Home>> Culture & Life>> 哲理小说>> John Fowles   United Kingdom   温莎王朝   (March 31, 1926 ADNovember 5, 2005 AD)
The French Lieutenant's Woman
  The French Lieutenant’s Woman (1969), by John Fowles, is a period novel inspired by the 1823 novel Ourika, by Claire de Duras, which Fowles translated to English during 1977 (and revised in 1994). He was a great aficionado of Thomas Hardy, and, in particular, likened his heroine, Sarah Woodruff, to Tess Durbeyfield, the protagonist of Hardy’s popular novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891).
  
  During 1981, director Karel Reisz and writer Harold Pinter adapted the novel as an eponymous film; During 2006, it was adapted for the stage, by Mark Healy, in a version which toured the UK that year. In 2005, the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the one hundred best English-language novels from 1923 to present.
  Plot summary
  
  The novel's protagonist is Sarah Woodruff, the title Woman, also known by the nickname of “Tragedy”, and by the unfortunate nickname “The French Lieutenant’s Whore”. She lives in the coastal town of Lyme Regis, as a disgraced woman, supposedly abandoned by a French naval officer named Varguennes--married, unknown to her, to another woman-- with whom she had supposedly had an affair and who had returned to France.
  
  Sarah is portrayed ambiguously: is she a genuine, ill-used woman? Is she a sly, manipulative character using her own self-pity to get Charles to succumb to her? Is she merely a victim of the notion of gender as perceived by upper-middle-class people of the 19th century?
  
  She spends her limited time-off at the Cobb [sea wall], staring at the sea. One day, she is seen there by the gentleman Charles Smithson and his fiancée, Ernestina Freeman, the shallow-minded daughter of a wealthy tradesman. Ernestina tells Charles something of Sarah’s story, and he develops a strong curiosity about her. Eventually, he and she meet clandestinely, during which times Sarah tells Charles her history, and asks for his support, mostly emotional. Despite trying to remain objective, Charles eventually sends Sarah to Exeter, where he, during a journey, cannot resist stopping in to visit and see her. At the time she has suffered an ankle injury; he visits her alone and after they have made love he realised that she is, contrary to the rumours, a virgin. Simultaneously, he learns that his prospective inheritance from an elder uncle is in jeopardy; the uncle is engaged to a woman young enough to bear him an heir.
  
  From there, the novelist offers three different endings for The French Lieutenant’s Woman.
  
   * First ending: Charles marries Ernestina, and their marriage is unhappy; Sarah’s fate is unknown. Charles tells Ernestina about an encounter with whom he implies is the “French Lieutenant’s Whore”, but elides the sordid details, and the matter is ended. This ending, however, might be dismissed as a daydream, before the alternative events of the subsequent meeting with Ernestina are described.
  
  Before the second- and third endings, the narrator — whom the novelist wants the reader to believe is John Fowles, himself — appears as a minor character sharing a train carriage with Charles. He flips a coin to determine the order in which he will portray the two, other possible endings, emphasising their equal plausibility.
  
   * Second ending: Charles and Sarah become intimate; he ends his engagement to Ernestina, with unpleasant consequences. He is disgraced, and his uncle marries, then produces an heir. Sarah flees to London without telling the enamoured Charles, who searches for her for years, before finding her living with several artists (likely the Rossettis), enjoying an artistic, creative life. He then sees he has fathered a child with her; as a family, their future is open, with possible reunion implied.
  
   * Third ending: the narrator re-appears, standing outside the house where the second ending occurred; at the aftermath. He turns back his pocket watch by fifteen minutes, before leaving in his carriage. Events are the same as in the second-ending version, but, when Charles finds Sarah again, in London, their reunion is sour. It is possible that their union was childless; Sarah does not tell Charles about one, and does not express interest for continuing the relationship. He leaves the house, deciding to return to America, and sees the carriage, in which the narrator was thought gone. Raising the question: is Sarah a manipulating, lying woman of few morals, exploiting Charles’s obvious love to get what she wants?
  
  En route, Fowles the novelist discourses upon the difficulties of controlling the characters, and offers analyses of differences in 19th-century customs and class, the theories of Charles Darwin, the poetry of Matthew Arnold, Lord Tennyson, and the literature of Thomas Hardy. He questions the role of the author — when speaking of how the Charles character “disobeys” his orders; the characters have discrete lives of their own in the novel. Philosophically, Existentialism is mentioned several times during the story, and in particular detail at the end, after the portrayals of the two, apparent, equally possible endings.
中译本前言
  《法国中尉的女人》已译为世界大部分主要语言。由于刘宪之、蔺延梓先生及百花文艺出版社的努力,现在它又有了中译本,对此我甚感欣慰。遗憾的是我对当代中国知之甚少(尽管对其古代诗人和哲学家还略知一二),因此,很难说我的故事中的人物和背景对当今的中国人民来说,是否过于遥远。不消说,中国人民懂得,十九世纪的英国是一个极富侵略性的国家,它不仅对外不讲自由,对内亦无自由可谈。实际上,我的小说的主题就是写在这样一个毫无自由的社会里,一个地位卑贱的女子是怎样获得自由的。争取自由并不是谋取私人利益的事情,也并不仅仅是与社会相抗衡的问题。我曾说过,自由不应视为个别人的事情。只有靠许多人的共同努力和相互理解,自由才可能取得。
   这部小说因写了好几个可能的结局——一个以悲剧结尾,一个是以喜剧结尾,等等——而变得引人注目。有人指责我,说这一技巧“扼杀”了欧洲的传统小说。不过我以为,真实生活本身充满了各种解释,有不同的发展趋势。生活并不是从一开始便固定了的故事,它不象铁道那样只能有一个固定的旅程。中华人民共和国本身的历史就证实了这一点。
   约翰·福尔斯
   一九八五年
第一章
  放眼西眺,
   烟波浩渺。
   日晒雨淋,
   伫立首翘。
   孑孑孤影,
   日驰天遥。
   胜境何在?
   天涯海角。
   ——哈代①《谜》
   ①托马斯·哈代(1840—1928),英国著名诗人、小说家。
   英国国土在西南方伸出一条腿。腿背面有一凹处,叫作莱姆湾。莱姆湾是这一带最大的海湾。海湾一带的那片陆地叫作“莱姆里吉斯”,这是一个古老而不引人注目的名字。在莱姆湾,东风是再叫人讨厌不过的了。
   一八六七年三月末的一个上午,狂风怒号,侵人肌骨。这当儿,却有一男一女沿莱姆里吉斯码头走了过来。对这一双男女的行色与关系,明眼人一看便可猜出几分。
   码头近处的防波堤至少在过去的七百年来一直是老样子。对土生土长的莱姆人来说,那防波堤不过是沿海边蜿蜒曲折的堵灰蒙蒙的长墙①,仅此而已。事实上,由于码头远离镇子,恰似希腊的比雷埃夫斯港远离雅典城一样(当然按城市和港口的规模来讲是差得很远、不好相比的),因此,莱姆人似乎对它是不屑一顾的。自然,因为有时实在看不下去,莱姆人几个世纪以来还是花了不少钱来修缮防波堤。但是,对一个不计较纳税而且很有眼力的人来说,莱姆里吉斯码头却是英国南海岸最美丽的海边壁垒。它之所以受到重视,倒不仅是因为象导游手册上说的那样,它散发着英国七百年来的历史气息,因为英国战舰就是从这儿启航去迎击西班牙无敌舰队的②,因为蒙默思公爵③就是从其侧面登陆的……最重要的是,它是民间艺术的一块瑰宝。
   它既简单又复杂,既粗犷又雅致,既有细腻的曲线又有大笔浓抹,象亨利·莫尔④和米开朗琪罗⑤的绘画作品似的。它清新,生机盎然,尽善尽美。我这样讲是不是言过其实了?或许是吧。不过,我的话是经得住检验的,因为从本书故事发生的那一年至今,码头几乎没有什么变化。当然莱姆镇已有了很大改变。倘若你立在海边向内陆望去,这种检验就失之公平喽。
   ①莱姆里吉斯码头附近是一条石砌的防波堤,统称“theCobb”,在本书中,码头和防波堤经常混用。另外,莱姆里吉斯指一个地区,莱姆镇是这个地区的小镇,本书中也经常混用。
   ②1588年,英国舰队击败了称雄一时的西班牙无敌舰队。
   ③即詹姆斯·司各特(1649—1685),是查理斯二世的私生子。1685年,詹姆斯二世继承王位以后,他在英格兰西部起兵叛乱,失败后被杀。
   ④亨利·莫尔(1898—?),英国画家、雕刻家。
   ⑤米开朗琪罗(1475—1564),文艺复兴时期意大利著名画家。
   不过,要是你在一八六七年,象刚才讲的那个男子所做的那样。向北方和内陆眺望,映入你眼帘的却是一片和谐景象。有十几所房屋和一家小小的造船厂座落在码头与内陆的交界处,如风景画似的错落有致。造船台上摆着一只小帆船的骨架。越过倾斜的草地向东半英里,是莱姆镇上茅草加石板的屋顶。莱姆镇在中世纪曾名噪一时,但从那以后便日渐衰落。西面是当地叫做克立夫斯崖的灰色峭壁,静静地矗立在遍布鹅卵石的沙滩上。蒙默思正是从那儿开始了他的愚蠢行动。再往远处的内陆方向望去,可以看到连绵不断的悬崖峭壁,映掩在茂密的树木之中。单凭这一点,我们就可以说防波堤确实象是最后一道壁垒,它阻止了海崖西部严重的水土流失。我说这话也是可以得到证实的。在那一带,当时并看不到有什么房屋,就是今天,远处海滩上也不过只有几间孤零零的破旧茅屋。
   由此看来,当地人并不难看出(当时也的确有一个人在望着),那一男一女都是外乡人。他们都是高雅人物,不会因为怕冒一点风寒而放弃欣赏码头风光的大好时机。不过,那个在旁观察的人如果把他的望远镜焦距调得更近一点,他就会发现,那一对儿似乎对默默地一起散步更感兴趣,而对莱姆镇那些沿海的建筑物却不以为然。而且他一定还会注意到,这两个人不仅有高雅的兴致,也有高雅的外表。
   那年轻姑娘穿着入时。一八六七年还吹着另一股风:人们对女裙衬架和大女帽开始感到厌恶了。透过望远镜,可以看到她穿着一品红的裙子,裙子很瘦,紧紧地捆在身上——而且还很短,因为厚厚的绿色外套下面裸露着一双雪白的脚踝,在码头的护墙上姗姗地移动着。带网的发髻上面戴着一顶卷边低平小帽,小帽的边上插着一束精致的白鹭羽毛——未见过大世面的莱姆妇女当时觉得这种头饰款式很不顺眼,她们至少还得再过一年才敢于尝试。那个男子个头稍高,周身上下穿着浅灰色衣服,一只手里拿着大礼帽。他刮掉了腮边胡了——一两年前,英国男性最佳时尚的公断人就说过,这种举动有些庸俗,也就是说,外国人会感到滑稽可笑。今天看来,我们必定感到那年轻女子衣服的颜色十分刺眼,可是那时因为刚刚发明了苯胺染料,所以衣服都是大红大绿的。再说,其他方面的陈规陋习紧紧地束缚着妇女们的一举一动,于是作为一种补偿,妇女们希望穿大红大绿的刺激性颜色,而不愿谨小慎微地去穿得素净淡雅。
   那位持望远镜的人最感莫名其妙的,大概是站在蜿蜒、暗黑的防波堤上的另一个人影。那人站在防波堤靠海的尽头,看得出是倚在一门古代的炮管上。那炮管倒竖着,权作系缆柱。那人周身着黑,风吹动着她的黑衣服,可是人却木然不动,只管向大海望去,颇似一尊海事遇难者的活纪念碑,一个神话中的影子。
Home>> Culture & Life>> 哲理小说>> John Fowles   United Kingdom   温莎王朝   (March 31, 1926 ADNovember 5, 2005 AD)