearly-dead infant, and therefore Ursus is outraged that the boy appears to be laughing. When the boy insists that he is not laughing, Ursus takes another look, and is horrified. The boy's face has been mutilated into a clown's mask, his mouth carved into a perpetual grin. The boy tells Ursus that his name is Gwynplaine; this is the only name he has ever known.
  
  The foundling girl has grown older too. Now sixteen years old, she has been christened Dea (Latin for “goddess”), presumably by Ursus. Dea is blind but beautiful and utterly virtuous. She is also in love with Gwynplaine, as she is able to witness his kindly nature without seeing his hideous face. When Dea attempts to “see” Gwynplaine by passing her sightless fingers across his disfigured countenance, she assumes that he must always be happy because he is perpetually smiling. They fall in love.
  
  Ursus and his two surrogate children earn a bare living in the funfairs and carnivals of southern England. Everywhere they travel, Gwynplaine keeps the lower half of his face concealed. He is now the principal wage-earner of their retinue; in each town they visit, Gwynplaine gives a stage performance; the chief feature of this performance is that the crowds are invariably provoked to laughter when Gwynplaine reveals his grotesque face.
  
  At one point, Ursus and Gwynplaine are readying for their next performance when Ursus directs Gwynplaine's attention to a man who strides purposefully past their fairgrounds, dressed in ceremonial garments and bearing an elaborate wooden staff. Ursus explains that this man is the Wapentake, a servant of the Crown. (“Wapentake” is an Old English word meaning “weapon-touch”.) Whomever the Wapentake touches with his staff has been summoned by the monarch and must go to wherever the Wapentake leads, upon pain of death.
  
  Josiana attends one of Gwynplaine's performances, and is sensually aroused by the combination of his virile grace and his facial deformity. Hugo makes it clear that Josiana's feelings towards Gwynplaine are erotic and sexual. Gwynplaine, too, is aroused by the physical beauty and haughty demeanour of this sensuous woman.
  
  Suddenly, the Wapentake arrives at the caravan and touches Gwynplaine with his staff, compelling the disfigured man to follow him to the court of Queen Anne. Gwynplaine is ushered to a dungeon in London, where a physician named Hardquannone is being tortured to death. Hardquannone recognises the deformed Gwynplaine, and identifies him as the boy whose abduction and disfigurement Hardquannone arranged twenty-three years earlier.
  
  In the year 1682, in the reign of James II, one of the king's enemies was Lord Linnaeus Clancharlie, Marquis of Corleone and a baron in the House of Lords. The king arranged the baron's abduction and murder. The baron, already widowed, left a two-year-old son: Fermain, heir to his estates. With the king's approval, Hardquannone gave this helpless boy to a band of wanderers called “the Comprachicos”.
  
  “Comprachicos”: this word is Hugo's invention, based on the Spanish for “child-buyers”. They make their living by mutilating and disfiguring children, who are then forced to beg for alms, or who are exhibited as carnival freaks.
  
  It becomes clear that, after disfiguring the two-year-old Fermain and renaming him Gwynplaine, the Comprachicos kept him in their possession until they abandoned him eight years later in 1690, on the night when he found Dea. Their ship was lost in the storm at sea, with all hands, but one passenger considerately wrote out a confession and cast this adrift in a sealed flask, which now has belatedly come to the attention of Queen Anne.
  
  Dea is saddened by Gwynplaine's protracted absence. Dea has always been frail, but now she withers away even more.
  
  Gwynplaine is now formally instated as Lord Fermain Clancharlie, Marquis of Corleone. In a grotesque scene, he is dressed in the elaborate robes and ceremonial wig of investiture, and commanded to take his seat in the House of Lords. But, when the deformed Gwynplaine attempts to address his peers — now his peers in the literal sense — the other lords are provoked to laughter by Gwynplaine's clownish features.
  
  Gwynplaine renounces his peerage and returns to the caravan of Ursus, and to the only family he has ever known. Dea is delighted that Gwynplaine has returned to her. The four friends (including Homo) cast off aboard a vessel to the continent, resolved to abandon England forever. During the voyage, while Ursus slumbers, Dea reveals her passion to Gwynplaine, and then she abruptly dies. When Ursus awakens, Gwynplaine has vanished, and Homo is staring mournfully over the ship's rail, into the open sea, implying that Gwynplaine has drowned himself.
  Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
  
  There have been several dramatic adaptations of The Man Who Laughs. These include:
  Film
  
  See The Man Who Laughs (film) for the full list
  Theatre
  
   * Clair de Lune, a stage play written by Blanche Oelrichs under her male pseudonym Michael Strange, which ran for 64 performances on Broadway from April to June 1921. Oelrichs/Strange made some extremely arbitrary changes to the story, such as altering the protagonist's name to “Gwymplane”. The play features some very contrived and stilted dialogue, and would probably never have been produced if not for the fact that Oelrichs's husband at this time was the famed actor John Barrymore, who agreed to play Gwymplane and persuaded his sister Ethel Barrymore to portray Queen Anne. The ill-starred drama was dismissed as a vanity production, indulged by Barrymore purely to give his wife some credibility as playwright “Michael Strange”. The review by theatre critic James Whittaker of the Chicago Tribune was headlined “For the Love of Mike!”
   * In 2005, The Stolen Chair Theatre Company recreated the story as a "Silent film for the stage." This adaptation pulled equally from Hugo's novel, the 1927 Hollywood Silent film, and from the creative minds of Stolen Chair. Stolen Chair's collectively created adaptation was staged as a live silent film, with stylized movement, original musical accompaniment, and projected intertitles. Gwynplaine was brought to life by Jon Campbell and was joined by Jennifer Wren, Alexia Vernon, Dennis Wit and Cameron J. Oro. It played in NY to critical acclaim and has been published in the book, Playing with Cannons.
   * In 2006 the original story was adapted into musical by Alexandr Tumencev (composer) and Tatyana Ziryanova (Russian lyrics) and entitled 'Man Who Laughs' ('Человек, который смеётся'). This musical adaptation is performed by the Theatre of musical "Seventh Morning" starting from November, 6.
  
  Comics
  
   * In May 1950, the Gilberton publishing company produced a comic-book adaptation of The Man Who Laughs as part of their prestigious Classics Illustrated series. This adaptation featured artwork by Alex A. Blum, much of it closely resembling the 1928 film (including the anachronistic Ferris wheel). The character of Gwynplaine is drawn as a handsome young man, quite normal except for two prominent creases at the sides of his mouth. As this comic book was intended for juvenile readers, there may have been an intentional editorial decision to minimise the appearance of Gwynplaine's disfigurement. A revised Classics Illustrated edition, with a more faithful script by Al Sundel, and a painted cover and new interior art by Norman Nodel, was issued in the spring of 1962. Nodel's artwork showed a Gwynplaine far more disfigured than the character's appearance in either the 1928 film or the 1950 Classics edition.
   * A second comic book version was produced by artist Fernando de Felipe, published by S. I. ARTISTS and republished by Heavy Metal Magazine in 1994. This adaptation was intended for a mature audience and places more emphasis on the horrific elements of the story. De Felipe has simplified and taken some liberties with Hugo's storyline. His rendering emphasizes the grotesque in Hugo and excludes the elements of the sublime that are equally important in the original.
  
  Allusions/references from other works
  The Joker, as drawn by Brian Bolland. This is one of many artists' renditions of the supervillain who was visually inspired by The Man Who Laughs.
  
   * In 1869, while living in Buffalo, New York, Mark Twain published a parody of L'Homme qui Rit in the Buffalo Express newspaper. The parody attempted to offer parallels between Gwynplaine and Andrew Johnson, the scandal-plagued President of the United States at that time. The parody was not a success, and is of minor interest only because of its author's later prominence.
   * In 1940, comic book artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger used Gwynplaine's lanky physique and grotesque grin as the visual inspiration for the Joker, Batman's archenemy. There the similarity ends, however; Gwynplaine is an embittered hero, while the Joker is a psychopathic criminal.
   In the 1970s, Bob Kane acknowledged the inspiration for the Joker, and it was later explicitly referenced in the graphic novel, Batman: The Man Who Laughs. Comic book artist Brian Bolland said that watching The Man Who Laughs was one of his inspirations for drawing the graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke (1988). In the episode "Wild Cards" of the Justice League animated series (2003), The Joker infiltrated a TV station by using the alias "Gwynplaine Entertainment." Another point to note is the similarity of the name Hardquannone, the rescued physician, and the Jokers psychiatrist (later lover and partner in crime) Harley Quinn.
   * Gwynplaine's physical appearance may have inspired "Sardonicus", a story by Ray Russell published in Playboy in 1961. This gothic horror tale describes a man who has experienced a shock so terrifying that he undergoes a medical condition called Risus sardonicus, in which his face is permanently paralyzed into an exaggerated grin. Russell's story was filmed that same year as Mr. Sardonicus, a low-budget horror film by William Castle, featuring one of the gimmicks for which that producer was famous: halting the projection of the movie a few minutes before it ended, ostensibly so that the audience could vote on whether Sardonicus would live or die. Allegedly, the projectionist had two different endings available, and would screen the one reflecting the audience's verdict. In reality, however, only one ending was ever filmed or shown, with Sardonicus starving to death, his handicap preventing him from eating.
   * The novelist and essayist Ayn Rand adapted Hugo's term “Comprachicos” for her own purposes in a noted essay, published in The Objectivist in 1970. Rand used the term “Comprachicos” to designate various forces in society which — either through well-meaning ignorance or outright malice — distort and deform children's souls and minds in an attempt to force them into social conformity. She considered The Man Who Laughs to be Hugo's best novel.
   * Pinball, a 1982 novel credited to Jerzy Kosinski, features a female character named Andrea Gwynplaine. As there is no parallel between Kosinski's novel and Hugo's, it was not immediately clear why this character was so oddly named. After Kosinski's death, it was determined that at least two uncredited “ghost writers” made substantial contributions to this novel and other works credited to Kosinski: one of those uncredited co-authors was journalist F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre, who had previously named himself after Hugo's protagonist, and who inserted the name “Gwynplaine” into the text of Pinball as a clue to his participation.
   * In James Ellroy's book The Black Dahlia, the mutilation murder of Elizabeth Short is partially inspired by a painting of Gwynplaine. The painting ends up being the one of the major clues in solving the murder.
   * A short story by the name of The Laughing Man is featured J.D. Salinger's Nine Stories. It appears to be influenced by The Man Who Laughs, featuring an individual facially disfigured in his childhood by criminals who have kidnapped him.
   * In the 2008 movie "The Dark Knight" the character "The Joker" appears to take a more direct influence physically from Gwynplaine as his permanent grin appears to be caused by a mutilation to his face.
   * In H.G. Wells' The Island of Doctor Moreau, Moreau refers to L'Homme qui Rit when explaining the nature of his experiments to the protagonist.
   * In the new Rob Zombie album, Hellbilly Deluxe 2, the last song is titled "The Man Who Laughs" and is based on the story of the same name.
guǒ xiào miàn rén
  wéi duō · guǒ èr nián 'èr yuè 'èr shí liù dàn shēng zài guó dōng sāng sōng chéng guǒ de qīn bèi 'ěr · guǒběn shì guó dōng nán gōng de 'ér guó shí shì gòng duì de shàng wèizéngshēn jiā guò bān zhàn zhēngzài lún shí jìn shēng wéi jiāng jūn guān
   guǒ cóng tóng nián jiù zài tíng de yóu zhōng guò de qīn bèi 'ěr · guǒ hái cóng zhù zhā dài dào lìng zhù zhā guǒ jiā cóng sāng sōng qiān dào 'è 'ěr cóng 'è 'ěr qiān dào zhī hòu yòu zài bān zhù liǎo shí bèi 'ěr céng zài dān rèn zhǒng gāo guān yuán guǒ de xiōng 'ōu rén zài xué xiào zhōng niàn shū
   'èr nián chūdāng bān de fēn biàn huàzài bān de guó rén shòu dào zhú chū jìng de wēi xié de shí hòuzhè shí jīng jìn shēng wéi jiāng jūn de guǒ de qīn biàn wéi duō děng hái sòng huí guózài guó de kuǐ léi yuē wáng bèi tuī fān hòu bèi 'ěr · guǒ huí dào guówéi duō · guǒ zài zhè shí bàng wáng cháo de lún cóng 'è 'ěr de guī lái děng děng zhòng shì jiànzhè xiē zhòng shì jiàn hòu lái duì de chuàng zuò shēng huó yòu shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng
   wéi duō · guǒ zài guì zhōng xué xué zhé xué shù xué qīn xiǎng jiào 'ér zhù míng de gōng zhuān mén xué xiàojiēguǒ méi yòu chéng gōngyīn wéi wéi duō · guǒ 'ài wén xué cóng shí suì biàn kāi shǐ xiě zuòér zài shí suì shàng jiù jīng yīn wéi de shī piān shū zhī dào lán xué yuàn de jiǎng shǎngnián qīng de guǒ zhè shí cái huá jiàn shì jué xīn fàng zuānyán shù xué de shēng xiàn gěi wén xué
   guǒ cóng xiǎo jiù shòu dào qīn qīn de guān diǎn de yǐng xiǎng qīn fǎn duì bàng wáng shì qīn què shì jūn zhù zhèng de yōng zhě bǎo huáng zhù zhěyīn guǒ hǎo xiàng jīng cháng chù zài liǎng zhǒng duì de chōng de huán jìng zhōng guǒ yóu zǎo nián shòu dào qīn de yǐng xiǎng jiào duō xiǎng jiào bǎo shǒucéng jīng sòng guò bàng wáng cháo de dàn hòu lái zhú jiàn zhuǎn biàntóng qíng chǎn jiē fǎn duì fēng jiàn shì nián guǒ yīn fěng liǎo lún sān shì,, cháng shí jiǔ nián lún sān shì bèi tuī fān hòu chóngfǎn guócéng rèn sān gòng guó guó huì yuán guǒ suī duì nián gōng shè de xìng zhì quán wěi wèi néng rèn shíbìng zàn chéngdàn zài gōng shè shī bài hòucéng jié wéi hài de gōng shè shè yuán zài sài 'ěr de kāi fàng gěi bìnàn zhě
   guǒ shēng de chuàng zuò shí cháng liù shí nián zhī jiǔshì duō chǎn de zuò jiā shì duō chǎn de shī rén de zhù yào zuò pǐn yòu cháng piān xiǎo shuō shèng yuàn》、《 bēi cǎn shì jiè》、《 hǎi shàng láo gōng》、《 xiào miàn rén》、《 jiǔ sān nián》, shī zuòchéng 》、《 xiōng nián běn lún wēi 'ěr》、《 ōu děng qián de chuàng zuò běn shàng shì zhàn zài chǎn jiē rén dào zhù chǎng shàngtóng qíng rén mín wàng tōng guò gǎi liáng shè huìjiě jué máo dùnhòu chuàng zuò yòu dìng de xiàn shí zhù yīn
  《 xiào miàn rénshì guǒ zài liù jiǔ nián xiě chéng de cháng piān xiǎo shuōzhè xiǎo shuō shí shì shí shì chū de yīng guó shè huì wéi bèi jǐng jiù shì cóng zhān shì 'èr shì dào de 'ér 'ān wáng tǒng zhì yīng guó de shí
   xiǎo shuō zhù rén gōng wēn lán shì jué shì de hòu dàicóng xiǎo jiù bèi mài gěi 'ér tóng fàn chéng wéi gōng tíng yīn móu de shēng pǐn luò dào 'ér tóng fàn zhī shǒu hòudòng guò huǐ róng shǒu shùliǎn kǒng yīn shǐ zhōng xiàng zài guài xiào yànghòu lái bèi hǎo xīn de liú làng rén suǒ shōu yǎngcóng jiù gēn zhe dào chù mài wēn lán zài jiàn dào zhī qiánhái zài xuě shàng jiù guò yīng héng héng jiù shì máng niàn hǎo xīn de shōu yǎng liǎo xià lái men rén hǎi piāo shòu jìn pín qióng xìng de zhé dàn shì men bìng méi yòu xiàng huán jìng men zhī jiān chōng mǎn zhe chéng zhì de gǎn qíngzài diān pèi liú làng shēng huó zhōng wēn lán máng niàn zhī jiān jiàn jiàn chǎn shēng liǎo 'ài qíng
   hòu lái wēn lán yòu huì chóngxīn huò jué shì de tóu xián què yàn 'è guì shēng huózài huì tòng chì liǎo guì zuì xíng hòuhuí dào de tóng bàn zhè shí jīng bìng yǎn yǎn zhōng shì wēn lán bēi tòng wàn fēnjiēguǒ tóu hǎi shā
   wēn lán de bēi cǎn zāo cóng 'ér shēng de shí zhèng shì yīng guó chǎn jiē hòu jiǔ chǎn jiē xīn guì jiàn liǎo jūn zhù xiàn zhèng de jiēguǒ duì rén mín lái shuōzhǐ shì běn zhù de jiā suǒ dài liǎo fēng jiàn zhù de jiā suǒcái quán zhōng zài xiǎo cuō tǒng zhì jiē shǒu guǎng rén mín jiù guò zhe nán shēn zhòng de shēng huó
   guǒ tōng guò wēn lán men de bēi cǎn zāo fǎn yìng liǎo dāng shí de liǎng duì de jiē de jiān ruì máo dùnzhàn jué duō shù de rén mín qún zhòng guò zhe pín qióng kùn de shēng huó xiǎo cuō shàng céng guì qióng shē chǐdào bài huài guǒ yòng liǎo fēng de shǐ wén xiàn shēng dòng liè liǎo dāng shí yīng guó píng děng de shè huì miàn màojiē tǒng zhì jiē de zhǒng zhǒng wěi chǒu 'èzài xiǎo shuō zuò zhě wán quán zhàn zài tóng qíng rén mín de chǎng shàng wéi pín zhòng zuò biàn miáo huì céng rén mín de xiào miàn rén wēn lán zài guì yuàn duì xiē wáng sūn guì de kāng kǎi 'áng de kòng gāi shì quán shū degāi shì duì zhè yàng píng děng shè huì de wéi lín jìn zhì de miáo huìrén mín guò zhe cǎn de zuì de rén bèi dìng liǎo zuì suì de xiǎo niàn kāi shǐ mài yínméi kuàng gōng rén méi kuài tián rén chī de shì shù cǎo gēnyīng 'ér shuì zài shàng chū lái de dòng chú liǎo pín qióngshī huāng bìng wài men kàn dào zài bǎi xìng tóu shàng de hái yòu zōng jiào dài jiān xíngděng děngbǎo jīng cāng sāng de jiù duì wēn lán zhè yàng shuō guò:“ chén shì qióng rén wéi de péng yǒu men zhǐ shuō :‘ shì’。 chéng rèn tóng shì men de quán quán duì guān shuōshì’。 duì guó wáng shuōshì’。 lǎo men guǒ gāo xīngjiù shǎng men gùn jiù bèi men guòzhè shì men de quán men shǐ men de tóu duànduì men de zūn yán huì yòu shénme sǔn hài。” yòu zhǐ chū:“ shì shēng huó zài zhè yàng guó jiā diào sān nián de xiǎo shùjiù 'ān 'ān jìng jìng bèi rén sòng shàng jiǎo xíng jià。…… zhù jiào tíng yào shì pàn jué fàn liǎo duān xié jiào de zuìjiù gāi huó huó shāo 。”
   zài lìng fāng miàntǒng zhì jiē xiǎng shòu zhǒng zhǒng quánqióng shē chǐpàn mìng zhà bǎi xìng de xuè hàn lái gōng men huī huò wáng zhàng de nián fèng xià jiù yào zēng jiā shí wàn yīng bàng juān shuì yàng yàng zēng jiā
   guǒ xiào miàn rén wēn lán de bēi cǎn shìjiù 'ān pái zài zhè yàng huán jìng
   wēn lán zài huì de yánshì duì shè huì de yòu de kòng shí wēn lán de liǎng qīn rén héng de bēi cǎn zāo běn shēnjiù shì yòu de kòng tǒng zhì zhě de shǒu huǐ miè men de xìng shǐ láo láo shǒu zhù dechén shì qióng rén wéi de péng yǒude xìn tiáo táo zhè zhǐ kàn jiàn de de shǒu
   zhè shàn liáng de lián de rén men de mìng yùn zhèng shì dāng shí yīng guó guǎng de láo dòng rén mín de biàn mìng yùn guǒ zài xiǎo shuō zhōng yùn yòng liǎo zuì wéi shàn cháng de làng màn zhù de duì shǒu shēng dòng huá liǎo zhè zhù yào rén de xíng xiàng
   wēn lán de liǎn shì chǒu dedàn shì de nèi xīn què měi dāng bèi rén pāo rén dān dān gēn shén dǒu de shí hòu hái xiǎng dào jiù lìng wài hái dān lìng wài rén de mìng yùn zài chéng wéi jué shì hòuwàng liǎo bǎi xìng de tòng chì liǎo xiē guì lǎo zuì hòu qíng yuàn pāo róng huá guìhuí dào de qīn rén shēn biānyīn ,“ suī rán jiādōu rèn wéi shì guài shì què rèn wéi shì tiān shàng de shén xiān。” shuō:“ cháng chǒuzhè suàn liǎo shénmezuò huài shì cái jiào chǒu wēn lán zhǐ zuò hǎo shìsuǒ zuì piào liàng。”
   shì xiā cóng xiǎo jiù méi yòu jiàn guò yáng guāngdàn shì yǎn jīng suī rán kàn jiànquè chōng mǎn liǎo liàng guāng”。 kàn dào liàng yǎn rén kàn dào de dōng biàn shì wēn lán de nèi xīn de měi xīn 'ài zhe wēn lán wēn lán shì zuò de tài yángzhè shì měi chún jié de shàonǚ shì shàn liáng zhì huì de lǎo rén qióng kùnshōu liú xià liǎng 'ér yǎng liǎo men de cái zhì shì jīng rén dezài de shēn shàng shǎn yào zhe láo dòng rén mín de zhì huì de guāng mángrán 'ér shēn shòu shēng huó de nándǒng tào rén qíng shì zài 'è shì de xià lái shùn shòu
   zài men sān rén zhī jiān cún zài zhe shēn hòu de gǎn qíng men xiāng wéi mìng qīn 'àishuí kāi shuíshuí shǎo liǎo shuí men zhī jiān zhè zhǒng zhēn zhì de gǎn qíngjiā qiáng liǎo xiǎo shuō jié de bēi fēn
   gēn men xíng chéng qiáng liè duì zhào de shì 'ān wángyuē 'ān wèi · héng 'āi jué shì zhè rén men cán bào zhuān héngzuò wēi zuò huāng yín chǐdào bài huàiwèile mǎn de shénme chǒu shìdōu zuòde chū lái kàn ān wáng zēng hèn yuē 'ān néng kàn dào jià gěi wēn lán zhè xíng rén wéi shì háo mèi zhī qíngyuē 'ān wèi · héng 'āi liǎng réndōu yuàn jié hūnyīn wéi zhè duì de fàng dàng shēng huó yòu duō biàn yuē 'ān shèn zhì yǐn yòu wēn lánxiǎng xún zhǎo duò luò de zhè zhǒng xíng wéi zhǐ yòu cóng de fàng dàng chǐ de xīn zhōng dào jiě shìzhè mào ruò tiān xiānxīn shé xiē de réndāng zuì hòu zhī dào wēn lán shì de zhēn zhèng de zhàng de shí hòufǎn 'ér gǎn zǒuduì shuō hèn
   xiǎo shuō de làng màn zhù hái biǎo xiàn zài zuò jiā duì qíng jié de 'ān pái shàngzhěng shì shì yóu duō chū rén wài de shì jiàn lián jié 'ér chéng dexiǎo shuō kāi shǐ líng dīng de hái gěi pāo zài huāng liáng de hǎi 'àn shàngděng dài zhe de zhǐ yòu wángdàn shì què táo chū liǎo kùn jìngzhè yàng de kāi tóu jiù qiáng liè yǐn zhù liǎo zhěyóu shì 'èr juàn kāi shǐyuē 'ān de lái xìn gěi wēn lán dài lái de 'ān hǎi zhōng piào lái de de wēn lán rán biàn 'ér wéi lǎng chá jué shì kàn jiàn jiān káng chū kǒu guān cái wéi wēn lán bèi chǔsǐyuē 'ān wēn lán 'ǒu rán xiāng jiàn wēn lán zài huì kòng tǒng zhì zhě de zuì 'è xún zhǎo qīn rén jiàn zhèng xiǎng tiào shí kàn jiàn tóu jīhū xíng yǐng de láng gǒu 'ào děng děngzhēn shuō shì lán dié fēng yún biàn huànér wēn lán de xíng xiàng zài zhè lián chuàn de qíng jié zhǎn zhōng xiǎn xiān míngzhè shì zhè xiǎo shuō de yòu
   rán 'ér guǒ suī rán zhēn shí miáo liǎo píng děng de shè huì miàn màodàn shì duì shè huì de běn zhì shì quē rèn shí deyīn duì dāng shí shè huì de jiē máo dùn jiē hái shì gòu shēn de quē shǎo zhèng què de fēn zài huá fǎn miàn rén de shí hòuquè wèi shǔ yào de 'ěr fèi luó xiě chéng liǎo shǒu 'è méi yòu zhè rén cóng zhōng shī zhǎn de yīn móu guǐ wēn lán de mìng yùn néng jiù huì bēi cǎnzhì qíng jié zhǎn guò duō jiàn zhù zài wài de shì jiàn chū xiàn shàngǒu rán xìng tài rán 'ér rán chōng dàn liǎo chū yán de bēi de xìng zhì wàizuò zhě yǐn jīng diǎnjiā chā zhī chù shǐ rén gǎn dào jiào duōzhè xiē dōukě shuō shì zhè zuò pǐn de zhī chù
   yuè
   jiǔ nián sān yuè
   yīng guó de qiēdōu shì wěi delián hǎo de dōng shèn zhì de guǎ tóu wàicóng shàng shuōyīng guó de guì shè huì shì míng shí de guì shè huìméi yòu zhè fēng jiàn zhì gèng yòu míng gèng gèng gēn shēn de liǎoshuō shí zài defēng jiàn zhì zài dāng shí shì yòu yòng dezài yīng guóyīnggāi yán jiūguì tǒng zhìzhè xiàn xiàngzhèng zài guó yīnggāi yán jiūjūn zhù tǒng zhìzhè xiàn xiàng yàng
   zhè shū de zhēn zhèng míng chēng yīnggāi jiào zuòguì 》。 jiē xià lái de jiào zuòjūn zhù》。 jiǎ zuò zhě néng gòu wán chéng zhè liǎng zhù zuò mexià miàn jiē zhe xiě de sān shū rán jiù yīnggāi jiào zuòjiǔ sān niánliǎo
   liù jiǔ nián yuè
   'ào fěi 'ěr héng háo
kāi tóu de liǎng zhāng -1
   zhāng
  1
   'ào shì hěn qīn de péng yǒu shì rénér 'ào shì láng men liǎ chēng shàng shì qíng tóu de péng yǒurén gěi láng liǎo míng rén de míng shì de rán jué duì tǐng shìsuǒ jué ào duì zhè chù shēng hěn shì liǎoyóu rén men huān tīng liáo de fèi huà huān mǎi gǒu gāo yàorén láng biàn zài shì shàngmiào huì shàngxíng rén zhōng de jiē jiǎo shàng huǒ zuò shēng lái liǎozhè tiáo láng hěn xùn liángshì gōng shùn de xiàguān zhòng hěn huān kàn jiàn tóu xùn de shòu shì jiàn yòu de shìkàn jiàn shì yàng huàn yǎng de dòng zài men miàn qián zǒu guòshì men de kuài guài lín jūn kāi guò de shí hòuyòu me duō kàn nào de rén
   'ào cóng zhè kǒu dào kǒucóng 'ā wēi guǎng chǎng dào jié guǎng chǎngcóng zhè zhōu dào zhōucóng zhè jùn dào jùncóng zhè zuò chéng dào zuò chéngdào chù liú làng shì shàng méi yòu shēng liǎo men biàn dào lìng wài shì zhù zài liàng xiǎo péng chē ào shòu guò xiāng dāng de xùn liànbái tiān chē wǎn kàn chē dào huài shàng chē zhé gōu tài duō huò zhě nìng tài shēn de fāngzhè rén biàn tào shàng chē tàoqīn láng bìng jiān chē men jiù zhè yàng zài shēng huó liǎo hǎo duō nián dào piàn kōng shù lín zhōng de kōng chà kǒucūn kǒuzhài mén kǒucài shìgōng gòng sàn chǎnggōng yuán bàng biān huò zhě jiào táng mén kǒu de guǎng chǎng men biàn suí suí piánpián zhù xiàchē tíng zài shì de chángzǐ shàngyòu xiē rén jiù zhāng zhe zuǐ páo guò láikàn nào de rén wéi liǎo juàn shì kāi shǐ shēng yǎn shuōào jiù zài bàng biān pěng chǎngláng zuǐ xián zhe zhǐ pén hěn yòu mào xiàng guān zhòng shōu qián men de jiù shì zhè yàng hùn guò lái deláng yòu xué wènrén yòu xué wènláng huì wán zhǒng yàng de zēng jiā liǎo shǎo de shōu zhè tào běn shì guǒ shì zhè rén xùn liàn chū lái dejiù shì xué huì de de péng yǒu cháng cháng duì shuō:“ qiān wàn yào duò luò chéng rén。”
   láng cóng lái yǎo rénrén què 'ǒu 'ěr yào yǎo xiàzhì shǎo yòu yǎo rén de shì yàn shì zhě jiù shì wèile xiè duì rén shēng de chóu hèncái chī biàn zhè xíng fàn dedāng rán shì wèile kǒuyīn wéi tǎo jià hái jià wàizhè yàn shì de wán de rén shì biǎo shì bìng jiǎn dān shì biǎo shì duō cái duō hái cāo zhe shēng de hángyèzuò shēng suàn shénme hái huì de zuǐ chún dòng dòng shì tīng jiàn zài shuō huàrèn rén de shēng diào yīn jīng fǎngzhǔn néng méng hùn zhù fǎng de shēng yīn shì me xiàng jiǎn zhí xiāng xìn shì bèi fǎng de rén zài jiǎng huà rén néng chū qún rén de shēng yīn。“ zhuān jiāzhè tóu xián shí zài shòu zhī kuì shí zǎo jiù yòng zhè tóu xián chēng liǎo néng xué zhǒng niǎo jiàoxiàng huà méijiāo liáoyún què jiào niǎo)、 bái xiōngpú de yàn xiàng yàng guò liú làng shēng huó de zhǒng hòu niǎosuǒ yòu shí hòu guǒ gāo xīngjiù néng ràng tīng jiàn guǎng chǎng shàng cáo de rén shēnghuò zhě cǎo shàng shēng kǒu de jiào shēng huì 'ér qiān tóu wàn hǎo xiàng kuáng fēng bào huì 'ér qīng xīn níng jìnghǎo xiàng dōng fāng de míngzhè zhǒng suī rán hěn hǎn shì què shí cún zàishàng shì yòu jiào 'ěr de rénnéng fǎng rén shòu chù de nào shēng zhǒng shòu de jiào shēnghòu lái zài fēng mén xià zuò shí zhuān guǎn shī hǒu láng jiào de zhí hěn línghuā yàng bǎi chūxìng qíng guàinéng shùn kǒu xún tào guài dàn jīng de huǎng huàjiǎn zhí gēn piān shén huà shìdekàn yàng xiāng xìn zhè xiē dōng zhè zhǒng hòu liǎn de zuò zhèng shì jiǎo huá de shǒu zhī rén kàn shǒuxiàngsuí biàn fān fān shū běnbiàn duàn yán zhè rén jié gěi rén jiā suàn mìnggào rén jiā shuō dào hēi pìn yòu shuō chū mén xíng guǒ tīng jiàn yòu zhī dào shàng 'ér de rén hǎn jiù gèng jiā xiōng duō shǎo shuō shìfàn mài xìn de shāng rén”。 cháng shuō:“ chéng rèn kǎn léi zhù jiào yòu suǒ tóng。” yòu tiān zhù jiào zhèng zài shēng jiù jiào liǎo shì qiǎo miào biān de shèng dàn jié de jiǎng dào bēiliǎo biàn zhù jiào tīng liǎo hěn gāo xīngàn 'àn zài xīn zài jiǎng tán shàng dāng zuò de jiǎng dāng zhòng jiǎng liǎo biàn shì zhù jiào biàn ráo liǎo
   zuò wéi shēng hǎo dǎi zhì hǎo guò bìng rén shǐ yòng xiāng liàoshú zhǒng yào cǎozhī dào yòng rén jiā zhù de duō zhí de qián zài liàngxiàng guǒ bái yáng jiē jiá cǎo zuò rěn dōng shǔ děng děng yòng máo zhān tái zhì fèi láozhì cóng xià cǎi xiè yàocóng shāo shàng cǎi cuī yòng zhǒng jiào zuòyóu tài rén de 'ěr duǒde liú zhì hóu tòng zhī dào zhǒng dēng xīn cǎo zhì niú wēn zhǒng bòhé zhì wēn shú màn tuó luó huá de xìng néng zhǒng miào chùshuídōu zhī dào zhè zhǒng cǎo yòu yīn yáng liǎng xìng yòu hěn duō dān fāng yòng huǒ shé máo zhì tàng shāng lín shuō de cān jīn jiù shì huǒ shé máo zhì de yòu zhǐ jǐng zhēng liú zhǐ cháng jǐng píngzhè shì yòng lái gǎi biàn zhì xìng néng de mǐn mài wàn yìng gāoyòu rén shuō qián zài péi láng de jiān dài guò duǎn shí yīn wéi rén jiā shuō shì fēng hòu lái xiàn guò shì shī rénbiàn fàng liǎozhè duàn shì què shíyīn wéi mendōu chī guò zhè zhǒng liú yán fěi de kuī
   shì shí shàng shì bàn píng tǐng yòu fēng tóng shí hái shì wèi lǎo dīng shī rén gēn pǐn luó shì tóng xíngzài xué shū qíng shī fāng miàn què shí yòu diǎn gēn zài zǎo duī fāng miàn píng wéi xiě bēi jiàn bào shén chàduō shǎoyóu duì dài zhuāng yán de shī hěn shú suǒ kāi kǒu jiù shì zhāng diǎn wèi qīn lǐng zhe liǎng 'ér zǒu shuō zhè shì dactyle shī wèi qīn gēn zhe liǎng 'ér zǒu shuō zhè shì anapeste shī xiǎo hái jiā zài zhōng jiān zǒu shuō zhè shì amphimacre shī yòu liǎo zhè me duō de xué wènjiēguǒ què luò chéng tiān 'ái’è nuò pài cháng shuō,“ yào shǎo chīyào cháng chī”。 chīde hěn shǎodàn shì cháng chīsuǒ duì zhè zhēn yán shì zūn shǒu liǎo zhè bànwàng liǎo bàn guò zhè shì qún zhòng de cuò 'éryīn wéi men dào 'ér mǎi de dōng cháng shuō:“ shuō huà jiù huì qīng sōng xiēláng jiào shēngyáng cháng liǎo yáng máoshù lín yòu liǎo qiāozǐ rén yòu liǎo 'ài qíngzhé xué jiā shuō liǎo jǐng shì xǐng yán huì qīng sōng xiē。” dào liǎo jǐn de dāng kǒu jiù biān chū dǎo yǎnbāng zhù tuī xiāo yào pǐnzài de zhù zuò zhōngyòu piān sòng yīng yǒng de xiū · 'ěr dēng jué shì de zhè wèi jué shì zài liù nián tiáo yǐn dào lún dūnzhè tiáo běn lái zài zhōu lún dūn liù shí yīng xiū · 'ěr dēng jué shì zhàn yòu liǎo zhè tiáo shuài lǐng liù bǎi rén dài zhe tiě qiāo dīng gǎokāi shǐ juézhè 'ér jué 'ér zhù yòu shí hòu yòu 'èr shí duō chǐ gāo de gōu yòu shí hòu yòu sān shí duō chǐ shēnkōng zhōng jià liǎo zhì de dǎo shuǐ guǎn chù zào liǎo bǎi zuò shí qiáozhuān qiáo qiáoyòu tiān zǎo shàng jiù liú rén liǎo quē shuǐ dào de lún dūn yùn yòng zhè píng dàn de shì biān chéng liǎo tài shì sài bàng tīng piān měi de tài shì qǐng zhè tiáo dào jiā láibìng qiě de chuáng ràng gěi shuō:“ lǎo liǎoshì hòu liǎo zhè xiē niàn 'ér men guò yòu de shì qián gōng men huī huò。” zhè chū 'ān pái yòu qiǎo miàoyòu wēi miàoshuō míng xiū · 'ěr dēng zěn yàng yòng de qián lái wán chéng zhè xiàng gōng chéng
   huān tiān shēng de huān qún suǒ ér yòu néng shuō huì dào fāng miàn yuàn rén jiāo jiēlìng fāng miàn yòu zhǎo rén tán tán tiānjiēguǒ jiù zhǐ hǎo duì xiā liáo liǎofán shì guò guàn shēng huó de réndōu dǒng shì hěn rán de shì qíngxīn de huà fēi xiè xià duì zhe kōng jiān shēng jiǎng huàbiàn shì xiè de bàn rén 'ér gāo shēng jiǎng huàjiù shì xīn de shén dào jiāo tán jiādōu zhī dào jiù yòu zhè guàn cháng cháng duì gāo tán kuò lùn shì zhè yàng xué liǎo zhè xiē wěi rén de yàng yòu liǎngchóng shēn fèn jiù shì shuō zuò de tīng zhòng wèn bāo biǎn zài jiē shàng jiù néng tīng jiàn zài chē yán rén duì cōng míng rén yòu men de kàn men shuō:“ zhè shì shǎ 。” zhèng xiàng men shàng miàn shuō guò de yàng yòu shí hòu yòu shí hòu yòu shēn yuānyòu tiān rén jiā tīng jiàn zài duì yǎn shuō de shí hòu hǎn dào:“ yán jiū guò cǎo de 'ào miàoshénme jīng ě huā bàn xióng ruǐ xióng ruǐ pēi zhū bāo bāo náng liè guǒ wǒdōu yán jiū guò duì shèn tòu méi jiù shì shuōxiāngwèi de xíng chéngdōuyòu shēn de zào 。” dāng rán de zhè fān biǎo bái nán miǎn yòu diǎn kuā zhāng jiù ràng yán jiū guò shèn tòu méi de rén zhǐ zhāi
   xìng kuī cóng lái méi yòu dào lán guò lán rén dìng yào chēng chēng de zhòng liàngkàn kàn de zhòng liàng shì shì zhèng cháng guǒ guò zhòng huò zhě guò qīng jiù shì nán zài lánzhè zhǒng zhòng liàng shì yóu jiā shèn zhòng guī dìng dezài méi yòu zhè gèng jiǎn dān 'ér qiǎo miào de liǎozhè shì shěn chá de biāo zhǔn men fàng zài tiān píng de pán shàng guǒ liǎng zhǐ pán píng yǎn jiù kàn chū lái liǎotài zhòng liǎo yào jiǎo tài qīng liǎo yào shāo zhí dào jīn tiān zhè zhǒng chēng rén de tiān píng zài 'ào tuō hái kàn dào guò xiàn zài yòng lái chēng nǎi lào liǎozōng jiào tuì huà duō me hài guǒ pèng shàng liǎo zhè zhǒng tiān píng jiù yòu shuō qīng liǎo liú làng de shí hòuzǒng shì kāi lánzhè diǎn shì zuò duì liǎozài shuō men xiāng xìn cóng lái jiù méi yòu zǒu chū guò liè diān de biān jìng
   guǎn zěn yàng shí zài qióng yào mìngér qiě guàizài shù lín jié shí 'ào hòu biàn xiǎng guò xià liú làng shēng huó gēn zhè tiáo láng huǒdài zhe liú làngzài tiān guò zhe tīng tiān yóu mìng de shēng huó duō cái duō ér qiě yòu jǐn shèn xiǎo xīnguān zhì bìngdòng shǒu shùshǐ bìng rén huī jiàn kāng yàng yàng shú ér qiě hái miào shǒu huí chūnzhì hǎo liǎo bìng rén jiā rèn wéi shì hǎo yàng de zǒu jiāng deshì liǎo de shēng dāng rán suàn shì shù jiā guò zhǐ yòu zhè me diǎn diǎn 'éryīn wéi zài xiē gēn guǐ zuò péng yǒu shì gāo shàng deshuō shí zài de huān cǎi yàoàihào zhǒng zhí què shí yǐn rén jiā de huái yīn wéi cháng cháng dào 'ěr de shēng cài héng héng píng de cóng lín cǎi yào cǎocān shì · lán 'ér zhèng míng shuōzài zhè zhòngdì fāng méng méng huì dào xiā zhǐ yòu yǎn chuān dǒu péngyāo guà zhe jiànchì zhe jiǎo chuān shuāng liáng xiéde rén cóng zuàn chū láizài shuō de dòng suī rán hěn guàidàn shì hái shì zhèng pài rén yuàn fēng huàn biàn guǐ liǎnyòng shǐ rén tiào tiào lèisǐ yuàn ràng rén zuò hǎo mèngzuò chōng mǎn kǒng de 'è mènghuò zhě ràng gōng cháng chì bǎng shuǎ zhè zhǒng 'è zuò yòu xiē chǒu shì shì zuò chū de fāng guó huà lái huàhuò zhě huà méi yòu xué 'ér jiù shuōzhè jiù shì zhǒng yīnggāi zhòu de zuì 'è huò bìng tài xīn zào chéng de tiān rán cán de biǎo xiànyào shì shuō shuō dīng huà shì yīn wéi dǒng zhè zhǒng huà shuō huàyīn wéi dǒng zhè zhǒng huàchú wài huà shì xiū bàn huì guǐ de hánghuàzài xué fāng miàn hěn gōng zhèngduì lín 'ěr dān huān duō 'ěr dān suī rán xué duō cái shì gēn lín jiù xiǎn xiàng tiáo qiū yǐn liǎo
   zǒng zhī shì shòu zhù de rén de péng chē yòu cháng yòu kuò kuān kuān shū shū shuì zài zhǐ xiāng shàng miàn fàng zhe xiē hěn huá de yòu zhǐ fēng dēng tào jiǎ xiē guà zài dīng shàng de cháng yòng zhōng hái yòu xiē yuèqìchú wài hái yòu zhāng xióng féng dào shèng de yǎn chū xióng guǒ zài shēn shàng guǎn zhè jiào xuàn yào de xióng shuō:“ yòu liǎng zhāng zhè zhāng cái shì zhēn 。” zhè zuò yòu lún de xiǎo shì shǔ láng dechú liǎo xiǎo jǐng zhēng liú láng wài hái yòu zhī jiàfàn 'ò 'ěr”, zhè liǎng zhǒng yuèqì wán lái hěn hǎo tīng pào zhì yào jiǔ yòng jìn de zhì huìyòu shí hòu néng zhǎo dào shāo tānɡ de dōng péng chē dǐng shàng yòu dòngtiě de yān cōng jiù chā zài dòng xiāng tài jìnxiāng de bǎn kǎo jiāo liǎozhè zhǐ fēn chéng liǎng zài zhè shàng shí yàn liàn jīn shùzài lìng wài shàng zhǔ dòuláng wǎn shuì zài péng chē xiàsōng sōng de zài tiáo liàn shàngào de máo shì hēi de de tóu shì huī bái de shí suìyào rán jiù shì liù shí suì 'ān tiān mìng jīng dào liǎo zhè yàng de chéng men gāng cái kàn jiàn rán chī dòu lái liǎozhè zhǒng zhí qián de dōng zài dāng shí shì wèi zhū huò zhě gěi qiú fàn chī de nài chī zhe dòuxīn hěn shēng gāo shì xiǎn hěn cháng shēn lóu zhechóu méi zhǎnlǎo nián rén wān yāo zhé bèizhè shì shēng mìng shuāi tuì de jiēguǒzào zhě 'ān pái de shì bēi 'āi de mìng yùn nán wēi xiàoyòu cóng lái huì yīn dào hòu de 'ān wèi dào piàn de kuài rén shàng liǎo nián jiù biàn chéng yòu xiǎng de fèi jiù shì zhè yàng de fèi zǒu jiāng de yán cán yán jiā shòu bāo tóu zhǐ zhuāng liǎo huǒ yào de léi chù jiù shì zhè yàng de rén nián qīng de shí hòu céng jīng zhé xué jiā de shēn fèn zài guì mén xià zuò guò shí
   zhè shì bǎi shí nián qián de shì shí hòu rén xiàn zài gèng xiàng láng
   xiàn zài jīng me xiàng liǎo
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   ào shì tiáo xún cháng de láng huān chī píng guǒhǎo xiàng yáng quǎnhún shēn hēi máohǎo xiànghuā láng”; háo shēng gēn gǒu jiào chàbù duōyòu hǎo xiàng zhì gǒu shì shuí méi yòu jiǎn chá guò zhì gǒu de yǎn qiúkàn kàn shì shì ào què dào dào shì tiáo lángzhè tiáo láng shēn cháng chǐjiù shì zài táo wǎn suàn shì tiáo láng cháng hěn jiēshízǒng shì xié zhe yǎn jīng kàn rén guò zhè shì de cuò yòu shí hòu tiǎn tiǎn shé tóu hěn róu bèi shàng de máo hěn duǎnhǎo xiàng tiáo xiá cháng de shuà shòu bāo tóuhái shì sēn lín shòu de běn zài rèn shí chē qián néng qīng 'ér páo shàng shí shì zài cóng lín tiáo chán chán de xiǎo bàng biān pèng jiàn dekàn jiàn zhuō xiā lái me chí zhòng líng wéi zhòngrèn wéi zhè shì tiáo zhēn zhèng de chún zhǒng pài lángzhè zhǒng láng jiào shí xiè gǒu
   jué 'ào chē hǎo huān de xiǎo rèn wéi yìng gāi gān zhè zhǒng xiǎo shìér qiě hái zhù dàoměi zhé xué jiā shuō dào héng héng rén lèi liǎo jiě de zhè wèi jiǎo xiǎng jiā zǒng shì 'ān shù 'ěr duǒcóng shēng huó shàng shuō men men de xiǎngzài jiā shàng me jiù shì sān zhěyòu sān zhě cún zài zǒng shì jiàn shòu shù de shì qíng jué gēn 'ào jiāo péng yǒu gǒu hǎoyīn wéi gēn láng jiāo shàng liǎo péng yǒu shì jiàn hǎn de shì qíng
   guài yòu liǎo 'ào jiù xīn mǎn liǎoào dàn shì de huǒ bànér qiě hái shì 'èr cháng cháng pāi zhe zhè tiáo láng de shòu chái de shuō:“ zhǎo dào 'èr liǎo!”
   yòu shuō:“ liǎo hòushuí yào xiǎng zhī dào de wéi rénzhǐ yào yán jiū yán jiū 'ào jiù xíng liǎo shì piē zài shì shàng de 'èr。”
   yīng guó de duì sēn lín de shòu shì de zhǔn huì zhǎo zhè tiáo láng de fánzhǐ jìng gǎn me suí suí piánpián zài jiē shàng zǒu guò shì 'ào yǐn yòng 'ài huá shì bān de guān de lìng lái bǎo 。“ gēn suí zhù rén yóu xíng dòng。” chú wài xiàn zài duì láng jīng yòu diǎn fàng sōng liǎoyīn wéi zài wáng cháo zuì jìn wèi jūn zhù de gōng tíng guì men zhōng jiān liú xíng zhe zhǒng fēng wán gǒuér wán xiǎo láng lái liǎozhè zhǒng láng jiàosūn lánggēn māo chàbù duō xiǎoshì huā liǎo hěn duō qián cóng zhōu yùn lái de
   de běn shì jiāogěi 'ào fēn jiào zěn yàng yòng hòu tuǐ zhàn láizěn yàng fèn biàn chéng yōu zěn yàng láng háo biàn chéng hǒu děng děnglìng fāng miànláng huì de dōng jiāogěi liǎo jiào zěn yàng zài tiān shēng huózěn yàng chī miàn bāo kǎo huǒnìngyuàn zài shù lín 'ái’è zài gōng tíng dāng
   zhè péng chē jiù shì shuō zhè yòu lún de xiǎo zǒu liǎo duō de chéng shì cóng lái méi kāi yīng lán lánchē shàng yòu gēn láng chē yòng de chē yuán rén yòng de gēn héng héng shì zài dào huài de shí hòu yòng dechē suī rán shì yòng bǎn zuò dehǎo xiàng jià péng shì hěn jiēshíqián miàn yòu shàn ménhái yòu xiǎo yáng táiyáng tái hǎo xiàng zuò xiǎo jiǎng táizhè shì yǎn shuō yòng dehòu miàn yòu shàn ménxià miàn yòu jiǎo liànmén hòu dīng liǎo sān bǎn kāi mén jiù cóng bǎn shàng zǒu jìn xiǎo wǎn shàng mén shuān hǎozài yòng suǒ suǒ shàng xuě luò zài chē shàngnián shēn jiǔchē shàng de jīng kàn chū shénme yán liǎo jié de biàn huànduì péng chē lái shuōgēn chén dào gǎi cháo huàn dài yàngcóng wài miàn kàn guò chē qián miàn yòu kuài hǎo xiàng biǎn shìde dōng bái shàng miàn běn lái xiě zhe xíng hēi xiàn zài jīng qīng liǎo
   huáng jīn de měi nián yào qiān bǎi fēn zhī zhè jiù shì suǒ wèisǔn hào”。 yīn quán shì jiè liú tōng de shí jīn měi nián yào sǔn hào bǎi wànzhè bǎi wàn huáng jīn huà zuò huī chénfēi yáng piāo dàngbiàn chéng qīng néng gòu chū de yuán zhè zhǒng xiàng zhòng dān yàng zài liáng xīn shànggēn líng hún liǎo huà xué zuò yòngshǐ rén biàn 'ào mànqióng rén biàn xiōng hěn
   xìng kuī biǎn shàng de zhè xíng jīng bèi shuǐ shàng tiān de měi gěi diào liǎokàn qīng chǔ liǎoyīn wéi zhè duàn guān huáng jīn chén de zhé yán yǐn gài huì tǎo hǎo zhōu chángshì cháng chī fàn de rén xiān shēng menzài xiē yīng guó de fàng sōngpíng tóu xiǎo bǎi xìng xiǎo xīn jiù biàn chéng liǎo zuì fànguān cán rěn xiōng hěnyóu lái jiǔzōng jiào tíng de guān duō shǔbù qīngjié wèi hòu yòu rén liǎo
  3
   péng chē miàn lìng wài yòu liǎng chù míngzài shí huī shuǐ shuà guò de xiāng bǎn shàngyòng shuǐ xiě zhe xià miàn zhè duàn huà
   yīnggāi zhī dào de shì qíng
   yīng guó de guì nán juétóu dài liù zhēn zhū de mào
   jué shàng yīnggāi dài miǎn
   jué suǒ dài de zhū miǎnzhēn zhū de shù bìng jué suǒ dài zhī miǎnzhēn zhū yìng zhuì zài miǎn dǐngzhōng jiān shì méi yìng zài zhēn zhū zhī xiàhóu jué suǒ dài zhī miǎnzhēn zhū yìng bìng liè tōng gōng jué dài huā xíng miǎn zhū shìhuáng gōng jué dài shí guānshì bǎi huāwēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng suǒ dài zhī guān guó wáng tóngwéi zhōng jiān yìng liú féng
   gōng jué shìzuì gāo zuì yòu quán wēi de qīn wáng”。 hóu jué jué shìzuì zūn guì zuì yòu quán wēi de lǎo ”。 jué shìzūn guì de yòu quán wēi de lǎo ”。 nán jué shìzhēn zhèng de lǎo ”。
   duì gōng jué yìng chēngdiàn xià”。 duì jué shì yìng chēng xià”。
   jué shì de rén shēn shì shén shèng qīn fàn de
   guì yuàn yuàn( conciliumetcuria) yóu jué shì chéngzhǎng shì
  “ zuì jìng de jìng de wèi gāo
   duì jué shì chēng lǎo shìzhèng tǒng de lǎo ”。 duì méi yòu jué wèi de guì chēng lǎo zhǐ shì zūn chēngzhǐ yòu jué shì cái shì lǎo
   duì guó wáng yuànjué shì shìzhǐ shuōpíng de rén jiù gòu liǎo
   zhòng yuán rén mín zhòngxuǎn chūzhòng yuán bèi chuán dào guì yuàn shíyìng tuō màotài qiān gōngjué shì yìng tuō mào
   zhòng yuàn yòu 'àn jiāo guì yuànyìng yóu zhòng yuán shí rén sòng jiāo 'àn shí yìng shēn shēn sān gōng
   guì yuàn yòu 'àn jiāo zhòng yuàn pài shū rén sòng jiāo
   liǎng yuàn jiàn tóng shítóng zài cǎi tīng xié shāngguì yuàn yuán men zuò zhe tuō màozhòng yuàn yuán yìng tuō mào shì
   gēn 'ài huá liù shì bān de guī dìngjué yòu shā rén de quánjué zhǐ yào móu shā rén wèn zuì
   nán jué zhù jiào de wèi xiāng tóng
   yào zuò yīng guó guì nán jué cóng guó wáng 'ér dào kuài cǎi , perbaroniamintegram, jiù shì shuōwán zhěng de nán jué cǎi
   wán zhěng de nán jué cǎi bāo kuò shí sān yòu fēn zhī kuài guì lǐng měi kuài guì lǐng zhí 'èr shí bàngzhé bǎi
   nán jué cǎi de zhōng xīn, caputbaronie, shì xiàng yīng guó běn shēn yàng de shì gōng bǎo jiù shì shuōméi yòu 'ér cái néng chuán gěi 'érzài zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng xiàchuán gěi 'ér, coeterisfiliabusaliundesatisfactis。
   nán jué chēng jué xùn huà jiào zuò 'ěr”, chún cuì de dīng huà jiào zuò dominus, dīng huà jiào zuò 'ěr ”。
   jué nán jué de 'ér shì guó liú de shēn shì
   jué shì de cháng yòu yōu xiān huò jiā shì xūn jué de quán yòu xiǎng shòu
   jué de zhǎngzǐ de wèizài nán jué zhǔn nán jué zhī jiān
   jué shì de 'ér chēng rén”, de niàn chēngxiǎo jiě”。
   suǒ yòu de shěn pàn guān jué shì de wèi zhí chuān gāo jiānshěn pàn guān chuānqiān zhāng ” deminutovario, jiù shì shuō shì yòng zhǒng bái de xiǎo pīn lái dedàn néng yòng yín shǔ
   zhǐ yòu jué shì guó wáng néng yòng yín shǔ
   duì jué shì qiān supplicavit。
   shù jué shì de rén shēn yóuchú fēi fàn liǎo dūn lún dūn de 'àn
   bèi guó wáng zhào jiàn de jué shì yòu quán zài yuán shā liǎng zhǐ
   jué shì zài de chéng bǎo shè jué shì tíng
   jué shì zhǐ chuān chǎngdài liǎng gēn bān shàng jiē yòu qún jiā dīng wèi
   guì yuàn yuán liè duì chéng chē huìzhòng yuàn yuán chéng yòngyòu jué shì chéng lún jiào chē mǐn jiào chē chē shì zhe wén zhāng guān shìzhè zhǒng shì yàng de chē zhǐ yòu yòu jué wèi de rén shǐ yòngbiǎo shì men de zūn guì
   zhǐ yòu jué shì duì jué shì kuǎn kuǎn shuǐ yuǎn chāo guò xiān lìngzhǐ yòu duì gōng jué shí xiān lìng
   jué shì jiā shōu liú liù wài guó rén tōng de yīng guó rén zhǐ néng shōu liú
   jué shì yòu tǒng jiǔ shuì tōng yīng guó rén zhǐ yòu tǒng
   zhǐ yòu jué shì shòu chū táo de zhōu cháng de chuán huàn
   jué shì mín bīng shuì
   jué shì guǒ gāo xīng zhāo zhī jūn duì xiàn gěi guó wáng suǒ 'ěr gōng juéhàn dēng gōng jué nuò chéng lán gōng jué diàn xià xiàn guò jūn duì
   jué shì zhǐ shòu jué shì de guǎn xiá
   yào shì péi shěn guān miàn lián shì méi yòu de huàjué shì duì mín shì 'àn jiàn yào qiú tíng shěn
   jué shì zhǐ dìng de shī
   nán jué zhǐ dìng sān shī jué jué hóu jué gōng jué liù
   jué shì shǐ fàn liǎo pàn zuì néng bèi sòng shàng kǎo wèn tái
   jué shì shǒu shàng néng lào yìn
   jué shì shì xué zhějìn guǎn shí yīn wéi zài shàng suàn shì shí de
   zhǐ yào guó wáng zài chǎnggōng jué zài rèn fāng yòng huá gài jué zài jiā yòngnán jué shǐ yòng zhǒng xiàng zhēng xìng de huá gàizhǐ zài jiǔ de shí hòu fàng zài jiǔ bēi xià
   nán jué rén yòu quán zài jué rén miàn qián yòng nán lái gěi qún
   shí liù wèi jué shì huò jué shì de zhǎngzǐ zhù chí zhe měi tiān zài wáng gōng xíng de shí liù zhuō yàn
   měi zhuō yòu bǎi rén cān jiāfèi yòng yóu wáng gōng zhōu wéi de dān
   píng mín liǎo jué shìjiù yào diào zhǐ shǒu
   jué shì chàbù duō jiù shì guó wáng
   guó wáng chàbù duō jiù shì shàng
   shì jué shì de lǐng
   guài yīng guó rén chēng shàng wéi de jué ”。
   zhè piān duì miàn de fāng lìng wài hái yòu piānchāo xià
   suǒ yòu de rén yīnggāi mǎn de shì qíng
   lán qiàn jué hēng · ào zài guì yuàn zuò zài yóu 'ěr sài jué lín wēi zhì jué zhōng jiānměi nián yòu shí wàn yīng bàng de shōu lán qiàn cǎo píng gōng bǎo jiù shì zhè wèi jué xià de chǎn gōng bǎo quán shì shí zào dehuí láng zhé hǎo xiàng zuò gōngyuǎn jìn wén míngshí zài shì suǒ miào de jiàn zhù miàn yòu lán lǐng shí xiān hóng zǒu lángā gēn bèi shí zōng zǒu láng shí bái zǒu lángā bān shí hēi zǒu láng léi shí huī zǒu láng shí huáng zǒu láng luò shí zǒu láng huā bān shí bèi shí zào de hóng zǒu láng bái wén lán shí lán zǒu láng yóu huā gǎng shí zǒu láng wéi luó hēi bái tiáo wén de shí bǎn zào de hēi zǒu lángā 'ěr bēi shí fěn hóng zǒu láng nǎi bèi shí de zhēn zhū zǒu lánghái yòu tiáo zhǒng yán de zǒu láng jiào zuòchán chén láng”。
shǒuyè>> wénxué>> 现实百态>> wéi duō · guǒ Victor Hugo   guó France   shí jiǔ shì de guó   (1802niánèryuè26rì1885niánwǔyuè22rì)