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jīng hūn Quentin Durward
  《 jīng hūn shì de dài biǎo zuò pǐn zhī zhè xiǎo shuō chū bǎn 'èr sān nián , dàn shòu dào yīng guó zhě de 'ài , hái zài 'ōu zhōu xiān liǎo , yóu zài guó yǐn de fǎn xiǎng zhī liè chāo guò liǎo qián de suǒ yòu zuò pǐn


  Quentin Durward is a historical novel by Walter Scott, first published in 1823. The story concerns a Scottish archer in the service of the French King Louis XI.
  
  Plot introduction
  
  The plot centres on the rivalry between Louis XI of France and Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Louis incites the citizens of Liège to revolt against Charles, and, under the command of Louis's ally, William de la Marck, they seize and murder Charles's brother-in-law, Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège. At the time of the murder Louis is at Charles's camp at Peronne, hoping to fool him with a false display of friendship. Charles, though, sees through his pretence, accuses him of instigating the uprising, and has him imprisoned. Louis's superior coolness of mind permits him to allay Charles's suspicions and to regain his liberty. In a sub-plot, the Burgundian heiress Isabelle de Croye takes refuge at Louis's court when Charles attempts to give her hand in marriage to his odious favourite Campo-Basso. Louis, in turn, resolves to give her in marriage to the bandit-captain William de la Marck, and sends her to Flanders under the pretence of placing her under the protection of the Bishop of Liège. She is guarded on her journey by Quentin Durward, an archer, who has left behind poverty in Scotland to join the Archers of Louis's Scottish Guard. Quentin prevents the intended treachery and earns Isabelle's love. Charles, though, promises her in marriage to the Duke of Orleans (heir to the French crown) but she refuses, and, in anger, the Duke promises her to whoever brings him the head of de la Marck. This Quentin does with the help of his uncle, Ludovic Lesley, and wins Isabelle's hand.
  Plot summary
  
  The age of feudalism and chivalry was passing away, and the King of France was inciting the wealthy citizens of Flanders against his own rebellious vassal the Duke of Burgundy. Quentin Durward had come to Tours, where his uncle was one of the Scottish body guard maintained by Louis XI, to seek military service, and was invited by the king, disguised as a merchant, to breakfast at the inn, and supplied by him with money. Having narrowly escaped being hanged by the provost-marshal for cutting down Zamet, whom he found suspended to a tree, he was enlisted by Lord Crawford, and learned the history of Jacqueline. In the presence-chamber he was recognised by Louis, and the royal party were preparing for a hunting excursion, when the Count of Crèvecœur arrived with a peremptory demand for the instant surrender of the duke's ward, the Countess of Croye, who had fled from Burgundy with her aunt to escape a forced marriage; and proclaimed that his master renounced his allegiance to the crown of France. In the chase which followed Durward saved the king's life from a boar, for which service Louis, after consulting with his barber, entrusted him with the duty of conducting the Countess and Lady Hameline, ostensibly to the protection of the Bishop of Liege, but really that they might fall into the hands of William de la Marck. After proceeding some distance they were overtaken by Dunois and the Duke of Orleans, who would have seized the countess, but were prevented by Lord Crawford, who arrived in pursuit and made prisoners of them. Then Hayraddin came riding after them, and under his guidance they journeyed for nearly a week, when Quentin discovered that the Bohemian was in league with De la Marck. He accordingly altered their route, and they reached the bishop's castle in safety.
  File:WalterScott QuentinDurwood illus2.jpg
  Illustration from the first edition
  
  A few days afterwards, however, it was assaulted by the citizens, and Hayraddin having effected Lady Hameline's escape with Marthon, Quentin rushed back to save the countess, and, at Gieslaer's suggestion, Pavilion passed them as his daughter and her sweetheart into the great hall where the outlaw, who was known as the Boar of Ardennes, was feasting with the rioters. The bishop, who was also governor of the city, was then dragged in, and, having denounced his captor, was murdered by a stroke of Nikkel Blok's cleaver. There was a shout for vengeance, but De la Marck summoned his soldiers, upon which Quentin held a dirk at the throat of his son Carl, and exhorted the citizens to return to their homes. With the syndic's help Lady Isabella and her protector reached Charleroi, where she was placed in a convent, while he carried the news to the Duke of Burgundy, at whose court Louis, with a small retinue, was a guest. Charles, in a furious rage, accused the king of being privy to the sacrilege, and caused him to be treated as a prisoner.
  
  At a council the following day he was charged with abetting rebellion among the vassals of Burgundy, and the countess was brought as a witness against him. She admitted her fault, and Quentin Durward was being questioned respecting his escort of her, when a herald arrived with a demand from De la Marck to be acknowledged as Prince-Bishop of Liège, and for the release of his ally the King of France. Louis replied that he intended to gibbet the murderer, and the messenger, who was discovered to be Hayraddin, was sentenced to death, the quarrel between the duke and the king being at the same time adjusted, on the understanding that the Duke of Orleans should marry Lady Isabelle. Crèvecœur, however, interceded for her, and it was arranged that whoever should bring the head of the Boar of Ardennes might claim her hand. Quentin, who had learnt his plans from the Bohemian, advanced with the allied troops of France and Burgundy against his stronghold, and a desperate battle ensued. At length the young Scot was in the act of closing with De la Marck, when Pavilion's daughter implored his protection from a French soldier; and, while placing her in safety, his uncle La Balafré fought the ruffian, and carried his head to the royal presence. Lord Crawford declared him to be of gentle birth, but the old soldier having resigned his pretensions to his nephew, King Louis vouched for Quentin's services and prudence, and the duke being satisfied as to his descent, remarked that it only remained to inquire what were the fair lady's sentiments towards the young emigrant in search of honourable adventure, and who, by his sense, firmness and gallantry, thus became the fortunate possessor of wealth, rank and beauty.
  Characters
  File:WalterScott QuentinDurwood illus.jpg
  Illustration from the first edition
  
   * Quentin Durward, a Scotch cadet
   * Ludovic Lesley, Le Balafré ("scarred"), his maternal uncle
   * Maitre Pierre, a merchant; afterwards King Louis XI of France
   * Tristan L'Hermite, his provost-marshal
   * Dame Perrette, hostess of "The Fleur de Lys"
   * Jacqueline, her servant; afterwards Isabelle, Countess of Croye
   * Lady Hameline, her aunt
   * Lord Crawford, commander of Scottish archers
   * Count de Dunois, grand huntsman
   * Louis, Duke of Orleans, the future Louis XII of France
   * Cardinal John of Belue
   * The Bishop of Auxerre
   * Oliver Le Dain, the court barber
   * Princess Beaujeau and Princess Joan, the king's daughters
   * Philippe de Crèvecœur d'Esquerdes, Count of Burgundy
   * The Countess, his wife
   * Toison d'Or, his herald
   * William de la Marck, a Flemish outlaw, the freebooting Boar of the Ardennes, and Louis's supporter
   * Carl Eberson, his son
   * Hayraddin Mangrabin, a Bohemian
   * Zamet, his brother
   * Marthon, a gipsy woman
   * Louis of Bourbon, Bishop of Liège
   * Pavillon, a currier and syndic
   * Gertrude, his daughter
   * Peterkin Gieslaer, his deputy
   * Nikkel Blok, a butcher
   * Duke Charles of Burgundy, or Charles the Bold
   * Le Glorieux, his jester
  
  Historical inaccuracies
  
  De la Marck's killing of the Bishop of Liege is said to occur two years before the historical massacre, which took place in 1482. It appears that Sir Walter Scott made the killing contemporaneous with the Liège Uprising, in order to hasten the pace of the tale.
  Adaptations
  
   * 1955 movie The Adventures of Quentin Durward, starring Robert Taylor
   * 1971 TV series Quentin Durward (1971)
   * 1988 Russian movie The Adventures of Quentin Durward, The Archer of The King's Guard
   * an illustrated novel drawn by the Portuguese artist Fernando Bento and first published in the Fifties in the boy's journal Cavaleiro Andante
   * an opera by François-Auguste Gevaert (1858) on a libretto by Eugène Cormon and Michel Carré
guān jīng hūn
   'ěr · shì yīng guó zhù míng de shǐ xiǎo shuō jiā hèshī rén shēng lán de 'ài dīng bǎo shì qīn shì wèi shī jiāng 'ài dīng bǎo xuédāng guò shīdān rèn guò jùn chánggāo děng mín shì tíng shū gōng děng zhí
   'ài lán jiā xiāngcóng xiǎo duì xiāng fēng de shǐ chuán shuō mín jiàngē yáo chǎn shēng liǎo nóng hòu de xīng èr nián zhì sān nián jiān sōu zhěng bìng chū bǎn liǎo lán biān yáo》, yǐn rén men de zhù wéi hòu de chuàng zuò xià liǎo chǔ nián chuàng zuò de shì cháng shī dài zhě zhī chū bǎnhōng dòng liǎo yīng guó wén tángěi dài lái liǎo shēng hòu yòu chuàng zuò liǎo cháng shī 'ēn shàng rénděngzài zhè xiē shì shī yùn yòng làng màn shū qíng de shǒu miáo huì liǎo lán guī de rán jǐng shù liǎo lán yīng lán lǎo de shǐ chuán shuōyǐn liǎo rén men de xīng diàn dìng liǎo zài yīng guó wén tán shàng de shī rén wèi
   nián míng chū bǎn liǎo lán zhān shì dǎng rén nián wéi cái de shǐ xiǎo shuōwēi 》, shòu dào zhě qíng de huān yíngzhè shíbài lún zài shī tán shàng zhǎn lòutóu jiǎo tàn shì jué xīn zhuǎn dào xiǎo shuō chuàng zuò fāng miàn
   cóng nián dào sān 'èr nián shì wéi zhǐ gòng chuàng zuò liǎo 'èr shí shǐ xiǎo shuō zhōng zuì wéi shèng zhì rén kǒu de yòu lán shǐ wéi bèi jǐng dezhōng luò xīn jùn de xīn zàng》、《 xiū lǎo rén》、《 hóng luó 》, yīng lán shǐ wéi bèi jǐng deài fán guó shǐ wéi bèi jǐng dejīng hūn 》。
   de shǐ xiǎo shuō shì bàng hóng wěi zhuàng chū fǎn yìng liǎo yīng lán lán 'ōu zhōu shǐ zhòng zhuǎn zhé shí de máo dùn chōng zài de xià shǐ shì jiàn háo zàozǒng shì shì rén bēi huān de zhé zāo yòu jié zài
   de chuàng zuò duì 'ōu zhōu shǐ xiǎo shuō liǎo kāi chuàng zuò yòngbèi zūn wéi shǐ xiǎo shuō de chuàng shǐ rényīng guó de gèng wén sēn guó de guǒ 'ěr zhā zhòng de jīn de màn zuǒ měi guó de bǎi děng zhù míng zuò jiā céng shòu dào de shēn yǐng xiǎng
  《 jīng hūn shì de dài biǎo zuò pǐn zhī zhè xiǎo shuō chū bǎn 'èr sān nián dàn shòu dào yīng guó zhě de 'àihái zài 'ōu zhōu xiān liǎo yóu zài guó yǐn de fǎn xiǎng zhī liè chāo guò liǎo qián de suǒ yòu zuò pǐn
   zhè xiǎo shuō men dài dào liǎo chōng mǎn làng màn qíng de zhōng shì shí de guó shí shì guó guó wáng shí fǎn duì fēng jiàn shì de dǒu zhēng wéi shǐ bèi jǐngxiǎo shuō zhù rén gōng shì chū dào guó gōng tíng chōng rèn guó wáng tiē shēn wèi shì de lán qīng nián kūn dīng · wēi 'ài mào xiǎn de qīng nián zhě dìng huì bèi kūn dīng zài guó dào de zhǒng zhǒng jīng xiǎn de zāo yǐn zhù shì de zhù yào qíng jié shìkūn dīng 'ài shàng liǎo wèi wéi táo hūn dào wáng gōng tíng bìnàn de guì shàonǚguó wáng shàonǚ de bǎo rén gèn gōng jué wéi duó duì shàonǚ cái chǎn de kòng zhì quán jìn xíng liǎo zhǒng zhǒng míng zhēng 'àn dǒukūn dīng juàn jìn liǎo zhè chǎng dǒu zhēngdàn zhōng kào de yǒng zhì huì kāi liǎo guó wáng shè xià de dào dào xiàn jiù chū liǎo shàonǚbìng qiě huò liǎo de 'ài qíng
   xiǎo shuō de zhù rén gōng wǎng wǎng xiěde xiǎo shuō de yào rén zhēn shí de shǐ rén me shēng dòng yǐn rén ,《 ài fán de shì 'ài fán xiū lǎo rén de zhù rén gōng hēng · dùn cháng cháng shòu dào píng jiā de zhǐ shuō men shì quē xiān míng xìng yòng 5 huái dǒu zhēng shuāng fāng zhī jiān de zhù rén gōngrán 'érzàijīng hūn zhè xiǎo shuō zhù rén gōng kūn dīng què xiěde fēi cháng zhēn qiē gǎn rén dān chún shàn liángzhèng zhí jiān dìngchéng kěn zhí zhe de xìng zhèng xiǎo shuō miáo xiě de shǐ rén shí wěi jiǎo zhàcán rěn de xìng zhèng hǎo xíng chéng qiáng liè de duì zhào wèile zhěng jiù ruò 'ér fèn shēn de wàng jīng shén jiù gèng jiā shǐ zhě wéi zhī dòngkūn dīng · wēi shì xià zuì shòu zhě 'ài de zhù rén gōng zhī
   guòzàijīng hūn qiáng liè yǐn liǎo zhě dehái zhǐ shì zhè duì liàn rén zhǒng zhǒng qiān jūn de xiǎnér shì zhè duì liàn rén de zāo jǐn xiāng lián de shǐ shí de máo dùn dǒu zhēngyóu shì guó guó wáng qiáng de fēng jiàn guì shǒu lǐng gèn gōng jué zhī jiān de gòu xīn dǒu jiǎoyīn móu guǐ míng zhēng 'àn dǒu zài zhè xiǎo shuō de bié shēng míng kūn dīng de xiǎo xiǎo 'ài qíng jiū zhǐ shì wèile shì de jìn zhǎn 'ér cǎi yòng de zhǒng shǒu duàn miáo huì de zhòng diǎn shì zhù míng de shǐ rén shí suī shuō wèile shì qíng jié jié gòu de yào qiú bìng méi yòu ràng zhè shǐ rén zuò wéi xiǎo shuō de zhù rén gōng
   shí shì de guó zhèng chǔyú wài huàn nèi luàn zhī zhōngguó nèi fēng jiàn zhū hóu fēi yáng wéi suǒ wéi fāng guó guó wáng fēn tíng kàng ér yóu zhǎn shēng chǎn de yào qiúxīn xīng de shì mín jiē céng qiē yào qiú tǒng de zhèng quánqiáng yòu de zhì 'ān dìng de shè huì zhì shǐ zhǎn jiù zhè yàng jiàn zhōng yāng quán de fēng jiàn jūn zhù guó jiā de yào qiú dào liǎo chéng shàng mǐn ruì de dòng chá miáo huì liǎo zhù zhāng tǒng de shí chēng xióng de guì gèn gōng jué zhī jiān de jiān ruì dǒu zhēngbìng qiě tōng guò shí zài zhè chǎng dǒu zhēng zhōng huò de chéng jiù fǎn yìng liǎo shǐ zhǎn de zhù yào shì
   shí yòu zhe 'ér xiān míng de xìng zài xiǎo shuō biǎo xiàn liǎo shí wéi shí xiàn zhōng yāng quán 'ér jìn xíng de dǒu zhēngbìng qiě zhǐ chū de dǒu zhēng shì shǐ zhǎn yào qiú derán 'ér háo yǐn huì biǎo xiàn liǎo shí zài zhè chǎng dǒu zhēng zhōng cǎi de guāng cǎi de yīn móu shǒu duàn shí shǐ zhōng shì biǎo miàn wěi zhuāng yǒu hǎoshí 'àn qiáng jiǎo de bàn duì xiōng měngbào zào de gèn gōng jué dezài chù guì shàonǚ suō bèi 'ěr táo hūn shì jiàn shí shí fāng miàn jiǎ pài kūn dīng sòng suō bèi 'ěr huí dào liè shì zhù jiào lìng fāng miàn yòu wán nòng guǐ tiǎo dòng 'è guì wēi lián bàn lán jié qiǎng qīn biàn duó suō bèi 'ěr de lǐng zài gōng jué shēn biān 'ān xià dīng yóu kūn dīng de jǐng méi yòu chéng gōng yòu tiǎo dòng liè shì mínzào chéng wēi lián gōng jìn zhù jiào shā gōng jué de tóng méng zhě liè zhù jiào de liúxiě shì jiànzǒng zhī shí shàn yòng zhǒng shǒu duàn lái dào de mùdìzài kàn láiwèile dào de mùdìshǐ yòng rèn yīn móu shǒu duàn dōushì de miáo huì de shí zhè xíng xiàng chōng fēn jiē shì liǎo xìng zhōng jiǎo zhà wěilěng xìn tiān mìng de miàndàn shìlìng fāng miàn biǎo xiàn liǎo shí zài tǒng guó de guò chéng zhōng suǒ xiǎn shì chū de xióng cái lüè shàn bǎi tuō kùn nán chǔjìng de zhì móu cáigàn zài gōng jué shuài lǐng jūn jiāng jìn fàn guó jiāng de jǐn shí zhǐ shēn bài fǎng gōng juéxún qiú píng jiě jué bàn rán 'ér gōng jué zhèng qiǎo dào liè zhù jiào xùn wéi zhèn shí bèi jiān jìn láishēng mìng shòu dào wēi xiézhè shí shí yòu shī zhǎn shǒu wànchéng wēi lián jìn fàn gōng jué lǐng zhī xiàng gōng jué chū gòng tóng chéng wēi lián de fāng 'ànshǐ cóngjiē xià qiú yuè 'ér chéng wéi gōng jué de tóng méng zhěcóng 'ér jiě chú liǎo gōng jué duì guó lǐng de wēi xiézhè yàng xià de zhè shǐ rén shí dàn dào liǎo shǐ zhēn shí de miáo huìér qiě xíng xiàng xiān míng shēng dòng yòu zuò wéi shū rén de rén xìng shǐ rén xiě huó liǎoyīng guó píng lùn jiā tuō · lāi 'ěr duì zhè fāng miàn de gòng xiàn zuò guò wéi zhòngkěn de píng jià shuō de shǐ xiǎo shuō zhǐ chū liǎo zhè yàng tiáo zhēn jiù shì
  “ guò shí dài de shì jiè shí shàng chōng mǎn liǎo huó shēng shēng de rénér shì tiáo yuē cǎo 'àngōng
   wén juàn zōnglùn zhēng guān rén de chōu xiàng gài niàn men shì chōu xiàng gài niàn shì jiě dìng
   ér shì rénchuānzhuó qiǎn huáng niú shàng huò zhě bié yàng de wài miàn jiá shàng yòu hóng yùn
   xiōng zhōng yùn cáng zhe yòu rén de yánxiàngmào shēng mìng rén shì xiǎo xiǎo de què
   bāo hán zhe duō me de !”
   shí jiù shì de shǐ rén zhōng zuì chū de yòurén de yánxiàngmào shēng mìng de xíng xiàng wěi jiǎo huáshàn wán nòng yīn móu de xìng shì yàng zhēn shí yàng chōng mǎn shuō suǒ zhè xíng xiàng zài shòu dào guó píng lùn jiā de tuī chóng zàn yáng
   zàijīng hūn yòng gǎn rǎn de diào miáo huì liǎo duō shēng de shì jiàn chǎng miànyóu zài hòu bàn cóng wēi lián gōng xià zhù jiào kāi shǐmáo dùn zhǎn kāi huàqíng jié jìn xiàng shí shēn gōng jué chéng bǎo de chǎng miàn shí zài bèi jiān jìn shí mìng lìng guì shǒu dān chéng piàn liǎo de xīngxiàng jiā de chǎng miàn hòu lái guó wáng gōng jué chóngxīn hǎogòng móu chéng zhì zhě de chǎng miànměi chǎng miàn jǐn jǐn kòu rén xīn xiándàn shìzài jiān ruì de dǒu zhēng zhōng yòu shí shí càn zhe de yīn dāo guāng jiàn yǐng zhī zhōng shí tīng jiàn yōu de xiào shēngzhè shì de shū fēng
   guǒ céng jīng zhuàn wén zàn yángjīng hūn 》, yòng sān huà gài kuò liǎo de chéng jiù shuō:“ shǐ de wěi càn lànxiǎo shuō de wèi biān nián shǐ de zhǒng yán de jīng què jié liǎo lái。”《 jīng hūn zhèng shì zhè sān zhě chū de jié de guāng huī fàn


  The scene of this romance is laid in the fifteenth century, when the feudal system, which had been the sinews and nerves of national defence, and the spirit of chivalry, by which, as by a vivifying soul, that system was animated, began to be innovated upon and abandoned by those grosser characters who centred their sum of happiness in procuring the personal objects on which they had fixed their own exclusive attachment. The same egotism had indeed displayed itself even in more primitive ages; but it was now for the first time openly avowed as a professed principle of action. The spirit of chivalry had in it this point of excellence, that, however overstrained and fantastic many of its doctrines may appear to us, they were all founded on generosity and self denial, of which, if the earth were deprived, it would be difficult to conceive the existence of virtue among the human race.
   Among those who were the first to ridicule and abandon the self denying principles in which the young knight was instructed and to which he was so carefully trained up, Louis XI of France was the chief. That sovereign was of a character so purely selfish -- so guiltless of entertaining any purpose unconnected with his ambition, covetousness, and desire of selfish enjoyment -- that he almost seems an incarnation of the devil himself, permitted to do his utmost to corrupt our ideas of honour in its very source. Nor is it to be forgotten that Louis possessed to a great extent that caustic wit which can turn into ridicule all that a man does for any other person's advantage but his own, and was, therefore, peculiarly qualified to play the part of a cold hearted and sneering fiend.
   The cruelties, the perjuries, the suspicions of this prince, were rendered more detestable, rather than amended, by the gross and debasing superstition which he constantly practised. The devotion to the heavenly saints, of which he made such a parade, was upon the miserable principle of some petty deputy in office, who endeavours to hide or atone for the malversations of which he is conscious by liberal gifts to those whose duty it is to observe his conduct, and endeavours to support a system of fraud by an attempt to corrupt the incorruptible. In no other light can we regard his creating the Virgin Mary a countess and colonel of his guards, or the cunning that admitted to one or two peculiar forms of oath the force of a binding obligation which he denied to all other, strictly preserving the secret, which mode of swearing he really accounted obligatory, as one of the most valuable of state mysteries.
   To a total want of scruple, or, it would appear, of any sense whatever of moral obligation, Louis XI added great natural firmness and sagacity of character, with a system of policy so highly refined, considering the times he lived in, that he sometimes overreached himself by giving way to its dictates.
   Probably there is no portrait so dark as to be without its softer shades. He understood the interests of France, and faithfully pursued them so long as he could identify them with his own. He carried the country safe through the dangerous crisis of the war termed "for the public good;" in thus disuniting and dispersing this grand and dangerous alliance of the great crown vassals of France against the Sovereign, a king of a less cautious and temporizing character, and of a more bold and less crafty disposition than Louis XI, would, in all probability, have failed. Louis had also some personal accomplishments not inconsistent with his public character. He was cheerful and witty in society; and none was better able to sustain and extol the superiority of the coarse and selfish reasons by which he endeavoured to supply those nobler motives for exertion which his predecessors had derived from the high spirit of chivalry.
   In fact, that system was now becoming ancient, and had, even while in its perfection, something so overstrained and fantastic in its principles, as rendered it peculiarly the object of ridicule, whenever, like other old fashions, it began to fall out of repute; and the weapons of raillery could be employed against it, without exciting the disgust and horror with which they would have been rejected at an early period, as a species of blasphemy. The principles of chivalry were cast aside, and their aid supplied by baser stimulants. Instead of the high spirit which pressed every man forward in the defence of his country, Louis XI substituted the exertions of the ever ready mercenary soldier, and persuaded his subjects, among whom the mercantile class began to make a figure, that it was better to leave to mercenaries the risks and labours of war, and to supply the Crown with the means of paying them, than to peril themselves in defence of their own substance. The merchants were easily persuaded by this reasoning. The hour did not arrive in the days of Louis XI when the landed gentry and nobles could be in like manner excluded from the ranks of war; but the wily monarch commenced that system, which, acted upon by his successors, at length threw the whole military defence of the state into the hands of the Crown.
   He was equally forward in altering the principles which were wont to regulate the intercourse of the sexes. The doctrines of chivalry had established, in theory at least, a system in which Beauty was the governing and remunerating divinity -- Valour, her slave, who caught his courage from her eye and gave his life for her slightest service. It is true, the system here, as in other branches, was stretched to fantastic extravagance, and cases of scandal not unfrequently arose. Still, they were generally such as those mentioned by Burke, where frailty was deprived of half its guilt, by being purified from all its grossness. In Louis XI's practice, it was far otherwise. He was a low voluptuary, seeking pleasure without sentiment, and despising the sex from whom he desired to obtain it. ... By selecting his favourites and ministers from among the dregs of the people, Louis showed the slight regard which he paid to eminent station and high birth; and although this might be not only excusable but meritorious, where the monarch's fiat promoted obscure talent, or called forth modest worth, it was very different when the King made his favourite associates of such men as the chief of his police, Tristan l'Hermite. .
   Nor were Louis's sayings and actions in private or public of a kind which could redeem such gross offences against the character of a man of honour. His word, generally accounted the most sacred test of a man's character, and the least impeachment of which is a capital offence by the code of honour, was forfeited without scruple on the slightest occasion, and often accompanied by the perpetration of the most enormous crimes ... It is more than probable that, in thus renouncing almost openly the ties of religion, honour, and morality, by which mankind at large feel themselves influenced, Louis sought to obtain great advantages in his negotiations with parties who might esteem themselves bound, while he himself enjoyed liberty. He started from the goal, he might suppose, like the racer who has got rid of the weights with which his competitors are still encumbered, and expects to succeed of course. But Providence seems always to unite the existence of peculiar danger with some circumstance which may put those exposed to the peril upon their guard. The constant suspicion attached to any public person who becomes badly eminent for breach of faith is to him what the rattle is to the poisonous serpent: and men come at last to calculate not so much on what their antagonist says as upon that which he is likely to do; a degree of mistrust which tends to counteract the intrigues of such a character, more than his freedom from the scruples of conscientious men can afford him advantage. .
   Indeed, although the reign of Louis had been as successful in a political point of view as he himself could have desired, the spectacle of his deathbed might of itself be a warning piece against the seduction of his example. Jealous of every one, but chiefly of his own son, he immured himself in his Castle of Plessis, intrusting his person exclusively to the doubtful faith of his Scottish mercenaries. He never stirred from his chamber; he admitted no one into it, and wearied heaven and every saint with prayers, not for forgiveness of his sins, but for the prolongation of his life. With a poverty of spirit totally inconsistent with his shrewd worldly sagacity, he importuned his physicians until they insulted as well as plundered him. .
   It was not the least singular circumstance of this course, that bodily health and terrestrial felicity seemed to be his only object. Making any mention of his sins when talking on the state of his health, was strictly prohibited; and when at his command a priest recited a prayer to Saint Eutropius in which he recommended the King's welfare both in body and soul, Louis caused the two last words to be omitted, saying it was not prudent to importune the blessed saint by too many requests at once. Perhaps he thought by being silent on his crimes he might suffer them to pass out of the recollection of the celestial patrons, whose aid he invoked for his body.
   So great were the well merited tortures of this tyrant's deathbed, that Philip de Comines enters into a regular comparison between them and the numerous cruelties inflicted on others by his order; and considering both, comes to express an opinion that the worldly pangs and agony suffered by Louis were such as might compensate the crimes he had committed, and that, after a reasonable quarantine in purgatory, he might in mercy he found duly qualified for the superior regions ... The instructive but appalling scene of this tyrant's sufferings was at length closed by death, 30th August, 1483.
   The selection of this remarkable person as the principal character in the romance -- for it will be easily comprehended that the little love intrigue of Quentin is only employed as the means of bringing out the story -- afforded considerable facilities to the author. In Louis XI's time, extraordinary commotions existed throughout all Europe. England's Civil Wars were ended, rather in appearance than reality, by the short lived ascendancy of the House of York. Switzerland was asserting that freedom which was afterwards so bravely defended. In the Empire and in France, the great vassals of the crown were endeavouring to emancipate themselves from its control, while Charles of Burgundy by main force, and Louis more artfully by indirect means, laboured to subject them to subservience to their respective sovereignties. Louis, while with one hand he circumvented and subdued his own rebellious vassals, laboured secretly with the other to aid and encourage the large trading towns of Flanders to rebel against the Duke of Burgundy, to which their wealth and irritability naturally disposed them. In the more woodland districts of Flanders, the Duke of Gueldres, and William de la Marck, called from his ferocity the Wild Boar of Ardennes, were throwing off the habits of knights and gentlemen to practise the violences and brutalities of common bandits.
   (Chapter I gives a further account of the conditions of the period which Quentin Durward portrays.)
   A hundred secret combinations existed in the different provinces of France and Flanders; numerous private emissaries of the restless Louis, Bohemians, pilgrims, beggars, or agents disguised as such, were everywhere spreading the discontent which it was his policy to maintain in the dominions of Burgundy.
   Amidst so great an abundance of materials, it was difficult to select such as should be most intelligible and interesting to the reader: and the author had to regret, that though he made liberal use of the power of departing from the reality of history, he felt by no means confident of having brought his story into a pleasing, compact, and sufficiently intelligible form. The mainspring of the plot is that which all who know the least of the feudal system can easily understand, though the facts are absolutely fictitious. The right of a feudal superior was in nothing more universally acknowledged than in his power to interfere in the marriage of a female vassal. This may appear to exist as a contradiction both of the civil and canon laws, which declare that marriage shall be free, while the feudal or municipal jurisprudence, in case of a fief passing to a female, acknowledges an interest in the superior of the fief to dictate the choice of her companion in marriage. This is accounted for on the principle that the superior was, by his bounty, the original granter of the fief, and is still interested that the marriage of the vassal shall place no one there who may be inimical to his liege lord. On the other hand, it might be reasonably pleaded that this right of dictating to the vassal to a certain extent in the choice of a husband, is only competent to the superior from whom the fief is originally derived. There is therefore no violent improbability in a vassal of Burgundy flying to the protection of the King of France, to whom the Duke of Burgundy himself was vassal; not is it a great stretch of probability to affirm that Louis, unscrupulous as he was, should have formed the design of betraying the fugitive into some alliance which might prove inconvenient, if not dangerous, to his formidable kinsman and vassal of Burgundy.
   (Some of these departures from historical accuracy, as when the death of the Bishop of Liege is antedated, are duly set forth in the notes. It should be mentioned that Mr. J. F. Kirk, in his elaborate History of Charles the Bold, claims that in some points injustice has been done to the Duke in this romance. He says: "The faults of Charles were sufficiently glaring, and scarcely admitted of exaggeration; but his breeding had been that of a prince, his education had been better than that of other princes of his time, his tastes and habits were more, not less, refined than theirs, and the restraint he imposed upon his sensual appetites was as conspicuous a trait as his sternness and violence.")
   Abbotsford, 1830.
   Quentin Durward was published in June, 1823, and was Scott's first venture on foreign ground. While well received at home, the sensation it created in Paris was comparable to that caused by the appearance of Waverley in Edinburgh and Ivanhoe in London. In Germany also, where the author was already popular, the new novel had a specially enthusiastic welcome. The scene of the romance was partly suggested by a journal kept by Sir Walter's dear friend, Mr. James Skene of Rubislaw, during a French tour, the diary being illustrated by a vast number of clever drawings. The author, in telling this tale laid in unfamiliar scenes, encountered difficulties of a kind quite new to him, as it necessitated much study of maps, gazetteers, and books of travel. For the history, he naturally found above all else the Memoirs of Philip de Comines "the very key of the period," though it need not be said that the lesser chroniclers received due attention. It is interesting to note that in writing to his friend, Daniel Terry, the actor and manager, Scott says, "I have no idea my present labours will be dramatic in situation; as to character, that of Louis XI, the sagacious, perfidious, superstitious, jocular, politic tyrant, would be, for a historical chronicle containing his life and death, one of the most powerful ever brought on the stage." So thought the poet, Casimir Delavigne -- writing when Scott's influence was marked upon French literature -- whose powerful drama, Louis XI, was a great Parisian success. Later Charles Kean and Henry Irving made an English version of it well known in England and America.
zhāng duì
  qǐng kàn zhè huà xiàng zài qǐng kàn zhè
   zhè shì liǎng xiōng de zhēn xiě zhào
  《 léi
   shí shì hòu bàn yùn niàng liǎo liè duì wèi lái yòu yǐng xiǎng de shì jiànjiēguǒ shǐ guó shàng shēng dào zhǒng shí wèi de wèi hòu zhè wèi wǎng wǎng shì 'ōu zhōu guó jiā de zhù yào duì xiàngdàn zài zhè zhī qián guó bùwèi shēn de shēng cún zhàn lǐng liǎo zuì měi hǎo de shěng fèn de yīng guó rén jìn xíng dǒu zhēngdàn shìjìn guǎn guó wáng jìn liǎo zuì rén mín jìn xíng liǎo yīng yǒng kàng nán shǐ shèng xià de guó miǎn zāo de róu lìn kuàng zhè hái shì wéi de wēinànzhàn yòu wáng shì lǐng de qīn wáng héng héng bié shì gèn gōng jué liè tǎn gōng jué héng héng suí biàn duì dài fēng jiàn chén shǔ guān zhì men cháng zuì xiǎo de jiè kǒu háo hào lái fǎn duì jūn zhù héng héng guó guó wángzài píng shí men wéi zhèngchēng fāng gèn jiā chú zhàn yòu míng wéi gèn de wàihái zhàn yòu lán zuì měi zuì ráo de fēn shì de guì háo qiáng zhì lùn shì jiǎng pái chǎng hái shì jiǎng shí háo xùn guó guó wáng
   guó wáng xià de xiē xiǎo de fān shǔ xiào fǎng de fēng jiàn lǐng zhùàn jūn zhù quán de yuǎn jìnlǐng de xiǎo huò chéng bǎo shí de qiáng ruòjìn liàng nào zhè xiē xiǎo bào jūn zài shòu zhì yuējìn fàn xià zuì fēng kuáng denán xiǎng xiàng de cán bào xíng 'ér xiāo yáo wàijǐn 'ōu wéi 'ěr shuō jiù yòu sān bǎi duō zhè zhǒng guì duì men lái shuō,、 móu shājié lüè dōushì tōng de kōng jiàn guàn de xíng jìng
   chú liǎo zhè xiē zuì niè wài yuān yuán guó yīng guó zhī jiān de kuàng chí jiǔ de zhàn zhēng gěi zhè yōu huàn shēn zhòng de wáng guó tiān jiā liǎo shǎo nánwéi shù zhòng duō de bīng cóng zuì yǒng gǎnzuì chéng gōng de mào xiǎn jiā dāng zhōng xuǎn shǒu lǐng jié chéng bāngzài guó de xíng chéng liǎo yóu guó de shè huì zhā pīn còu 'ér chéng de bīng tuánzhè xiē yōng de shì néng zài shí nèi men de mài gěi chū jià zuì gāo de mǎi zhùér dāng zhè zhǒng láo méi yòu shì chǎng shí men jiù xíng dòng zhàn zhēngduó chéng bǎo zuò wéi yǎn de diǎn men zhuā suǒ shú jīncóng shè fáng de cūn zhài zhōu wéi de xiāng jiān gòng yóu zhè zhǒng zhǒng lüè de xíng jìng 'ér huò liǎo guā máo jiā bāopí jiā de qiàrúqífèn de chēng hào
   jìn guǎn duō yōu de guó shì gěi rén men dài lái liǎo zhǒng zhǒng kǒng xìngdàn xiǎo guì réng gāo děng de wáng gōng yàng huī huò lái guāng yào mén tíng men de shǔ shàng xíng xià xiàohuī huò mín zhī mín gāo jìn zhuō liè xuàn yào zhī néng shìnán zhī jiān de jiāo wǎng chōng mǎn liǎo zhǒng làng màn de shì fēng qíngdàn jīng cháng yóu guò fàng zòng 'ér biàn shèn miànyóu xiá de yán réng bèi shǐ yòng guī réng bèi zūn shǒudàn suǒ chàng de gāo guì chún jié de 'ài qíng rén 'ài de xíng wéi zài néng cháng guò huǒ de biǎo xiànzài měi xiǎo gōng tíng xíng de jìng huān yàn suǒ yòu yóu dàng de mào xiǎn jiādōu yǐn dào liǎo guóér dàn lái dào guó men jiù hěn shǎo men qīng shuài de yǒng yǎng zhuàng de mào xiǎn jīng shén zhū xíng dòngér men gèng wéi xìng yùn de guó bìng wéi zhī gōng yóu de tái
   zhèng shì zài zhè shí fǎng shì wèile zài wēi zhōng zhěng jiù men měi hǎo de wáng guó shí dēng shàng liǎo yáo yáo zhuì de huáng wèiér shí de xìng jìn guǎn běn shēnquè xiàng dài shū suǒ shuōxìng zhì xiāng fǎn de yòu gōng de xiào yàng duì bìng zài hěn chéng shàng xiāo shí
   suī rán gōng yòu gòu de yǒng lái shí xiàn rèn yòu yòng de mùdìdàn què háo méi yòu luó màn de xiāo yǒng huò tōng cháng xiāng lián de 'ào ér zhè zhǒng 'ào néng shǐ rén shǐ zǎo huò shí huìdàn wèile yíng mǒu zhǒng róng gǎn réng rán zhàn dǒu chén zhejiǎo xiáshēnqiè guān zhù shēn de dàn de zūn xīn gǎn qíng fáng 'ài liǎo de zuò chū rèn shēngtādōu zài suǒ hěn zhù duì suǒ yòu jiē jìn de rén yǎn shì de zhēn shí gǎn qíng jīng cháng yǐn yòng huà:“ guó wáng zhī dào zhuāng jǐng zuò jiù zhī dào zhì guó jiāduì lái shuō dàn rèn wéi dài de mào zhī xiǎo de jiù huì háo yóu rēng jìn huǒ 。” lùn shì dāng shí hái shì bié de shí dàidōuméi yòu rén néng gèng hǎo dǒng yòng bié rén de ruò diǎndǒng shénme shí hòu gāi miǎn yóu shí fàng zòng de ruò diǎn 'ér ràng bié rén zhàn liǎo shàng fēng
   jiù tiān xìng lái shuō huān bào cán qíngshèn zhì jīng cháng cóng xià lìng zhí xíng xíng dāng zhōng xún zhǎo zài ruò shì pàn chù xíng shí rán huì dòng yǐn zhī xīn kuān shù huídàn lìng fāng miàn méi yòu rèn chóu zhī xīn huì cǎi wéi shí guò zǎo de bào xíng dòngzài de liè huò hái méi yòu wán quán zhì zhuō fàn wéi nèizài qiē táo páo wàng rán luò kōng qián hěn shǎo xiàng men de xíng dòng dōushì yàng zhuóyì jiā yǎn shì zhì de chéng gōng bān dōushì shǒu zhāo gào shì réndàn shí zài 'àn zhōng zhí xīn yíng qiú de biāo
   tóng yàngzài yòu yào huì duì qīn wáng de chǒng xìn huò chén miǎn rèn zài méi jié de jìn fàn huò rèn zhēn duì jié chéng de lián méng shí wáng de tān lán lìn qiān biàn ràng wèi biǎo miàn de kāng kǎi fāng huān zòng qíng huān dàn lùn shì měi hái shì shòu liè héng héng jìn guǎn 'èr zhě dōushì de tóu děng 'àihào héng héng jué huì shǐ dài cháng gōng cháo zhèng duì rén de dòng chá shì shēn de céng jīng tōng guò qīn shēn zài zhōng hùn guò de jiē céng rén de shēng huó lái xún qiú zhè zhǒng liǎo jiětóng shíjìn guǎn shēng xìng 'ào màndàn què néng zhǒng dāng shí bèi rèn wéi shì wéi fǎn cháng deduì duàn huàfēn de shè huì jiē céng de shìháo yóu cóng zuì céng yòu yòng zhī cáibìng wěi zhòng rèn zhī rén shàn rènyīn 'ér hěn shǎo duì men de zhì gǎn dào guò shī wàng
   rán 'érzhè jiān jiǎo 'ér néng gān de jūn zhù shì máo dùn de hùn yīn wéi rén xìng hěn shǎo shì huàyī desuī rán běn rén shì rén lèi dāng zhōng zuì wěizuì chéng kěn de dàn shēng dāng zhōng mǒu xiē zuì de cuò què qià hǎo shì yóu guòfèn qīng xìn bié rén de róng gǎn chéng shíchǎn shēng zhè xiē cuò shì guī yīn zhǒng guò jīng de lüè shǐ wáng duì zhēng de rén biǎo miàn zhuāng chū háo huái de xìn rèn tàiyīn wéi jiù zǒng de biǎo xiàn lái kàn dài bào jūn yàng cāi
   wáng zhèng shì kào lìng rén shēng wèi de xìng cóng dāng dài mǎng de shì bān de jūn zhù dāng zhōng tuō yíng 'ér chūshàng shēng dào xùn shòu shī de wèixùn shòu shī píng jiè gāo chāo de zhì néng lüètōng guò fēn shí gùn bàng chéng jièzhōng néng jià xiē shòuyào shì duō kuī xùn shòu shī de quán shù men men běn huì kào dān chún de suìzài wán chéng zhè lìng rén shēng wèi de rén xìng de huà qiánhái yòu lìng wài liǎng diǎn zhí
   diǎn jiù shì wáng de guòfèn xìnzhè shuō shì shàng cāng yòng lái chéng xiē tīng cóng zōng jiào zhǐ yǐn de rén men de zhǒng tōng bìng wáng cóng suàn fàng sōng wán nòng quán shù lái píng de xiē gòu dāng suǒ yǐn de huǐ hènér shì tōng guò xìn de bàiyán de zuì duì shèng zhí rén yuán de kāng kǎi kuì zèngjìn láo shū jiě zhè zhǒng tòng gǎn shàng miàn diǎn yòu shí lián zài de 'èr diǎn shì 'àihào wèi bēi wēi de jìn guǎn shì shí dài zuì yòu tóu nǎo dezhì shǎo shì zuì jiǎo xiá de jūn zhù rán jiù shì zhì de rén rán hěn xīn shǎng shè jiāo tán huà zhōng de xiào huà qiào huà chéng chāo guò rén men jǐn gēn xìng de diǎn suǒ néng chuài de shèn zhì juàn rén xiē xìng deài mèi de táo shì jiàn tuō de chéng xìng zhōng zhǒng guàn cháng de jiè bèi hěn xié diào 'ài zhè lèi jiàn de fēng liú yùn shì zhì de duō fàng dàng yín de wén bèi shōu shū shōu cáng jiā shú zhī de ér zài shōu cáng jiā yǎn zhè shū shì rèn bié de rén kàn), wán zhěng de bǎn běn shì hěn zhēn guì de
   tōng guò zhè wèi jūn zhù kuān hòuquè jiān qiáng yòu 'ér yòu shí fēn shěn shèn de xìng shàng cāng zhōng fēng bào huò fēng lái 'ēn wēi bìng yòng de fāng shìràng wěi de lán mín chóngxīn xiǎng shòu dào yòu de zhèng de hǎo chùér zài dēng shí guó rén jīhū jīng zhè zhǒng hǎo chù sàng shī dài jìn
   zài chéng wáng wèi qián wáng jīng xiǎn chū de mǒu xiēér shì de cáigàn de yuán pèi lán de shì zài zhàng de gōng tíng zhōngbèi chán yán 'è zhòngshāng 'ér de”。 guǒ shì wáng de běn huì yòu xián yán suì xià chuán lái shāng hài wèi shàn 'ér shòu wěi de gōng zhù shì wàng 'ēn pàn xiào de 'ér yīn móu jié chí de qīnshèn zhì hái gōng kāi xiàng xuān guò zhànyóu suǒ fàn de zuì guò bèi fàng zhú dào hòu lái bèi zhì jǐng jǐng yòu tiáo de huáng tài lǐng ér yóu suǒ fàn de 'èr zuì guò bèi wán quán liú fàngtóubèn gèn gōng jué de 'ér kào men de lián mǐnjīhū shì men de rén lái zài liù nián qīn jià bēng qián zhí zài gèn gōng jué 'ér xiǎng shòu zhe zhōu dào de dàn zhè zhǒng hòu bìng méi yòu dào shàn bào
   zài de wáng cháo gāng kāi shǐ de shí hòu wáng jīhū bèi guó de fān shǔ yīn fǎn duì 'ér chéng de tóng méng suǒ dǎowéi shǒu de shì gèn gōng juégèng qiàdàng shuōshì de 'ér xià luò jué men zhēng zhào liǎo zhī qiáng de jūn duìfēng suǒ liǎo zài chéng xià liǎo yīcháng shèng wèi dìng de zhàngshǐ guó guó jūn bīn kuǎ tái de biān yuánzài zhè zhǒng jiāng huì liǎng bài shāng de qíng xíng xiàtōng cháng shì jiào wéi míng zhì de tǒng shuài huò zhàn chǎng shàng de shí huìdàn dìng shì jūn shì shàng de róng yàozài méng zhàn dǒu zhōng xiǎn shì chū chāo rén dǎn lüè de wáng shěn shèn yòng zhàn zhēng shèng wèi dìng de diǎnshǐ shèng kàn lái xiàng shì shǔ de shàn kàn fēng shǐ duǒzhí dào gǎo kuǎ rén de tóng méng wéi zhǐzài qiáng de fān shǔ zhī jiān jìn xíng tiǎo líjiàn fāng miàn biǎo xiàn chū liǎo fēi fán de cáigànzhì shǐ zhǐ zài tuī fān guó jūn zhù de jìn gōng zhòng tóng méngzuì zhōng xíng jiě bìng qiě zài huì dōng shān zài lìng rén dǎn zhàn xīn jīngcóng zhè shí wáng jiè zhù yuē lán kāi zhī jiān de nèi zhànbǎi tuō liǎo lái yīng guó de wēi xiǎn zhī hòubiàn kāi shǐ xiàng lěng 'ér néng gān de shēng yànghuā liǎo hǎo nián gōng lái liáo zhì de chuāngshānggèng què qiē shuōjiù shì shí 'ér tōng guò huǎn liáo shí 'ér tōng guò liè huǒ gāng dāolái 'è zhì mìng de huài bìng de màn yánbīng tuán wéi suǒ wéiguì men shòu chéng de suī rán yòu xiào zhì zhǐdàn jìn shè jiǎn qīngtōng guò xiè de zhú jiàn liǎo gèng duō de zhù quánhuò zhě shuō xuē ruò liǎo néng zhī kàng héng zhě de quán
   rán 'ér guó guó wáng réng rán chóngchóngyōu xīn fén。“ jìn gōng zhòng tóng méngde chéng yuán jìn guǎn nèi dàn zhǐ yào cún zài zhejiù huì xiàng tiáo shòu shāng de shé yàngyòu zhòng xīn lián zài biàn wēi xiǎn lái de néng guògèng de wēi xié zài dāng shí 'ōu zhōu zuì de qīn wáng zhī gèn gōng jué zēng de quán shìyóu de gōng guó guó de wáng wèi zhī jiān zhǐ yòu dàn de chén shǔ guān suǒ wèi xiāng shàng xià
   chá 'ěr gōng jué chuò hào jiào dǎn de chá 'ěr ”, huò chēngyǒng měng de chá 'ěr ”, zhè shì yīn wéi de yǒng gǎn zǒng shì mǎngkuáng lián zài chéng liǎo gèn gōng jué de guān miǎndàn róng huà liǎogǎi chéng dǐng yòng de huáng guānzhè wèi gōng jué de xìng zài fāng miàn shí xíng chéng xiān míng de duì
   hòu zhě chén zheyòu tóu nǎojiǎo zhàcóng lái méi yòu guò xíng wéi cóng fàng rèn jiàn néng chéng gōng de shì guǎn de qián jǐng miǎo mánggōng jué de tiān wán quán tóng dìng 'ér zǒu xiǎnyīn wéi 'ài mào xiǎn lín wēi yīn wéi miǎo shì kùn nán wáng cóng bùwèi liǎo gǎn qíng 'ér shēng de chá 'ěr xiāng fǎncóng bùwèi liǎo de kǎo 'ér shēng gǎn qíngshèn zhì de shí xīng zhìjìn guǎn men qīn guān hěn jìnjìn guǎn gōng jué qīn zài wáng zuò wéi tài dào men 'ér shí gěi guò zhī chídàn zhī jiān cún yòu jiè xīn chóu shì gèn gōng jué kàn guó wáng jǐn shèn de lüè qiú tōng guò jié méngshōu mǎi jiànjiē fāng shì móu de zuò guī yīn de qiè nuòjiǎ ruò shì guó wáng de huà jiù huì yòng lái jué tóng yàng chóu shì guó wángzhè jǐn shì yīn wéi guó wáng duì qián dào de 'ēn huì wàng 'ēn hái yīn wéi qīn zài shì shíguó wáng de shǐ duì běn rén yòu guò gǎn qíng shàng de shāng hài zénànér zuì zhòng yào de diǎnshì wáng duì gēn liè lán de lìng xiē chéng shì de mǎn mín 'àn zhōng jǐyǔ zhī chízhè xiē sāo dòng de chéng shì hài shī men de quán tóng shí wèitā men de cái gǎn dào jiāo 'ào shì jīng cháng dòng pàn luàn lái fǎn duì jūn zhù gèn gōng juéér qiě cóng huì zài wáng de gōng tíng dào 'àn zhōng yīn wéi wáng zǒng shì zhuā zhù qiē huì xīng fēng zuò làngzài guòfèn qiáng de fān shǔ de lǐng shàng zhì zào hùn luàn
   duì gōng jué de qīng miè chóu shì wáng tóng yàng yòu de huí jìng guò yòng gèng hòu de miàn shā lái yǎn shì zhēn shí gǎn qíngxiàng zhè yàng yòu shēn móu yuǎn de rén néng miè shì zhǒng cóng fàng biāo guǎn jiān chí xià duō me wēi xiǎn de míng wán de zhí zhǒng zhuóshǒu mǒu jiàn shì 'ér kǎo jiāng dào de zhàng 'ài de mǎng zhuàng zào guò wáng chóu shì chá 'ěr shèn zhì chāo guò qīng shì chá 'ěr ér de qīng shì chóu shìyóu hùn zhe wèi biàn xiǎn gèng wéi qiáng liè gèn gōng jué zuò tiáo fēng de gōng niú zhī dào fēng niú de jìn fàn shǐ zhe yǎn jīng shì de wáng wèi de dān shì gèn zhū shěng fèn de cái dān shì hàozhàn dexùn liàn yòu de mín zhòng duō de rén kǒu yuán shǒu de rén zhì yòu duō wēi xiǎn kān zhī chù běn rén jiù shì yǒng gǎn de huà shēnér zhè zhǒng yǒng gǎn zhǎn dào liǎo jìn qīng shuài mào shī de biān yuán wài huī jīn de gōng tíng běn rén de cóng xiǎn táng huángsuǒ yòu zhè xiē biǎo xiàn chū gèn jiā de chuán tǒng de háo huáyīn ,“ dǎn de chá 'ěr jīhū dāng dài xìng qíng xiāng tóu de huǒ bào hàn yǐn liǎo guò lái wèitā xiàng zhè yàng huǒ jiān dìng de mào xiǎn jiā gēn suí zhe men xìng tóng yàng mǎng zhuàng de shǒu lǐng huì gànshénme yàng de shì qíng gōng kàn shí fēn qīng chǔ
   hái yòu lìng wài qíng kuàng zēng jiā liǎo gōng duì zhè shì guò de fān shǔ de duì de 'ēn huì shì qiàn yòu zhài dedàn bìng xiǎng cháng háibào zhǐ shì jīng cháng yào zhōu xuánshèn zhì rěn shòu yòu sǔn wáng zūn yán de shí zuò de huài chú liǎo zuò wéiqīn 'ài de gèn táng duì dài wàibié
   men zhè shì shǐ liù niánshì men yuàn zuì shēn de shí hòujìn guǎn wǎng cháng men zhī jiān zàn shí chǔyú zhǒng mào píng jìng de xiū zhàn zhuàng tài men jiāng xiànshǒu xiān liè rén tái de zhè rén shì shǔ zhè yàng zhǒng děng shè huì wèiwèile chǎn míng xìng zhì běn lái shì cháng piān lùn shù liǎng wěi wáng hóu de xiāng duì qíng kuàng dedàn rén de gǎn qíng men de zhēng duān jiě qiān shè dào suǒ yòu jiē jìn men de réndāng men jiǎng zhè shì shí men jiāng huì xiàn zhè kāi chǎng bái duì jiě men zhǔn bèi jiǎng shù mào xiǎn jīng de zhè rén de shǐ shì hěn yòu yào de


  Look here upon this picture, and on this, The counterfeit presentment of two brothers.
   HAMLET
   The latter part of the fifteenth century prepared a train of future events that ended by raising France to that state of formidable power which has ever since been from time to time the principal object of jealousy to the other European nations. Before that period she had to struggle for her very existence with the English already possessed of her fairest provinces while the utmost exertions of her King, and the gallantry of her people, could scarcely protect the remainder from a foreign yoke. Nor was this her sole danger. The princes who possessed the grand fiefs of the crown, and, in particular, the Dukes of Burgundy and Bretagne, had come to wear their feudal bonds so lightly that they had no scruple in lifting the standard against their liege and sovereign lord, the King of France, on the slightest pretence. When at peace, they reigned as absolute princes in their own provinces; and the House of Burgundy, possessed of the district so called, together with the fairest and richest part of Flanders, was itself so wealthy, and so powerful, as to yield nothing to the crown, either in splendour or in strength.
   In imitation of the grand feudatories, each inferior vassal of the crown assumed as much independence as his distance from the sovereign power, the extent of his fief, or the strength of his chateau enabled him to maintain; and these petty tyrants, no longer amenable to the exercise of the law, perpetrated with impunity the wildest excesses of fantastic oppression and cruelty. In Auvergne alone, a report was made of more than three hundred of these independent nobles, to whom incest, murder, and rapine were the most ordinary and familiar actions.
   Besides these evils, another, springing out of the long continued wars betwixt the French and English, added no small misery to this distracted kingdom. Numerous bodies of soldiers, collected into bands, under officers chosen by themselves, from among the bravest and most successful adventurers, had been formed in various parts of France out of the refuse of all other countries. These hireling combatants sold their swords for a time to the best bidder; and, when such service was not to be had, they made war on their own account, seizing castles and towers, which they used as the places of their retreat, making prisoners, and ransoming them, exacting tribute from the open villages and the country around them -- and acquiring, by every species of rapine, the appropriate epithets of Tondeurs and Ecorcheurs, that is, Clippers and Flayers.
   In the midst of the horrors and miseries arising from so distracted a state of public affairs, reckless and profuse expense distinguished the courts of the lesser nobles, as well as of the superior princes; and their dependents, in imitation, expended in rude but magnificent display the wealth which they extorted from the people. A tone of romantic and chivalrous gallantry (which, however, was often disgraced by unbounded license) characterized the intercourse between the sexes; and the language of knight errantry was yet used, and its observances followed, though the pure spirit of honourable love and benevolent enterprise which it inculcates had ceased to qualify and atone for its extravagances. The jousts and tournaments, the entertainments and revels, which each petty court displayed, invited to France every wandering adventurer; and it was seldom that, when arrived there, he failed to employ his rash courage, and headlong spirit of enterprise, in actions for which his happier native country afforded no free stage.
   At this period, and as if to save this fair realm from the various woes with which it was menaced, the tottering throne was ascended by Louis XI, whose character, evil as it was in itself, met, combated, and in a great degree neutralized the mischiefs of the time -- as poisons of opposing qualities are said, in ancient books of medicine, to have the power of counteracting each other.
   Brave enough for every useful and political purpose, Louis had not a spark of that romantic valour, or of the pride generally associated with it, which fought on for the point of honour, when the point of utility had been long gained. Calm, crafty, and profoundly attentive to his own interest, he made every sacrifice, both of pride and passion, which could interfere with it. He was careful in disguising his real sentiments and purposes from all who approached him, and frequently used the expressions, "that the king knew not how to reign, who knew not how to dissemble; and that, for himself, if he thought his very cap knew his secrets, he would throw it into the fire." No man of his own, or of any other time, better understood how to avail himself of the frailties of others, and when to avoid giving any advantage by the untimely indulgence of his own.
   He was by nature vindictive and cruel, even to the extent of finding pleasure in the frequent executions which he commanded. But, as no touch of mercy ever induced him to spare, when he could with safety condemn, so no sentiment of vengeance ever stimulated him to a premature violence. He seldom sprang on his prey till it was fairly within his grasp, and till all hope of rescue was vain; and his movements were so studiously disguised, that his success was generally what first announced to the world the object he had been manoeuvring to attain.
   In like manner, the avarice of Louis gave way to apparent profusion, when it was necessary to bribe the favourite or minister of a rival prince for averting any impending attack, or to break up any alliance confederated against him. He was fond of license and pleasure; but neither beauty nor the chase, though both were ruling passions, ever withdrew him from the most regular attendance to public business and the affairs of his kingdom. His knowledge of mankind was profound, and he had sought it in the private walks of life, in which he often personally mingled; and, though naturally proud and haughty, he hesitated not, with an inattention to the arbitrary divisions of society which was then thought something portentously unnatural, to raise from the lowest rank men whom he employed on the most important duties, and knew so well how to choose them, that he was rarely disappointed in their qualities. Yet there were contradictions in the character of this artful and able monarch; for human nature is rarely uniform. Himself the most false and insincere of mankind, some of the greatest errors of his life arose from too rash a confidence in the honour and integrity of others. When these errors took place, they seem to have arisen from an over refined system of policy, which induced Louis to assume the appearance of undoubting confidence in those whom it was his object to overreach; for, in his general conduct, he was as jealous and suspicious as any tyrant who ever breathed.
   Two other points may be noticed to complete the sketch of this formidable character, by which he rose among the rude, chivalrous sovereigns of the period to the rank of a keeper among wild beasts, who, by superior wisdom and policy, by distribution of food, and some discipline by blows, comes finally to predominate over those who, if unsubjected by his arts, would by main strength have torn him to pieces.
   The first of these attributes was Louis's excessive superstition, a plague with which Heaven often afflicts those who refuse to listen to the dictates of religion. The remorse arising from his evil actions Louis never endeavoured to appease by any relaxation in his Machiavellian stratagems (on account of the alleged political immorality of Machiavelli, an illustrious Italian of the sixteenth century, this expression has come to mean "destitute of political morality; habitually using duplicity and bad faith." Cent. Dict.), but laboured in vain to soothe and silence that painful feeling by superstitious observances, severe penance, and profuse gifts to the ecclesiastics. The second property, with which the first is sometimes found strangely united, was a disposition to low pleasures and obscure debauchery. The wisest, or at least the most crafty sovereign of his time, he was fond of low life, and, being himself a man of wit, enjoyed the jests and repartees of social conversation more than could have been expected from other points of his character. He even mingled in the comic adventures of obscure intrigue, with a freedom little consistent with the habitual and guarded jealousy of his character, and he was so fond of this species of humble gallantry, that he caused a number of its gay and licentious anecdotes to be enrolled in a collection well known to book collectors, in whose eyes (and the work is unfit for any other) the right edition is very precious.
   (This editio princeps, which, when in good preservation, is much sought after by connoisseurs, is entitled Les Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles, contenant Cent Histoires Nouveaux, qui sont moult plaisans a raconter en toutes bonnes compagnies par maniere de joyeuxete. Paris, Antoine Verard. Sans date d'annee d'impression; en folio gotique. See De Bure. S)
   By means of this monarch's powerful and prudent, though most unamiable character, it pleased Heaven, who works by the tempest as well as by the soft, small rain, to restore to the great French nation the benefits of civil government, which, at the time of his accession, they had nearly lost.
   Ere he succeeded to the crown, Louis had given evidence of his vices rather than of his talents. His first wife, Margaret of Scotland, was "done to death by slanderous tongues" in her husband's court, where, but for the encouragement of Louis himself, not a word would have been breathed against that amiable and injured princess. He had been an ungrateful and a rebellious son, at one time conspiring to seize his father's person, and at another levying open war against him. For the first offence, he was banished to his appanage of Dauphine, which he governed with much sagacity; for the second he was driven into absolute exile, and forced to throw himself on the mercy, and almost on the charity, of the Duke of Burgundy and his son; where he enjoyed hospitality, afterwards indifferently requited, until the death of his father in 1461.
   In the very outset of his reign, Louis was almost overpowered by a league formed against him by the great vassals of France, with the Duke of Burgundy, or rather his son, the Count de Charalois, at its head. They levied a powerful army, blockaded Paris, fought a battle of doubtful issue under its very walls, and placed the French monarchy on the brink of actual destruction. It usually happens in such cases, that the more sagacious general of the two gains the real fruit, though perhaps not the martial fame, of the disputed field. Louis, who had shown great personal bravery during the battle of Montl'hery, was able, by his prudence, to avail himself of its undecided character, as if it had been a victory on his side. He temporized until the enemy had broken up their leaguer, and showed so much dexterity in sowing jealousies among those great powers, that their alliance "for the public weal," as they termed it, but in reality for the overthrow of all but the external appearance of the French monarchy, dissolved itself, and was never again renewed in a manner so formidable. From this period, Louis, relieved of all danger from England by the Civil Wars of York and Lancaster, was engaged for several years, like an unfeeling but able physician, in curing the wounds of the body politic, or rather in stopping, now by gentle remedies, now by the use of fire and steel, the progress of those mortal gangrenes with which it was then infected. The brigandage of the Free Companies (troops that acknowledged no authority except that of their leaders, and who hired themselves out at will), and the unpunished oppression of the nobility, he laboured to lessen, since he could not actually stop them; and, by dint of unrelaxed attention, he gradually gained some addition to his own regal authority, or effected some diminution of those by whom it was counterbalanced.
   Still the King of France was surrounded by doubt and danger. The members of the league "for the public weal," though not in unison, were in existence, and, like a scotched snake (see Macbeth. III, ii, 13, "We have scotch'd the snake, not kill'd it."), might reunite and become dangerous again. But a worse danger was the increasing power of the Duke of Burgundy, then one of the greatest princes of Europe, and little diminished in rank by the very slight dependence of his duchy upon the crown of France.
   Charles, surnamed the Bold, or rather, the Audacious, for his courage was allied to rashness and frenzy, then wore the ducal coronet of Burgundy, which he burned to convert into a royal and independent regal crown. The character of this Duke was in every respect the direct contrast to that of Louis XI.
   The latter was calm, deliberate, and crafty, never prosecuting a desperate enterprise, and never abandoning one likely to be successful, however distant the prospect. The genius of the Duke was entirely different. He rushed on danger because he loved it, and on difficulties because he despised them. As Louis never sacrificed his interest to his passion, so Charles, on the other hand, never sacrificed his passion, or even his humour, to any other consideration. Notwithstanding the near relationship that existed between them, and the support which the Duke and his father had afforded to Louis in his exile when Dauphin, there was mutual contempt and hatred betwixt them. The Duke of Burgundy despised the cautious policy of the King, and imputed to the faintness of his courage that he sought by leagues, purchases, and other indirect means those advantages which, in his place, the Duke would have snatched with an armed hand. He likewise hated the King, not only for the ingratitude he had manifested for former kindnesses, and for personal injuries and imputations which the ambassadors of Louis had cast upon him, when his father was yet alive, but also, and especially, because of the support which he afforded in secret to the discontented citizens of Ghent, Liege, and other great towns in Flanders. These turbulent cities, jealous of their privileges, and proud of their wealth, were frequently in a state of insurrection against their liege lords, the Dukes of Burgundy, and never failed to find underhand countenance at the court of Louis, who embraced every opportunity of fomenting disturbance within the dominions of his overgrown vassal.
   The contempt and hatred of the Duke were retaliated by Louis with equal energy, though he used a thicker veil to conceal his sentiments. It was impossible for a man of his profound sagacity not to despise the stubborn obstinacy which never resigned its purpose, however fatal perseverance might prove, and the headlong impetuosity which commenced its career without allowing a moment's consideration for the obstacles to be encountered. Yet the King hated Charles even more than he contemned him, and his scorn and hatred were the more intense, that they were mingled with fear; for he know that the onset of the mad bull, to whom he likened the Duke of Burgundy, must ever be formidable, though the animal makes it with shut eyes. It was not alone the wealth of the Burgundian provinces, the discipline of the warlike inhabitants, and the mass of their crowded population, which the King dreaded, for the personal qualities of their leader had also much in them that was dangerous. The very soul of bravery, which he pushed to the verge of rashness, and beyond it -- profuse in expenditure -- splendid in his court, his person, and his retinue, in all which he displayed the hereditary magnificence of the house of Burgundy, Charles the Bold drew into his service almost all the fiery spirits of the age whose tempers were congenial; and Louis saw too clearly what might be attempted and executed by such a train of resolute adventurers, following a leader of a character as ungovernable as their own.
   There was yet another circumstance which increased the animosity of Louis towards his overgrown vassal; he owed him favours which he never meant to repay, and was under the frequent necessity of temporizing with him, and even of enduring bursts of petulant insolence, injurious to the regal dignity, without being able to treat him otherwise than as his "fair cousin of Burgundy."
   It was about the year 1468, when their feuds were at the highest, though a dubious and hollow truce, as frequently happened, existed for the time betwixt them, that the present narrative opens. The person first introduced on the stage will be found indeed to be of a rank and condition, the illustration of whose character scarcely called for a dissertation on the relative position of two great princes; but the passions of the great, their quarrels, and their reconciliations involve the fortunes of all who approach them; and it will be found, on proceeding farther in our story, that this preliminary chapter is necessary for comprehending the history of the individual whose adventures we are about to relate.
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