mǎ kè · tù wēn（ １ ８ ３ ５ héng１ ９１ ０） de《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》 ①（１８８ ４， jiǎn chēng《 hè kè》） shì měi guó wén xué zhōng de zhēn pǐn， yě shì měi guó wén huà zhōng de zhēn pǐn。 shí nián qián（１９８４）， měi guó wén tán wéi《 hè kè》 chū bǎn yī bǎi zhōu nián jǔ xíng liǎo guǎng fàn de qìng zhù huó dòng hé xué shù tǎo lùn， yě chū bǎn liǎo yī xiē yán jiū mǎ kè · tù wēn， tè bié shì tā de《 hè kè》 de zhuān zhù。 zhuān mén wéi yī wèi dà zuò jiā de yī běn míng zhù 'ér jǔ xíng rú cǐ guǎng fàn de jì niàn hé zhuān mén de yán jiū， zhè zài shì jiè wén tán shàng yě shì shǎo yòu de shèng shì。
zhè shì yīn wéi《 hè kè》 de yì yì bù yī bān。 měi guó zhù míng zuò jiā hǎi míng wēi shuō，“ yī qiē xiàn dài měi guó wén xué lái zì yī běn shū， jí mǎ kè · tù wēn de《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》…… zhè shì wǒ men suǒ yòu shū zhōng zuì hǎo de。 yī qiē měi guó wén xué dōulái zì zhè běn shū， zài tā zhī qián， huò zài tā zhī hòu， dōubù céng yòu guò néng yǔ zhī pì měi de zuò pǐn。” ② qí tā de míng jiā xiàng 'āi lüè tè、 qū lǐ lín、 bā líng dùn、 fú kè nà děng， dōuyòu lèi sì de píng jià。 jīng guò bǎi yú nián de lì shǐ jiǎn yàn，《 hè kè》 zhī wéi yǎ sú gòng shǎng、 lǎoshào xián yí de shì jiè míng zhù， dài yǐ chéng dìng lùn。
《 hè kè》 de yì yì， shì shí shàng yǐ biàn chāo chū wén xué de lǐng yù 'ér chéng wéi měi guó wén huà de zhēn pǐn。 zài ２０ shì jì， diàn yǐng、 diàn shì děng duì yú rén men shēng huó fāng shì、 shè huì fēng shàng、 jià zhí guān niàn de xíng chéng yǔ biàn qiān， qí yǐng xiǎng zhī dà， cháng shǐ shì rén wéi zhī jīng tàn。 zhè zài měi guó yóu qí rú cǐ。 ér huí gù měi guó de diàn yǐng shǐ， zì cóng dì yī jià huó dòng diàn yǐng jī yú１８９５ nián fā míng， bǎi nián lái què yī zhí piān 'ài mǎ kè · tù wēn mí rén de xiǎo shuō， yóu qí shì《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》。 měi guó diàn yǐng jiè zài１９００ nián biàn pāi liǎo《 tānɡ mǔ · suō yé lì xiǎn jì》 de hēi bái piàn。１９１ ７ nián pāi liǎo《 hè kè yǔ tānɡ mǔ》 hēi bái piàn。１９２０ nián yòu pāi liǎo《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》 hēi bái piàn。 pāi piàn de gōng sī wéi zhù míng de pài lā méng diàn yǐng gōng sī， dǎo yǎn wéi zhù míng dǎo yǎn wēi lián · tè méng tè · tài lè。 hè kè yóu lù wéi sī · suǒ qí kǎ bó bàn yǎn，“ guó wáng” yóu tānɡ mǔ · ào · bèi cí bàn yǎn，“ gōng jué” yóu kǎo lā 'ěr · hēng fó lāi bàn yǎn， jié mǔ yóu qiáo zhì · lǐ tè bàn yǎn。 dāng shí de《 niǔ yuē shí bào》 duì yǐngpiān zuò liǎo hǎo píng。
① guān yú mǎ kè · tù wēn de shēng píng， cān yuè fù lù《 nián biǎo》。
② hǎi míng wēi《 fēi zhōu de qīng shān》， niǔ yuē，１９３５，２２ héng２３ yè。
zài shì chǎng jīng jì guó jiā， guān zhòng、 piào fáng jià zhí jué dìng diàn yǐng gōng sī de xuǎn tí。 guān zhòng bìng wèi mǎn zú yú kàn guò yī cì《 hè kè》 jiù suàn liǎo。 yú shì zài dì yī bù hēi bái piàn yǐ hòu de shí yī nián， tóng yī gè gōng sī zài yī cì pāi liǎo《 hè kè》， quán cháng７３ fēn zhōng。 zài zhè yǐ hòu bā nián（１９３９）， lìng yī jiā gōng sī， mǐ gāo méi gōng sī yòu pāi liǎo《 hè kè》， zhè yī cì bàn yǎn hè kè de nǎi zhù míng tóng xīng mì kè · lóng ní。 tóng yī gè gōng sī（ mǐ gāo méi）， zài２１ nián hòu（１９ ６０）， dì yī cì bǎ《 hè kè》 pāi chéng cǎi sè piàn， yóu 'āi dí · huò gé sī bàn yǎn hè kè。 yòu１４ nián yǐ hòu（１９７４） měi guó yì shù jiā héng héng dú zhě wén zhāi pāi liǎo cǎi sè piàn《 hè kè》。 cóng１９２０ nián dào１９７４ nián， lì shí bàn gè shì jì， tóng yī bù xiǎo shuō《 hè kè》， zài měi guó pāi chéng hēi bái piàn yǔ cǎi sè piàn， qián hòu dá wǔ cì。 yī bù wén xué míng zhù， chéng wéi wén huà shàng rú cǐ bèi rè 'ài de zhēn pǐn， yě xǔ hái bù duō bā①。
① bèi lǐ · fó lún kè《 pāi chéng diàn yǐng de hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》， zài《 pī píng jiā lùn hè kè · fēn héng héng bǎi nián jì niàn píng lùn xuǎn１８８４ héng１９８４》， niǔ yuē，１９８４，２７１ yè。
yì wèi shēn cháng de shì， mǎ kè · tù wēn de zuò pǐn， bāo kuò《 hè kè》， bù jǐn chéng liǎo měi guó wén xué yǔ měi guó wén huà de zhēn pǐn， yě wéi rén suǒ xǐ 'ài。 jù yī gè zī liào jìzǎi， cóng 'èr shí nián dài de zǎo qī dào sì shí nián dài， zài qián sū lián fā xíng de mǎ kè · tù wēn de zuò pǐn， dá３，０００，０００ cè zhī duō①。 měi guó de sū lián wén xué zhuān jiā dì míng · bó lǎng jiào shòu shuō，“ zài sū lián， měi yī gè xiǎo xué shēng dōuzhī dào《 tānɡ mǔ · suō yé lì xiǎn jì》 hé《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》②。” yòu yì sī de shì qián sū lián hái bǎ《 hè kè》 pāi chéng diàn yǐng， nà shì１９７３ nián de shì。 suī rán dāng shí hái shì lěng zhàn de nián dài， sū lián zhù míng de diàn yǐng zhì piàn chǎng héng héng mò sī kē diàn yǐng zhì piàn chǎng， bǎ《 hè kè》 pāi chéng liǎo diàn yǐng。 dǎo yǎn wéi zhù míng dǎo yǎn qiáo zhì · nà · dān ní lì yà。 hè kè yóu xiǎo xué sì nián jí xué shēng shí yī suì de lú mǎ · mǎ dì yà nuò fū bàn yǎn。 chǎng jǐng shè yú dì niè bó hé shàng hé bō luó de hǎi dì qū（ yuán lì táo wǎn）。 dāng dì de dà hé jí hé shàng shì zhèn， pō lèi sì mì xī xī bǐ hé shàng de fēng guāng ③。
cǐ wài zhì shǎo yòu liǎng cì pāi chéng diàn shì， yī cì shì１９７５ nián， yòu yī cì shì１９７８ nián②。
lìng wài xiàng dà bù liè diān bǎi kē quán shū diàn yǐng gōng sī zài１９６５ nián bǎ《 hè kè》 pāi chéng sān jí cǎi sè de jiào yù diàn yǐng。１９７５ nián， ABC diàn yǐng gōng sī pāi liǎo９０ fēn zhōng de《 hè kè》 cǎi sè piàn。１９７８ nián， xī kè héng héng sū 'ēn míng zhù chū bǎn gōng sī pāi liǎo９７ fēn zhōng de《 hè kè》 cǎi sè piàn。
① tóng①３５３ héng３５４ yè
② tóng①
③②《 bǎi nián jì niàn píng lùn xuǎn》，２７１ yè。
fán shì zhè xiē dū biǎo míng liǎo《 hè kè》 jì shì měi guó wén xué zhēn pǐn， yòu shì měi guó wén huà zhēn pǐn， bìng yǐng xiǎng jí yú shì jiè gè guó。 ér qiě cóng wén huà de shì jiǎo kàn dài wén xué míng zhù， bìng fēi tíng liú yú wén xué běn shēn， huò tíng liú yú mǒu xiē kǎo lǜ 'ér chéng wéi duì rén men de shēng huó fāng shì、 shè huì fēng shàng、 měi chǒu shàn 'è děng jià zhí guān niàn de xíng chéng yǔ biàn qiān fā shēng qiáng dà yǐng xiǎng de dōng xī héng héng zhè yàng de wén huà shěn měi de guān niàn zhèng zhú jiàn fēngmǐ shì jiè。
shì shénme yàng de yì shù mèi lì shǐ měi guó hé shì jiè gè guó de dú zhě rú cǐ xǐ 'ài《 hè kè》 ní？ shì tā gěi měi guó hé shì jiè gè guó de dú zhě dǎ kāi liǎo yī gè dú tè de fù yú měi guó shì yōu mò qì zhì de xīn líng shì jiè， yī gè xī bù kāi fā shí qī qiān qiān wàn wàn pǔ tōng lǎo bǎi xìng jìn xíng háo mài tuò zhí shí yōu mò qì zhì de xīn líng shì jiè。 yōu mò dòu rén fā xiào， yōu mò yùn hán zhe zhì huì， yōu mò nǎi jī zhì de shǎn guāng。 zhè yàng de yōu mò yǔ sài wàn tí sī bǐ xià mòluò qí shì jiē jí zhàn fēng chē de yōu mò yòu bù yī yàng， nǎi shì měi guó“ xī jìn” yǔ“ nán xià” shēng zhōng qiān qiān wàn wàn qín láo de lǎo bǎi xìng héng héng zhè xiē qiáng zhě zài shēng huó zhōng de biǎo xiàn。 tā qǐ fā rén xiào zhe miàn duì rén shēng， miàn duì kǎn kě qū zhé， huái zhe huó pō pō de shēng jī， kāi tuò qián jìn， yīn 'ér shì dú tè de， shì měi guó shì de， píng tóu bǎi xìng de。 zuò pǐn mí rén de 'ào mì yě xǔ zhèng zài yú cǐ。
zhōng guó qiān bǎi nián lái de wén xué chuán tǒng yǐ wēn róu dūn hòu jiàn cháng， xiàn dài zé yǐ rè qíng shū fā jiàn cháng， yīn 'ér zhōng guó dú zhě duì《 hè kè》 zhōng huó pō pō de yōu mò， yóu yú shěn měi xí guàn fǎn chā de yuán yīn， gǎn shòu fǎn dǎo huì tè bié mǐn ruì， yě néng dé dào tè bié qiáng liè de shěn měi xiǎng shòu。 shū yī dǎ kāi， jiù dú dào hè kè、 tānɡ mǔ děng zhè xiē hái zǐ jié chéng“ qiáng dào bāng”， xiě liǎo xuè shū， xiào fǎ luó bīn hàn zhè lèi yīng xióng hǎo hàn， gǎn yú“ lán lù qiǎng jié”， gǎn yú“ shā rén”。 yī cì dé dào mì bào， yòu xī bān yá shāng rén hé 'ā lā bó fù wēng， yào dài zhe 'èr bǎi zhǐ dà xiàng， liù bǎi tóu luò tuó， yī qiān duō tóu duǒ luó， zài mǎn liǎo zhēn bǎo， jīng guò fù jìn yī zuò shān lǐng。 zhè huǒ“ qiáng dào bāng” biàn mái fú zài lín zhōng， yī shēng lìng xià， chōng xià shān qù。 kě shì nǎ lǐ yòu shénme dà xiàng、 luò tuó de yǐng zǐ， zhǐ shì yī qún jiào huì bàn de zhù rì xué xiào de xiǎo xué shēng zài yě cān， bèi tā men chōng sàn liǎo。 yuán lái“ qiáng dào bāng” chéng lì liǎo yī gè yuè guāng jǐng，“ jì méi yòu qiǎng rén， yě méi yòu shā rén， zhǐ shì dāng zuò nà yàng bà liǎo。” kě zhè“ dāng zuò nà yàng” de yōu mò， jì shì hái zǐ men de xīn tài de zhēn shí xiě zhào， yòu shǎn yào zhe dāng nián kāi tuò zhě de hái zǐ men cū guǎng、 háo mài de xīn líng shì jiè， duō me shǐ rén shén wǎng。
ér tóng rú cǐ， mì xī xī bǐ hé shàng de shuǐ shǒu， dāng nián zhè xiē shí dài de nòng cháo 'ér cū guǎng de yōu mò qì zhì， gèng shì bèi zuò zhě miáo xiěde lín lí jìn zhì： hè kè cóng zì jǐ de mù fá zǐ shàng tiào xià shuǐ qù， qiú jìn yī gè dà mù fá， tōu tōu pá shàng qù， zài yī piàn hēi 'àn zhōng tōu tīng dào yī gè shuǐ shǒu zài biān tiào biān chàng，①“ wō héng héng huò！ wǒ shì dāng nián cóng 'ā kěn sè zhōu huāng yě shàng lái de tiě xià bā， tóng dù zǐ， qí tóng mǎ， shā rén bù cháng mìng de lǎo pái mó wáng！…… yī dùn zǎo fàn yào chī shí jiǔ tiáo 'ě yú， yī tǒng wēi shì jì jiǔ。 yòu bìng de rì zǐ lǐ， yī dùn yào chī yī kuāng xiǎng wěi shé， wài jiā yī gè sǐ rén！ wǒ qiáo yī yǎn， néng jiào qiān nián yán shí liè chéng liǎng bàn。……”“ xī jìn” shēng zhōng liú chuán yú biān jiāng de gē cí， hé děng huó líng huó xiàn dì biǎo xiàn liǎo tuò zhí zhě yǔ shuǐ shǒu men de háo mài、 cū guǎng de qì gài yǔ yōu mò de qì zhì。
① jiàn《 fù lù》（ yī）（《 zài mù fá zǐ shàng》）
cóng yuán wén xīn shǎng《 hè kè》 de dú zhě， yě xǔ kě yǐ zǎi xì zhuó mó yī xià“ guó wáng” kǒu lǐ bǎ nà gè Bridgewater gōng jué（ bó lǐ qí huá tè gōng jué） niàn chéng liǎo Bilge － water gōng jué，（ bì qí huá tè gōng jué） yòu hé děng mó fǎ bān de miào yòng。 liǎng sān gè zì mǔ zhī chā，“ qiáo xià zhī shuǐ gōng jué” niàn chéng liǎo“ cāng lǐ zhī shuǐ gōng jué” héng héng qiáo xià de huó shuǐ qīng yòu qīng， kě chuán cāng lǐ de jī shuǐ héng héng shuǐ shǒu men hé shuǐ shàng rén jiādōu zhī dào， nà shì zàng yòu chòu。 zhè yàng de yōu mò jiào rén fā xiào， gěi rén yú yuè， yòu biǎo xiàn liǎo bǐ qì zhī qíng， jiào rén zài yōu mò zhōng qián yí mò huà， dé dào gāo shàng qíng cāo de táo yě。
zhè zhǒng mǎ kè · tù wēn shì de、 dāng nián měi guó shì de yōu mò， zài shì jiè wén xué shǐ shàng céng dú lǐng fēng sāo， jīn tiān yòu xiē rén yě xǔ hái tǐ huì dé yòu suǒ bù zú， yīn 'ér chóngwēn yī xià mǎ kè · tù wēn dāng nián dú dào de jiàn jiě， kě néng shì yòu yì de， mǎ kè · tù wēn zài xiě wán《 hè kè》 hòu de yī nián（１８８５）， zài qí《 zěn yàng shuō gù shì》 zhè gè míng piān zhōng shuō：
wǒ bìng bù zì kuā dǒng dé yī gè gù shì yīnggāi jiǎng xiē shénme， wǒ zhǐ shì néng zì chēng dǒng dé yī gè gù shì yīnggāi zěn me gè。 yīn wéi zhè me hǎo duō hǎo duō nián lái， wǒ jīhū měi tiān dū hé nà xiē jiǎng gù shì de hángjiā lǐ shǒu zài yī qǐ。
gù shì yòu gè zhǒng gè yàng， bù guò qí zhōng yòu yī zhǒng zuì nán jià yù， héng héng yōu mò de gù shì。 wǒ zhù yào tán de zhèng shì zhè me yī zhǒng gù shì。 yōu mò de gù shì shì měi guó de， xǐ jù de gù shì shì yīng guó de， jī zhì de gù shì shì fǎ guó de①。
① kè lǐ 'ēn sī · bó luò kè sī、 R ． W． B． lù yì sī、 luò bó tè · huá lún zhù biān《 měi guó wén xué： chuàng zuò yǔ zuò jiā》， niǔ yuē，１９７３， juàn 'èr，１２０２ yè。
shì dú《 hè kè》， cóng 'ér tóng men de jié chéng“ qiáng dào bāng” kāi shǐ， jiē zhe xiě jié mǔ de mí xìn yǔ zì chuī； hè kè“ bà bà” de jiǔ fēng； hè kè jiǎ sǐ yǔ táo dào hé shàng； hè kè shī sàn chóngjù hòu duì jié mǔ de zuò nòng； hé shàng xún luó duì de pán chá hé hè kè de miào jì； nán bàn nǚ zhuāng；“ guó wáng” yǔ“ gōng jué” de yáng xiāng；“ dǎ yuān jiā”； hè kè de gào fā xìn yǔ pīn zhe xià dì yù；“ guó wáng”“ gōng jué” qī wǔ ruò nǚ zǐ yǔ guān cái cáng yín； tānɡ mǔ dǎo yǎn de xiào fǎ wáng gōng guì zú shì de dì yù。 yōu mò de chāqǔ， yòu rú xià yè de xīng xīng bù mǎn tiān kōng， dú zhě shí 'ér wēi xiào， shí 'ér dà xiào， shí 'ér kǔ xiào， rén jiān fán nǎo wéi zhī yī sǎo， ér zhì huì de shǎn guāng， zài yú yuè zhōng bǎ dú zhě de xīn xiōng zhào liàng。
yě xǔ yòu xiē dú zhě bù lǐ jiě mǎ kè · tù wēn zài juàn shǒu xiě de chū yú xū gòu de《 tōng lìng》：“ běn shū zuò zhě fèng bīng gōng shǔ cháng G． G de zhǐ shì，…… rèn hé rén rú qǐ tú cóng běn shū de jì xù zhōng xún zhǎo xiě zuò dòng jī， jiù jiāng duì zhī shí xíng gōng sù； rèn hé rén rú qǐ tú cóng zhōng xún zhǎo dào dé yù yì， jiù jiāng bǎ tā fàng zhú； rèn hé rén rú qǐ tú cóng zhōng xún zhǎo yī gè qíng jié jié gòu， jiù jiāng yú yǐ qiāng jué。” yòu de dú zhě huò zhě yóu yú quē fá yōu mò gǎn， huò zhě duì mǎ kè · tù wēn de yōu mò fēng gé quē shǎo liǎo jiě， duì zhè yàng de《 tōng lìng》 kě néng gǎn dào mò míng qí miào， gǎn dào mí huò。 shū bù zhī zhè zhèng shì mǎ kè · tù wēn kāi zōng míng yì biàn xiàng dú zhě pī lù qí qíng huái： zhè jiāng shì yī gè yōu mò de gù shì。 yán zài cǐ 'ér yì zài bǐ， yuán běn shì yī zhǒng yōu mò de shǒu fǎ。
mǎ kè · tù wēn de yōu mò， zhǐ shì wèile dòu rén fā xiào， wéi yōu mò 'ér yōu mò me？ rú guǒ zhēn shì zhè yàng， nà hái yòu shénme chí míng shì jiè de dà zuò jiā mǎ kè · tù wēn？ qiān bǎi nián lái， cóng gǔ dào jīn， yě cóng lái méi yòu guò zhè yàng wéi wén xué 'ér wén xué de dà zuò jiā。 fǎn huà zhèng shuō， qià qià shì wèile diǎn chū yōu mò zhōng yī piàn kǔ xīn。
qià qià zhèng shì mǎ kè · tù wēn， ér bù shì bié rén， zài《 zìzhuàn》 zhōng shuō，“ yòu rén shuō， yī běn xiǎo shuō chún cuì zhǐ shì yī bù yì shù pǐn， rú cǐ 'ér yǐ。 zài xiǎo shuō lǐ， nǐ jué bù yào bù dào， jué bù yào shuō jiào。 yě xǔ xiǎo shuō shì zhè yàng， dàn yōu mò què bìng fēi rú cǐ。 yōu mò jué bù kě yǐ jiào xùn rén zì jū， yǐ bù dào zhě zì jū， kě shì rú guǒ yào yǒng yuǎn chuán xià qù， bì xū liǎng zhě jiān 'ér yòu zhī。”①
《 hè kè》 zhī suǒ yǐ“ bù xiǔ”， zhèng yīn wéi tā tōng guò duì yī gè１４ suì hái zǐ de miáo xiě， zài yōu mò dòu xiào shēng zhōng hān chàng lín lí dì xiě chū liǎo yī gè mín zú de shēng huó yǔ líng hún。 mǎ kè · tù wēn shuō dé hǎo：“…… yī gè wài guó rén kě yǐ fù zhì yī gè mín zú de wài mào…… rèn hé yī gè wài guó réndōu bù néng lǐ jiě tā de nèi zài nèi róng héng héng tā de líng hún、 shēng huó、 yǔ yán、 sī xiǎng…… zhǐ yòu yī gè zhuān mén jiā， tā jù yòu zú yǐ lǐ jiě rén mín de líng hún yǔ shēng huó， bìng bǎ tā yuán yuán běn běn dì miáo shù chū lái de zī gé héng héng zhè jiù shì mín zú xiǎo shuō jiā。”②
①《 mǎ kè · tù wēn zìzhuàn》， yì lín chū bǎn shè，３３０ héng３３１ yè。
②《 měi guó zuò jiā lùn wén xué》， sān lián，９７ héng９８ yè
zhè shì mǎ kè · tù wēn zài xiě《 zěn yàng jiǎng xiǎo shuō》 zhè gè míng piān de tóng yī nián xiě de， yě jiù shì xiě liǎo《 hè kè》 yǐ hòu de nà yī nián xiě de（１８８５）。 zhè piān wén zhāng yě kě yǐ shuō shì fū zǐ zì dào， shì měi guó wén lùn shǐ shàng de zhēn bǎo， tí mù jiào zuò《 bǎo 'ěr · bù 'ěr rè guān xīn wǒ men shénme》。 měi guó yòu xiē yán jiū zhě fǎn dǎo duì cǐ bù dà zhòng shì， ér qián sū lián xué shù jiè dǎo shì hěn zhòng shì。 rèn wéi shì mǎ kè · tù wēn wén lùn de lìng yī gè míng piān， zhè shì duì de， bìng qiě yǐ zhè piān wén zhāng lái zhào liàng yòu guān《 hè kè》 de tàn suǒ yǔ yán jiū， nà cái shì zhèng lù， ér wén běn zhù yì yǔ yōng sú shè huì xué jiù duì cǐ wú néng wéi lì liǎo。
yào zhǎo chū《 hè kè》 wèihé bù xiǔ， zì rán bìng fēi yì shì， yī bù jīng lì liǎo bǎi nián de《 hè kè》 pī píng shǐ， qí zhōng yòu dà liàng de lùn zhēng xìng wén zhāng wèicǐ 'ér fā。 yì wèi shēn cháng de shì yī cì zhù míng de lùn zhēng：“《 hè kè》 de wěi dà zài nǎ lǐ？” lùn zhēng de yī fāng wéi liǎng wèi míng jiā： měi yīng xiàn dài zhù yì diàn jī rén zhī yī、《 huāng yuán》 de zuò zhě T． S． āi lüè tè hé xīn pī píng pài lǐ lùn jiā lāi 'áng nà 'ěr · qū lǐ lín； lùn zhēng de lìng yī fāng shì lāi 'ào · mǎ kè sī děng yī pī hòu qǐ zhī xiù。 qū lǐ lín de wén zhāng tí mù biàn shì《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn de wěi dà zhī chù》（１９４８）， shuō《 hè kè》 suǒ yǐ shì yī bù wěi dà de shū， yīn wéi tā“ xiě de yī gè（ mì xī xī bǐ hé zhī） shén héng héng yī gè yòu zì jǐ de xīn、 zì jǐ de yì zhì de nà zhǒng lì liàng， duì yòu dào dé guān niàn de xiǎng xiàng lì lái shuō， tā fǎng fó yùn hán zhe yī gè wěi dà de dào dé guān niàn， ér hè kè nǎi shì zhè hé shén de pú rén。”《 hè kè》 kě shuō shì“ yǔ rén de bēi suǒ xiāng bǐ， duì hé zhī shén de měi、 shén mì、 lì liàng yī qū wěi dà gāo shàng de sòng gē。” T． S． āi lüè tè duì cǐ biǎo shì tóng gǎn（１９５０） shuō“ quán shū yòu liǎng gè yīn sù， yī gè shì hái zǐ， yī gè shì dà hé”，“ nà gè hái zǐ zhèng shì dà hé de jīng shén suǒ jì tuō de。” liǎng wèi dà shī hái dū wéi quán shū jié wěi xiěde chā 'ér biàn jiě。 lāi 'ào · mǎ kè sī gǎn yú duì liǎng wèi dà jiā de guān diǎn tí chū zhì yí， shuō qū lǐ lín hé 'āi lüè tè“ duì dà hé de zuò yòng nà zhǒng bù wú kuā zhāng de xiǎng xiàng， biǎo xiàn liǎo tā men duì quán shū zhù tí suǒ zài、 zhōng xīn suǒ zài hé děng hū shì。” hái shuō tā men duì jié jú de bài bǐ biàn jiě， nà shì méi yòu kàn dào， jié wěi zhè yàng xiě fǎ， shǐ dé“ quán shū zhōng zuì wéi yán sù de yù yì chéng liǎo 'ér xì。 zǒng zhī， jié jú chéng liǎo yīcháng huá jī xì， ér quán shū de qí yú de bù fēn zé bìng fēi rú cǐ。” mǎ kè sī zhǐ chū， liǎng wèi dà shī“ duì quán shū suǒ xiě de duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú hé děng qīng shì”。① zhè chǎng lùn zhàn qǐ rén xīn zhì， yě zài mǒu zhǒng chéng dù shàng bào lù liǎo xīn pī píng pài zhè zhǒng guò yú cè zhòng wén běn、 jì qiǎo、 jì fǎ zài fāng shàng de xiá 'ài xìng， ér xīn pī píng pài chēng bà měi guó wén tán dá bàn gè shì jì， zhì jīn réng yǐng xiǎng bù xiǎo。
jù yòu qiáng dà yì shù mèi lì de quán shū zhù tí héng héng duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú héng héng bìng fēi shì chōu xiàng de， ér shì chōng mǎn liǎo shí dài qì xī。 kě néng yòu xiē dú zhě duì juàn shǒu de shū míng xià miàn xiě míng de huà màn bù jīng xīn。 zuò zhě zài zhè lǐ tè yì biāo míng liǎo gù shì qíng jié fā shēng de dì diǎn yǔ shí jiān。 dì diǎn： mì xī xī bǐ hé liú yù； shí jiān：４０ dào４５ nián qián。 àn zhào xiǎo shuō mò yī yè suǒ biāo míng de， quán shū wán gǎo yú１８８４ héng１８８５ nián。 jù cǐ tuī suàn， gù shì xiě de shì１８２６ héng héng１８４５ nián zhī shì。 yě jiù shì yī bān rén suǒ shuō de jié kè xùn（ zǒng tǒng） shí dài（ yòu rén bǎ jié kè xùn shí dài jiè dìng wéi cóng１８２８ héng１８４８ nián）。
① jù jiàn nuò dùn bǎn《 hè kè》 de zī liào，３１０ héng３４１ yè
《 hè kè》 de zhuān jiā 'ān tè lǔ · jié · huò fū màn zài《 mǎ kè · tù wēn zuò pǐn zhōng de zhù rén gōng jí qí tiān dì》 zhōng ? gè wèn tí zuò liǎo bǐ jiào shēn rù de yán jiū。 tā shuō：“ zài gè xìng、 xīn tài、 xí guàn、 jià zhí guān niàn děng fāng miàn，《 hè kè》 zhōng de shì jiè zhēn qiē dì fǎn yìng liǎo nà gè shí dài dào měi guó fǎng wèn guò de rén suǒ jì lù xià lái de jié kè xùn shí dài de měi guó。 mǎ kè · tù wēn duì lì shǐ zhēn shí de miáo huì tōng guò yī fú jīng cǎi de huà miàn 'ér biǎo xiàn liǎo chū lái， qí duì yú shí dài shēng huó de xì jié de jí duān zhòng shì shǐ rén jīng tàn。”“ gēn wǒ men xīn mù zhōng de jié kè xùn shí dài de měi guó fēi cháng wěn hé”，“ hè kè shì fàng zài xiàn shí zhù yì de tiān dì zhōng jiā yǐ miáo huì de”，“ zhè gè tiān dì chōng mǎn lì shǐ gǎn， shì lì shǐ zhēn shí de xiàn shí zhù yì miáo xiě， xiě de shì shí jiǔ shì jì dì 'èr gè 'èr shí wǔ nián de měi guó。”“ nà gè shí dài de měi guó rén de lǐ xiǎng， tā men de xī wàng jí qí qián zài de mèng xiǎng， kě yǐ cóng wǒ men chuán tǒng de yīng xióng hè kè de xìng gé zhōng kuī jiàn yī bān。”①
wén xué bù tóng yú lì shǐ， dàn mǎ kè · tù wēn zhèng shì bǔ zhuō zhù liǎo tā suǒ xiě de nà gè shí dài de“ měi guó mín zú de shēng huó yǔ líng hún”， cái shǐ dé zuò pǐn jù yòu rú cǐ qiáng dà de yì shù mèi lì。 gǔ wǎng jīn lái， néng bǔ zhuō zhù zì jǐ mín zú de líng hún de zuò jiā， néng zì jué dì wèicǐ 'ér xiàn shēn de， yě bìng bù hěn duō， ér néng chéng wéi zhī yīn de pī píng jiā yǔ dú zhě yě shǔ nán néng 'ér kě guì。《 hè kè》 zhuān jiā pǔ liè qǐ tè zài１９４１ nián xiě de《 měi guó dì yī bù zài běn tǔ chǎn shēng de jié zuò》 zhōng shuō，“ hè kè de tóng nián， nǎi shì yī zhǒng xīn de wén huà de tóng nián。”② xù kè léi zài１９６０ nián de《 hè kè de jié gòu fēn xī》 zhōng shuō，“ zài quán shū jié wěi， hè kè bìng qì liǎo tā suǒ jiàn dào de wén míng， zhǔn bèi zuò wéi nèi zài xīn líng shàng yī gè zì yóu de rén shēng huó xià qù。”③ zhè xiē kǒng pà shì bǎi nián lái de pī píng yǔ yán jiū zhōng xiāng dāng jī zhōng yào hài de jiàn jiě。
zhè yī zhǒng duì“ zì yóu de zhuī qiú”， duì yī zhǒng“ xīn de wén huà” de zhuī qiú， zhèng shì cóng xià céng rén mín chū shēn de hè kè méng lóng 'ér zhí zhe de zhuī qiú， yě shì mǎ kè · tù wēn cóng shí jiǔ shì jì měi guó liǎng gǔ lì shǐ dà cháo héng héng“ xī jìn” kāi fā biān jiāng hé“ nán xià” fèi zhǐ nán bù gè zhōu hēi nú zhì zhōng， cóng fá mù zhě、 táo jīn zhě、 shuǐ shǒu de shēng huó yǔ chōng jǐng zhōng bǔ zhuō zhù bìng tí liàn róng zhù de。
① huò fū màn《 tù wēn de zhù rén gōng yǔ tù wēn de tiān dì》， bīn zhōu dà xué chū bǎn shè，１９８８，５５ yè、７７ héng７８ yè。
②《 bǎi nián jì niàn píng lùn xuǎn》，７６ yè。
③ tóng①４００ héng４０４ yè。
quán shū jiù shì cóng hè kè duì jiù de yī tào wén huà de yàn 'è、 fǎn gǎn xiě qǐ de。 yì wèi shēn cháng de shì kāi zōng míng yì dì yī zhāng dì 'èr jié（ dì yī jié jiǎng de shì lìng yī běn shū de shì， gù zhè dì 'èr jié， shí nǎi quán shū de dì yī jié）， jiù qiáng diào liǎo yī jù huà， zhè jù huà shí nǎi guàn chuàn quán shū， bìng zài quán shū mò liǎo jié wěi yī jù yòu huí dào zhè jù huà shàng lái， zhào yìng quán shū kāi tóu de nà jù huà， bǎ zhù tí diǎn dé míng míng bái bái。 zài kāi tóu dì 'èr jié， hè kè jiù jiǎng，“ dào gé lā sī guǎ fù yào lǐng yǎng wǒ zuò tā de gān 'ér zǐ”（ zhè gè hè kè shì yī gè liú làng hàn zuì guǐ de 'ér zǐ， yī gè qióng hái zǐ），“ bìng qiě shuō tā yào jiào wǒ xué nà yī tào wén míng de guīju”（ sivilzeme），“ wǒ zài yě shòu bù liǎo liǎo”。 hòu lái jiā shàng tā bà bà de děng děng yuán yīn， zhōng yú chū zǒu hé shàng。 quán shū mò liǎo yī jù shuō，“ wǒ kàn wǒ dé bǐ yī xiē rén xiān zǒu yī bù， qián wǎng nà gè ‘ dì yù ’ qù， yīn wéi sà lì yí mā yào rèn wǒ zuò tā de gān 'ér zǐ， yào jiào wǒ xué nà yī tào wén míng de guīju（ sivilizeme）， zhè wǒ shòu bù liǎo。 wǒ yǐ jīng shòu guò yī huí lā。” zhè yàng， hè kè zài chū zǒu hé shàng yǐ hòu bù kěn huí jiā， zhōng yú wǎng xīn de“ dì yù” qù chuǎng dàng tiān xià， jìn xíng xīn de kāi tuò。 zhè gè xīn de“ dì yù”（ zhǔn zhōu）， yòu rén kǎo zhèng， rèn wéi zhǐ hòu lái de 'é kè lā hé mǎ zhōu， dāng nián shì yìn dì 'ān rén de dì qū。 bǐ zhě rèn wéi， zhè gè“ dì yù” bù lùn shì shí zhǐ， huò shì xū zhǐ， dōubù huì jǐn zhǐ qù dào１８４８ nián qián de dì qū， bù huì jǐn zhǐ nán běi zhàn zhēng qián de lǐ xiǎng， ér shì yǐn hán zhe zuò zhě wán gǎo shí yì jí１８８４ héng１８８５ nián shí zuò zhě xīn mù zhōng suǒ xiàng wǎng de dì fāng， yě jiù shì zuò zhě xīn mù zhōng yī zhǒng xīn de wén huà méng fā de nà zhǒng lǐ xiǎng。“ sivilizeme” de“ sivilize”， nǎi“ civilize” de mì sū lǐ rén tǔ yǔ de pīn yīn， huò yì“ xué zuò rén de guīju”， huò yì“ jiào wǒ zěn yàng zuò rén”， yì dé dōuyòu dào lǐ。 dàn hè kè zǒu chū jiā tíng， hé shàng， shèn zhì bù xī jiǎ sǐ， suǒ wèi suī jiǔ sǐ 'ér yóu wèi huǐ， dāng rán bù shì yī bān dì shuǎ hái zǐ pí qì， ér shì duì jiù de yī tào wén míng de fǎn gǎn yǔ yàn 'è。 zhèng rú pǔ liè qǐ dài suǒ shuō，“ hè kè de tóng nián yě jiù shì yī zhǒng xīn de wén huà de tóng nián”。 suǒ yǐ lián bǐ jiào bǎo shǒu de wén yì lǐ lùn jiā qū lǐ tǐ yě chéng rèn“《 hè kè》 shí nǎi yī bù diān fù xìng de shū（ asubversiveCbook）。”①
① nuò dùn bǎn《 hè kè》 zī liào bù fēn，３１６ yè。
zuò pǐn de qiáng dà yì shù mèi lì zhèng shì yóu yú xiě de shì hè kè duì jiā lǐ lǎo de yī tào gǔ bǎn de wén míng guīju yǔ jiào huì bàn de zhù rì xué xiào zhì gù xīn líng de nà yī tào xíng wéi guī fàn de yàn 'è yǔ fǎn kàng。 zuò pǐn xiě yī gè shí sān sì suì de qióng hái zǐ fǎng fó tiáopí dǎo dàn， lián jìn chū dōubù zǒu dà mén， ér shì cóng lóu shàng chuāng kǒu lǐ pá jìn pá chū， bào zhe bì léi zhēn shàng shàng xià xià； shí zé xiě tā yǒng yú fǎn kàng（ jiǎ sǐ）， yǒng yú kāi tuò， yǒng yú mào xiǎn。 zhǐ shēn yī rén， gǎn yú táo shàng xiǎo dǎo， dā wō péng， shēng gōu huǒ， diào yú wéi shēng。 xiǎo xiǎo nián jì， chéng liǎo xiǎo dǎo de zhù rén； xiǎo xiǎo nián jì， zài dà hé zhī shàng， chū shēng rù sǐ， méi yòu jiào guò yī shēng kǔ； yǒng yuǎn qián jìn， méi yòu hòu tuì guò yī bù。 jiào měi guó hé shì jiè de dú zhě rù mí de zhèng shì dāng nián xī bù tuò zhí zhě、 táo jīn zhě yǔ mì xī xī bǐ hé shàng shuǐ shǒu de hái zǐ men zhè yàng duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú， duì xīn de wén huà de zhuī qiú！ zhè zhǒng kāi tuò de jīng shén， zhè zhǒng chuàng yè jīng shén， zhè zhǒng měi guó rén fēi cháng zhēn xī de gè rén shǒu chuàng jīng shén， bù shì měi guó wén míng shǐ shàng xīn de wén huà de méng yá yòu shì shénme ní？
jiào dú zhě rù mí de shì dāng nián biān jiāng yǔ dà hé zhī shàng píng tóu bǎi xìng jiā de hái zǐ men duì rén xìng、 rén dào de zhuī qiú。“ guó wáng” hé“ gōng jué” duì hé shàng lǎo bǎi xìng de qī piàn yǔ 'é zhà； duì ruò nǚ zǐ de lěng kù qī zhà de lüè duó， hé shàng shì zú rén jiā“ dǎ yuān jiā” de yú mèi yǔ cán kù， yóu zuò zhě yǐ yōu mò zhī bǐ， miáo xù dé lín lí jìn zhì， yě kě shuō shì chǒu tài bǎi chū。 ér yǔ cǐ duì zhào de， zhèng shì dāng nián biān jiāng tuò zhí zhě yǔ hé shàng shuǐ shǒu de xià yī dài qióng hái zǐ duì yī zhǒng hé hū rén xìng、 rén qíng、 rén dào de shè huì de xiàng wǎng。 hè kè zhè gè qióng hái zǐ duì“ guó wáng” yǔ“ gōng jué” de bǐ qì， yǐ jí wèile dā jiù xiǎn zāo xiàn hài de gū niàn， qiǎo shī miào jì， bǎ jīn bì cáng zài guān cái lǐ， zhè yàng bǐng xìng shàn liáng、 zhèng zhí、 fù yú tóng qíng xīn 'ér jī zhì de qióng hái zǐ hè kè de xíng xiàng， bù zhèng shì yī zhǒng xīn de wén huà suǒ yùn yù de yī dài me？ néng bù mí rén me？
zuò pǐn de qiáng dà yì shù mèi lì dāng rán gèng biǎo xiàn yú dāng nián bái zhǒng rén qióng hái zǐ hè kè dā jiù hēi nú jié mǔ de qū zhé jīng guò yǔ fù zá de xīn líng lì chéng， zhè xiǎn rán shì zuò pǐn de hé xīn bù fēn。 tā xiě de zhèng shì dāng nián biān jiāng tuò zhí zhě yǔ hé shàng shuǐ shǒu men de xià yī dài duì shè huì de zhuī qiú， yě xiě liǎo duì jiě fàng hēi nú de jué wù guò chéng。 zhè fāng miàn de miáo xiě kě shuō shì zhèn hàn rén xīn de zhòng dà zhù tí zhǎo dào liǎo fù yú gāo chāo jì qiǎo jì fǎ de yì shù xíng shì。 zhěng gè gù shì yū huí qū zhé， fēn sān gè céng cì， bēn xiàng。 zuò pǐn cóng hè kè duì hēi nú jié mǔ jì tóng qíng yòu jiā yǐ xì nòng xiě qǐ。 hé shàng jīng tāo hài làng zhōng shī sàn hòu， hè kè yī dù xì nòng jié mǔ， hòu lái shēn gǎn cán kuì， rèn shí dào zhè me xì nòng rén“ tài bēi bǐ liǎo， hèn bù dé yòng zuǐ qīn qīn tā de jiǎo”，“ zài yě bù chū huài zhù yì piàn tā liǎo”（ shí wǔ zhāng）， zhè shì dì yī bù。 hòu lái zài hé shàng yù xún luó duì pán chá táo wáng hēi nú， hè kè běn lái shēn huǐ zì jǐ bù gāi bāng hēi nú táo páo， jué dé duì bù zhù jié mǔ de nǚ zhù rén huá zhēn xiǎo jiě， jué xīn bǎ chuán huá liè 'àn biān shàng 'àn qù gào fā jié mǔ。 kě xún luó duì zài hé shàng bī jìn pán chá shí， hè kè què yóu bù dé zì jǐ yuán lái de pán suàn， tuī shuō zì jǐ chuán shàng shì gè shēng tiān huā de bái rén， xún luó duì shēn pà chuán rǎn shàng tiān huā， xià dé luò huāng 'ér táo（ shí liù zhāng）， zhè shì dì 'èr bù。 zuì hòu， hè kè sī qián xiǎng hòu， xià dìng liǎo jué xīn， xiě hǎo liǎo xiàng jié mǔ de nǚ zhù rén huá zhēn xiǎo jiě gào fā jié mǔ de yī fēng xìn， hái jué dé zì jǐ xiě liǎo gào fā xìn hòu bù zài fù zuì liǎo， yī shēn qīng kuài liǎo， shēn qìng zì jǐ zuì hòu méi yòu nòng cuò liǎo fāng xiàng， méi yòu“ zǒu jìn liǎo dì yù”。 kě shì tā yòu bù jìn xiǎng dào liǎo jié mǔ de zhǒng zhǒng hǎo chù， gāng cái xiě hǎo de nà fēng xìn ná zài shǒu lǐ， quán shēn zhí fā dǒu， zhōng yú bǎ xìn yī sī， yī biān shuō，“ nà me， hǎo bā， xià dì yù jiù xià dì yù bā。” hè kè chéng liǎo dā jiù jié mǔ zhèng tuō nú lì zhì gù de yī míng zhàn shì， yī gè zhǒng zú píng děng yǔ lǐ xiǎng de tǐ xiàn zhě（ sān shí yī zhāng）， zhè yě shì quán shū suǒ zài。
YOU don't know about me without you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; but that ain't no matter. That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly. There was things which he stretched, but mainly he told the truth. That is nothing. I never seen anybody but lied one time or another, without it was Aunt Polly, or the widow, or maybe Mary. Aunt Polly--Tom's Aunt Polly, she is--and Mary, and the Widow Douglas is all told about in that book, which is mostly a true book, with some stretchers, as I said before.
Now the way that the book winds up is this: Tom and me found the money that the robbers hid in the cave, and it made us rich. We got six thousand dollars apiece--all gold. It was an awful sight of money when it was piled up. Well, Judge Thatcher he took it and put it out at interest, and it fetched us a dollar a day apiece all the year round-- more than a body could tell what to do with. The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldn't stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied. But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable. So I went back.
The widow she cried over me, and called me a poor lost lamb, and she called me a lot of other names, too, but she never meant no harm by it. She put me in them new clothes again, and I couldn't do nothing but sweat and sweat, and feel all cramped up. Well, then, the old thing commenced again. The widow rung a bell for supper, and you had to come to time. When you got to the table you couldn't go right to eating, but you had to wait for the widow to tuck down her head and grumble a little over the victuals, though there warn't really anything the matter with them,--that is, nothing only everything was cooked by itself. In a barrel of odds and ends it is different; things get mixed up, and the juice kind of swaps around, and the things go better.
After supper she got out her book and learned me about Moses and the Bulrushers, and I was in a sweat to find out all about him; but by and by she let it out that Moses had been dead a considerable long time; so then I didn't care no more about him, because I don't take no stock in dead people.
Pretty soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the widow to let me. But she wouldn't. She said it was a mean practice and wasn't clean, and I must try to not do it any more. That is just the way with some people. They get down on a thing when they don't know nothing about it. Here she was a-bothering about Moses, which was no kin to her, and no use to anybody, being gone, you see, yet finding a power of fault with me for doing a thing that had some good in it. And she took snuff, too; of course that was all right, because she done it herself.
Her sister, Miss Watson, a tolerable slim old maid, with goggles on, had just come to live with her, and took a set at me now with a spelling- book. She worked me middling hard for about an hour, and then the widow made her ease up. I couldn't stood it much longer. Then for an hour it was deadly dull, and I was fidgety. Miss Watson would say, "Don't put your feet up there, Huckleberry;" and "Don't scrunch up like that, Huckleberry--set up straight;" and pretty soon she would say, "Don't gap and stretch like that, Huckleberry--why don't you try to behave?" Then she told me all about the bad place, and I said I wished I was there. She got mad then, but I didn't mean no harm. All I wanted was to go somewheres; all I wanted was a change, I warn't particular. She said it was wicked to say what I said; said she wouldn't say it for the whole world; she was going to live so as to go to the good place. Well, I couldn't see no advantage in going where she was going, so I made up my mind I wouldn't try for it. But I never said so, because it would only make trouble, and wouldn't do no good.
Now she had got a start, and she went on and told me all about the good place. She said all a body would have to do there was to go around all day long with a harp and sing, forever and ever. So I didn't think much of it. But I never said so. I asked her if she reckoned Tom Sawyer would go there, and she said not by a considerable sight. I was glad about that, because I wanted him and me to be together.
Miss Watson she kept pecking at me, and it got tiresome and lonesome. By and by they fetched the niggers in and had prayers, and then everybody was off to bed. I went up to my room with a piece of candle, and put it on the table. Then I set down in a chair by the window and tried to think of something cheerful, but it warn't no use. I felt so lonesome I most wished I was dead. The stars were shining, and the leaves rustled in the woods ever so mournful; and I heard an owl, away off, who-whooing about somebody that was dead, and a whippowill and a dog crying about somebody that was going to die; and the wind was trying to whisper something to me, and I couldn't make out what it was, and so it made the cold shivers run over me. Then away out in the woods I heard that kind of a sound that a ghost makes when it wants to tell about something that's on its mind and can't make itself understood, and so can't rest easy in its grave, and has to go about that way every night grieving. I got so down-hearted and scared I did wish I had some company. Pretty soon a spider went crawling up my shoulder, and I flipped it off and it lit in the candle; and before I could budge it was all shriveled up. I didn't need anybody to tell me that that was an awful bad sign and would fetch me some bad luck, so I was scared and most shook the clothes off of me. I got up and turned around in my tracks three times and crossed my breast every time; and then I tied up a little lock of my hair with a thread to keep witches away. But I hadn't no confidence. You do that when you've lost a horseshoe that you've found, instead of nailing it up over the door, but I hadn't ever heard anybody say it was any way to keep off bad luck when you'd killed a spider.
I set down again, a-shaking all over, and got out my pipe for a smoke; for the house was all as still as death now, and so the widow wouldn't know. Well, after a long time I heard the clock away off in the town go boom--boom--boom--twelve licks; and all still again--stiller than ever. Pretty soon I heard a twig snap down in the dark amongst the trees-- something was a stirring. I set still and listened. Directly I could just barely hear a "me-yow! me-yow!" down there. That was good! Says I, "me-yow! me-yow!" as soft as I could, and then I put out the light and scrambled out of the window on to the shed. Then I slipped down to the ground and crawled in among the trees, and, sure enough, there was Tom Sawyer waiting for me.
zhè shì yīn wéi《 hè kè》 de yì yì bù yī bān。 měi guó zhù míng zuò jiā hǎi míng wēi shuō，“ yī qiē xiàn dài měi guó wén xué lái zì yī běn shū， jí mǎ kè · tù wēn de《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》…… zhè shì wǒ men suǒ yòu shū zhōng zuì hǎo de。 yī qiē měi guó wén xué dōulái zì zhè běn shū， zài tā zhī qián， huò zài tā zhī hòu， dōubù céng yòu guò néng yǔ zhī pì měi de zuò pǐn。” ② qí tā de míng jiā xiàng 'āi lüè tè、 qū lǐ lín、 bā líng dùn、 fú kè nà děng， dōuyòu lèi sì de píng jià。 jīng guò bǎi yú nián de lì shǐ jiǎn yàn，《 hè kè》 zhī wéi yǎ sú gòng shǎng、 lǎoshào xián yí de shì jiè míng zhù， dài yǐ chéng dìng lùn。
《 hè kè》 de yì yì， shì shí shàng yǐ biàn chāo chū wén xué de lǐng yù 'ér chéng wéi měi guó wén huà de zhēn pǐn。 zài ２０ shì jì， diàn yǐng、 diàn shì děng duì yú rén men shēng huó fāng shì、 shè huì fēng shàng、 jià zhí guān niàn de xíng chéng yǔ biàn qiān， qí yǐng xiǎng zhī dà， cháng shǐ shì rén wéi zhī jīng tàn。 zhè zài měi guó yóu qí rú cǐ。 ér huí gù měi guó de diàn yǐng shǐ， zì cóng dì yī jià huó dòng diàn yǐng jī yú１８９５ nián fā míng， bǎi nián lái què yī zhí piān 'ài mǎ kè · tù wēn mí rén de xiǎo shuō， yóu qí shì《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》。 měi guó diàn yǐng jiè zài１９００ nián biàn pāi liǎo《 tānɡ mǔ · suō yé lì xiǎn jì》 de hēi bái piàn。１９１ ７ nián pāi liǎo《 hè kè yǔ tānɡ mǔ》 hēi bái piàn。１９２０ nián yòu pāi liǎo《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》 hēi bái piàn。 pāi piàn de gōng sī wéi zhù míng de pài lā méng diàn yǐng gōng sī， dǎo yǎn wéi zhù míng dǎo yǎn wēi lián · tè méng tè · tài lè。 hè kè yóu lù wéi sī · suǒ qí kǎ bó bàn yǎn，“ guó wáng” yóu tānɡ mǔ · ào · bèi cí bàn yǎn，“ gōng jué” yóu kǎo lā 'ěr · hēng fó lāi bàn yǎn， jié mǔ yóu qiáo zhì · lǐ tè bàn yǎn。 dāng shí de《 niǔ yuē shí bào》 duì yǐngpiān zuò liǎo hǎo píng。
① guān yú mǎ kè · tù wēn de shēng píng， cān yuè fù lù《 nián biǎo》。
② hǎi míng wēi《 fēi zhōu de qīng shān》， niǔ yuē，１９３５，２２ héng２３ yè。
zài shì chǎng jīng jì guó jiā， guān zhòng、 piào fáng jià zhí jué dìng diàn yǐng gōng sī de xuǎn tí。 guān zhòng bìng wèi mǎn zú yú kàn guò yī cì《 hè kè》 jiù suàn liǎo。 yú shì zài dì yī bù hēi bái piàn yǐ hòu de shí yī nián， tóng yī gè gōng sī zài yī cì pāi liǎo《 hè kè》， quán cháng７３ fēn zhōng。 zài zhè yǐ hòu bā nián（１９３９）， lìng yī jiā gōng sī， mǐ gāo méi gōng sī yòu pāi liǎo《 hè kè》， zhè yī cì bàn yǎn hè kè de nǎi zhù míng tóng xīng mì kè · lóng ní。 tóng yī gè gōng sī（ mǐ gāo méi）， zài２１ nián hòu（１９ ６０）， dì yī cì bǎ《 hè kè》 pāi chéng cǎi sè piàn， yóu 'āi dí · huò gé sī bàn yǎn hè kè。 yòu１４ nián yǐ hòu（１９７４） měi guó yì shù jiā héng héng dú zhě wén zhāi pāi liǎo cǎi sè piàn《 hè kè》。 cóng１９２０ nián dào１９７４ nián， lì shí bàn gè shì jì， tóng yī bù xiǎo shuō《 hè kè》， zài měi guó pāi chéng hēi bái piàn yǔ cǎi sè piàn， qián hòu dá wǔ cì。 yī bù wén xué míng zhù， chéng wéi wén huà shàng rú cǐ bèi rè 'ài de zhēn pǐn， yě xǔ hái bù duō bā①。
① bèi lǐ · fó lún kè《 pāi chéng diàn yǐng de hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》， zài《 pī píng jiā lùn hè kè · fēn héng héng bǎi nián jì niàn píng lùn xuǎn１８８４ héng１９８４》， niǔ yuē，１９８４，２７１ yè。
yì wèi shēn cháng de shì， mǎ kè · tù wēn de zuò pǐn， bāo kuò《 hè kè》， bù jǐn chéng liǎo měi guó wén xué yǔ měi guó wén huà de zhēn pǐn， yě wéi rén suǒ xǐ 'ài。 jù yī gè zī liào jìzǎi， cóng 'èr shí nián dài de zǎo qī dào sì shí nián dài， zài qián sū lián fā xíng de mǎ kè · tù wēn de zuò pǐn， dá３，０００，０００ cè zhī duō①。 měi guó de sū lián wén xué zhuān jiā dì míng · bó lǎng jiào shòu shuō，“ zài sū lián， měi yī gè xiǎo xué shēng dōuzhī dào《 tānɡ mǔ · suō yé lì xiǎn jì》 hé《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》②。” yòu yì sī de shì qián sū lián hái bǎ《 hè kè》 pāi chéng diàn yǐng， nà shì１９７３ nián de shì。 suī rán dāng shí hái shì lěng zhàn de nián dài， sū lián zhù míng de diàn yǐng zhì piàn chǎng héng héng mò sī kē diàn yǐng zhì piàn chǎng， bǎ《 hè kè》 pāi chéng liǎo diàn yǐng。 dǎo yǎn wéi zhù míng dǎo yǎn qiáo zhì · nà · dān ní lì yà。 hè kè yóu xiǎo xué sì nián jí xué shēng shí yī suì de lú mǎ · mǎ dì yà nuò fū bàn yǎn。 chǎng jǐng shè yú dì niè bó hé shàng hé bō luó de hǎi dì qū（ yuán lì táo wǎn）。 dāng dì de dà hé jí hé shàng shì zhèn， pō lèi sì mì xī xī bǐ hé shàng de fēng guāng ③。
cǐ wài zhì shǎo yòu liǎng cì pāi chéng diàn shì， yī cì shì１９７５ nián， yòu yī cì shì１９７８ nián②。
lìng wài xiàng dà bù liè diān bǎi kē quán shū diàn yǐng gōng sī zài１９６５ nián bǎ《 hè kè》 pāi chéng sān jí cǎi sè de jiào yù diàn yǐng。１９７５ nián， ABC diàn yǐng gōng sī pāi liǎo９０ fēn zhōng de《 hè kè》 cǎi sè piàn。１９７８ nián， xī kè héng héng sū 'ēn míng zhù chū bǎn gōng sī pāi liǎo９７ fēn zhōng de《 hè kè》 cǎi sè piàn。
① tóng①３５３ héng３５４ yè
② tóng①
③②《 bǎi nián jì niàn píng lùn xuǎn》，２７１ yè。
fán shì zhè xiē dū biǎo míng liǎo《 hè kè》 jì shì měi guó wén xué zhēn pǐn， yòu shì měi guó wén huà zhēn pǐn， bìng yǐng xiǎng jí yú shì jiè gè guó。 ér qiě cóng wén huà de shì jiǎo kàn dài wén xué míng zhù， bìng fēi tíng liú yú wén xué běn shēn， huò tíng liú yú mǒu xiē kǎo lǜ 'ér chéng wéi duì rén men de shēng huó fāng shì、 shè huì fēng shàng、 měi chǒu shàn 'è děng jià zhí guān niàn de xíng chéng yǔ biàn qiān fā shēng qiáng dà yǐng xiǎng de dōng xī héng héng zhè yàng de wén huà shěn měi de guān niàn zhèng zhú jiàn fēngmǐ shì jiè。
shì shénme yàng de yì shù mèi lì shǐ měi guó hé shì jiè gè guó de dú zhě rú cǐ xǐ 'ài《 hè kè》 ní？ shì tā gěi měi guó hé shì jiè gè guó de dú zhě dǎ kāi liǎo yī gè dú tè de fù yú měi guó shì yōu mò qì zhì de xīn líng shì jiè， yī gè xī bù kāi fā shí qī qiān qiān wàn wàn pǔ tōng lǎo bǎi xìng jìn xíng háo mài tuò zhí shí yōu mò qì zhì de xīn líng shì jiè。 yōu mò dòu rén fā xiào， yōu mò yùn hán zhe zhì huì， yōu mò nǎi jī zhì de shǎn guāng。 zhè yàng de yōu mò yǔ sài wàn tí sī bǐ xià mòluò qí shì jiē jí zhàn fēng chē de yōu mò yòu bù yī yàng， nǎi shì měi guó“ xī jìn” yǔ“ nán xià” shēng zhōng qiān qiān wàn wàn qín láo de lǎo bǎi xìng héng héng zhè xiē qiáng zhě zài shēng huó zhōng de biǎo xiàn。 tā qǐ fā rén xiào zhe miàn duì rén shēng， miàn duì kǎn kě qū zhé， huái zhe huó pō pō de shēng jī， kāi tuò qián jìn， yīn 'ér shì dú tè de， shì měi guó shì de， píng tóu bǎi xìng de。 zuò pǐn mí rén de 'ào mì yě xǔ zhèng zài yú cǐ。
zhōng guó qiān bǎi nián lái de wén xué chuán tǒng yǐ wēn róu dūn hòu jiàn cháng， xiàn dài zé yǐ rè qíng shū fā jiàn cháng， yīn 'ér zhōng guó dú zhě duì《 hè kè》 zhōng huó pō pō de yōu mò， yóu yú shěn měi xí guàn fǎn chā de yuán yīn， gǎn shòu fǎn dǎo huì tè bié mǐn ruì， yě néng dé dào tè bié qiáng liè de shěn měi xiǎng shòu。 shū yī dǎ kāi， jiù dú dào hè kè、 tānɡ mǔ děng zhè xiē hái zǐ jié chéng“ qiáng dào bāng”， xiě liǎo xuè shū， xiào fǎ luó bīn hàn zhè lèi yīng xióng hǎo hàn， gǎn yú“ lán lù qiǎng jié”， gǎn yú“ shā rén”。 yī cì dé dào mì bào， yòu xī bān yá shāng rén hé 'ā lā bó fù wēng， yào dài zhe 'èr bǎi zhǐ dà xiàng， liù bǎi tóu luò tuó， yī qiān duō tóu duǒ luó， zài mǎn liǎo zhēn bǎo， jīng guò fù jìn yī zuò shān lǐng。 zhè huǒ“ qiáng dào bāng” biàn mái fú zài lín zhōng， yī shēng lìng xià， chōng xià shān qù。 kě shì nǎ lǐ yòu shénme dà xiàng、 luò tuó de yǐng zǐ， zhǐ shì yī qún jiào huì bàn de zhù rì xué xiào de xiǎo xué shēng zài yě cān， bèi tā men chōng sàn liǎo。 yuán lái“ qiáng dào bāng” chéng lì liǎo yī gè yuè guāng jǐng，“ jì méi yòu qiǎng rén， yě méi yòu shā rén， zhǐ shì dāng zuò nà yàng bà liǎo。” kě zhè“ dāng zuò nà yàng” de yōu mò， jì shì hái zǐ men de xīn tài de zhēn shí xiě zhào， yòu shǎn yào zhe dāng nián kāi tuò zhě de hái zǐ men cū guǎng、 háo mài de xīn líng shì jiè， duō me shǐ rén shén wǎng。
ér tóng rú cǐ， mì xī xī bǐ hé shàng de shuǐ shǒu， dāng nián zhè xiē shí dài de nòng cháo 'ér cū guǎng de yōu mò qì zhì， gèng shì bèi zuò zhě miáo xiěde lín lí jìn zhì： hè kè cóng zì jǐ de mù fá zǐ shàng tiào xià shuǐ qù， qiú jìn yī gè dà mù fá， tōu tōu pá shàng qù， zài yī piàn hēi 'àn zhōng tōu tīng dào yī gè shuǐ shǒu zài biān tiào biān chàng，①“ wō héng héng huò！ wǒ shì dāng nián cóng 'ā kěn sè zhōu huāng yě shàng lái de tiě xià bā， tóng dù zǐ， qí tóng mǎ， shā rén bù cháng mìng de lǎo pái mó wáng！…… yī dùn zǎo fàn yào chī shí jiǔ tiáo 'ě yú， yī tǒng wēi shì jì jiǔ。 yòu bìng de rì zǐ lǐ， yī dùn yào chī yī kuāng xiǎng wěi shé， wài jiā yī gè sǐ rén！ wǒ qiáo yī yǎn， néng jiào qiān nián yán shí liè chéng liǎng bàn。……”“ xī jìn” shēng zhōng liú chuán yú biān jiāng de gē cí， hé děng huó líng huó xiàn dì biǎo xiàn liǎo tuò zhí zhě yǔ shuǐ shǒu men de háo mài、 cū guǎng de qì gài yǔ yōu mò de qì zhì。
① jiàn《 fù lù》（ yī）（《 zài mù fá zǐ shàng》）
cóng yuán wén xīn shǎng《 hè kè》 de dú zhě， yě xǔ kě yǐ zǎi xì zhuó mó yī xià“ guó wáng” kǒu lǐ bǎ nà gè Bridgewater gōng jué（ bó lǐ qí huá tè gōng jué） niàn chéng liǎo Bilge － water gōng jué，（ bì qí huá tè gōng jué） yòu hé děng mó fǎ bān de miào yòng。 liǎng sān gè zì mǔ zhī chā，“ qiáo xià zhī shuǐ gōng jué” niàn chéng liǎo“ cāng lǐ zhī shuǐ gōng jué” héng héng qiáo xià de huó shuǐ qīng yòu qīng， kě chuán cāng lǐ de jī shuǐ héng héng shuǐ shǒu men hé shuǐ shàng rén jiādōu zhī dào， nà shì zàng yòu chòu。 zhè yàng de yōu mò jiào rén fā xiào， gěi rén yú yuè， yòu biǎo xiàn liǎo bǐ qì zhī qíng， jiào rén zài yōu mò zhōng qián yí mò huà， dé dào gāo shàng qíng cāo de táo yě。
zhè zhǒng mǎ kè · tù wēn shì de、 dāng nián měi guó shì de yōu mò， zài shì jiè wén xué shǐ shàng céng dú lǐng fēng sāo， jīn tiān yòu xiē rén yě xǔ hái tǐ huì dé yòu suǒ bù zú， yīn 'ér chóngwēn yī xià mǎ kè · tù wēn dāng nián dú dào de jiàn jiě， kě néng shì yòu yì de， mǎ kè · tù wēn zài xiě wán《 hè kè》 hòu de yī nián（１８８５）， zài qí《 zěn yàng shuō gù shì》 zhè gè míng piān zhōng shuō：
wǒ bìng bù zì kuā dǒng dé yī gè gù shì yīnggāi jiǎng xiē shénme， wǒ zhǐ shì néng zì chēng dǒng dé yī gè gù shì yīnggāi zěn me gè。 yīn wéi zhè me hǎo duō hǎo duō nián lái， wǒ jīhū měi tiān dū hé nà xiē jiǎng gù shì de hángjiā lǐ shǒu zài yī qǐ。
gù shì yòu gè zhǒng gè yàng， bù guò qí zhōng yòu yī zhǒng zuì nán jià yù， héng héng yōu mò de gù shì。 wǒ zhù yào tán de zhèng shì zhè me yī zhǒng gù shì。 yōu mò de gù shì shì měi guó de， xǐ jù de gù shì shì yīng guó de， jī zhì de gù shì shì fǎ guó de①。
① kè lǐ 'ēn sī · bó luò kè sī、 R ． W． B． lù yì sī、 luò bó tè · huá lún zhù biān《 měi guó wén xué： chuàng zuò yǔ zuò jiā》， niǔ yuē，１９７３， juàn 'èr，１２０２ yè。
shì dú《 hè kè》， cóng 'ér tóng men de jié chéng“ qiáng dào bāng” kāi shǐ， jiē zhe xiě jié mǔ de mí xìn yǔ zì chuī； hè kè“ bà bà” de jiǔ fēng； hè kè jiǎ sǐ yǔ táo dào hé shàng； hè kè shī sàn chóngjù hòu duì jié mǔ de zuò nòng； hé shàng xún luó duì de pán chá hé hè kè de miào jì； nán bàn nǚ zhuāng；“ guó wáng” yǔ“ gōng jué” de yáng xiāng；“ dǎ yuān jiā”； hè kè de gào fā xìn yǔ pīn zhe xià dì yù；“ guó wáng”“ gōng jué” qī wǔ ruò nǚ zǐ yǔ guān cái cáng yín； tānɡ mǔ dǎo yǎn de xiào fǎ wáng gōng guì zú shì de dì yù。 yōu mò de chāqǔ， yòu rú xià yè de xīng xīng bù mǎn tiān kōng， dú zhě shí 'ér wēi xiào， shí 'ér dà xiào， shí 'ér kǔ xiào， rén jiān fán nǎo wéi zhī yī sǎo， ér zhì huì de shǎn guāng， zài yú yuè zhōng bǎ dú zhě de xīn xiōng zhào liàng。
yě xǔ yòu xiē dú zhě bù lǐ jiě mǎ kè · tù wēn zài juàn shǒu xiě de chū yú xū gòu de《 tōng lìng》：“ běn shū zuò zhě fèng bīng gōng shǔ cháng G． G de zhǐ shì，…… rèn hé rén rú qǐ tú cóng běn shū de jì xù zhōng xún zhǎo xiě zuò dòng jī， jiù jiāng duì zhī shí xíng gōng sù； rèn hé rén rú qǐ tú cóng zhōng xún zhǎo dào dé yù yì， jiù jiāng bǎ tā fàng zhú； rèn hé rén rú qǐ tú cóng zhōng xún zhǎo yī gè qíng jié jié gòu， jiù jiāng yú yǐ qiāng jué。” yòu de dú zhě huò zhě yóu yú quē fá yōu mò gǎn， huò zhě duì mǎ kè · tù wēn de yōu mò fēng gé quē shǎo liǎo jiě， duì zhè yàng de《 tōng lìng》 kě néng gǎn dào mò míng qí miào， gǎn dào mí huò。 shū bù zhī zhè zhèng shì mǎ kè · tù wēn kāi zōng míng yì biàn xiàng dú zhě pī lù qí qíng huái： zhè jiāng shì yī gè yōu mò de gù shì。 yán zài cǐ 'ér yì zài bǐ， yuán běn shì yī zhǒng yōu mò de shǒu fǎ。
mǎ kè · tù wēn de yōu mò， zhǐ shì wèile dòu rén fā xiào， wéi yōu mò 'ér yōu mò me？ rú guǒ zhēn shì zhè yàng， nà hái yòu shénme chí míng shì jiè de dà zuò jiā mǎ kè · tù wēn？ qiān bǎi nián lái， cóng gǔ dào jīn， yě cóng lái méi yòu guò zhè yàng wéi wén xué 'ér wén xué de dà zuò jiā。 fǎn huà zhèng shuō， qià qià shì wèile diǎn chū yōu mò zhōng yī piàn kǔ xīn。
qià qià zhèng shì mǎ kè · tù wēn， ér bù shì bié rén， zài《 zìzhuàn》 zhōng shuō，“ yòu rén shuō， yī běn xiǎo shuō chún cuì zhǐ shì yī bù yì shù pǐn， rú cǐ 'ér yǐ。 zài xiǎo shuō lǐ， nǐ jué bù yào bù dào， jué bù yào shuō jiào。 yě xǔ xiǎo shuō shì zhè yàng， dàn yōu mò què bìng fēi rú cǐ。 yōu mò jué bù kě yǐ jiào xùn rén zì jū， yǐ bù dào zhě zì jū， kě shì rú guǒ yào yǒng yuǎn chuán xià qù， bì xū liǎng zhě jiān 'ér yòu zhī。”①
《 hè kè》 zhī suǒ yǐ“ bù xiǔ”， zhèng yīn wéi tā tōng guò duì yī gè１４ suì hái zǐ de miáo xiě， zài yōu mò dòu xiào shēng zhōng hān chàng lín lí dì xiě chū liǎo yī gè mín zú de shēng huó yǔ líng hún。 mǎ kè · tù wēn shuō dé hǎo：“…… yī gè wài guó rén kě yǐ fù zhì yī gè mín zú de wài mào…… rèn hé yī gè wài guó réndōu bù néng lǐ jiě tā de nèi zài nèi róng héng héng tā de líng hún、 shēng huó、 yǔ yán、 sī xiǎng…… zhǐ yòu yī gè zhuān mén jiā， tā jù yòu zú yǐ lǐ jiě rén mín de líng hún yǔ shēng huó， bìng bǎ tā yuán yuán běn běn dì miáo shù chū lái de zī gé héng héng zhè jiù shì mín zú xiǎo shuō jiā。”②
①《 mǎ kè · tù wēn zìzhuàn》， yì lín chū bǎn shè，３３０ héng３３１ yè。
②《 měi guó zuò jiā lùn wén xué》， sān lián，９７ héng９８ yè
zhè shì mǎ kè · tù wēn zài xiě《 zěn yàng jiǎng xiǎo shuō》 zhè gè míng piān de tóng yī nián xiě de， yě jiù shì xiě liǎo《 hè kè》 yǐ hòu de nà yī nián xiě de（１８８５）。 zhè piān wén zhāng yě kě yǐ shuō shì fū zǐ zì dào， shì měi guó wén lùn shǐ shàng de zhēn bǎo， tí mù jiào zuò《 bǎo 'ěr · bù 'ěr rè guān xīn wǒ men shénme》。 měi guó yòu xiē yán jiū zhě fǎn dǎo duì cǐ bù dà zhòng shì， ér qián sū lián xué shù jiè dǎo shì hěn zhòng shì。 rèn wéi shì mǎ kè · tù wēn wén lùn de lìng yī gè míng piān， zhè shì duì de， bìng qiě yǐ zhè piān wén zhāng lái zhào liàng yòu guān《 hè kè》 de tàn suǒ yǔ yán jiū， nà cái shì zhèng lù， ér wén běn zhù yì yǔ yōng sú shè huì xué jiù duì cǐ wú néng wéi lì liǎo。
yào zhǎo chū《 hè kè》 wèihé bù xiǔ， zì rán bìng fēi yì shì， yī bù jīng lì liǎo bǎi nián de《 hè kè》 pī píng shǐ， qí zhōng yòu dà liàng de lùn zhēng xìng wén zhāng wèicǐ 'ér fā。 yì wèi shēn cháng de shì yī cì zhù míng de lùn zhēng：“《 hè kè》 de wěi dà zài nǎ lǐ？” lùn zhēng de yī fāng wéi liǎng wèi míng jiā： měi yīng xiàn dài zhù yì diàn jī rén zhī yī、《 huāng yuán》 de zuò zhě T． S． āi lüè tè hé xīn pī píng pài lǐ lùn jiā lāi 'áng nà 'ěr · qū lǐ lín； lùn zhēng de lìng yī fāng shì lāi 'ào · mǎ kè sī děng yī pī hòu qǐ zhī xiù。 qū lǐ lín de wén zhāng tí mù biàn shì《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn de wěi dà zhī chù》（１９４８）， shuō《 hè kè》 suǒ yǐ shì yī bù wěi dà de shū， yīn wéi tā“ xiě de yī gè（ mì xī xī bǐ hé zhī） shén héng héng yī gè yòu zì jǐ de xīn、 zì jǐ de yì zhì de nà zhǒng lì liàng， duì yòu dào dé guān niàn de xiǎng xiàng lì lái shuō， tā fǎng fó yùn hán zhe yī gè wěi dà de dào dé guān niàn， ér hè kè nǎi shì zhè hé shén de pú rén。”《 hè kè》 kě shuō shì“ yǔ rén de bēi suǒ xiāng bǐ， duì hé zhī shén de měi、 shén mì、 lì liàng yī qū wěi dà gāo shàng de sòng gē。” T． S． āi lüè tè duì cǐ biǎo shì tóng gǎn（１９５０） shuō“ quán shū yòu liǎng gè yīn sù， yī gè shì hái zǐ， yī gè shì dà hé”，“ nà gè hái zǐ zhèng shì dà hé de jīng shén suǒ jì tuō de。” liǎng wèi dà shī hái dū wéi quán shū jié wěi xiěde chā 'ér biàn jiě。 lāi 'ào · mǎ kè sī gǎn yú duì liǎng wèi dà jiā de guān diǎn tí chū zhì yí， shuō qū lǐ lín hé 'āi lüè tè“ duì dà hé de zuò yòng nà zhǒng bù wú kuā zhāng de xiǎng xiàng， biǎo xiàn liǎo tā men duì quán shū zhù tí suǒ zài、 zhōng xīn suǒ zài hé děng hū shì。” hái shuō tā men duì jié jú de bài bǐ biàn jiě， nà shì méi yòu kàn dào， jié wěi zhè yàng xiě fǎ， shǐ dé“ quán shū zhōng zuì wéi yán sù de yù yì chéng liǎo 'ér xì。 zǒng zhī， jié jú chéng liǎo yīcháng huá jī xì， ér quán shū de qí yú de bù fēn zé bìng fēi rú cǐ。” mǎ kè sī zhǐ chū， liǎng wèi dà shī“ duì quán shū suǒ xiě de duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú hé děng qīng shì”。① zhè chǎng lùn zhàn qǐ rén xīn zhì， yě zài mǒu zhǒng chéng dù shàng bào lù liǎo xīn pī píng pài zhè zhǒng guò yú cè zhòng wén běn、 jì qiǎo、 jì fǎ zài fāng shàng de xiá 'ài xìng， ér xīn pī píng pài chēng bà měi guó wén tán dá bàn gè shì jì， zhì jīn réng yǐng xiǎng bù xiǎo。
jù yòu qiáng dà yì shù mèi lì de quán shū zhù tí héng héng duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú héng héng bìng fēi shì chōu xiàng de， ér shì chōng mǎn liǎo shí dài qì xī。 kě néng yòu xiē dú zhě duì juàn shǒu de shū míng xià miàn xiě míng de huà màn bù jīng xīn。 zuò zhě zài zhè lǐ tè yì biāo míng liǎo gù shì qíng jié fā shēng de dì diǎn yǔ shí jiān。 dì diǎn： mì xī xī bǐ hé liú yù； shí jiān：４０ dào４５ nián qián。 àn zhào xiǎo shuō mò yī yè suǒ biāo míng de， quán shū wán gǎo yú１８８４ héng１８８５ nián。 jù cǐ tuī suàn， gù shì xiě de shì１８２６ héng héng１８４５ nián zhī shì。 yě jiù shì yī bān rén suǒ shuō de jié kè xùn（ zǒng tǒng） shí dài（ yòu rén bǎ jié kè xùn shí dài jiè dìng wéi cóng１８２８ héng１８４８ nián）。
① jù jiàn nuò dùn bǎn《 hè kè》 de zī liào，３１０ héng３４１ yè
《 hè kè》 de zhuān jiā 'ān tè lǔ · jié · huò fū màn zài《 mǎ kè · tù wēn zuò pǐn zhōng de zhù rén gōng jí qí tiān dì》 zhōng ? gè wèn tí zuò liǎo bǐ jiào shēn rù de yán jiū。 tā shuō：“ zài gè xìng、 xīn tài、 xí guàn、 jià zhí guān niàn děng fāng miàn，《 hè kè》 zhōng de shì jiè zhēn qiē dì fǎn yìng liǎo nà gè shí dài dào měi guó fǎng wèn guò de rén suǒ jì lù xià lái de jié kè xùn shí dài de měi guó。 mǎ kè · tù wēn duì lì shǐ zhēn shí de miáo huì tōng guò yī fú jīng cǎi de huà miàn 'ér biǎo xiàn liǎo chū lái， qí duì yú shí dài shēng huó de xì jié de jí duān zhòng shì shǐ rén jīng tàn。”“ gēn wǒ men xīn mù zhōng de jié kè xùn shí dài de měi guó fēi cháng wěn hé”，“ hè kè shì fàng zài xiàn shí zhù yì de tiān dì zhōng jiā yǐ miáo huì de”，“ zhè gè tiān dì chōng mǎn lì shǐ gǎn， shì lì shǐ zhēn shí de xiàn shí zhù yì miáo xiě， xiě de shì shí jiǔ shì jì dì 'èr gè 'èr shí wǔ nián de měi guó。”“ nà gè shí dài de měi guó rén de lǐ xiǎng， tā men de xī wàng jí qí qián zài de mèng xiǎng， kě yǐ cóng wǒ men chuán tǒng de yīng xióng hè kè de xìng gé zhōng kuī jiàn yī bān。”①
wén xué bù tóng yú lì shǐ， dàn mǎ kè · tù wēn zhèng shì bǔ zhuō zhù liǎo tā suǒ xiě de nà gè shí dài de“ měi guó mín zú de shēng huó yǔ líng hún”， cái shǐ dé zuò pǐn jù yòu rú cǐ qiáng dà de yì shù mèi lì。 gǔ wǎng jīn lái， néng bǔ zhuō zhù zì jǐ mín zú de líng hún de zuò jiā， néng zì jué dì wèicǐ 'ér xiàn shēn de， yě bìng bù hěn duō， ér néng chéng wéi zhī yīn de pī píng jiā yǔ dú zhě yě shǔ nán néng 'ér kě guì。《 hè kè》 zhuān jiā pǔ liè qǐ tè zài１９４１ nián xiě de《 měi guó dì yī bù zài běn tǔ chǎn shēng de jié zuò》 zhōng shuō，“ hè kè de tóng nián， nǎi shì yī zhǒng xīn de wén huà de tóng nián。”② xù kè léi zài１９６０ nián de《 hè kè de jié gòu fēn xī》 zhōng shuō，“ zài quán shū jié wěi， hè kè bìng qì liǎo tā suǒ jiàn dào de wén míng， zhǔn bèi zuò wéi nèi zài xīn líng shàng yī gè zì yóu de rén shēng huó xià qù。”③ zhè xiē kǒng pà shì bǎi nián lái de pī píng yǔ yán jiū zhōng xiāng dāng jī zhōng yào hài de jiàn jiě。
zhè yī zhǒng duì“ zì yóu de zhuī qiú”， duì yī zhǒng“ xīn de wén huà” de zhuī qiú， zhèng shì cóng xià céng rén mín chū shēn de hè kè méng lóng 'ér zhí zhe de zhuī qiú， yě shì mǎ kè · tù wēn cóng shí jiǔ shì jì měi guó liǎng gǔ lì shǐ dà cháo héng héng“ xī jìn” kāi fā biān jiāng hé“ nán xià” fèi zhǐ nán bù gè zhōu hēi nú zhì zhōng， cóng fá mù zhě、 táo jīn zhě、 shuǐ shǒu de shēng huó yǔ chōng jǐng zhōng bǔ zhuō zhù bìng tí liàn róng zhù de。
① huò fū màn《 tù wēn de zhù rén gōng yǔ tù wēn de tiān dì》， bīn zhōu dà xué chū bǎn shè，１９８８，５５ yè、７７ héng７８ yè。
②《 bǎi nián jì niàn píng lùn xuǎn》，７６ yè。
③ tóng①４００ héng４０４ yè。
quán shū jiù shì cóng hè kè duì jiù de yī tào wén huà de yàn 'è、 fǎn gǎn xiě qǐ de。 yì wèi shēn cháng de shì kāi zōng míng yì dì yī zhāng dì 'èr jié（ dì yī jié jiǎng de shì lìng yī běn shū de shì， gù zhè dì 'èr jié， shí nǎi quán shū de dì yī jié）， jiù qiáng diào liǎo yī jù huà， zhè jù huà shí nǎi guàn chuàn quán shū， bìng zài quán shū mò liǎo jié wěi yī jù yòu huí dào zhè jù huà shàng lái， zhào yìng quán shū kāi tóu de nà jù huà， bǎ zhù tí diǎn dé míng míng bái bái。 zài kāi tóu dì 'èr jié， hè kè jiù jiǎng，“ dào gé lā sī guǎ fù yào lǐng yǎng wǒ zuò tā de gān 'ér zǐ”（ zhè gè hè kè shì yī gè liú làng hàn zuì guǐ de 'ér zǐ， yī gè qióng hái zǐ），“ bìng qiě shuō tā yào jiào wǒ xué nà yī tào wén míng de guīju”（ sivilzeme），“ wǒ zài yě shòu bù liǎo liǎo”。 hòu lái jiā shàng tā bà bà de děng děng yuán yīn， zhōng yú chū zǒu hé shàng。 quán shū mò liǎo yī jù shuō，“ wǒ kàn wǒ dé bǐ yī xiē rén xiān zǒu yī bù， qián wǎng nà gè ‘ dì yù ’ qù， yīn wéi sà lì yí mā yào rèn wǒ zuò tā de gān 'ér zǐ， yào jiào wǒ xué nà yī tào wén míng de guīju（ sivilizeme）， zhè wǒ shòu bù liǎo。 wǒ yǐ jīng shòu guò yī huí lā。” zhè yàng， hè kè zài chū zǒu hé shàng yǐ hòu bù kěn huí jiā， zhōng yú wǎng xīn de“ dì yù” qù chuǎng dàng tiān xià， jìn xíng xīn de kāi tuò。 zhè gè xīn de“ dì yù”（ zhǔn zhōu）， yòu rén kǎo zhèng， rèn wéi zhǐ hòu lái de 'é kè lā hé mǎ zhōu， dāng nián shì yìn dì 'ān rén de dì qū。 bǐ zhě rèn wéi， zhè gè“ dì yù” bù lùn shì shí zhǐ， huò shì xū zhǐ， dōubù huì jǐn zhǐ qù dào１８４８ nián qián de dì qū， bù huì jǐn zhǐ nán běi zhàn zhēng qián de lǐ xiǎng， ér shì yǐn hán zhe zuò zhě wán gǎo shí yì jí１８８４ héng１８８５ nián shí zuò zhě xīn mù zhōng suǒ xiàng wǎng de dì fāng， yě jiù shì zuò zhě xīn mù zhōng yī zhǒng xīn de wén huà méng fā de nà zhǒng lǐ xiǎng。“ sivilizeme” de“ sivilize”， nǎi“ civilize” de mì sū lǐ rén tǔ yǔ de pīn yīn， huò yì“ xué zuò rén de guīju”， huò yì“ jiào wǒ zěn yàng zuò rén”， yì dé dōuyòu dào lǐ。 dàn hè kè zǒu chū jiā tíng， hé shàng， shèn zhì bù xī jiǎ sǐ， suǒ wèi suī jiǔ sǐ 'ér yóu wèi huǐ， dāng rán bù shì yī bān dì shuǎ hái zǐ pí qì， ér shì duì jiù de yī tào wén míng de fǎn gǎn yǔ yàn 'è。 zhèng rú pǔ liè qǐ dài suǒ shuō，“ hè kè de tóng nián yě jiù shì yī zhǒng xīn de wén huà de tóng nián”。 suǒ yǐ lián bǐ jiào bǎo shǒu de wén yì lǐ lùn jiā qū lǐ tǐ yě chéng rèn“《 hè kè》 shí nǎi yī bù diān fù xìng de shū（ asubversiveCbook）。”①
① nuò dùn bǎn《 hè kè》 zī liào bù fēn，３１６ yè。
zuò pǐn de qiáng dà yì shù mèi lì zhèng shì yóu yú xiě de shì hè kè duì jiā lǐ lǎo de yī tào gǔ bǎn de wén míng guīju yǔ jiào huì bàn de zhù rì xué xiào zhì gù xīn líng de nà yī tào xíng wéi guī fàn de yàn 'è yǔ fǎn kàng。 zuò pǐn xiě yī gè shí sān sì suì de qióng hái zǐ fǎng fó tiáopí dǎo dàn， lián jìn chū dōubù zǒu dà mén， ér shì cóng lóu shàng chuāng kǒu lǐ pá jìn pá chū， bào zhe bì léi zhēn shàng shàng xià xià； shí zé xiě tā yǒng yú fǎn kàng（ jiǎ sǐ）， yǒng yú kāi tuò， yǒng yú mào xiǎn。 zhǐ shēn yī rén， gǎn yú táo shàng xiǎo dǎo， dā wō péng， shēng gōu huǒ， diào yú wéi shēng。 xiǎo xiǎo nián jì， chéng liǎo xiǎo dǎo de zhù rén； xiǎo xiǎo nián jì， zài dà hé zhī shàng， chū shēng rù sǐ， méi yòu jiào guò yī shēng kǔ； yǒng yuǎn qián jìn， méi yòu hòu tuì guò yī bù。 jiào měi guó hé shì jiè de dú zhě rù mí de zhèng shì dāng nián xī bù tuò zhí zhě、 táo jīn zhě yǔ mì xī xī bǐ hé shàng shuǐ shǒu de hái zǐ men zhè yàng duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú， duì xīn de wén huà de zhuī qiú！ zhè zhǒng kāi tuò de jīng shén， zhè zhǒng chuàng yè jīng shén， zhè zhǒng měi guó rén fēi cháng zhēn xī de gè rén shǒu chuàng jīng shén， bù shì měi guó wén míng shǐ shàng xīn de wén huà de méng yá yòu shì shénme ní？
jiào dú zhě rù mí de shì dāng nián biān jiāng yǔ dà hé zhī shàng píng tóu bǎi xìng jiā de hái zǐ men duì rén xìng、 rén dào de zhuī qiú。“ guó wáng” hé“ gōng jué” duì hé shàng lǎo bǎi xìng de qī piàn yǔ 'é zhà； duì ruò nǚ zǐ de lěng kù qī zhà de lüè duó， hé shàng shì zú rén jiā“ dǎ yuān jiā” de yú mèi yǔ cán kù， yóu zuò zhě yǐ yōu mò zhī bǐ， miáo xù dé lín lí jìn zhì， yě kě shuō shì chǒu tài bǎi chū。 ér yǔ cǐ duì zhào de， zhèng shì dāng nián biān jiāng tuò zhí zhě yǔ hé shàng shuǐ shǒu de xià yī dài qióng hái zǐ duì yī zhǒng hé hū rén xìng、 rén qíng、 rén dào de shè huì de xiàng wǎng。 hè kè zhè gè qióng hái zǐ duì“ guó wáng” yǔ“ gōng jué” de bǐ qì， yǐ jí wèile dā jiù xiǎn zāo xiàn hài de gū niàn， qiǎo shī miào jì， bǎ jīn bì cáng zài guān cái lǐ， zhè yàng bǐng xìng shàn liáng、 zhèng zhí、 fù yú tóng qíng xīn 'ér jī zhì de qióng hái zǐ hè kè de xíng xiàng， bù zhèng shì yī zhǒng xīn de wén huà suǒ yùn yù de yī dài me？ néng bù mí rén me？
zuò pǐn de qiáng dà yì shù mèi lì dāng rán gèng biǎo xiàn yú dāng nián bái zhǒng rén qióng hái zǐ hè kè dā jiù hēi nú jié mǔ de qū zhé jīng guò yǔ fù zá de xīn líng lì chéng， zhè xiǎn rán shì zuò pǐn de hé xīn bù fēn。 tā xiě de zhèng shì dāng nián biān jiāng tuò zhí zhě yǔ hé shàng shuǐ shǒu men de xià yī dài duì shè huì de zhuī qiú， yě xiě liǎo duì jiě fàng hēi nú de jué wù guò chéng。 zhè fāng miàn de miáo xiě kě shuō shì zhèn hàn rén xīn de zhòng dà zhù tí zhǎo dào liǎo fù yú gāo chāo jì qiǎo jì fǎ de yì shù xíng shì。 zhěng gè gù shì yū huí qū zhé， fēn sān gè céng cì， bēn xiàng。 zuò pǐn cóng hè kè duì hēi nú jié mǔ jì tóng qíng yòu jiā yǐ xì nòng xiě qǐ。 hé shàng jīng tāo hài làng zhōng shī sàn hòu， hè kè yī dù xì nòng jié mǔ， hòu lái shēn gǎn cán kuì， rèn shí dào zhè me xì nòng rén“ tài bēi bǐ liǎo， hèn bù dé yòng zuǐ qīn qīn tā de jiǎo”，“ zài yě bù chū huài zhù yì piàn tā liǎo”（ shí wǔ zhāng）， zhè shì dì yī bù。 hòu lái zài hé shàng yù xún luó duì pán chá táo wáng hēi nú， hè kè běn lái shēn huǐ zì jǐ bù gāi bāng hēi nú táo páo， jué dé duì bù zhù jié mǔ de nǚ zhù rén huá zhēn xiǎo jiě， jué xīn bǎ chuán huá liè 'àn biān shàng 'àn qù gào fā jié mǔ。 kě xún luó duì zài hé shàng bī jìn pán chá shí， hè kè què yóu bù dé zì jǐ yuán lái de pán suàn， tuī shuō zì jǐ chuán shàng shì gè shēng tiān huā de bái rén， xún luó duì shēn pà chuán rǎn shàng tiān huā， xià dé luò huāng 'ér táo（ shí liù zhāng）， zhè shì dì 'èr bù。 zuì hòu， hè kè sī qián xiǎng hòu， xià dìng liǎo jué xīn， xiě hǎo liǎo xiàng jié mǔ de nǚ zhù rén huá zhēn xiǎo jiě gào fā jié mǔ de yī fēng xìn， hái jué dé zì jǐ xiě liǎo gào fā xìn hòu bù zài fù zuì liǎo， yī shēn qīng kuài liǎo， shēn qìng zì jǐ zuì hòu méi yòu nòng cuò liǎo fāng xiàng， méi yòu“ zǒu jìn liǎo dì yù”。 kě shì tā yòu bù jìn xiǎng dào liǎo jié mǔ de zhǒng zhǒng hǎo chù， gāng cái xiě hǎo de nà fēng xìn ná zài shǒu lǐ， quán shēn zhí fā dǒu， zhōng yú bǎ xìn yī sī， yī biān shuō，“ nà me， hǎo bā， xià dì yù jiù xià dì yù bā。” hè kè chéng liǎo dā jiù jié mǔ zhèng tuō nú lì zhì gù de yī míng zhàn shì， yī gè zhǒng zú píng děng yǔ lǐ xiǎng de tǐ xiàn zhě（ sān shí yī zhāng）， zhè yě shì quán shū suǒ zài。
YOU don't know about me without you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; but that ain't no matter. That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly. There was things which he stretched, but mainly he told the truth. That is nothing. I never seen anybody but lied one time or another, without it was Aunt Polly, or the widow, or maybe Mary. Aunt Polly--Tom's Aunt Polly, she is--and Mary, and the Widow Douglas is all told about in that book, which is mostly a true book, with some stretchers, as I said before.
Now the way that the book winds up is this: Tom and me found the money that the robbers hid in the cave, and it made us rich. We got six thousand dollars apiece--all gold. It was an awful sight of money when it was piled up. Well, Judge Thatcher he took it and put it out at interest, and it fetched us a dollar a day apiece all the year round-- more than a body could tell what to do with. The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldn't stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied. But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable. So I went back.
The widow she cried over me, and called me a poor lost lamb, and she called me a lot of other names, too, but she never meant no harm by it. She put me in them new clothes again, and I couldn't do nothing but sweat and sweat, and feel all cramped up. Well, then, the old thing commenced again. The widow rung a bell for supper, and you had to come to time. When you got to the table you couldn't go right to eating, but you had to wait for the widow to tuck down her head and grumble a little over the victuals, though there warn't really anything the matter with them,--that is, nothing only everything was cooked by itself. In a barrel of odds and ends it is different; things get mixed up, and the juice kind of swaps around, and the things go better.
After supper she got out her book and learned me about Moses and the Bulrushers, and I was in a sweat to find out all about him; but by and by she let it out that Moses had been dead a considerable long time; so then I didn't care no more about him, because I don't take no stock in dead people.
Pretty soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the widow to let me. But she wouldn't. She said it was a mean practice and wasn't clean, and I must try to not do it any more. That is just the way with some people. They get down on a thing when they don't know nothing about it. Here she was a-bothering about Moses, which was no kin to her, and no use to anybody, being gone, you see, yet finding a power of fault with me for doing a thing that had some good in it. And she took snuff, too; of course that was all right, because she done it herself.
Her sister, Miss Watson, a tolerable slim old maid, with goggles on, had just come to live with her, and took a set at me now with a spelling- book. She worked me middling hard for about an hour, and then the widow made her ease up. I couldn't stood it much longer. Then for an hour it was deadly dull, and I was fidgety. Miss Watson would say, "Don't put your feet up there, Huckleberry;" and "Don't scrunch up like that, Huckleberry--set up straight;" and pretty soon she would say, "Don't gap and stretch like that, Huckleberry--why don't you try to behave?" Then she told me all about the bad place, and I said I wished I was there. She got mad then, but I didn't mean no harm. All I wanted was to go somewheres; all I wanted was a change, I warn't particular. She said it was wicked to say what I said; said she wouldn't say it for the whole world; she was going to live so as to go to the good place. Well, I couldn't see no advantage in going where she was going, so I made up my mind I wouldn't try for it. But I never said so, because it would only make trouble, and wouldn't do no good.
Now she had got a start, and she went on and told me all about the good place. She said all a body would have to do there was to go around all day long with a harp and sing, forever and ever. So I didn't think much of it. But I never said so. I asked her if she reckoned Tom Sawyer would go there, and she said not by a considerable sight. I was glad about that, because I wanted him and me to be together.
Miss Watson she kept pecking at me, and it got tiresome and lonesome. By and by they fetched the niggers in and had prayers, and then everybody was off to bed. I went up to my room with a piece of candle, and put it on the table. Then I set down in a chair by the window and tried to think of something cheerful, but it warn't no use. I felt so lonesome I most wished I was dead. The stars were shining, and the leaves rustled in the woods ever so mournful; and I heard an owl, away off, who-whooing about somebody that was dead, and a whippowill and a dog crying about somebody that was going to die; and the wind was trying to whisper something to me, and I couldn't make out what it was, and so it made the cold shivers run over me. Then away out in the woods I heard that kind of a sound that a ghost makes when it wants to tell about something that's on its mind and can't make itself understood, and so can't rest easy in its grave, and has to go about that way every night grieving. I got so down-hearted and scared I did wish I had some company. Pretty soon a spider went crawling up my shoulder, and I flipped it off and it lit in the candle; and before I could budge it was all shriveled up. I didn't need anybody to tell me that that was an awful bad sign and would fetch me some bad luck, so I was scared and most shook the clothes off of me. I got up and turned around in my tracks three times and crossed my breast every time; and then I tied up a little lock of my hair with a thread to keep witches away. But I hadn't no confidence. You do that when you've lost a horseshoe that you've found, instead of nailing it up over the door, but I hadn't ever heard anybody say it was any way to keep off bad luck when you'd killed a spider.
I set down again, a-shaking all over, and got out my pipe for a smoke; for the house was all as still as death now, and so the widow wouldn't know. Well, after a long time I heard the clock away off in the town go boom--boom--boom--twelve licks; and all still again--stiller than ever. Pretty soon I heard a twig snap down in the dark amongst the trees-- something was a stirring. I set still and listened. Directly I could just barely hear a "me-yow! me-yow!" down there. That was good! Says I, "me-yow! me-yow!" as soft as I could, and then I put out the light and scrambled out of the window on to the shed. Then I slipped down to the ground and crawled in among the trees, and, sure enough, there was Tom Sawyer waiting for me.
zhè yàng de miáo xiě bù jǐn yì shù shàng shì gāo chāo de， ér qiě zhēn qiē dì xiě liǎo yī gè bái rén jiā qióng hái zǐ jué wù tí gāo de guò chéng。 tā méi yòu xiě hè kè yī kāi shǐ jiù shì gè bāo dǎ tiān xià de fèi nú zhù yì zhě。 hè kè cóng yī bān dì tóng qíng hēi nú， yòu qīng shì hēi nú、 shí huò xì nòng hēi nú， dào rèn shí dào hēi rén jié mǔ de gāo shàng rén pǐn， wèile jiě jiù tā， wǒ bù rù dì yù shuí rù dì yù， zhè qí jiān yòu gè qū zhé de guò chéng。 mǎ kè · tù wēn zì jǐ duì cǐ yòu qièshēn de tǐ huì。 tā zài《 zìzhuàn》 zhōng shuō，“ wǒ zuò xiǎo xué shēng de shí hòu， bìng bù yàn 'è hēi nú zhì dù， wǒ bìng bù zhī dào nà yòu shénme cuò。 wǒ 'ěr duǒ lǐ méi yòu tīng dào shuí zénàn guò tā。 dāng dì de mù shī jiào dǎo wǒ men shuō， nà shì shàng dì rèn kě de， shuō zhè shì yī jiàn shén shèng de shì， yào shì huái yí zhě xīn lǐ yòu yí huò， zhǐ yào kàn yī kàn《 shèng jīng》 jiù xíng liǎo。”① shì shí shàng， mì sū lǐ dāng shí biàn shì yī gè zhèng fǔ xǔ kě de xù nú zhōu。 bìng qiě， zài nán běi zhàn zhēng yǐ qián， rèn wéi xù nú nǎi lǐ zhí qì zhuàng de rén， hé zhǐ chéng qiān shàng wàn。《 hè kè》 zhōng suǒ xiě hè kè de bà bà， suī wéi qióng kǔ de bái rén， què rèn wéi xù nú nǎi tiān jīng dì yì。 tā zì rèn wéi bǐ hēi rén jiào shòu hái gāo míng， rèn wéi hēi rén jìng kě yǐ yòu xuǎn jǔ quán， jìng kě yǐ tóu piào， nà hái chéng shénme tiān xià。 kě jiàn dāng nián fèi nú de dǒu zhēng shì jiān kǔ de， mǎ kè · tù wēn de miáo xiě shì fú hé lì shǐ zhēn shí de， ér fú hé lì shǐ zhēn shí yòu zhǎo dào liǎo gāo chāo de yì shù xíng shì de miáo xiě， bìng qiě měi yī bù yáng yì zhe yōu mò， qí yì shù mèi lì zì rán tè bié qiáng dà。 zhè yàng de xiě fǎ bìng qiě duì yú yī bān pǔ pǔ tōng tōng de rén de shěn měi jiào yù yì yì yě tè bié zhēn qiē。 zhè zhǒng miáo xiě yě biǎo míng liǎo， hè kè de tóng nián， zhuī qiú lǐ xiǎng de tóng nián， qià qià zhèng shì měi guó lì shǐ shàng yī zhǒng xīn de wén huà de tóng nián。 zhè yàng de miáo xiě néng bù mí rén me？
①《 mǎ kè · tù wēn zìzhuàn》， yì lín chū bǎn shè， dì 'èr zhāng。
néng rèn wéi《 hè kè》 de yì yì zhǐ shì zhǐ zài shí xiàn hēi nú jiě fàng zhàn zhēng yǐ qián nà gè shí dài duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú， yì jí ? kāi tuò chuàng yè、 rén dào、 de zhuī qiú me？ dāng rán bù shì。 zuò pǐn xiě de shì１８２６ héng１８４５ nián de shì， dàn xiě chéng yú１８８４ héng１８８５ nián。 zài dòng bǐ xiě de７ nián jiān（１８７６ nián、１８７９ héng１８８０ nián，１８８３ nián）， nán běi zhàn zhēng yǐ jīng dǎ guò liǎo， hēi nú zhì jī běn shàng fèi zhǐ liǎo， zài mǒu xiē yì yì shàng， kāi tuò、 chuàng yè， gè rén shǒu chuàng jīng shén jié chū liǎo lěi lěi shuò guǒ。 zhòng rén xìng、 rén qíng、 rén dào de fēng shàng yòu suǒ jìn bù， de shì yè yòu suǒ qián jìn。 dàn shì qióng bái rén hè kè duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú、 duì xīn de wén huà de zhuī qiú shí xiàn liǎo me？《 hè kè》 de chuàng zuò zhù tǐ mǎ kè · tù wēn zài shí jiǔ shì jì qī bā shí nián dài chuàng zuò de xīn tài， zhǐ xiàn yú duì４０ héng５０ nián qián jiù shí měi guó de huí yì me？
mǎ kè · tù wēn zài wán gǎo shí yǐ chéngzhǎng wéi měi guó wén tán de jù rén。 tā mù jī liǎo４０ héng５０ nián jiān měi guó lì shǐ de fā zhǎn biàn huà。 zài xiě《 hè kè》 qián liǎng nián， biàn yǐ xiě chū liǎo《 dù jīn shí dài》。 tā xiě chū liǎo nán běi zhàn zhēng hòu de měi guó、 jīng jì dà fā zhǎn de měi guó、 fā cái kuáng cháo xuán juàn liǎo yī qiē de měi guó， shí jì shàng zhǐ shì biǎo miàn shàng dù liǎo báobáo de yī céng jīn， lǐ miàn què shì bāo de yī duī fèi tóng làn tiě， měi guó shè huì yuán lái shì gè fǔ xiǔ de shè huì。 gǔ wǎng jīn lái， céng yòu nǎ yī gè zuò jiā， gěi zì jǐ shēng huó zhe de shí dài qǐ liǎo yī gè rú cǐ shēn kè 'ér juàn yǒng、 rú cǐ yōu mò de míng zì， bìng qiě wéi dāng shí rén men suǒ rèn tóng， bìng wéi shǐ jiā suǒ jiē shòu ní？ zài xiě liǎo《 hè kè》 hòu de wǔ nián（１９００）， mǎ kè · tù wēn xiě liǎo《 bài huài liǎo hè dé lāi bǎo de rén》， xiě chū liǎo“ zuì chéng shí lián jié de shì zhèn” yuán lái shì yī qún wěi jūn zǐ， zài yī dài jīn bì miàn qián， biàn lù chū liǎo“ jì xiǎng dāng niàn zǐ， yòu yào lì pái fāng” de yuán xíng。 tóng nián， zhí bā guó lián jūn qīn huá， mǎ kè · tù wēn zài niǔ yuē fā biǎo liǎo zhù míng de yǎn jiǎng：“ wǒ yě shì yì hé tuán”，“ yì hé tuán shì 'ài guó de”。 yòu liù nián， zài１９０６ nián， gāo 'ěr jī wéi１９０５ nián de lái dào měi guó chóu mù juān kuǎn， mǎ kè · tù wēn duì gāo 'ěr jī de yì jǔ dà lì zhī chí。 yóu cǐ kě jiàn， zhù yì zhě de mǎ kè · tù wēn zài xiě hè kè duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú yùn lù nài mù nào fēi zǐ bǎo yuán bǐ bèi nán zhì děng wǎn wèi jué ? wàng。 zhè lìng rén shī wàng de xiàn shí， gèng jiā shēn liǎo zhè gè dāng guò bào tóng、 pái zì gōng rén、 kuàng gōng、 shuǐ shǒu yǔ lǐng gǎng de zuò jiā duì zhēn zhèng fú hé rén zhì de zì yóu yǔ de qī dài。 shì shí shàng，《 hè kè》 zhōng bù fá hòu lái chēng wéi hēi sè yōu mò yǐ zhì huāng dàn pài sè cǎi de miáo xiě， tè bié shì“ guó wáng” hé“ gōng jué” dēng chǎng yǐ hòu。 yīn cǐ， měi guó yòu de píng lùn jiā chēng《 hè kè》 wéi hēi sè yōu mò de xiān qū， sài lín gé de《 mài tián lǐ de shǒu wàng zhě》 wéi qí dí chuán， zhè shì yòu dào lǐ de①。 fú kè nà shuō，“ shèn zhì huò sāng hé hēng lì · zhān mǔ sī hái bù shì yán gé yì yì shàng lèi sì mǎ kè · tù wēn、 huì tè màn hé sāng dé bǎo nà yàng de měi guó de zuò jiā。” cóng《 hè kè》 yǔ hòu lái měi guó hēi sè yōu mò xiǎo shuō de xuè ròu lián xì， yě biǎo míng liǎo《 hè kè》 de dú tè de měi guó shì xiǎo shuō de fēng gé。
zhù míng zuò jiā hé píng lùn jiā， mǎ kè · tù wēn de hǎo yǒu háo wēi 'ěr sī shuō，“ mǎ kè · tù wēn shì měi guó wén xué shǐ shàng de lín kěn。”② wèishénme néng zhè yàng shuō ní？ xīn pī píng pài dàjiàng kè lǐ 'ēn sī · bó gé kè sī hé luò bó tè · huá lún zhù biān de《 měi guó wén xué chuàng zuò yǔ zuò jiā》 rèn wéi， mǎ kè · tù wēn xiě hè kè，“ yòng de shì hè kè zì jǐ de kǒu yǔ， fǎng fó cū sú， shí nǎi shén qí”， ér bù shì yòng de wǎng wǎng kè bǎn de xù shù rén de yǔ yán。 yòng hè kè de kǒu yǔ xiě， shǐ“ gǎn qíng yǔ shì jiàn róng hé”、“ xíng shì yǔ xiào guǒ yī zhì”， cóng 'ér chuàng zào liǎo mǎ kè · tù wēn de fēng gé。“ wǒ men bù fáng zhè yàng lǐ jiě， lín kěn jiě fàng liǎo hēi nú， mǎ kè · tù wēn jiě fàng liǎo zuò jiā。”③
①《 bǎi nián jì niàn lǎn 'ě fá cháng gěng cǎn chǎng ?
②《 měi guó wén xué zuò pǐn xuǎn》， mài měi sī，１９８０ nián bǎn， juàn２，３３２ yè。
③《 měi guó wén xué chuàng zuò yǔ zuò jiā》， niǔ yuē， juàn 'èr，１２７８ yè。
mǎ kè · tù wēn zhè zhǒng yùn yòng zuò pǐn zhōng rén wù de gè xìng huà kǒu yǔ jìn xíng miáo xù de fēng gé， què shì tā de zhuó yuè gòng xiàn， ér yì yú bā 'ěr zhā kè、 dí gèng sī、 huò sāng， bìng yǐng xiǎng jí yú２０ shì jì yī dà pī měi guó zuò jiā。 zòng lǎn《 hè kè》 quán shū， cóng dì yī jù kāi shǐ， zhí dào jié shù， shǐ zhōng fā zì“ yī gè shēng yīn”， yī gè“ wǒ”。 zhè gè“ wǒ”， bìng fēi hū shì mǎ kè · tù wēn， bù shì yī bān chuán tǒng de xù shù rén， ér shì qióng hái zǐ hè kè。 zuì zhōng， yě shì zhè gè“ wǒ” chū zǒu hòu bù kěn huí nà gè jiā， bù kěn shòu nà tào wén míng guīju de shù fù， ér yào jì xù chuǎng dàng tiān xià， kāi tuò qián jìn。 zhè“ yī gè shēng yīn” yě shì“ měi guó de líng hún” de yī zhǒng biǎo shù， shì mǎ kè · tù wēn bǔ zhuō zhù de shí dài de shēng yīn。 shòu dào zhè zhǒng“ yī gè shēng yīn” de gǎn dòng de， hé zhǐ yī gè rén。 céng yòu zhè me yī gè gù shì。 měi guó zhù míng diàn yǐng míng xīng lāi 'ào nà 'ěr · bā lǐ mó 'ěr jiǔ suì nà nián， yì jí zài１８８８ nián， yě jiù shì《 hè kè》 chū bǎn hòu sān nián， suí fù jiàn dào liǎo mǎ kè · tù wēn。 xīng fèn zhī yú， bù jìn wèitā lǎng sòng liǎo《 hè kè》 quán shū mò yī duàn hè kè de huà， jí bù kěn shòu“ nà yī tào wén míng guīju” de shù fù， yīn 'ér bù kěn fǎn huí nà gǔ bǎn de jiā tíng， ér yào chuǎng dàng jiāng hé， kāi chuàng xīn de shēng huó de nà yī duàn huà。 bā lǐ mó 'ěr zhè wèi zhù míng yǎn yuán huí yì shuō， dāng shí mǎ kè · tù wēn“ yī zhǐ shǒu 'àn zhù liǎo jiǔ suì de hái zǐ de gēbo， rè lèi yíng kuàng。”① mǎ kè · tù wēn měi guó shì xiǎo shuō de nèi róng yǔ xíng shì de tǒng yī， qí yì shù mèi lì zhī qiáng dà， zhè shì dòng rén de yī lì。
①《 bǎi nián jì niàn píng lùn xuǎn》，３６０ yè。
mǎ kè · tù wēn zhè wèi yì shù dà shī、 zhù yì zhě， hé qí tā lì shǐ rén wù yī yàng， dāng rán yòu qí bù zú zhī chù。“ yòu liǎng gè mǎ kè · tù wēn”， zhè shì yǎng mù tā de měi guó zhù míng zuò jiā dé lāi sài de míng jù。 yě jiù shì shuō， yòu yī gè bù gòu shēn kè de yī miàn de mǎ kè · tù wēn。 lìng wài xiàng《 hè kè》， qí jié wěi shì fǒu shì bài bǐ， yě kě shāng tǎo。 dàn hè kè nà zhǒng duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú， duì shè huì de zhuī xī yùn lù nài mù nào fēi xī liǎng qiā gòng fěi bā lán gǔn mǔ lín lū huī liáng dá ? xīn líng zhèn hàn。 yòu de pī píng jiā céng chēng suō shì bǐ yà wéi“ wǒ men tóng shí dài de rén”， rú guǒ wǒ men chēng mǎ kè · tù wēn wéi“ wǒ men tóng shí dài de rén”， bù shì yě fēi cháng tiē qiē me？
１９９５．２．１２ yú nán jīng
hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì
（ tānɡ mǔ · suō yé de huǒ bàn）①
dì diǎn： mì xī xī bǐ hé liú yù②
shí jiān： sì shí zhì sì shí wǔ nián qián③
①《 tānɡ mǔ · suō yé lì xiǎn jì》 chū bǎn yú１８７６ nián，《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》 chū bǎn yú
１８８４ nián， mǎ kè · tù wēn chēng qián zhě hé hòu zhě wéi“ jiě mèi piān’。 xué zhě men jīhū yī zhì rèn wéi mǎ kè · tù wēn xiě《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》 shí， sī xiǎng shàng、 yì shù shàng yòu gè fēi yuè， liǎng shū chéng wéi“ jiě mèi piān”， dàn yòu bù néng děng tóng kàn dài。 hǎi míng wēi shuō，“ suǒ yòu xiàn dài de měi guó wén xué dōulái zì mǎ kè · tù wēn de yī běn shū《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》。”
② mì xī xī bǐ hé duì měi guó wén huà de chéngzhǎng fā zhǎn de zhòng yào xìng， rén men cháng yǐ zhī yǔ huáng hé、 cháng jiāng duì zhōng guó wén huà shēngzhǎng、 fā zhǎn de zhòng yào xìng xiāng bǐ。 mǎ kè · tù wēn de gù xiāng jí zài mì xī xī bǐ hé shàng mì sū lǐ zhōu de hàn ní bá。 zài mǎ kè · tù wēn yī shēng zhōng， mì xī xī bǐ hé jì wéi shí jiǔ shì jì měi guó“ xī jìn” de zhòng yào jī dì， yòu wéi nán běi shuāng fāng hēi nú zhì yǔ fǎn hēi nú zhì pài jī liè dǒu zhēng de dì qū。 mǎ kè · tù wēn zhèng shì shí jiǔ shì jì měi guó“ xī jìn” yǔ“ nán xià”（“ nán běi” hēi nú zhì dǒu zhēng） shí dài zhè liǎng gǔ dà cháo yùn yù de wěi dà zuò jiā。 zuò jiā kāi zōng míng yì， qīng chǔ dì diǎn míng gù shì fā shēng de dì diǎn zài zhěng gè de mì xī xī bǐ hé liú yù， yì yì bù tóng xún cháng。
③ běn shū chū bǎn yú１８８４ nián， zuò zhě tè bié diǎn míng gù shì fā shēng zài sì shí zhì sì shí wǔ nián qián， zhǐ xiě de shì１８２６ nián zhì１８４５ nián qī jiān de shì。 zuò jiā xiě de shì liù shí nián dài hēi nú jiě fàng zhàn zhēng yǐ qián de shì， zhǐ shì miáo shù zhōng bǎo hé zhe zuò jiā duì zhàn hòu de“ dù jīn shí dài”， jí xū jiǎ de fán róng shí dài de huàn miè gǎn yǔ duì gèng gāo de shěn měi lǐ xiǎng de shēn chén de zhuī qiú。
"Who dah?"
He listened some more; then he come tiptoeing down and stood right between us; we could a touched him, nearly. Well, likely it was minutes and minutes that there warn't a sound, and we all there so close together. There was a place on my ankle that got to itching, but I dasn't scratch it; and then my ear begun to itch; and next my back, right between my shoulders. Seemed like I'd die if I couldn't scratch. Well, I've noticed that thing plenty times since. If you are with the quality, or at a funeral, or trying to go to sleep when you ain't sleepy--if you are anywheres where it won't do for you to scratch, why you will itch all over in upwards of a thousand places. Pretty soon Jim says:
"Say, who is you? Whar is you? Dog my cats ef I didn' hear sumf'n. Well, I know what I's gwyne to do: I's gwyne to set down here and listen tell I hears it agin."
So he set down on the ground betwixt me and Tom. He leaned his back up against a tree, and stretched his legs out till one of them most touched one of mine. My nose begun to itch. It itched till the tears come into my eyes. But I dasn't scratch. Then it begun to itch on the inside. Next I got to itching underneath. I didn't know how I was going to set still. This miserableness went on as much as six or seven minutes; but it seemed a sight longer than that. I was itching in eleven different places now. I reckoned I couldn't stand it more'n a minute longer, but I set my teeth hard and got ready to try. Just then Jim begun to breathe heavy; next he begun to snore--and then I was pretty soon comfortable again.
Tom he made a sign to me--kind of a little noise with his mouth--and we went creeping away on our hands and knees. When we was ten foot off Tom whispered to me, and wanted to tie Jim to the tree for fun. But I said no; he might wake and make a disturbance, and then they'd find out I warn't in. Then Tom said he hadn't got candles enough, and he would slip in the kitchen and get some more. I didn't want him to try. I said Jim might wake up and come. But Tom wanted to resk it; so we slid in there and got three candles, and Tom laid five cents on the table for pay. Then we got out, and I was in a sweat to get away; but nothing would do Tom but he must crawl to where Jim was, on his hands and knees, and play something on him. I waited, and it seemed a good while, everything was so still and lonesome.
As soon as Tom was back we cut along the path, around the garden fence, and by and by fetched up on the steep top of the hill the other side of the house. Tom said he slipped Jim's hat off of his head and hung it on a limb right over him, and Jim stirred a little, but he didn't wake. Afterwards Jim said the witches be witched him and put him in a trance, and rode him all over the State, and then set him under the trees again, and hung his hat on a limb to show who done it. And next time Jim told it he said they rode him down to New Orleans; and, after that, every time he told it he spread it more and more, till by and by he said they rode him all over the world, and tired him most to death, and his back was all over saddle-boils. Jim was monstrous proud about it, and he got so he wouldn't hardly notice the other niggers. Niggers would come miles to hear Jim tell about it, and he was more looked up to than any nigger in that country. Strange niggers would stand with their mouths open and look him all over, same as if he was a wonder. Niggers is always talking about witches in the dark by the kitchen fire; but whenever one was talking and letting on to know all about such things, Jim would happen in and say, "Hm! What you know 'bout witches?" and that nigger was corked up and had to take a back seat. Jim always kept that five-center piece round his neck with a string, and said it was a charm the devil give to him with his own hands, and told him he could cure anybody with it and fetch witches whenever he wanted to just by saying something to it; but he never told what it was he said to it. Niggers would come from all around there and give Jim anything they had, just for a sight of that five-center piece; but they wouldn't touch it, because the devil had had his hands on it. Jim was most ruined for a servant, because he got stuck up on account of having seen the devil and been rode by witches.
Well, when Tom and me got to the edge of the hilltop we looked away down into the village and could see three or four lights twinkling, where there was sick folks, maybe; and the stars over us was sparkling ever so fine; and down by the village was the river, a whole mile broad, and awful still and grand. We went down the hill and found Jo Harper and Ben Rogers, and two or three more of the boys, hid in the old tanyard. So we unhitched a skiff and pulled down the river two mile and a half, to the big scar on the hillside, and went ashore.
We went to a clump of bushes, and Tom made everybody swear to keep the secret, and then showed them a hole in the hill, right in the thickest part of the bushes. Then we lit the candles, and crawled in on our hands and knees. We went about two hundred yards, and then the cave opened up. Tom poked about amongst the passages, and pretty soon ducked under a wall where you wouldn't a noticed that there was a hole. We went along a narrow place and got into a kind of room, all damp and sweaty and cold, and there we stopped. Tom says:
"Now, we'll start this band of robbers and call it Tom Sawyer's Gang. Everybody that wants to join has got to take an oath, and write his name in blood."
Everybody was willing. So Tom got out a sheet of paper that he had wrote the oath on, and read it. It swore every boy to stick to the band, and never tell any of the secrets; and if anybody done anything to any boy in the band, whichever boy was ordered to kill that person and his family must do it, and he mustn't eat and he mustn't sleep till he had killed them and hacked a cross in their breasts, which was the sign of the band. And nobody that didn't belong to the band could use that mark, and if he did he must be sued; and if he done it again he must be killed. And if anybody that belonged to the band told the secrets, he must have his throat cut, and then have his carcass burnt up and the ashes scattered all around, and his name blotted off of the list with blood and never mentioned again by the gang, but have a curse put on it and be forgot forever.
Everybody said it was a real beautiful oath, and asked Tom if he got it out of his own head. He said, some of it, but the rest was out of pirate-books and robber-books, and every gang that was high-toned had it.
Some thought it would be good to kill the FAMILIES of boys that told the secrets. Tom said it was a good idea, so he took a pencil and wrote it in. Then Ben Rogers says:
"Here's Huck Finn, he hain't got no family; what you going to do 'bout him?"
"Well, hain't he got a father?" says Tom Sawyer.
"Yes, he's got a father, but you can't never find him these days. He used to lay drunk with the hogs in the tanyard, but he hain't been seen in these parts for a year or more."
They talked it over, and they was going to rule me out, because they said every boy must have a family or somebody to kill, or else it wouldn't be fair and square for the others. Well, nobody could think of anything to do--everybody was stumped, and set still. I was most ready to cry; but all at once I thought of a way, and so I offered them Miss Watson--they could kill her. Everybody said:
"Oh, she'll do. That's all right. Huck can come in."
Then they all stuck a pin in their fingers to get blood to sign with, and I made my mark on the paper.
"Now," says Ben Rogers, "what's the line of business of this Gang?"
"Nothing only robbery and murder," Tom said.
"But who are we going to rob?--houses, or cattle, or--"
"Stuff! stealing cattle and such things ain't robbery; it's burglary," says Tom Sawyer. "We ain't burglars. That ain't no sort of style. We are highwaymen. We stop stages and carriages on the road, with masks on, and kill the people and take their watches and money."
"Must we always kill the people?"
"Oh, certainly. It's best. Some authorities think different, but mostly it's considered best to kill them--except some that you bring to the cave here, and keep them till they're ransomed."
"Ransomed? What's that?"
"I don't know. But that's what they do. I've seen it in books; and so of course that's what we've got to do."
"But how can we do it if we don't know what it is?"
"Why, blame it all, we've GOT to do it. Don't I tell you it's in the books? Do you want to go to doing different from what's in the books, and get things all muddled up?"
"Oh, that's all very fine to SAY, Tom Sawyer, but how in the nation are these fellows going to be ransomed if we don't know how to do it to them? --that's the thing I want to get at. Now, what do you reckon it is?"
"Well, I don't know. But per'aps if we keep them till they're ransomed, it means that we keep them till they're dead."
"Now, that's something LIKE. That'll answer. Why couldn't you said that before? We'll keep them till they're ransomed to death; and a bothersome lot they'll be, too--eating up everything, and always trying to get loose."
"How you talk, Ben Rogers. How can they get loose when there's a guard over them, ready to shoot them down if they move a peg?"
"A guard! Well, that IS good. So somebody's got to set up all night and never get any sleep, just so as to watch them. I think that's foolishness. Why can't a body take a club and ransom them as soon as they get here?"
"Because it ain't in the books so--that's why. Now, Ben Rogers, do you want to do things regular, or don't you?--that's the idea. Don't you reckon that the people that made the books knows what's the correct thing to do? Do you reckon YOU can learn 'em anything? Not by a good deal. No, sir, we'll just go on and ransom them in the regular way."
"All right. I don't mind; but I say it's a fool way, anyhow. Say, do we kill the women, too?"
"Well, Ben Rogers, if I was as ignorant as you I wouldn't let on. Kill the women? No; nobody ever saw anything in the books like that. You fetch them to the cave, and you're always as polite as pie to them; and by and by they fall in love with you, and never want to go home any more."
"Well, if that's the way I'm agreed, but I don't take no stock in it. Mighty soon we'll have the cave so cluttered up with women, and fellows waiting to be ransomed, that there won't be no place for the robbers. But go ahead, I ain't got nothing to say."
Little Tommy Barnes was asleep now, and when they waked him up he was scared, and cried, and said he wanted to go home to his ma, and didn't want to be a robber any more.
So they all made fun of him, and called him cry-baby, and that made him mad, and he said he would go straight and tell all the secrets. But Tom give him five cents to keep quiet, and said we would all go home and meet next week, and rob somebody and kill some people.
Ben Rogers said he couldn't get out much, only Sundays, and so he wanted to begin next Sunday; but all the boys said it would be wicked to do it on Sunday, and that settled the thing. They agreed to get together and fix a day as soon as they could, and then we elected Tom Sawyer first captain and Jo Harper second captain of the Gang, and so started home.
I clumb up the shed and crept into my window just before day was breaking. My new clothes was all greased up and clayey, and I was dog- tired.
①《 mǎ kè · tù wēn zìzhuàn》， yì lín chū bǎn shè， dì 'èr zhāng。
néng rèn wéi《 hè kè》 de yì yì zhǐ shì zhǐ zài shí xiàn hēi nú jiě fàng zhàn zhēng yǐ qián nà gè shí dài duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú， yì jí ? kāi tuò chuàng yè、 rén dào、 de zhuī qiú me？ dāng rán bù shì。 zuò pǐn xiě de shì１８２６ héng１８４５ nián de shì， dàn xiě chéng yú１８８４ héng１８８５ nián。 zài dòng bǐ xiě de７ nián jiān（１８７６ nián、１８７９ héng１８８０ nián，１８８３ nián）， nán běi zhàn zhēng yǐ jīng dǎ guò liǎo， hēi nú zhì jī běn shàng fèi zhǐ liǎo， zài mǒu xiē yì yì shàng， kāi tuò、 chuàng yè， gè rén shǒu chuàng jīng shén jié chū liǎo lěi lěi shuò guǒ。 zhòng rén xìng、 rén qíng、 rén dào de fēng shàng yòu suǒ jìn bù， de shì yè yòu suǒ qián jìn。 dàn shì qióng bái rén hè kè duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú、 duì xīn de wén huà de zhuī qiú shí xiàn liǎo me？《 hè kè》 de chuàng zuò zhù tǐ mǎ kè · tù wēn zài shí jiǔ shì jì qī bā shí nián dài chuàng zuò de xīn tài， zhǐ xiàn yú duì４０ héng５０ nián qián jiù shí měi guó de huí yì me？
mǎ kè · tù wēn zài wán gǎo shí yǐ chéngzhǎng wéi měi guó wén tán de jù rén。 tā mù jī liǎo４０ héng５０ nián jiān měi guó lì shǐ de fā zhǎn biàn huà。 zài xiě《 hè kè》 qián liǎng nián， biàn yǐ xiě chū liǎo《 dù jīn shí dài》。 tā xiě chū liǎo nán běi zhàn zhēng hòu de měi guó、 jīng jì dà fā zhǎn de měi guó、 fā cái kuáng cháo xuán juàn liǎo yī qiē de měi guó， shí jì shàng zhǐ shì biǎo miàn shàng dù liǎo báobáo de yī céng jīn， lǐ miàn què shì bāo de yī duī fèi tóng làn tiě， měi guó shè huì yuán lái shì gè fǔ xiǔ de shè huì。 gǔ wǎng jīn lái， céng yòu nǎ yī gè zuò jiā， gěi zì jǐ shēng huó zhe de shí dài qǐ liǎo yī gè rú cǐ shēn kè 'ér juàn yǒng、 rú cǐ yōu mò de míng zì， bìng qiě wéi dāng shí rén men suǒ rèn tóng， bìng wéi shǐ jiā suǒ jiē shòu ní？ zài xiě liǎo《 hè kè》 hòu de wǔ nián（１９００）， mǎ kè · tù wēn xiě liǎo《 bài huài liǎo hè dé lāi bǎo de rén》， xiě chū liǎo“ zuì chéng shí lián jié de shì zhèn” yuán lái shì yī qún wěi jūn zǐ， zài yī dài jīn bì miàn qián， biàn lù chū liǎo“ jì xiǎng dāng niàn zǐ， yòu yào lì pái fāng” de yuán xíng。 tóng nián， zhí bā guó lián jūn qīn huá， mǎ kè · tù wēn zài niǔ yuē fā biǎo liǎo zhù míng de yǎn jiǎng：“ wǒ yě shì yì hé tuán”，“ yì hé tuán shì 'ài guó de”。 yòu liù nián， zài１９０６ nián， gāo 'ěr jī wéi１９０５ nián de lái dào měi guó chóu mù juān kuǎn， mǎ kè · tù wēn duì gāo 'ěr jī de yì jǔ dà lì zhī chí。 yóu cǐ kě jiàn， zhù yì zhě de mǎ kè · tù wēn zài xiě hè kè duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú yùn lù nài mù nào fēi zǐ bǎo yuán bǐ bèi nán zhì děng wǎn wèi jué ? wàng。 zhè lìng rén shī wàng de xiàn shí， gèng jiā shēn liǎo zhè gè dāng guò bào tóng、 pái zì gōng rén、 kuàng gōng、 shuǐ shǒu yǔ lǐng gǎng de zuò jiā duì zhēn zhèng fú hé rén zhì de zì yóu yǔ de qī dài。 shì shí shàng，《 hè kè》 zhōng bù fá hòu lái chēng wéi hēi sè yōu mò yǐ zhì huāng dàn pài sè cǎi de miáo xiě， tè bié shì“ guó wáng” hé“ gōng jué” dēng chǎng yǐ hòu。 yīn cǐ， měi guó yòu de píng lùn jiā chēng《 hè kè》 wéi hēi sè yōu mò de xiān qū， sài lín gé de《 mài tián lǐ de shǒu wàng zhě》 wéi qí dí chuán， zhè shì yòu dào lǐ de①。 fú kè nà shuō，“ shèn zhì huò sāng hé hēng lì · zhān mǔ sī hái bù shì yán gé yì yì shàng lèi sì mǎ kè · tù wēn、 huì tè màn hé sāng dé bǎo nà yàng de měi guó de zuò jiā。” cóng《 hè kè》 yǔ hòu lái měi guó hēi sè yōu mò xiǎo shuō de xuè ròu lián xì， yě biǎo míng liǎo《 hè kè》 de dú tè de měi guó shì xiǎo shuō de fēng gé。
zhù míng zuò jiā hé píng lùn jiā， mǎ kè · tù wēn de hǎo yǒu háo wēi 'ěr sī shuō，“ mǎ kè · tù wēn shì měi guó wén xué shǐ shàng de lín kěn。”② wèishénme néng zhè yàng shuō ní？ xīn pī píng pài dàjiàng kè lǐ 'ēn sī · bó gé kè sī hé luò bó tè · huá lún zhù biān de《 měi guó wén xué chuàng zuò yǔ zuò jiā》 rèn wéi， mǎ kè · tù wēn xiě hè kè，“ yòng de shì hè kè zì jǐ de kǒu yǔ， fǎng fó cū sú， shí nǎi shén qí”， ér bù shì yòng de wǎng wǎng kè bǎn de xù shù rén de yǔ yán。 yòng hè kè de kǒu yǔ xiě， shǐ“ gǎn qíng yǔ shì jiàn róng hé”、“ xíng shì yǔ xiào guǒ yī zhì”， cóng 'ér chuàng zào liǎo mǎ kè · tù wēn de fēng gé。“ wǒ men bù fáng zhè yàng lǐ jiě， lín kěn jiě fàng liǎo hēi nú， mǎ kè · tù wēn jiě fàng liǎo zuò jiā。”③
①《 bǎi nián jì niàn lǎn 'ě fá cháng gěng cǎn chǎng ?
②《 měi guó wén xué zuò pǐn xuǎn》， mài měi sī，１９８０ nián bǎn， juàn２，３３２ yè。
③《 měi guó wén xué chuàng zuò yǔ zuò jiā》， niǔ yuē， juàn 'èr，１２７８ yè。
mǎ kè · tù wēn zhè zhǒng yùn yòng zuò pǐn zhōng rén wù de gè xìng huà kǒu yǔ jìn xíng miáo xù de fēng gé， què shì tā de zhuó yuè gòng xiàn， ér yì yú bā 'ěr zhā kè、 dí gèng sī、 huò sāng， bìng yǐng xiǎng jí yú２０ shì jì yī dà pī měi guó zuò jiā。 zòng lǎn《 hè kè》 quán shū， cóng dì yī jù kāi shǐ， zhí dào jié shù， shǐ zhōng fā zì“ yī gè shēng yīn”， yī gè“ wǒ”。 zhè gè“ wǒ”， bìng fēi hū shì mǎ kè · tù wēn， bù shì yī bān chuán tǒng de xù shù rén， ér shì qióng hái zǐ hè kè。 zuì zhōng， yě shì zhè gè“ wǒ” chū zǒu hòu bù kěn huí nà gè jiā， bù kěn shòu nà tào wén míng guīju de shù fù， ér yào jì xù chuǎng dàng tiān xià， kāi tuò qián jìn。 zhè“ yī gè shēng yīn” yě shì“ měi guó de líng hún” de yī zhǒng biǎo shù， shì mǎ kè · tù wēn bǔ zhuō zhù de shí dài de shēng yīn。 shòu dào zhè zhǒng“ yī gè shēng yīn” de gǎn dòng de， hé zhǐ yī gè rén。 céng yòu zhè me yī gè gù shì。 měi guó zhù míng diàn yǐng míng xīng lāi 'ào nà 'ěr · bā lǐ mó 'ěr jiǔ suì nà nián， yì jí zài１８８８ nián， yě jiù shì《 hè kè》 chū bǎn hòu sān nián， suí fù jiàn dào liǎo mǎ kè · tù wēn。 xīng fèn zhī yú， bù jìn wèitā lǎng sòng liǎo《 hè kè》 quán shū mò yī duàn hè kè de huà， jí bù kěn shòu“ nà yī tào wén míng guīju” de shù fù， yīn 'ér bù kěn fǎn huí nà gǔ bǎn de jiā tíng， ér yào chuǎng dàng jiāng hé， kāi chuàng xīn de shēng huó de nà yī duàn huà。 bā lǐ mó 'ěr zhè wèi zhù míng yǎn yuán huí yì shuō， dāng shí mǎ kè · tù wēn“ yī zhǐ shǒu 'àn zhù liǎo jiǔ suì de hái zǐ de gēbo， rè lèi yíng kuàng。”① mǎ kè · tù wēn měi guó shì xiǎo shuō de nèi róng yǔ xíng shì de tǒng yī， qí yì shù mèi lì zhī qiáng dà， zhè shì dòng rén de yī lì。
①《 bǎi nián jì niàn píng lùn xuǎn》，３６０ yè。
mǎ kè · tù wēn zhè wèi yì shù dà shī、 zhù yì zhě， hé qí tā lì shǐ rén wù yī yàng， dāng rán yòu qí bù zú zhī chù。“ yòu liǎng gè mǎ kè · tù wēn”， zhè shì yǎng mù tā de měi guó zhù míng zuò jiā dé lāi sài de míng jù。 yě jiù shì shuō， yòu yī gè bù gòu shēn kè de yī miàn de mǎ kè · tù wēn。 lìng wài xiàng《 hè kè》， qí jié wěi shì fǒu shì bài bǐ， yě kě shāng tǎo。 dàn hè kè nà zhǒng duì zì yóu de zhuī qiú， duì shè huì de zhuī xī yùn lù nài mù nào fēi xī liǎng qiā gòng fěi bā lán gǔn mǔ lín lū huī liáng dá ? xīn líng zhèn hàn。 yòu de pī píng jiā céng chēng suō shì bǐ yà wéi“ wǒ men tóng shí dài de rén”， rú guǒ wǒ men chēng mǎ kè · tù wēn wéi“ wǒ men tóng shí dài de rén”， bù shì yě fēi cháng tiē qiē me？
１９９５．２．１２ yú nán jīng
hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì
（ tānɡ mǔ · suō yé de huǒ bàn）①
dì diǎn： mì xī xī bǐ hé liú yù②
shí jiān： sì shí zhì sì shí wǔ nián qián③
①《 tānɡ mǔ · suō yé lì xiǎn jì》 chū bǎn yú１８７６ nián，《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》 chū bǎn yú
１８８４ nián， mǎ kè · tù wēn chēng qián zhě hé hòu zhě wéi“ jiě mèi piān’。 xué zhě men jīhū yī zhì rèn wéi mǎ kè · tù wēn xiě《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》 shí， sī xiǎng shàng、 yì shù shàng yòu gè fēi yuè， liǎng shū chéng wéi“ jiě mèi piān”， dàn yòu bù néng děng tóng kàn dài。 hǎi míng wēi shuō，“ suǒ yòu xiàn dài de měi guó wén xué dōulái zì mǎ kè · tù wēn de yī běn shū《 hè kè 'ěr bèi lǐ · fēn lì xiǎn jì》。”
② mì xī xī bǐ hé duì měi guó wén huà de chéngzhǎng fā zhǎn de zhòng yào xìng， rén men cháng yǐ zhī yǔ huáng hé、 cháng jiāng duì zhōng guó wén huà shēngzhǎng、 fā zhǎn de zhòng yào xìng xiāng bǐ。 mǎ kè · tù wēn de gù xiāng jí zài mì xī xī bǐ hé shàng mì sū lǐ zhōu de hàn ní bá。 zài mǎ kè · tù wēn yī shēng zhōng， mì xī xī bǐ hé jì wéi shí jiǔ shì jì měi guó“ xī jìn” de zhòng yào jī dì， yòu wéi nán běi shuāng fāng hēi nú zhì yǔ fǎn hēi nú zhì pài jī liè dǒu zhēng de dì qū。 mǎ kè · tù wēn zhèng shì shí jiǔ shì jì měi guó“ xī jìn” yǔ“ nán xià”（“ nán běi” hēi nú zhì dǒu zhēng） shí dài zhè liǎng gǔ dà cháo yùn yù de wěi dà zuò jiā。 zuò jiā kāi zōng míng yì， qīng chǔ dì diǎn míng gù shì fā shēng de dì diǎn zài zhěng gè de mì xī xī bǐ hé liú yù， yì yì bù tóng xún cháng。
③ běn shū chū bǎn yú１８８４ nián， zuò zhě tè bié diǎn míng gù shì fā shēng zài sì shí zhì sì shí wǔ nián qián， zhǐ xiě de shì１８２６ nián zhì１８４５ nián qī jiān de shì。 zuò jiā xiě de shì liù shí nián dài hēi nú jiě fàng zhàn zhēng yǐ qián de shì， zhǐ shì miáo shù zhōng bǎo hé zhe zuò jiā duì zhàn hòu de“ dù jīn shí dài”， jí xū jiǎ de fán róng shí dài de huàn miè gǎn yǔ duì gèng gāo de shěn měi lǐ xiǎng de shēn chén de zhuī qiú。
"Who dah?"
He listened some more; then he come tiptoeing down and stood right between us; we could a touched him, nearly. Well, likely it was minutes and minutes that there warn't a sound, and we all there so close together. There was a place on my ankle that got to itching, but I dasn't scratch it; and then my ear begun to itch; and next my back, right between my shoulders. Seemed like I'd die if I couldn't scratch. Well, I've noticed that thing plenty times since. If you are with the quality, or at a funeral, or trying to go to sleep when you ain't sleepy--if you are anywheres where it won't do for you to scratch, why you will itch all over in upwards of a thousand places. Pretty soon Jim says:
"Say, who is you? Whar is you? Dog my cats ef I didn' hear sumf'n. Well, I know what I's gwyne to do: I's gwyne to set down here and listen tell I hears it agin."
So he set down on the ground betwixt me and Tom. He leaned his back up against a tree, and stretched his legs out till one of them most touched one of mine. My nose begun to itch. It itched till the tears come into my eyes. But I dasn't scratch. Then it begun to itch on the inside. Next I got to itching underneath. I didn't know how I was going to set still. This miserableness went on as much as six or seven minutes; but it seemed a sight longer than that. I was itching in eleven different places now. I reckoned I couldn't stand it more'n a minute longer, but I set my teeth hard and got ready to try. Just then Jim begun to breathe heavy; next he begun to snore--and then I was pretty soon comfortable again.
Tom he made a sign to me--kind of a little noise with his mouth--and we went creeping away on our hands and knees. When we was ten foot off Tom whispered to me, and wanted to tie Jim to the tree for fun. But I said no; he might wake and make a disturbance, and then they'd find out I warn't in. Then Tom said he hadn't got candles enough, and he would slip in the kitchen and get some more. I didn't want him to try. I said Jim might wake up and come. But Tom wanted to resk it; so we slid in there and got three candles, and Tom laid five cents on the table for pay. Then we got out, and I was in a sweat to get away; but nothing would do Tom but he must crawl to where Jim was, on his hands and knees, and play something on him. I waited, and it seemed a good while, everything was so still and lonesome.
As soon as Tom was back we cut along the path, around the garden fence, and by and by fetched up on the steep top of the hill the other side of the house. Tom said he slipped Jim's hat off of his head and hung it on a limb right over him, and Jim stirred a little, but he didn't wake. Afterwards Jim said the witches be witched him and put him in a trance, and rode him all over the State, and then set him under the trees again, and hung his hat on a limb to show who done it. And next time Jim told it he said they rode him down to New Orleans; and, after that, every time he told it he spread it more and more, till by and by he said they rode him all over the world, and tired him most to death, and his back was all over saddle-boils. Jim was monstrous proud about it, and he got so he wouldn't hardly notice the other niggers. Niggers would come miles to hear Jim tell about it, and he was more looked up to than any nigger in that country. Strange niggers would stand with their mouths open and look him all over, same as if he was a wonder. Niggers is always talking about witches in the dark by the kitchen fire; but whenever one was talking and letting on to know all about such things, Jim would happen in and say, "Hm! What you know 'bout witches?" and that nigger was corked up and had to take a back seat. Jim always kept that five-center piece round his neck with a string, and said it was a charm the devil give to him with his own hands, and told him he could cure anybody with it and fetch witches whenever he wanted to just by saying something to it; but he never told what it was he said to it. Niggers would come from all around there and give Jim anything they had, just for a sight of that five-center piece; but they wouldn't touch it, because the devil had had his hands on it. Jim was most ruined for a servant, because he got stuck up on account of having seen the devil and been rode by witches.
Well, when Tom and me got to the edge of the hilltop we looked away down into the village and could see three or four lights twinkling, where there was sick folks, maybe; and the stars over us was sparkling ever so fine; and down by the village was the river, a whole mile broad, and awful still and grand. We went down the hill and found Jo Harper and Ben Rogers, and two or three more of the boys, hid in the old tanyard. So we unhitched a skiff and pulled down the river two mile and a half, to the big scar on the hillside, and went ashore.
We went to a clump of bushes, and Tom made everybody swear to keep the secret, and then showed them a hole in the hill, right in the thickest part of the bushes. Then we lit the candles, and crawled in on our hands and knees. We went about two hundred yards, and then the cave opened up. Tom poked about amongst the passages, and pretty soon ducked under a wall where you wouldn't a noticed that there was a hole. We went along a narrow place and got into a kind of room, all damp and sweaty and cold, and there we stopped. Tom says:
"Now, we'll start this band of robbers and call it Tom Sawyer's Gang. Everybody that wants to join has got to take an oath, and write his name in blood."
Everybody was willing. So Tom got out a sheet of paper that he had wrote the oath on, and read it. It swore every boy to stick to the band, and never tell any of the secrets; and if anybody done anything to any boy in the band, whichever boy was ordered to kill that person and his family must do it, and he mustn't eat and he mustn't sleep till he had killed them and hacked a cross in their breasts, which was the sign of the band. And nobody that didn't belong to the band could use that mark, and if he did he must be sued; and if he done it again he must be killed. And if anybody that belonged to the band told the secrets, he must have his throat cut, and then have his carcass burnt up and the ashes scattered all around, and his name blotted off of the list with blood and never mentioned again by the gang, but have a curse put on it and be forgot forever.
Everybody said it was a real beautiful oath, and asked Tom if he got it out of his own head. He said, some of it, but the rest was out of pirate-books and robber-books, and every gang that was high-toned had it.
Some thought it would be good to kill the FAMILIES of boys that told the secrets. Tom said it was a good idea, so he took a pencil and wrote it in. Then Ben Rogers says:
"Here's Huck Finn, he hain't got no family; what you going to do 'bout him?"
"Well, hain't he got a father?" says Tom Sawyer.
"Yes, he's got a father, but you can't never find him these days. He used to lay drunk with the hogs in the tanyard, but he hain't been seen in these parts for a year or more."
They talked it over, and they was going to rule me out, because they said every boy must have a family or somebody to kill, or else it wouldn't be fair and square for the others. Well, nobody could think of anything to do--everybody was stumped, and set still. I was most ready to cry; but all at once I thought of a way, and so I offered them Miss Watson--they could kill her. Everybody said:
"Oh, she'll do. That's all right. Huck can come in."
Then they all stuck a pin in their fingers to get blood to sign with, and I made my mark on the paper.
"Now," says Ben Rogers, "what's the line of business of this Gang?"
"Nothing only robbery and murder," Tom said.
"But who are we going to rob?--houses, or cattle, or--"
"Stuff! stealing cattle and such things ain't robbery; it's burglary," says Tom Sawyer. "We ain't burglars. That ain't no sort of style. We are highwaymen. We stop stages and carriages on the road, with masks on, and kill the people and take their watches and money."
"Must we always kill the people?"
"Oh, certainly. It's best. Some authorities think different, but mostly it's considered best to kill them--except some that you bring to the cave here, and keep them till they're ransomed."
"Ransomed? What's that?"
"I don't know. But that's what they do. I've seen it in books; and so of course that's what we've got to do."
"But how can we do it if we don't know what it is?"
"Why, blame it all, we've GOT to do it. Don't I tell you it's in the books? Do you want to go to doing different from what's in the books, and get things all muddled up?"
"Oh, that's all very fine to SAY, Tom Sawyer, but how in the nation are these fellows going to be ransomed if we don't know how to do it to them? --that's the thing I want to get at. Now, what do you reckon it is?"
"Well, I don't know. But per'aps if we keep them till they're ransomed, it means that we keep them till they're dead."
"Now, that's something LIKE. That'll answer. Why couldn't you said that before? We'll keep them till they're ransomed to death; and a bothersome lot they'll be, too--eating up everything, and always trying to get loose."
"How you talk, Ben Rogers. How can they get loose when there's a guard over them, ready to shoot them down if they move a peg?"
"A guard! Well, that IS good. So somebody's got to set up all night and never get any sleep, just so as to watch them. I think that's foolishness. Why can't a body take a club and ransom them as soon as they get here?"
"Because it ain't in the books so--that's why. Now, Ben Rogers, do you want to do things regular, or don't you?--that's the idea. Don't you reckon that the people that made the books knows what's the correct thing to do? Do you reckon YOU can learn 'em anything? Not by a good deal. No, sir, we'll just go on and ransom them in the regular way."
"All right. I don't mind; but I say it's a fool way, anyhow. Say, do we kill the women, too?"
"Well, Ben Rogers, if I was as ignorant as you I wouldn't let on. Kill the women? No; nobody ever saw anything in the books like that. You fetch them to the cave, and you're always as polite as pie to them; and by and by they fall in love with you, and never want to go home any more."
"Well, if that's the way I'm agreed, but I don't take no stock in it. Mighty soon we'll have the cave so cluttered up with women, and fellows waiting to be ransomed, that there won't be no place for the robbers. But go ahead, I ain't got nothing to say."
Little Tommy Barnes was asleep now, and when they waked him up he was scared, and cried, and said he wanted to go home to his ma, and didn't want to be a robber any more.
So they all made fun of him, and called him cry-baby, and that made him mad, and he said he would go straight and tell all the secrets. But Tom give him five cents to keep quiet, and said we would all go home and meet next week, and rob somebody and kill some people.
Ben Rogers said he couldn't get out much, only Sundays, and so he wanted to begin next Sunday; but all the boys said it would be wicked to do it on Sunday, and that settled the thing. They agreed to get together and fix a day as soon as they could, and then we elected Tom Sawyer first captain and Jo Harper second captain of the Gang, and so started home.
I clumb up the shed and crept into my window just before day was breaking. My new clothes was all greased up and clayey, and I was dog- tired.