Home>> Culture & Life>>Life>> 乡土风情>> Shen Congwen   China   现代中国   (December 28, 1902 ADMay 10, 1988 AD)
Border town
  West Side Border Town - Shen Congwen "Border Town" Analysis
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  The famous American cultural critic FredricJameson said: third world texts, even those that might seem on individuals and libido is increasingly force within the text, always in the form of national allegory to cast a political: about personal destiny The story contains a fable third world popular culture and the social impact.
  Mr. Shen's "Border Town", is one such on Miao "national allegory," the classic text.
  Methods symbolic and psychological analysis of characters, perspective "Border Town" deep cultural metaphor, you can find Mr. Shen Congwen Xiangxi Miao culture, visual thinking and his totem Miao / Chinese, Chinese / Western cultural conflict thinking and worry.
  (A)
  Tracy Shen Miao culture from the eyes of the goddess culture, Shen Congwen as "other" (Western) vision to look out Miao curtain "essence."
  "Tracy possessor long day in the wind, the skin becomes dark, striking for the mountains, a pair of eyes clear and bright as crystal nature and nurture both her and her education, and his lively, always seems like a small animal matter. who was so good, the same as the mountain yellow muntjac, never thought of cruel things, never worry, never angry. usually strangers to her some attention, he gave the bare eyes looked on the ferry After the stranger, proudly fled into the mountains can be made at any time of the air, but people understand inorganic heart, and from playing a leisurely waterside. "This image can be said to be" beautiful, healthy and natural. " However, this image also contains deep pain: "yellow, like deer fled into the mountains ...... at any time can be proudly" metaphor Han Miao ancestors under the pressure of migration from the Central Plains to the Dongting Lake region, and Su Yuan River back into Xiangxi mountains. Mountains is their last refuge and the free world, where they are "at home."
  Tracy's image based on the Luxi wool shop girl, Qingdao Laoshan rural women and the "side of the bride," Mrs. Shen. "Border Town" in the love story, discussing cultural issues, discourse and cultural discourse intertwined. Tracy's image embodies the culture of the Oedipus complex Shen Congwen, sinking from the text inscribed on the Miao culture of endless Mourning and nostalgic.
  Tracy's personal life is a tragedy, Tracy's father was a Pan-Tun-amyl soldiers, strictly speaking, for the purposes of the Hmong culture is a heterogeneous (heterogeneity). Tracy is itself the product of Chinese culture (paternal culture) and Miao culture (matrilineal culture) integration. Tracy tragic love from their parents, we can see that the Chinese culture unequal relationship with the Hmong culture, and this power relationship in the seedling / Chinese cultural history of the relationship between conflict and tragedy in history (eg Qian 嘉苗民 uprising).
  Tracy Rootlessness this is undoubtedly a symbol of Oliver Miao culture.
  "In a near miracle, which actually orphans grow up, then thirteen years old, a blink of an eye." Grandpa reading to do this personnel, weather-beaten old man is a symbol of the ancient history of the Hmong. "Grandpa and Tracy" Hmong "ancient ethnic, cultural young" image description. Tracy parents grandfather witnessed the tragedy, "the mouth is not blaming Heaven, but their hearts are not fully agree with this unfortunate arrangement." "He never thought his position for personal meaning, but quietly very loyal to live there." "Tracy big, he would have put Tracy to a man who is considered the end of things! To whom? Necessary parties are not the kind of person she wronged?" Elderly aging grandfather was only rely Tracy, "If my grandfather died," Tracy this history can be added to a new orphan footsteps of history go?
  Yellow Dog dog dish with Hmong ancestor worship and myths about dogs, but also with two old Nuo send relevant. "Border Town" section X, two old dragon boat capsized drowning, Tracy denounced yellow dog, said: "? Well, pretend crazy, you are not rowing, whoever you fell into it" and "Feng Zi" Chapter III, the gentleman will his dog named "Nuo send" - "That gentleman received the letter on hand, commanded a large bird dog: 'exorcise send, open the door to stop,'" a symbol of Baita Hmong traditional values, such as customs honest, Valuing Loyalty, also said that Shen Congwen's "integrity naive human beauty."
  Ferry Ferry only square head is very characteristic: a bamboo boat stand, hang a hoop, the two sides led some scrap cable. Some transition, hanging on the hoop scrap cable, pull the boat back and forth transition - it is a closed, monotonous imagery, is a river (linear time history of one dollar) is independent of the existence of the state, the ancient Hmong living metaphor way.
  "Phoenix Beach Heights Beach is not fierce, well below the cages around; around the cages are easy, the Green Wave beach house big waves as Grandpa, you can lower the ferry Fengtan, Mainz Beach, Long Beach Youth do.? "Time Concept Tracy" gently humming sorcerer December votive please God in man playing the song "Please Chang, old, torrent, off Master, Yuchi public, Hong Xiuquan, Li and other" cloud slowly drop the line " "Today no harm to the seat!" - This is a primitive consciousness of time, where all the time sections: past, present and future are synchronic to show. Return to ancestor worship and prototypes based on the time described by myth and ritual celebrations during the holiday season, constantly reborn.
  People border town festival with a record time of the Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Chinese New Year and other cycles, the Han regime change had little impact on them, in the Gregorian calendar (Christian era) have not yet entered the border town, it seems to Western eyes, "Border Town" in world history outside.
  On the day and night of Hustle, Tracy guarding a ferry, day after day, living life is very tight. Baita guarding the jetty, a guard Tracy, guard Tracy dreams (Tracy in Baita afternoon sleep, dream of blackbirds singing the float).
  (Two)
  Tracy bigger, become more thinking, have become a dream - to see Wang's total home has a twist twisted silver bracelets, the hearts of some rhyme envy, crazy hair. "White chicken off a tiger bite, do not bite someone, send the first lady's total ...... wearing a pair of gold hairpin Sister, sister, wearing a pair of silver bracelet child, only I did not have anything to wear Sanmei, long wearing ear of bean sprouts. " By Tracy difference with other girls to know themselves, this is the "self" inevitable way to form.
  The total cis boat house to propose marriage to Tracy, Tracy thought of many things: "Tiger bite story, with people shouting match four sentences head of folk songs, paper mill in the square pit, iron cupola in the escape of the plant iron syrup ...... "" Tiger bite Story "and Wang's total relevant. Wang dowry to grind room with two old claim kinship thing heavy pressure in Tracy heart, "white chicken off a tiger bite, do not bite people, to send the first lady's total", which is Tracy for "grind house dowry "This thing is unreal beyond.
  "Four head of cattle folk are watching, firewood, cut ragweed child casually mess singing" - Tracy really young children out of the state yet.
  "Party Pit" with sex (female thing), but also with death (grandfather's grave is a "square-well"). In a sense, Tracy (Hmong culture) newborn, adult, is the grandfather (Hmong ancient history) death. "Iron syrup" is a mature girl, sexual awakening - Tracy on the verge of girls and young women.
  Tracy's age - fifteen-year-old girl - is critical. Miao culture, this "essence" (girl), Shen Congwen used as "other" western eyes look out; Or, where the Miao culture is "girl" of the. With the (Japanese) Bamboo good words: non-Western nation, "modernity" means first one is deprived of its own subjectivity status.
  Tracy and Tate old couple's relationship is the main object of Hegelian dualism: Tracy is a girl, who was watching (spectacle) and the listener, always big dick men, to see who (spectator, Tate old couple Tracy Doukua too good looking) and speaker (matchmaking and singing). Tracy only with men (Han, Western) wake up and certainly, from teenage to adulthood, only to have the adult only "subjectivity." Tracy love happy, both Tracy personal mitzvah, but also the modern transformation of the Miao culture.
  Here, the growth and development process of the development of Tracy personal history are synchronized. Through personal experience to show the nation's self-transformation, which is the mode Bildungsroman (German bildungsroman), of course, at the end of "Border Town", and Tracy's growth is not complete.
  Tate old couple fall in love with Tracy, this is a historical conflict between two cultural ideas to compete for ownership of the Miao culture goddess occurred. Tate's image as well as their two old Tracy's different "views" and "argument" should follow "national discourse Password" to interpret.
  (Three)
  Tate's like a father - boat total cis.
  Shen Congwen said cis prototype is "past" (1926.11) in the "eldest son of Tetra."
  "Past" is an important episode: sitting on a Luokuang Li Shen Congwen and every man his brother, was the eldest son of Tetra bear from the city to the countryside. People Relations "past" in that: the eldest son of tetra - Big Brother - Brother Shen Congwen; figures Relations "Border Town" in are: cis - Tate Mary Rose - two old Nuo sent. "Border Town" in Tate's two old metaphor has been ready to come out. However, in my opinion, this image is cis "Western King" Chen Quzhen metaphor.
  The total cis boat, is "a Qing when they mix live in camps in Kivu to the figures, when the revolutionary army in the famous forty-nine standard to be even longer," people do instead of deacons who pier when still only five years old.
  "Western King" Chen Quzhen (1882 to 1952), the Phoenix man, forty-nine in 1906 marked the army officer corps, instead of 1920 when Western commanders Tian Ying Zhao led Western military 38 years old. At that time the eyes of Western military personnel, is the "father" of the image. Shen Congwen "From the autobiography," "Western" and many other works, drainage Jane Chen expressed admiration. "Inscription river" in the passage of Chen Zhen Shun Shun drainage are applicable: "where last year it longer, increasing physical exhaustion, emotional, almost in coagulation, its own non-free conservative only in this way, how much is still retained. Some Zhi Shi Zuoren beautiful noble demeanor. "
  "Tate" image, is Chen Quzhen of Western military regime, the approximate age and Shen Congwen Xiangxi fellow soldier metaphor. In a sense, Shen Shen Yun Lu brother, cousin Topaz book, cousin Lin Shen, friends and Xiangxi young officer Gu Lu Qi, Daiji Tao, etc. are "Tate" prototype.
  Cis people doing things like Tate, he said:. "Tracy Johnson too, and I worry that she only appropriate to hear people singing some tea Cave, Cave Women do not make tea all the serious things a wife I want to be able to listen to me a Singing Valentines, but more housework is not a lack of a wife, "Tracy to marry later in life, so Tate is envisaged:." if things somehow, I should take that old hand draw ferry me. love this thing, I also want to buy Bixi Tsui over two hills, on the southern boundary of the large species of bamboo, around this creek as my stockade! "Tate's idea is very reminiscent of 1923 Chen Quzhen The "Western autonomy." After 1920 Chen Quzhen any Western Guard army command, the whole army by Wu, destroy and Shi Fu, the unification of Western. He proposed "border security interest to the people" slogan, this independent kingdom in Xiangxi Xiangxi building behind closed doors. Chen Quzhen establishment of education, the establishment of a Teacher Training Institute, the Joint Model High School, Intermediate Girls, Girls occupation, etc., _set_ up all kinds of factories, industries, forest, etc., established the Western Rural banks and rural Hunan Institute. Chen Quzhen of "Western autonomy" is an important one in modern Western direction. Of course, Chen also has a conservative side. Each according to his natural villages were mostly Western surname family characteristics, follow the ancient tribal system to rule: the composition of the same family or a large insurance UNPROFOR; their surname under certain natural villages, the equivalent of a family, extended family also produced the following as "a joint ten households," the so-called nuclear family; certain rural tribal coalition administration, the appointment and removal by the mayor Chen Quzhen directly. Such layers based network, and finally by Chen dominate. So it was a metaphor Chen is "Xiangxi Tujia chiefs." Western also known as the "Chinese-style Cossack."
  Tate asked Baoshan matchmaking to Tracy to marry him, without result. He knew he was not singing two old rivals, then abandon myself to leave the dong tea. Tate beach drowned in Mainz, seemed accidental. Later, the old couple said: "The old guy (by means grandfather) crooked man, not agile, he killed the Tate." This sentence is worth pondering. Grandpa is ancient history Hmong metaphor, Tate's death, contains some sort of inevitable.
  "River · Inscription", said: "1934 winter, I return from Beijing because of something Western, by the Yuan River boat up, go home to Fenghuang township has eighteen years, one into Chen River. What is different. ostensibly, Shishiwuwu naturally have a great progress, try to pay careful attention to pay attention, we see the changing trends in the fall. most obvious thing that the rural community to maintain the integrity of that point naive human America, it demonstrated a few had almost disappeared, but it is instead of from the actual social culture for nearly two decades the only real success of a profit-vulgar life. ...... 'modern' word has come to Western, ...... then I think the only hope, a few prime of life, the simple minds of the noble ideal point can be cultured young officer, but that in their environment, is nothing like actually impossible to make. place tomorrow difficulties, we must deal with, we see plainly , no method can vary in personnel preparation in advance, so I wrote a novel called "Border Town", wrote Travels, named "Xiang Travelogue", the two works have appeared soldier in " Border Town "Inscription on, and had filed a problem, that intends to 'past' and 'current' control, so-called national character disappears and re-create, may proceed from any aspect." Shen Congwen the back Xiangxi, is writing "Border Town" time. Xiangxi ancient traditions, in the "modern" shock "a few almost disappeared demonstrated" the status quo; Shen Congwen had have only hope for young officers disappointment; and Shen Congwen of "national character disappears and re-made, possibly from what aspects started "thinking about this issue, Shen Congwen writing" Border Town "The fundamental cause. Contents of these three aspects, by Tracy, Tate, the old couple were expressed in the three images.
  "Border Town" inscription says: "My grandfather, father and brother, all out body dishonorably discharged, the dead did not dare to die on duty, die inevitably will end his life on the job." "A Romance" and in said: "...... Since such a bizarre tradition, a way out of all young people are inevitably pinned on all intelligence officers and outstanding talent, are also summarized absorbed all this despite the huge real simple organization and succession. Consumption in the organization, while the organization in the country in the province, but if completely isolated or free, nor are owned by non belongs. ...... pick Tian (which means the Tian Ying Zhao) Chen Quzhen hand, the mind is newer, but the ambition and not, in fact, psychological or 'isolated separatist captive' to prevail. ...... which naturally have a problem, that the progress of internal tying, can not cope with the strength of any other design improvements. ...... he is very strict self-discipline Moreover, studious, new books are read a certain level, but it also does not encourage men to read, so many and reading fewer officers day man-days, when the inevitable becomes unable to cope. externally isolated to maintain a consistent state, a lot of misunderstandings, and more taboo, the more strength increasingly increased and all aspects of organizational relationships isolated, the greater our own strength, but also increases the more difficult ...... reminds me of that little mountain grown over the past two centuries various. ...... in social change in my hometown and Other local youth life and death, and death due to this piece of land upstream alternately every innocent blood, and tears and more on how to increase the difficulty give enough progress tomorrow and I think the social context for the development of the young generation formed by emotions, desire and motivation, lack of truly great thinkers of both guidance and induction, energetic and often many people do not know how to play effectively, the result will inevitably still consumes one end of the tragic fate of almost periodic. "sense" Tate "Even without dying Rapids, are bound to muddle died of various civil wars and strife (such as Shen Shen Lin's cousin and brother and so far over t), or the time and opium destroyed (such as" care of the nose friend "Indian blind and" wife "Zhao Kaiming, etc.). Tragedy is fatalistic.
  Shen Congwen keen to see the "big men" tragic fate, he does not want to get Tracy Tate. Shen Congwen It seems impossible to Tracy Tate get "subjectivity", it is impossible to make a modern Western, so let Tate died in the rapids. This is Shen Congwen Western eyes, on to Chen Quzhen represented by their Western fellow Tate profound cultural critique ("national character" critical).
  Shen Congwen Xiangxi soldiers, sailors, farmers as the protagonist works such as "will out", "Bai Zi", "captain", "Legend is not surprising," "Counsellor", "Da-phase", "your life", "a Romance "and" Hunan Travelogue "in" a treasure nose friends "," wife "and for us to portray a variety of" Tate "image, can be seen as" Tate "series, which, when otherwise specifically discussed.
  (Four)
  The image of two old Shen Congwen own metaphor.
  Shen Congwen are "brother" name appears in many of his autobiographical works. Shen Congwen and the old couple's personality in many ways similar to: "My father tolerance have less impact on yield in more like mom." "Temperament close to the white face black mother, very quiet, but the show pulled eyebrows group, glance clever and rich in its human feelings." They have a poetic temperament, good at singing love songs (written love letter). "Border Town" and proposed to replace two old Tate singing, Shen cousin Topaz instead of writing a love letter in Changde had.
  Shen Congwen himself with such an analysis, "Tate were" distinction: "...... thanks to a chance, a small number of common trends outside drifted outside this vicious cycle (press 'common trends' and 'vicious cycle' refers to Chen Quzhen and other Western soldiers The tragic fate) ...... me and this one was Jiqing Qing woodcut artists (by means huang), may represent just a small place to another scenario: same deal at the way of life, and local habits are completely free , while for local enthusiasm and delusion, but are still very strong, lends stability combined into various small development. "Well, the old couple's fate is better than a Tate? Tracy grown old couple make it? Old couple love each other and Tracy Wyatt, however, between two old mill house dowry and Tracy Wang's total home Miss files. In Hmong culture - Han culture - Western culture that multiple power relations, "grind house dowry" This imagery has a multi-cultural meaning, we analyzed from three aspects.
  1) Tracy - grind house - Wang "grind house dowry" This thing, for the traditional Miao culture Tracy represented in terms of a heterogeneous. "Tracy thought;. 'Grind house dowry, surprising things blanket'" In some people,. "Grind house a new dowry, better than some of the ten many years," "a grinding room breath, to be received daily seven liters meters, three measures of chaff. "
  This heterogeneous, and the border town traditional Valuing Loyalty opposite of simple folk, the only real profit-values ​​quietly entered the border town, irresistible to change people's way of life. "'Modern' word has come to a Western" and that "the enormous potential from the outside on the other hand," will destroy the traditional way of life on the basis of unprecedented depth and breadth Western world crumbling ancient traditions.
  As Marx said:. "Bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated communication, draws all, even the most barbarian nations into civilization to the cheap prices of its commodities, it is used to Destroy all the Great Wall, to conquer the most stubborn xenophobia It compels all nations barbarians heavy artillery - if they do not want to die, then - adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilization in their own system, that becomes bourgeois. sentence, which according to his own face to create a world for themselves.
  Bourgeois country succumbed to the city to make the rule. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population than rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life. Just as it makes the country dependent on the towns, it makes barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilized ones, farmers belonging to ethnic nationalities bourgeois, the East on the West. "" Tracy hearts disorderly, ...... 'seven-year-old grandfather of this year, the song ...... six years - white duck bird who sent it? Good luck ...... get Nianzishan of Nianzishan have an even more good luck? ...... '"" Tracy felt as if something is missing. Seeing this day seems to have passed, would like to cling to it on a new personnel, but they do not. Seems too mundane life unbearable. "So, Tracy imagine leaving -
  "I want a boat under the Taoyuan County had Dongting Lake, the city is gong to let Grandpa go get me a lantern torches to find my spot.", "Home" is a very cultural meaning of imagery, is very "modern". Because by the impact of Western modernity, "at home" feeling (homogeneous state) was broken, the traditional harmony of the world is no longer complete, homes in ruins. So you want to run away - to find spiritual home.
  Grandpa how to do that? "How do you take a knife and put the burden, the ride 下水船 kill her?!" Tracy frightened, cried: "! Grandpa, Grandpa, you rowed back that way," "I want you! "Tracy needs grandfather, the need for traditional, she could not cut history.
  Tracy "sitting on a cliff, it felt sad.", "Cliff" this imagery accurately reveals the plight of Tracy brink of the abyss, a dilemma: wake up, but nowhere to go - this is all non-Western peoples and cultures the face of the impact of Western modernity common destiny.
  If Tracy really ran away, then what Tracy was gone? -
  "Or are really only two ways: not fallen, is back" (Lu Xun language). Shen Congwen Xiangxi girl or woman as the protagonist of the novel, such as "a woman", "rustling", "three-three", "clever show and Winter Health", "husband", "hamlet" and can be seen as "Tracy series. " In these novels, we can see Tracy's "running away", and they in "Fallen" and "back" desperate struggle between the mentality.
  2) old couple - grind house - Wang grind house is a closed, circular imagery, linear flow of water into the stone will grind the cycle, can be seen as a symbol of the Han culture (Shen Congwen's paternal culture).
  Wang's total home to "grind house dowry" and the boat house total cis marriage, is very reminiscent of modern Western Tian (Xing Shu) home, Shen (AGF) home, and bears (Greek age) home very complex laws relationships. According to the "Autobiography · Women from difficult", while in 1921, Yuan Shen Congwen states, there are four squire's daughter for his _select_ion, one of which is Shen aunt cousin, Bear Jie three (Xiling seven brothers) daughter. "Four girls born too are very decent, than the other and that one (which means the sink unrequited horse girl) much stronger, usually can not hope to get all the girls." "If fate does give me some tortured, so allow me to put away the years, I think that by this time I should do a little local gentleman, my wife must be a slight property businessman's daughter, I must have done two terms The governor also must have done more than four children's father, but inevitably learned smoking opium. according to circumstances seems that my life is to be developed in such a formula inside. " "A strange destiny, about to put my 攫去 from such vulgar life, and then placed into misfortune in various thereafter, so I was with my relatives say: 'That's not, I will not be your son, nor for shop the boss's son, I had planned to give myself according to my own plans for the go '. "" grind house dowry "indicates that lifestyle is in" a formula in Development "and" vulgar life ", which Shen Congwen from Hmong ancient culture a very strong passion and personality development of delusion and less stability is very incompatible. By Shen Congwen's own words: "I do not need you called 'social' for the development of that thing, I hate the general standard, especially beetles eclipse what thinkers distorted human folly and _set_ the hypocrite." Old couple on the "grind house dowry" revolt can be seen on the Han Shen Congwen against cultural hegemony.
  3) old couple - grind house - Ferry "I do not know if I should have to stand grind house, or should have a ferry, or my life where I can only stay a ferry!" Here, "ferry" is a Hmong cultural particularity symbol "grind house" is a "huge potential from the outside on the other hand" - the universal symbol of the Han culture and Western culture.
  _Select_ ferry means to defend traditional Hmong culture and specificity. However, the two old "memories of her brother's death." Perhaps, it seems the old couple, Tracy as the symbol of love, like saxifrage, "Beautiful is often toxic"?
  _Select_ grind house means recognition of Han culture and the universality of Western culture, to give up its own particularity. Thus, this historical Tracy will never be abandoned orphan history, Shen text also will lose his place to _set_tle down.
  Shen Congwen old couple caught in a dilemma: "I stay here to enjoy the absurd passion, listening to the Son of God which dominated his life, or put her away, that was brought wealth, power, and courtesy, morality, human urban clothing, barbers, distorted human to abuse this semi-primitive biological body and soul? "It seems the old couple, Tracy, Baita, ferry are inextricably linked, Tracy must get passed down from grandfather inherited the old ferry In other words, the only way to fall in love with Tracy and the result is inherited ferry. Left the White Tower, Ferry, Tracy will not become Tracy; and Tracy represent the Miao culture completely heterogeneous urban civilization will devour this "semi-primitive biological body and soul."
  Shen Congwen plight of Western powers and cultural logic caused. West to make their own culture in the process of globalization, through the "looking for his sexual" to get self-awareness. West is always described by non-Western cultures as the particularity of things, in order to establish the universality of Western culture. "Looking otherness" approach with the globalization of Western culture, has become all the non-Western peoples of the world and their own understanding of the basic method. Shen Congwen Xiangxi Miao cultural heritage (nature) understanding can only use the "find his nature" approach to those of his own cultural perspective to his person - actually lies to the West as universal see their particularity. If there is no universal carrier of the West as it is impossible to find their specificity (nature) in their own fields. Universality in Hegel - particularity dualistic relationship, the more stressed the particularity of non-Western cultures, the more enhanced the universality of Western culture, with particularity against universality can only exacerbate the problem (exacerbate ).
  Shen Congwen impartial analysis on yourself: "I am still not free from the shackles of another local limitations, and capricious 'age' ethos that is out of tune if Yan Therefore, like other local people can not help but like with the real differences. fate, sooner or later will be stiff servant on another battlefield, accepted the same tragic ending. "
  "Another local limitations" can be understood as the Hmong culture Shen Congwen emphasize their value and specificity against Han Chinese and Western cultural hegemony of cultural relativism (CulturalRelativism) position. "Capricious mood of the times" refers to the development of modernity in the rush to build a modern nation-state of China, various beyond, mutual scorn cultural universalism (CulturalUniveralism) thought.
  In the existing power order, with cultural relativism (Hmong culture based) against Western cultural universalism may not destined to succeed, and this is Shen Congwen "on another battlefield," "the same tragic ending."
  Old couple "was forced to accept the tall house grind house, meaning the ferry is still so angry downside," away from home. Tate knew that singing is not two old rivals, to abandon myself to leave the Cave of tea.
  "Western · Inscription" Lane said: "Western until today, production, construction, education, culture in comparison, everything seems backward, general discussion considered 'poor land barren people', which is really saying goes wrong. older can borrow from mockery, young people never shirking appropriate to the young people below the age of twenty more must recognize clear: This is Xiangxi bloom and bloom with abandon myself to abandon myself have been the result of two things, the former is out! intrepid mountain nature, the latter for the lack of knowledge of habit; weakness into one of two, so have a very stubborn refusal of his sexual ...... bloom with abandon myself to make Xiangxi place called Miaoman bandits. Zone. " Tate were two old and seems to have a "bloom with abandon myself" character. Here, the "bloom" is to defend tradition, against Han Chinese and Western hegemony; "abandon myself" because of a lack of knowledge (of course, "Western knowledge"). "Bloom and abandon myself to make the place was known as the Western Miaoman bandit zone", that is similar to Li Zehou "Salvation Overpowering Enlightenment," said. In fact, salvation and enlightenment are unified, and the Western powers. Since the Industrial Revolution took the lead in the West, into the modern, forcing the development of non-Western peoples have modern, building a modern nation-state. For non-Western nation, the Enlightenment is itself a national salvation, but salvation is the purpose of enlightenment, their common goal is to build a modern nation-state. This is reflected in Shen Congwen body: Shen Congwen in all his on Western works, have adopted the enlightenment and salvation of the double discourse, both for the Miao culture of traditional romantic looking for, or the Western Association of Tate's Stern National Critique only one purpose, and that is: to make Xiangxi no longer "be called Miaoman bandit area."
  (E)
  A thunderstorm in the evening, the old ferry was washed away, and is related to feng shui Baita 坍倒 the border town, full of apprehension grandfather died, the ancient history of the Hmong interrupted. Baita grandfather was buried in the back of dumping destroyed.
  Tracy was the mother of a young man singing Young horsemen took over grandfather, arrange everything Tracy. "I want a grandpa like, you like people to receive this ferry! Not like our views, I may be old, but also take the machete with them desperately."
  "We", "them" two words intriguing. People in the border town of "us" and "them" to understand their differences and antagonism, and trying to maintain their own cultural identity, against the impact of different cultures. This is a typical "looking for his sexual" approach, the West and the world to recognize their own way, because the Western powers, has become a non-Western understanding of the method itself and the world. We see non-Western revolt against the West, the West had to use logic (Hegel dualism), this can only mean recognition and strengthened against the Western powers and cultural logic, but the problem is that the non-use It can not be! This "fate" means.
  Tracy knows his opponent do? Border town of people understand this tragedy means?
  Baita re-repaired (this is the dream of Shen Congwen - have strongly demanded restoration of the integrity of the existence of the lost). Tracy still get the ferry, waiting for the return of the old couple. Tracy was a young girl.
  Tracy only wait.
  The old couple had not come back dong tea.
  "This man may never come back, maybe 'tomorrow' back!" But this old couple on the eastern Sichuan Taoyuan under Shen Congwen border town to find the way to return it?
  (Six)
  Keynote on "Border Town", and Shen Congwen himself said: "I want to show this is a 'form of life' kind of 'beautiful, healthy, natural' without almost perverse form of human life." Shen Congwen call "human nature" concept in mind and Shen Congwen Hmong cultural traditions (essentially) the same category. Shen Congwen use "regulation heterogeneous distribution" (regulatethedistributionofheterogeneous) method, first constructed nature of identity in the Miao culture discourse - this is completely homogeneous (homogeneous) field is essentially a pure language status - Then exclude heterogeneity found in life go to the West, the West became their "otherness", with "other" eyes to see their nature (traditional). Shen Congwen trying to develop a universal essence from the Miao culture (specificity) in order to establish his "human temple" to Han and cultural universalism against the West. This is the cultural relativism of Shen Congwen (Hmong culture based) position, and the philosophical basis of Shen Congwen oeuvre.
  By Shen Congwen's own words: "You are afraid of the fact that tomorrow, or that you hate all the facts, ideas strongly consequent close past, sometimes abstract and can not close the past, making your life a stable anchor stone." "The abstract of the past," refers to the nature of the Hmong culture, identity, Hegel said that "universal homogenous areas." "Stability anchor stone of life" is the life guard Shen Congwen "human." (Shen Congwen Xiangxi is how to find the "human nature"? What does this "human nature" kernel? These issues when otherwise specifically discussed below.)
  About "Border Town", Shen said: "I would dream of a repressed everything written on paper ...... full of goodness, but everywhere is unfortunate since it is no coincidence, hospice inevitably arise consequent naive tragedy ... .. ... This way, my past painful struggle, no arrangements redneck repressed longing for love, in this unfortunate story, side got excretion and compensate. " This is Shen Congwen through the "Border Town" sustenance real explanation of his Oedipus complex culture, but also points out the "Border Town" tragic story. Jin Jiefu (KinkleyJeffreyc) said: "" Border Town "is written in general mutually isolated human soul." Kim's view seems a little "separated."
  We can borrow Shen Congwen's own words to understand the "Border Town": "...... in fact equal to the historical development and the tragic end of my little place nearly two centuries since the formation of the records to be embracing everything if accidental coincidence. but if the inevitable result of fate. "" ...... albeit written in the various water and a boat dock on the Yuan River Basin trackers sailor so trivial trivial dirge personnel gains and losses, in fact, for their past and present, are, with Various non-shaped ink painful worries, a premonition of their fate tomorrow - that such an ordinary humble life, is not easy to maintain, on the other hand will eventually suffer a huge potential destroyed from the outside like a different real life the same end in helpless situations "Marxist" opium trade history "in the eyes of Westerners, with one dollar terms the Eastern world history, the following words can help us to understand: the text of the Third World." Border Town "as a Western Hmong cultural impact of "national allegory" anti-modernity, and this "national allegory" and "anti-modernity" is its "modernity" lies.
  "Semi Barbarian maintain moral principles, and the principles of civilized man has to fight to get rich. Population accounts for almost a third of mankind vast empire, regardless of the current situation, the status quo remains, due to the exclusion of the world is strongly linked outside the system and isolated and helpless, so trying to heavenly perfection of fantasy to deceive ourselves, such an empire finally die in such a desperate duel, in this duel, on behalf of the world is excited on trite moral standards, The most modern but it is representative of the community in order to obtain buy low and sell privilege - it is indeed a tragedy, even the poet's fantasy will never dare to create such a bizarre tragedy theme "" Border Town "is." This bizarre tragedy theme. "
  Jade (Xi Valley) Spring and tears filled the reservoir, not Ken Ming stream and dark swallow (Yinke sentence).
Translated by Google
题记
  对于农人与兵士,怀了不可言说的温爱,这点感情在我一切作品中,随处都可 以看出。我从不隐讳这点感情。我生长于作品中所写到的那类小乡城,我的祖父, 父亲以及兄弟,全列身军籍:死去的莫不在职务上死去,不死的也必然的将在职务 上终其一生。就我所接触的世界一面,来叙述他们的爱憎与哀乐,即或这枝笔如何 笨拙,或尚不至于离题太远。因为他们是正直的,诚实的,生活有些方面极其伟大, 有些方其又极其平凡,性情有些方面极其美丽,有些方面又极其琐碎,——我动手 写他们时,为了使其更有人性,更近人情,自然便老老实实的写下去。但因此一来, 这作品或者便不免成为一种无益之业了。
   照目前风气说来,文学理论家,批评家及大多数读者,对于这种作品是极容易 引起不愉快的感情的。 前者表示“不落伍” ,告给人中国不需要这类作品,后者 “太担心落伍”,目前也不愿意读这类作品。这自然是真事。“落伍”是什么?一 个有点理性的人,也许就永远无法明白,但多数人谁不害怕“落伍”?我有句话想 说:“我这本书不是为这种多数人而写的”。念了三五本关于文学理论文学批评问 题的洋装书籍,或同时还念过一大堆古典与近代世界名作的人,他们生活的经验, 却常常不许可他们在“博学”之外,还知道一点点中国另外一个地方另外一种事情。 因此这个作品即或与某种文学理论相符合,批评家便加以各种赞美,这种批评其实 仍然不免成为作者的侮辱。他们既并不想明白这个民族真正的爱憎与哀乐,便无法 说明这个作品的得失,——这本书不是为他们而写的。至于文艺爱好者呢,他们或 是大学生,或是中学生,分布于国内人口较密的都市中,常常很诚实天真的把一部 分极可宝贵的时间,来阅读国内新近出版的文学书籍。他们为一些理论家,批评家, 聪明出版家,以及习惯于说谎造谣的文坛消息家,通力协作造成一种习气所控制所 支配,他们的生活,同时又实在与这个作品所提到的世界相去太远了。他们不需要 这种作品,这本书也就并不希望得到他们。理论家有各国出版物中的文学理论可以 参证,不愁无话可说:批评家有他们欠了点儿小恩小怨的作家与作品,够他们去毁 誉一世。大多数的读者,不问趣味如何,信仰如何,皆有作品可读。正因为关心读 者大众,不是便有许多人,据说为读者大众,永远如陀螺在那里转变吗?这本书的 出版,即或并不为领导多数的理论家与批评家所弃,被领导的多数读者又并不完全 放弃它,但本书作者,却早已存心把这个“多数”放弃了。
   我这本书只预备给一些“本身已离开了学校,或始终就无从接近学校,还认识 些中国文字,置身于文学理论、文学批评以及说谎造谣消息所达不到的那种职务上, 在那个社会里生活,而且极关心全个民族在空间与时间下所有的好处与坏处”的人 去看。他们真知道当前农村是什么,想知道过去农村是什么,他们必也愿意从这本 书上同时还知道点世界一小角隅的农村与军人。我所写到的世界,即或在他们全然 是一个陌生的世界,然而他们的宽容,他们向一本书去求取安慰与知识的热忱,却 一定使他们能够把这本书很从容读下去的。我并不即此而止,还预备给他们一种对 照的机会,将在另外一个作品里,来提到二十年来的内战,使一些首当其冲的农民, 性格灵魂被大力所压,失去了原来的质朴,勤俭,和平,正直的型范以后,成了一 个什么样子的新东西。他们受横征暴敛以及鸦片烟的毒害,变成了如何穷困与懒惰! 我将把这个民族为历史所带走向一个不可知的命运中前进时,一些小人物在变动中 的忧患,与由于营养不足所产生的“活下去”以及“怎样活下去”的观念和欲望, 来作朴素的叙述。我的读者应是有理性,而这点理性便基于对中国现社会变动有所 关心,认识这个民族的过去伟大处与目前堕落处,各在那里很寂寞的从事与民族复 兴大业的人。这作品或者只能给他们一点怀古的幽情,或者只能给他们一次苦笑, 或者又将给他们一个噩梦,但同时说不定,也许尚能给他们一种勇气同信心!
   一九三四年四月二十四日记
第一章 一
  由四川过湖南去, 靠东有一条官路。 这官路将近湘西边境到了一个地方名为 “茶峒”的小山城时,有一小溪,溪边有座白色小塔,塔下住了一户单独的人家。 这人家只一个老人,一个女孩子,一只黄狗。
   小溪流下去,绕山岨流,约三里便汇入茶峒的大河。人若过溪越小山走去,则 只一里路就到了茶峒城边。溪流如弓背,山路如弓弦,故远近有了小小差异。小溪 宽约二十丈,河床为石头作成。静静的水即或深到一篙不能落底,却依然清澈 透明,河中游鱼来去皆可以计数。小溪既为川湘来往孔道,水常有涨落,限于财力 不能搭桥,就安排了一只方头渡船。这渡船一次连人带马,约可以载二十位搭客过 河,人数多时则反复来去。渡船头竖了一枝小小竹竿,挂着一个可以活动的铁环, 溪岸两端水槽牵了一段废缆,有人过渡时,把铁环挂在废缆上,船上人就引手攀缘 那条缆索,慢慢的牵船过对岸去。船将拢岸了,管理这渡船的,一面口中嚷着“慢 点慢点”,自己霍的跃上了岸,拉着铁环,于是人货牛马全上了岸,翻过小山不见 了。渡头为公家所有,故过渡人不必出钱。有人心中不安,抓了一把钱掷到船板上 时, 管渡船的必为一一拾起, 依然塞到那人手心里去,俨然吵嘴时的认真神气: “我有了口量,三斗米,七百钱,够了。谁要这个!”
   但不成,凡事求个心安理得,出气力不受酬谁好意思,不管如何还是有人把钱 的。管船人却情不过,也为了心安起见,便把这些钱托人到茶峒去买茶叶和草烟, 将茶峒出产的上等草烟,一扎一扎挂在自己腰带边,过渡的谁需要这东西必慷慨奉 赠。有时从神气上估计那远路人对于身边草烟引起了相当的注意时,便把一小束草 烟扎到那人包袱上去,一面说,“不吸这个吗,这好的,这妙的,味道蛮好,送人 也合式!”茶叶则在六月里放进大缸里去,用开水泡好,给过路人解渴。
   管理这渡船的,就是住在塔下的那个老人。活了七十年,从二十岁起便守在这 小溪边,五十年来不知把船来去渡了若干人。年纪虽那么老了。本来应当休息了, 但天不许他休息,他仿佛便不能够同这一分生活离开。他从不思索自己的职务对于 本人的意义,只是静静的很忠实的在那里活下去。代替了天,使他在日头升起时, 感到生活的力量,当日头落下时,又不至于思量与日头同时死去的,是那个伴在他 身旁的女孩子。他唯一的朋友为一只渡船与一只黄狗,唯一的亲人便只那个女孩子。
   女孩子的母亲,老船夫的独生女,十五年前同一个茶峒军人,很秘密的背着那 忠厚爸爸发生了暧昧关系。有了小孩子后,这屯戍军士便想约了她一同向下游逃去。 但从逃走的行为上看来,一个违悖了军人的责任,一个却必得离开孤独的父亲。经 过一番考虑后,军人见她无远走勇气自己也不便毁去作军人的名誉,就心想:一同 去生既无法聚首,一同去死当无人可以阻拦,首先服了毒。女的却关心腹中的一块 肉,不忍心,拿不出主张。事情业已为作渡船夫的父亲知道,父亲却不加上一个有 分量的字眼儿,只作为并不听到过这事情一样,仍然把日子很平静的过下去。女儿 一面怀了羞惭一面却怀了怜悯,仍守在父亲身边,待到腹中小孩生下后,却到溪边 吃了许多冷水死去了。在一种近于奇迹中,这遗孤居然已长大成人,一转眼间便十 三岁了。为了住处两山多篁竹,翠色逼人而来,老船夫随便为这可怜的孤雏拾取了 一个近身的名字,叫作“翠翠”。
   翠翠在风日里长养着,把皮肤变得黑黑的,触目为青山绿水,一对眸子清明如 水晶。自然既长养她且教育她,为人天真活泼,处处俨然如一只小兽物。人又那么 乖,如山头黄麂一样,从不想到残忍事情,从不发愁,从不动气。平时在渡船上遇 陌生人对她有所注意时,便把光光的眼睛瞅着那陌生人,作成随时皆可举步逃入深 山的神气,但明白了人无机心后,就又从从容容的在水边玩耍了。
   老船夫不论晴雨,必守在船头。有人过渡时,便略弯着腰,两手缘引了竹缆, 把船横渡过小溪。有时疲倦了,躺在临溪大石上睡着了,人在隔岸招手喊过渡,翠 翠不让祖父起身,就跳下船去,很敏捷的替祖父把路人渡过溪,一切皆溜刷在行, 从不误事。有时又和祖父黄狗一同在船上,过渡时和祖父一同动手,船将近岸边, 祖父正向客人招呼:“慢点,慢点”时,那只黄狗便口衔绳子,最先一跃而上,且 俨然懂得如何方为尽职似的,把船绳紧衔着拖船拢岸。
   风日清和的天气,无人过渡,镇日长闲,祖父同翠翠便坐在门前大岩石上晒太 阳。或把一段木头从高处向水中抛去,嗾使身边黄狗自岩石高处跃下,把木头衔回 来。或翠翠与黄狗皆张着耳朵,听祖父说些城中多年以前的战争故事。或祖父同翠 翠两人,各把小竹作成的竖笛,逗在嘴边吹着迎亲送女的曲子。过渡人来了,老船 夫放下了竹管,独自跟到船边去,横溪渡人,在岩上的一个,见船开动时,于是锐 声喊着:
   “爷爷,爷爷,你听我吹,你唱!”
   爷爷到溪中央便很快乐的唱起来,哑哑的声音同竹管声振荡在寂静空气里,溪 中仿佛也热闹了一些。(实则歌声的来复,反而使一切更寂静一些了。)
   有时过渡的是从川东过茶峒的小牛,是羊群,是新娘子的花轿,翠翠必争看作 渡船夫,站在船头,懒懒的攀引缆索,让船缓缓的过去。牛羊花轿上岸后,翠翠必 跟着走,站到小山头,目送这些东西走去很远了,方回转船上,把船牵靠近家的岸 边。且独自低低的学小羊叫着,学母牛叫着,或采一把野花缚在头上,独自装扮新 娘子。
   茶峒山城只隔渡头一里路,买油买盐时,逢年过节祖父得喝一杯酒时,祖父不 上城,黄狗就伴同翠翠入城里去备办东西。到了卖杂货的铺子里,有大把的粉条, 大缸的白糖,有炮仗,有红蜡烛,莫不给翠翠很深的印象,回到祖父身边,总把这 些东西说个半天。那里河边还有许多上行船,百十船夫忙着起卸百货。这种船只比 起渡船来全大得多,有趣味得多,翠翠也不容易忘记。