首頁>> >> 外国经典>> 大仲馬 Alexandre Dumas père   法國 France   十九世紀的法國   (1802年七月24日1870年十二月5日)
三劍客 The Three Musketeers
  《三劍客》是以17世紀初期法國國王路易十三和手握重兵、權傾朝野的首相黎塞留紅衣主教的矛盾為背景,穿插群臣派係的明爭暗鬥,圍繞宮廷裏的秘史軼聞,展開了極饒趣味的故事。書中的主人公少年勇士達達尼昂,懷揣其父留給他的十五個埃居,騎一匹長毛瘦馬,告別及親,遠赴巴黎,希望在同鄉父執的特雷維爾為隊長的國王火槍隊裏當一名火槍手。在隊長府上,他遇上阿托斯,波托斯和阿拉米斯三個火槍手,通過歐洲騎士風行的决鬥,四人結成生死與共的知己。
  其時,國王路易十三,王後安娜·奧地利,以及首相黎塞留三分國權,彼此有隙。國王對達達尼昂幾次打敗首相部下暗自褒奬,而首相卻懷恨在心。恰逢安娜·奧地利王後的舊時情人英國白金漢公爵對她情絲未斷,王後便以金剛鑽墜相贈以表懷念。主教遂利用契機構陷,嚮國王屢進讒言,要國王派人組織宮廷舞會,讓王後配帶國王送給她的那條金剛鑽墜以正虛實。王後眼見舞會日期逼近,惶然無計,幸得心腹侍女波那瑟獻計設法,請達達尼昂幫忙相助。達達尼昂對波那瑟一見鐘情,頗相見恨晚,便不顧個人安危,滿口答應,在三個朋友的全力支持下,四人分頭赴英。經過一路麯折離奇的磨難,唯有達達尼昂如期抵達,嚮白金漢說明原委,及時索回金剛鑽墜,解救了王後的燃眉之急,粉碎了紅衣主教的陰謀詭計。
  紅衣主教黎塞留對安娜·奧地利也早已有意,但一直未獲王後垂青。於是他妒火中燒,移恨於情敵白金漢公爵,利用新舊教徒的矛盾引發的法英戰爭,妄圖除掉白金漢以解心頭之恨。為達此目的,他網羅一批心腹黨羽,其中最得力的親信便是佳麗米拉迪。此女天生麗質,豔若桃李,但卻兩面三刀,口蜜腹劍,心狠手辣,毒如蛇蝎。達達尼昂為其美貌所動,巧構計謀,潛入內室,誘她失身。就在雲雨交歡之中,達達尼昂偶然發現米拉迪肩烙一朵百合花,那是當時歐洲女子犯罪的恥辱刑跡。隱藏數年的這個機密的暴露,使她對達達尼昂恨之入骨,不共戴天,幾次設陷阱暗害,但均未成功。
  在以圍困拉羅捨爾城為戰事焦點的法英對壘中,黎塞留和白金漢各為兩國披挂上陣的主帥。黎塞留暗派米拉迪赴英臥底,乘機行刺白金漢;米拉迪提出以殺死達達尼昂為交換條件。她一踏上英國的土地,即被預先得到達達尼昂通知的溫特勳爵抓獲,遂遭其軟禁。囚禁中,她極盡賣弄風騷和花言巧語之能事,誘惑了溫特勳爵的心腹看守費爾頓,後者自告奮勇救米拉迪出獲,並僥幸刺死了白金漢。米拉迪在歸法途中,巧進修道院,找到了受王後派人庇護的達達尼昂的情婦波那瑟,將她毒死。達達尼昂、阿托斯、波托斯、阿拉米斯四位朋友晝夜兼程,苦苦追蹤,會同溫特勳爵和一名劊子手,終於在利斯河畔抓到企圖潛逃比利時的米拉迪。六位仇人齊討共誅,揭開了米拉迪的老底:原來她早已遁入空門,但她不甘青春寂寞,誘惑了一個小教士與其同居。因敗壞教門清規,教士身陷囹圄,她也被劊子手——小教士的胞兄烙下了一朵百合花。教士越獄逃跑,攜帶米拉迪私奔他鄉,劊子手因受株連入獄,替弟頂罪。在異鄉,米拉迪嫌貧愛富,又拋棄了小教士,和當地一位少年拉費爾伯爵結婚,弄得後者傾傢蕩産又棄他而去。拉費爾伯爵恨之切切,便化名阿托斯投軍,進了國王火槍隊,以慰失戀受騙之苦。米拉迪逃到英國,騙取溫特勳爵伯兄之愛成婚,並生有一子。但為了獨占丈夫及兄弟之遺産,她又謀害了第二個丈夫。她罪惡纍纍,天怒人怨,當即在利斯河畔被殺正法。至此,達達尼昂、阿托斯、波托斯、阿拉米斯、溫特勳爵和劊子手各自都報仇雪恨,了卻夙願。
  黎塞留得知心腹米拉迪遇害一事中,達達尼昂是主謀,便命親信羅什福爾將他捉拿。達達尼昂不卑不亢,坦言相陳,明示原委。黎塞留見他視死如歸,義勇無雙,少年有為,深為感動,非但不加罪行誅,反而擢升其火槍隊副官。阿托斯、波托斯、阿拉米斯三人或歸鄉裏,或娶孀婦,或皈教門,萍飄絮飛,全書就此結局。
  
  《三劍客》是一部歷史小說,但作者大仲馬不拘泥於歷史,在此基礎上添加自己豐富的想像力,使它成為一部引人入勝的俠士小說,至今仍為人們所喜愛。


  The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père, first serialized in March–July 1844. Set in the 17th century, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan after he leaves home to become a guard of the musketeers. D'Artagnan is not one of the musketeers of the title; those are his friends Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, inseparable friends who live by the motto "all for one, one for all" ("tous pour un, un pour tous").
  
  The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. Those three novels by Dumas are together known as the d'Artagnan Romances.
  
  The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the magazine Le Siècle between March and July 1844.
  
  Origin
  
  In the very first sentences of his preface Alexandre Dumas indicated as his source Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan, printed by Pierre Rouge in Amsterdam. It was in this book, he said, that d'Artagnan relates his first visit to M. de Tréville, captain of the Musketeers, where in the antechamber he met three young men with the names Athos, Porthos and Aramis. This information struck the imagination of Dumas so much—he tells us—that he continued his investigation and finally encountered once more the names of the three musketeers in a manuscript with the title Mémoire de M. le comte de la Fère, etc.. Elated—so continues his yarn—he asked permission to reprint the manuscript. Permission granted:
  
   "Well, it is the first part of this precious manuscript that we offer today to our readers, while giving it back its more convenient title and under the engagement to publish immediately the second part should this first part be successful. In the meantime, as the godfather is as good as a second father, we invite the reader to address himself to us, and not to the Comte de La Fère, about his pleasure or boredom. This being said, let's get on with our story."
  
  The book he referred to was Mémoires de M .d'Artagnan, capitaine lieutenant de la première compagnie des Mousquetaires du Roi (Memoirs of Mister d'Artagnan, Lieutenant Captain of the first company of the King's Musketeers) by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (Cologne, 1700). The book was borrowed from the Marseille public library, and the card-index remains to this day; Dumas kept the book when he went back to Paris.
  
  Attention to the extent of Dumas' preface is called for when compared with the recent analysis (2008) of the book's origin by Roger MacDonald in his The Man in the Iron Mask:The True Story of the Most Famous Prisoner in History and the Four Musketeers where the identity of the man in the iron mask is presented as real history.
  
  Following Dumas's lead in his preface, Eugène d'Auriac (de la Bibliothèque Royale) in 1847 was able to write the biography of d'Artagnan: d'Artagnan, Capitaine-Lieutenant des Mousquetaires – Sa vie aventureuse – Ses duels – etc. based on Courtilz de Sandras. This work and especially its introduction with reference to the preface is uncited by MacDonald.
  Plot summary
  Plot brief
  
  The poor d'Artagnan travels to Paris to join the Musketeers. He suffers misadventure and is challenged to a duel by each of three musketeers (Athos, Aramis and Porthos). Attacked by the Cardinal's guards, the four unite and escape.
  
  D'Artagnan and his new love interest, Constance, help the French queen give a particular piece of jewellery to her paramour, the Duke of Buckingham. The Cardinal learns of this and coaxes the French king to hold a ball where the queen must wear the jewellery; its absence will reveal her infidelity. The four companions retrieve the jewellery from England.
  
  The Cardinal kidnaps Constance who is later rescued by the queen. D'Artagnan meets Milady de Winter and discovers she is a felon, the ex-wife of Athos and the widow of Count de Winter. The Cardinal recruits Milady to kill Buckingham, also granting her a hand-written pardon for the future killing of d'Artagnan. Athos learns of this, takes the pardon but is unable to warn Buckingham. He sends word to Lord de Winter that Milady is arriving; Lord de Winter arrests her on suspicion of killing Count de Winter, his brother.
  
  She seduces her guard and escapes to the monastery in France where the queen secreted Constance. Milady kills Constance. The four companions arrive and Athos identifies her as a multiple murderess. She is tried and beheaded.
  
  On the road, d'Artagnan is arrested. Taken before the Cardinal, d'Artagnan relates recent events and reveals the Cardinal’s pardon. Impressed, the Cardinal offers him a blank musketeer officer's commission. D’Artagnan’s friends refuse the commission, each retiring to a new life, telling him to take it himself.
  Detailed plot summary
  
  The main character, d'Artagnan, born into an impoverished noble family of Gascony, leaves home for Paris to fulfill his greatest dream: becoming a Musketeer of the Guard. Fortunately his father knows Monsieur De Treville, Captain of the Company of Musketeers (and fellow Gascon) and has written a letter of introduction. On the road to Paris, the young Gascon soon gets in a quarrel with a mysterious gentleman and is set upon by the servants of the nearby inn. When d'Artagnan regains consciousness he realizes that the gentleman has stolen his letter of introduction. The innkeeper manages to get his hands on much of d'Artagnan's limited money as he recuperates.
  
  In Paris d'Artagnan goes straight to M. De Treville's hôtel, but lacking his father's letter is received somewhat coolly. In a series of incidents at the hôtel, d'Artagnan is challenged to duels by three musketeers: Athos, Porthos, and Aramis. The four men meet and d'Artagnan begins to fight Athos (the first challenger). They are interrupted by Cardinal Richelieu's guards who threaten to arrest them because duels are forbidden by royal decree. The three musketeers and d'Artagnan unite to defeat the cardinal's guards. In this manner the young Gascon earns the respect and friendship of Athos, Porthos and Aramis and soon becomes a soldier in a regiment of the Royal Guard.
  
  After obtaining lodging and hiring a servant (Planchet), he meets his aging landlord's pretty young wife, Constance Bonacieux, with whom he falls instantly in love. Constance and d'Artagnan help the Queen Consort of France, Anne of Austria, and the Duke of Buckingham have a rendezvous and the Queen presents her lover with a wooden box containing a set of diamond jewels originally given to her by her husband Louis XIII. Cardinal Richelieu, informed by his spies of the gift, persuades the King to invite the Queen to a ball where she would be expected to wear the diamonds; in hopes of uncovering her love affair.
  
  Constance attempts to get her husband to go to London and retrieve the diamonds, but he has been recruited as an agent by the cardinal and refuses. D'Artagnan and his friends are convinced to take on the mission instead. After a series of adventures, they retrieve the jewels and return them to Queen Anne, just in time to save her façade of honour. Athos, Porthos and Aramis are all badly wounded by the cardinal's agents in this endeavor.
  
  The cardinal's revenge comes swiftly: the next evening, Constance is kidnapped. D'Artagnan brings his friends back to Paris and tries to find her, but fails. Meanwhile, he befriends the Lord de Winter, an English nobleman who introduces him to his sister-in-law, Milady de Winter. D'Artagnan quickly develops a crush on the pretty noblewoman, but soon learns that she has no love for him, being an agent for the cardinal. He manages to sleep with her and learns that Milady has a fleur-de-lis burned into her shoulder, marking her as a felon. She had apparently been married to both Athos and the Count de Winter at different times in her wicked life and was livid that the young musketeer knew her secret. D'Artagnan is able to escape her home but is relieved when all the King's guards are ordered to La Rochelle where a siege of the Protestant-held town is taking place.
  
  Milady makes several attempts to kill d'Artagnan in and around La Rochelle, but fails. At the same time, d'Artagnan finds out that the Queen has managed to save Constance from the prison where the cardinal and Milady had thrown her and that his beloved is now hidden somewhere safe.
  
  The Musketeers stake out the inn and overhear a conversation between the cardinal and Milady, during which the cardinal asks her to assassinate the Duke of Buckingham (a supporter of the Protestant Rochellais rebels). The churchman then writes out a blanket pardon to Milady, effectively giving her permission to kill d'Artagnan. Athos quickly confronts his former wife and forces her to relinquish the cardinal's pardon. Because of the war between France and England, any attempt by the musketeers to warn the Duke of Buckingham about Milady would be considered treason, but they are able to send Planchet with a letter to Milady's brother-in-law (Lord de Winter) who suspects Milady killed his brother.
  
  Milady is imprisoned on arrival in England, but soon seduces her hard-hearted Puritan jailer Felton and convinces him not only to help her escape, but also to assassinate the Duke of Buckingham. While the naive Felton shanks the prime minister, Milady sails to France. Milady sends a message to the cardinal and hides in the same North French monastery where Constance had been sent by the Queen. The trusting Constance bares her soul to Milady and the evil woman realizes that her enemy d'Artagnan is expected to arrive at the monastery at any moment. She escapes just before his arrival, but not before taking her revenge: she poisons Constance who dies minutes later in the arms of her beloved d'Artagnan.
  
  They arrange to track down the whereabouts of Milady to exact punishment, joined by the Lord de Winter. The noblemen find her and try the countess on numerous charges: the poisoning of Madame Bonacieux; the assassination attempts on d'Artagnan; accomplice to the assassination of the Duke of Buckingham; the corruption of the Lord de Winter's servant, Felton; and the assassination of her late husband, Count de Winter. The most damning charge comes when Athos states that Milady, his wife, is a marked criminal with a brand on her shoulder. When the countess demands that Athos present the one who branded her, a man in a red cloak steps forward. She immediately recognizes him as the executioner of Lille and he recounts Milady's early misdeeds that led to the brand.
  
  After Milady is beheaded the musketeers return to La Rochelle. On their way they encounter the Count of Rochefort, who was traveling to Milady to pay her. Rochefort also has an order to arrest d'Artagnan. He decides to postpone his trip to Milady in order to take d'Artagnan directly to the cardinal. When the young Gascon is presented before him the entire story about Milady's assassination attempts, her poisoning of Madame Bonacieux, etc. is told. The cardinal states that if Milady is indeed guilty, the courts will deal harshly with her. D'Artagnan frankly admits that he and his friends have already dealt with this evil woman. He then presents Richelieu with the blanket pardon written in the cardinal's own hand. The cardinal, impressed by d'Artagnan's resourcefulness and having already gotten what he wanted from Milady, offers the young man a lieutenant's commission with the musketeers — with the name left blank. The cardinal then presents Rochefort and asks both men to be on good terms.
  
  The book ends with d'Artagnan offering the officer's commission to each of his friends, but he is told that he should insert his own name. Athos intends to retire to his estates, Porthos has decided to marry the widow of a rich lawyer and Aramis will soon fulfill his dream of entering the priesthood. Their lives will cross again, in Twenty Years After.
  Important characters
  Musketeers
  
   * Athos
   * Porthos
   * Aramis
  
  D'Artagnan was not one of the titular "three musketeers." The novel recounts his becoming a musketeer.
  Musketeers' servants
  
   * Planchet (d'Artagnan) – A clever fellow whom Porthos found to serve d'Artagnan.
   * Grimaud (Athos) – A Breton, trained to speak only in emergencies and mostly communicates through sign language.
   * Mousqueton (Porthos) – A would-be dandy, just as vain as his master, whose only pay is his master's old clothes
   * Bazin (Aramis) – Waits for the day his master will join the church, as Bazin has always dreamed to serve a priest.
  
  Others
  
   * Milady de Winter
   * Cardinal Richelieu
   * Comte de Rochefort
   * Louis XIII of France
   * M. de Tréville
   * Constance Bonacieux
   * Monsieur Bonacieux
   * Queen Anne of Austria
   * George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
  
  Editions
  
  Les Trois Mousquetaires was translated into three English versions by 1846. One of these, by William Barrow, is still in print and fairly faithful to the original, available in the Oxford World's Classics 1999 edition. However, all of the explicit and many of the implicit references to sexuality had been removed to conform to 19th-century English standards, thereby making the scenes between d'Artagnan and Milady, for example, confusing and strange. The most recent and now standard English translation is by Richard Pevear (2006), who in his introduction notes that most of the modern translations available today are "textbook examples of bad translation practices" which "give their readers an extremely distorted notion of Dumas' writing."
  Adaptations
  Musical theatre
  
  The Three Musketeers is a musical with a book by William Anthony McGuire, lyrics by Clifford Grey and P. G. Wodehouse, and music by Rudolf Friml. The original 1928 production ran on Broadway for 318 performances. A 1984 revival ran for 15 previews and 9 performances. In 2003 a Dutch musical 3 Musketiers premiered, which went on to open in Germany (both the Dutch and German production starring Pia Douwes as Milady De Winter) and Hungary. Composer George Stiles, lyricist Paul Leigh and playwright Peter Raby have produced another version (under the title The 3 Musketeers, One Musical For All), which opened at the American Musical Theatre of San José on 10 March 2001.
  Films
  
  See The Three Musketeers (film) for a list of film adaptations.
  Games
  
  1995 saw the release by publisher U.S. Gold of Touché: The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer by video game developers Clipper Software, a classic point-and-click adventure game using the SCUMM engine.
  
  In 2005, Swedish developer Legendo Entertainment published the side-scrolling platform game The Three Musketeers for Windows XP and Windows Vista. In July 2009, a version of the game was released for WiiWare in North America and Europe under the title The Three Musketeers: One for All!.
  
  In 2009, Canadian developer Dingo Games self-published The Three Musketeers: The Game for Windows and Mac OS X. It is the first game to be truly based on the novel (in that it closely follows the novel's story).
  
  2009 also saw the publication of the asymmetric team board game The Three Musketeers "The Queen's Pendants" (Настольная игра «Три мушкетера») from French designer Pascal Bernard by the Russian publisher Zvezda.
  Television
  
   * Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds is an anthropomorphic animated series adaptation
   * Albert the Fifth Musketeer, animated series which is a sequel to the novel
   * Young Blades, television series which is a sequel to the novels, centered on the son of d'Artagnan
   * Three Musketeers is an anime series adaption
   * The Three Musketeers, an animated adaption that aired as part of Hanna-Barbera's "The Banana Splits Comedy-Adventure Hour" & "The Banana Splits & Friends" show.
  
  Influence on later works
  
  In 1939, American author Tiffany Thayer published a book entitled Three Musketeers (Thayer, 1939). This is a re-telling of the story in Thayer's words, true to the original plot but told in a different order and with different points of view and emphasis from the original. For example, the book opens with the scene of Milady's youth and how she came to be branded, and more development of her early character, making her later scheming more believable and understandable. Thayer's treatment of sex and sexual politics is more explicit than typical English translations of the original, occasionally leading to consternation when this book found its way to library children's sections and school libraries.
原 序
  將近一年前,我為了纂修路易十四史,去王室圖書館搜集資料,偶然見到一本題為《達 達尼昂回憶錄》的書。這本書是在阿姆斯特丹燈石書社排印的。當年法國的作傢若想講真 話,而又不去巴士底獄或長或短地呆一段時間,大多數都把自己的作品送到荷蘭京城去出 版。我被這本書的題目吸引住了,便把它帶回傢,貪婪地讀了一遍,當然是得到館長先生許 可的。
   我無意在這裏對這部奇書進行剖析,而把這個工作留給我那些愛好時代畫捲的讀者去 做。他們從這部書裏,將看到堪稱大手筆描纂的人物肖像;這些人物肖像雖然往往畫在軍營 的門上或小酒店的墻上,但讀者從中還是可以認出一些與昂剋蒂爾①先生的歷史著作中同樣 逼真的人物,諸如路易十三、安娜·奧地利、黎塞留、馬薩林以及當時大多數廷臣的形象。 ①法國十八世紀的一位歷史學家。
   不過,正如大傢知道的,能夠在作傢變幻莫測的頭腦裏産生強烈印象的東西,並不總是 能給廣大讀者留下深刻印象。然而,當我們像其他人可能會欣賞的那樣去欣賞我們提到的細 節時,我們最關心的無疑是在我們之前誰也不曾留心過的事情。
   達達尼昂記述,他頭一次謁見國王火槍隊的隊長特雷維爾先生,請求接受他加入這支久 負盛名的火槍隊時,在候見室裏見到三個年輕人。他們都是該隊的火槍手,分別姓阿托斯、 波托斯和阿拉米斯。
   說實話,一看到這三個陌生的姓氏,我們都感到奇怪,立刻想到它們都是化名。倘若不 是那三個化名者由於心血來潮,心情不好,或時運不佳,纔在穿上樸素的火槍隊隊服那天自 己選擇的,那就是達達尼昂藉以隱匿了幾個很有名望的姓氏。
   這三個不尋常的姓氏引起了我們強烈的好奇。從那時起,我們便不停地從今人的著作中 去尋找它們的蹤跡。
   我們僅僅為達到這個目的而查閱的書目,就足可刊載整整一個專欄。這書目也許可以使 人增長見識,但對我們的讀者來講,肯定索然寡味。所以我們滿意地告訴他們:在我們經過 大量徒勞無益的研究,已經灰心喪氣,準備放棄這個工作時,卻在著名而博學的朋友保 蘭·巴黎①的指點下,終於發現了一部對開本的手稿,其編號是四七七二還是四七七三我們 記不清了,題目是: ①保蘭·巴黎(一八○○——一八八一),王室圖書館館長,法蘭西學院教授,中世紀文學專傢。
譯 序
  公元十九世紀一百年間,南瀕地中海,西臨大西洋,幅員衹有五十多萬平方公裏的那塊 六角形的土地,曾哺育過許多世界級的文人墨客,為人類文化寶庫留下了許多不朽的佳作。 直至今日,不論在西方還是在東方,不論在外國還是在中國,稍有文學素養者,無一不知被 譽為文學之父的雨果,批判現實主義文學大師巴爾紮剋,被冠以小說之王的莫泊桑,自然主 義創作大師左拉,被稱為法國近代散文典範的福樓拜,作品充滿生命的活力與永恆朝氣的司 湯達,素有“想象與真實的奇特調和師”的都德,少有的浪漫文學纔女喬治·桑,以及被公 認的世界科幻小說之父凡爾納。十九世紀的法國文壇,真可謂名流薈萃,文豪雲集,可堪獨 領世界文學一代之風騷。但人們絶不會忘記,在那璀璨的群星之中,有一顆耀眼的明星,那 就是以通俗歷史小說獨占鰲頭的大仲馬。《三劍客》就是他最優秀最著名的代表作之一。
   《三劍客》是以法國國王路易十三和手握重兵、權傾朝野的首相黎塞留紅衣主教的矛盾 為背景,穿插群臣派係的明爭暗鬥,圍繞宮廷裏的秘史軼聞,展開了極饒趣味的故事。書中 的主人公少年勇士達達尼昂,懷揣其父留給他的十五個埃居,騎一匹長毛瘦馬,告別及親, 遠赴巴黎,希望在同鄉父執的特雷維爾為隊長的國王火槍隊裏當一名火槍手。在隊長府上, 他遇上阿托斯,波托斯和阿拉米斯三個火槍手,通過歐洲騎士風行的决鬥,四人結成生死與 共的知己。
   其時,國王路易十三,王後安娜·奧地利,以及首相黎塞留三分國權,彼此有隙。國王 對達達尼昂幾次打敗首相部下暗自褒奬,而首相卻懷恨在心。恰逢安娜·奧地利王後的舊時 情人英國白金漢公爵對她情絲未斷,王後便以金剛鑽墜相贈以表懷念。主教遂利用契機構 陷,嚮國王屢進讒言,要國王派人組織宮廷舞會,讓王後配帶國王送給她的那條金剛鑽墜以 正虛實。王後眼見舞會日期逼近,惶然無計,幸得心腹侍女波那瑟獻計設法,請達達尼昂幫 忙相助。達達尼昂對波那瑟一見鐘情,頗相見恨晚,便不顧個人安危,滿口答應,在三個朋 友的全力支持下,四人分頭赴英。經過一路麯折離奇的磨難,唯有達達尼昂如期抵達,嚮白 金漢說明原委,及時索回金剛鑽墜,解救了王後的燃眉之急,粉碎了紅衣主教的陰謀詭計。
   紅衣主教黎塞留對安娜·奧地利也早已有意,但一直未獲王後垂青。於是他妒火中燒, 移恨於情敵白金漢公爵,利用新舊教徒的矛盾引發的法英戰爭,妄圖除掉白金漢以解心頭之 恨。為達此目的,他網羅一批心腹黨羽,其中最得力的親信便是佳麗米拉迪。此女天生麗 質,豔若桃李,但卻兩面三刀,口蜜腹劍,心狠手辣,毒如蛇蝎。達達尼昂為其美貌所動, 巧構計謀,潛入內室,誘她失身。就在雲雨交歡之中,達達尼昂偶然發現米拉迪肩烙一朵百 合花,那是當時歐洲女子犯罪的恥辱刑跡。隱藏數年的這個機密的暴露,使她對達達尼昂恨 之入骨,不共戴天,幾次設陷阱暗害,但均未成功。
   在以圍困拉羅捨爾城為戰事焦點的法英對壘中,黎塞留和白金漢各為兩國披挂上陣的主 帥。黎塞留暗派米拉迪赴英臥底,乘機行刺白金漢;米拉迪提出以殺死達達尼昂為交換條 件。她一踏上英國的土地,即被預先得到達達尼昂通知的溫特勳爵抓獲,遂遭其軟禁。囚禁 中,她極盡賣弄風騷和花言巧語之能事,了溫特勳爵的心腹看守費爾頓,後者自告奮勇 救米拉迪出獲,並僥幸刺死了白金漢。米拉迪在歸法途中,巧進修道院,找到了受王後派人 庇護的達達尼昂的情婦波那瑟,將她毒死。達達尼昂、阿托斯、波托斯、阿拉米斯四位朋友 晝夜兼程,苦苦追蹤,會同溫特勳爵和一名劊子手,終於在利斯河畔抓到企圖潛逃比利時的 米拉迪。六位仇人齊討共誅,揭開了米拉迪的老底:原來她早已遁入空門,但她不甘青春寂 寞,了一個小教士與其同居。因敗壞教門清規,教士身陷囹圄,她也被劊子手——小教 士的胞兄烙下了一朵百合花。教士越獄逃跑,攜帶米拉迪私奔他鄉,劊子手因受株連入獄, 替弟頂罪。在異鄉,米拉迪嫌貧愛富,又拋棄了小教士,和當地一位少年拉費爾伯爵結婚, 弄得後者傾傢蕩産又棄他而去。拉費爾伯爵恨之切切,便化名阿托斯投軍,進了國王火槍 隊,以慰失戀受騙之苦。米拉迪逃到英國,騙取溫特勳爵伯兄之愛成婚,並生有一子。但為 了獨占丈夫及兄弟之遺産,她又謀害了第二個丈夫。她罪惡纍纍,人怨,當即在利斯河 畔被殺正法。至此,達達尼昂、阿托斯、波托斯、阿拉米斯、溫特勳爵和劊子手各自都報仇 雪恨,了卻夙願。
   黎塞留得知心腹米拉迪遇害一事中,達達尼昂是主謀,便命親信羅什福爾將他捉拿。達 達尼昂不卑不亢,坦言相陳,明示原委。黎塞留見他視死如歸,義勇無雙,少年有為,深為 感動,非但不加罪行誅,反而擢升其火槍隊副官。阿托斯、波托斯、阿拉米斯三人或歸鄉 裏,或娶孀婦,或皈教門,萍飄絮飛,全書就此結局。
   怎樣恰如其分地去評價《三劍客》這部大仲馬的代表作,就像怎樣恰如其分地去評價大 仲馬本人一樣,很難絶對公允的。一百多年來,世人對這部作品貶褒不一,仁者見仁,智者 見智,各執一詞,莫衷一是。但正如大仲馬本人一生多彩多姿、逸趣橫生一樣,他的這部代 表作也是多彩多姿,逸趣橫生。這一評價是舉世公認的。
   有人說,大仲馬的作品是小說化的歷史,也有人說是歷史化的小說。還有些評論傢說大 仲馬不過是將史實化為襯底的色布,要把他的幻想綉上去,於是有時漏了光,就映出了歷史 底色的紋痕來。其實,不管是小說化的歷史,還是歷史化的小說,也不管綉上幻想的襯布是 否漏光,這都不是評論這部作品的本質,就如文人墨客中,有的專長言情小說,有的諳熟人 物傳記,有的精於隨筆散文一樣,大仲馬則拿手通俗歷史小說,並且在通俗歷史小說這塊園 地裏,無論是過去還是現在,無論在法國還是在全世界,無論在數量上或是質量上,他無疑 是首屈一指且又無人與之匹敵的高手。這一評價也是舉世公認的。
   有些作品被推嚮社會,衹不過是有文字記載的過眼雲煙,在人們的心目中沒有留下一絲 回味的痕跡,時隔不久,便被拋進歷史的垃圾或被打進歷史的冷宮。而大仲馬的《三劍客》 和他的另一部世界名著《山伯爵》一樣,已被世界各國譯成多種文字。一個多世紀以 來,儘管人事滄桑,星移鬥轉,該書始終風靡於世,燴炙人口,一直久暢不衰,成了一部受 世人推崇的世界文學名著。這就說明,這部著作成功地經受了社會的檢驗,得到了包括法國 在內的世界讀者的一致認可,經受了歷史的檢驗。這個評價又是舉世公認的。大仲馬生活的 年代,正是法國保皇派和共和派激烈鬥爭的多事之秋,他在上傾嚮資産階級,主張共 和,反對查理十世,反對波旁王朝的復闢。反映這種思想傾嚮的他的第一部浪漫戲劇《亨利 三世及其宮廷》,在《三劍客》問世十多年前就已大獲成功。一八二八年二月十一日第一次 公演時,共和派和保皇派均有人出席,劇場坐無虛席,雨果和奧爾良公爵夫婦也光臨觀賞, 結果在共和派獲得壓倒性勝利的氣氛中降下了帷幕。因此,大仲馬主張共和這種基本的進步 傾嚮,不能不在他以後的創作中反映出來,不能不成為他策劃通俗歷史小說的基本格 調,當然也不能不是貫串《三劍客》的一根思想主綫。
   至於藝術成就,毋庸置疑,大仲馬不啻是一位編織故事的能手,不愧是一位高超的語言 藝術大師。和《山伯爵》一樣,《三劍客》充分顯示了大仲馬想象思維的超凡脫俗,構 織故事情節獨具匠心,刻劃人物別具特色。他用生花的妙筆將主人公達達尼昂和另三個夥伴 的各自性格勾畫得栩栩如生,躍然紙上,呼之欲出:達達尼昂初出茅廬,風流倜儻,果敢機 智,對朋友俠肝義膽,對愛情執着追求,對敵人嫉惡如仇;阿托斯平素少言寡語,出口一言 九鼎,遇事沉着冷靜,處世穩重老練,關鍵時刻,他是主事的靈魂和統帥;波托斯頭腦簡 單,胸無城府,大膽魯莽,貪錢愛財;阿拉米斯則是足智多謀,才思敏捷,溫文雅儒,風度 翩翩,關鍵時刻,他是主事的參謀和智囊。更值得一提的是,作者對上述人物性格的勾勒, 經常將其置於各種不同的决鬥場景,使他們那具有中世紀史詩中騎士劍客的傳奇色彩表現得 更加豐滿,因為當時法國及歐洲的紳士階層,决鬥是司空見慣的。大仲馬的一生就有過十三 次决鬥。早在四歲那年,剛辦完父親的喪事第二天,大仲馬就抱起兩支大槍,悄悄爬上樓 頂,要同上帝一决高低。當他母親責駡時他回答說:“我要到天國去,我要和上帝决鬥,要 把上帝幹掉……因為上帝殺死了我爸爸!”
   大仲馬對紅衣主教黎塞留和其親信米拉迪的着筆更是出神入化:前者那不可一世,呼風 喚雨的囂張,對國王表面遵從而內心鄙夷的驕橫,策劃圍困拉羅捨爾城的老謀深算,處理人 際政務的通權應變,被描繪得淋漓盡致;後者外表的天姿國色,內裏蛇蝎心腸更是被刻劃得 入木三分。連續五章囚禁場面的鋪陳,將米拉迪時而像溫柔的天使,時而像兇惡的魔鬼,時 而口若懸河,才氣橫溢,時而兇像畢露,暗藏殺機,最後把獄吏清教徒勾引得神魂顛倒,終 於入其彀中的內心世界描寫得令人叫絶。
   但是,一部再好的作品,都不可能十全十美。《三劍客》也不例外。一部文學作品不管 屬哪流派,采用何種體裁,是言情小說也好,是通俗歷史小說也罷,其作者都是用他采擷的 素材,調動全方位的思維靈感,駕着想象的翅膀,去編織理想的故事情節,安排一個個典型 的人物,運用最富表現力的語言,力求吸引讀者的情趣,攫取讀者的心靈,以期傳遞他的思 想,引起社會共鳴。不管大仲馬本人主觀臆想如何,也不管他怎樣標榜“我在文學上不承認 什麽體係,也不屬於什麽流派,更不樹什麽旗幟,娛樂和趣味是唯一的原則”,但他的作品 從問世那一天起,就載着某種不以他意志為轉移的影響走嚮社會,走嚮人間,走進讀者 的心靈,因為任何一個故事的構築,任何情節的編織,任何一種寫作技巧或塑造人物手段的 運用,都衹不過是粘附於整個作品的統一載體,綜合地去揭露某種社會矛盾,闡述某種社會 現象,反映某個社會截面的。從這個重要角度去剖析《三劍客》的社會價值,同雨果的《悲 慘世界》或司湯達的《紅與黑》相比,無論在故事的典型性和深刻性,還是在人物刻劃的表 現力與感受力,都明顯相形見絀,因為大仲馬雖然寫到了黎塞留和國王的矛盾,新舊教徒的 衝突,英法兩國的交戰,都衹是蜻蜓點水,浮光掠影,沒有深刻揭露社會衝突的本質,沒有 剖析階級矛盾的內核,沒有披露各派力量是哪一個階級利益的代表,也沒有正本清源以 還歷史的本來面貌,作者衹是將角色的安排人為地依想象去適應小說內容的需要,所以整部 小說雖有一點點史實為依據,但反映的衹是支離破碎甚至有的是有悖歷史真實的史實。這就 是《三劍客》的欠缺一面。
   大仲馬是法國乃至世界文壇上少有的多産作傢。從他以《亨利三世及其宮廷》開試筆鋒 到他六十八歲魂歸天國近四十年的創作生涯中,他的作品多得驚人,光是小說就有二百五十 捲以上,其它還有不知其數的戲劇,動物文學,兒童文學,隨筆等,全部作品多達二百八十 餘捲,最後還寫了一部《烹飪大全》。正因為他的作品林林總總,纔引起不少人對他的猜疑 和非難。在歷史上,很少有哪位作傢像大仲馬那樣受到過那麽多的批評和遣責。有的說:大 仲馬常常收買無名作傢的作品,然後在上面簽下他的姓名;有的說:大仲馬衹是雇用能完全 模仿他筆跡的人做他的秘書。還有的說:大仲馬是如何創作的呢?很簡單,他既搶又盜,他 用不着拿筆,衹用一把剪刀就夠了。總之,用大仲馬自己的話說:“要是我把扔到我身上的 石頭全都收集起來,足可建造一座最大的文學家紀念碑。”他對各種指責和批評是這樣回答 的:“在廣袤的文學領域裏,在有關人類行為方面,不可能存在史無前例之事。作品中的人 物被置於類似的境遇中,以同樣的方法行動,以同樣的話語自我表現,是常見的事”;“我 獲取別人的東西不是偷竊,而是徵服,是合併。”然而儘管大仲馬對那些刻薄的甚至是有損 人格的指責和批評不屑一顧,但總是給他帶來至今都難以洗涮的污點。不過歷史是公正的。 美國優秀的傳記作傢蓋·恩度從許多史實和從許多角度探索,還原了這位常被誤解的大作傢 的真貌:“大部分人不知道如何打發他們的人生,相比之下,這個世上有個人卻以十倍於常 人的精力活着,這個人就是《三劍客》和《山伯爵》的作者大仲馬。說他是吹牛專傢也 好,剽竊者也好,請人捉刀代筆也罷……但這一切恰恰可以證明,他是一位無與倫比的精力 旺盛的偉人。”至於大仲馬的為人,文學之父維剋多·雨果對他作了最中肯最感人的評價: “他的為人像夏日的雷雨那樣爽快,他是個討人喜愛的人。他是密雲,他是雷鳴,他是閃 電,但他從未傷害過任何人。誰都知道,他待人溫和,為人寬厚,就像大旱中的甘霖。”這 個評價也許能廓清對他的許多誤解,也許能告慰他的在天之靈。
   本書第一章到第三十章為羅國林先生所譯,第三十一章到第六十七章為王學文先生所譯。
   王學文
   1994年5月8日於大連外國語學院
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