《大衛·科波菲爾》是英國小說傢查爾斯·狄更斯的第八部長篇小說，被稱為他“心中最寵愛的孩子”，於一八四九至一八五O年間，分二十個部分逐月發表全書采用第一人稱敘事語氣，其中融進了作者本人的許多生活經歷。狄更斯出身社會底層，祖父、祖母都長期在剋魯勳爵府當傭人。父親約翰是海軍軍需處職員，在狄更斯十二歲那年，因負債無力償還，帶纍妻子兒女和他一起住進了馬夏爾西債務人監獄。當時狄更斯在泰晤士河畔的華倫黑鞋油作坊當童工，比他大兩歲的姐姐範妮在皇傢音樂學院學習，全家人中衹有他倆沒有在獄中居住。父親出獄後，狄更斯曾一度進惠靈頓學校學習，不久又因傢貧而永久輟學，十五歲時進律師事務所當學徒。後來，他學會速記，被倫敦民事律師議會聘為審案記錄員。一八三一至一八三二年間，狄更斯先後擔任《議會鏡報》和《真陽報》派駐議會的記者。這些經歷有助於他日後走上寫作的道路。他一生所受學校教育不足四年，他的成功全靠自己的天才、勤奮以及艱苦生活的磨練。一八三六年，狄更斯終於以長篇小說《匹剋威剋外傳》而名滿天下，當時他年僅二十四歲。
　　
　　一八四八年，範妮因患肺結核早逝，她的死使狄更斯非常悲傷，因為在衆多兄弟姐妹中，衹有他倆在才能、志趣上十分接近。他倆都有傑出的表演才能，童年時曾隨父親到羅徹斯特的米特爾飯店，站在大餐桌上表演歌舞，贏得衆人的贊嘆。範妮死後，狄更斯寫下一篇七千字的回憶文章，記錄他倆一起度過的充滿艱辛的童年。狄更斯身後，他的好友福斯特在《狄更斯傳》中首次嚮公衆披露了狄更斯的早年，小說，根據的正是這篇回憶。狄更斯寫這篇回憶是為創作一部自傳體長篇小說做準備。他小說主人公取過許多名字，最後纔想到“大衛·科波菲爾”。福斯特聽了，立刻叫好，因為這個名字的縮寫D.C.正是作者名字縮寫的顛倒。於是小說主人公的名字便定了下來。
　　
　　狄更斯早期作品大多是結構鬆散的“流浪漢傳奇”，足憑藉靈感信筆揮灑的即興創作，而本書則是他的中期作品，更加註重結構技巧和藝術的分寸感。狄更斯在本書第十一章中，把他的創作方法概括為“經驗想象，糅合為一”。他寫小說，並不拘泥於臨摹實際發生的事，而是充分發揮想象力，利用生活素材進行嶄新的創造。儘管書中大衛幼年時跟母親學字母的情景是他本人的親身經歷，大衛在母親改嫁後，在極端孤寂的環境中閱讀的正是他本人在那個年齡所讀的書，母親被折磨死後，大衛被送去當童工的年齡也正是狄更斯當童工時的年齡，然而，小說和實事完全不同：狄更斯不是孤兒，而他筆下的大衛卻是“遺腹子”。同時，狄更斯又把自己父母的某些性格糅進了大衛的房東、推銷商米考伯夫婦身上。
　　
　　大衛早年生活的篇章以孩子的心理視角嚮我們展示了一個早已被成年人淡忘的童年世界，寫得十分真切感人。例如：大衛以兒童特殊的敏感對追求母親的那個冷酷、殘暴、貪婪的商人默德斯東一開始就懷有敵意，當默德斯東虛情假意地伸手拍拍大衛時，他發現那衹手放肆地碰到母親的手，便生氣地把它推開。大衛嚮母親復述默德斯東帶他出去玩時的情景，當他說到默德斯東的一個朋友在談話中老提起一位“漂亮的小寡婦”時，母親一邊笑着，一邊要他把當時的情景講了一遍又一遍。敘事完全從天真無邪的孩子的視角出發，幼兒並不知道人傢講的就是自己的母親，而年輕寡婦要求再醮、對幸福生活的熱烈憧憬已躍然紙上。又如：大衛跟保姆佩葛蒂到她哥哥傢去玩，她的哥哥闢果提先生是一位漁民。大衛看見他從海上作業後回來洗臉，覺得他與蝦蟹具有某種相似之處，因為那張黑臉被熱水一燙，立刻就發紅了。這個奇特的聯想，充滿童趣和狄更斯特有的幽默。

　　David Copperfield or The Personal History, Adventures, Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger of Blunderstone Rookery (which he never meant to publish on any account) is a novel by Charles Dickens, first published as a novel in 1850. Like most of his works, it originally appeared in serial form a year earlier. Many elements within the novel follow events in Dickens' own life, and it is probably the most autobiographical of all of his novels. In the preface to the 1867 Charles Dickens edition, he wrote, "… like many fond parents, I have in my heart of hearts a favourite child. And his name is David Copperfield."
　　
　　Plot summary
　　
　　The story deals with the life of David Copperfield from childhood to maturity. David is born in England in about 1820. David's father had died six months before he was born, and seven years later, his mother marries Mr Edward Murdstone. David is given good reason to dislike his stepfather and has similar feelings for Mr Murdstone's sister Jane, who moves into the house soon afterwards. Mr Murdstone thrashes David for falling behind with his studies. Following one of these thrashings, David bites him and is sent away to a boarding school, Salem House, with a ruthless headmaster, Mr. Creakle. Here he befriends James Steerforth and Tommy Traddles, both of whom he meets again later on.
　　
　　David returns home for the holidays to find out that his mother has had a baby boy. Soon after David goes back to Salem House, his mother and her baby die and David has to return home immediately. Mr Murdstone sends him to work in a factory in London, of which Murdstone is a joint owner. The grim reality of hand-to-mouth factory existence echoes Dickens' own travails in a blacking factory. His landlord, Mr Wilkins Micawber, is sent to a debtor's prison (the King's Bench Prison) after going bankrupt, and is there for several months before being released and moving to Plymouth. David now has nobody left to care for him in London, and decides to run away.
　　
　　He walks all the way from London to Dover, to find his only relative, his aunt Miss Betsey. The eccentric Betsey Trotwood agrees to bring him up, despite Mr Murdstone visiting in a bid to regain custody of David. David's aunt renames him 'Trotwood Copperfield', soon shortened to "Trot", and for the rest of the novel he is called by either name, depending on whether he is communicating with someone he has known for a long time, or someone he has only recently met.
　　
　　The story follows David as he grows to adulthood, and is enlivened by the many well-known characters who enter, leave and re-enter his life. These include Peggotty, his faithful former housekeeper for his mother, her family, and their orphaned niece Little Em'ly who lives with them and charms the young David. David's romantic but self-serving schoolfriend, Steerforth, seduces and dishonors Little Em'ly, triggering the novel's greatest tragedy; and his landlord's daughter and ideal "angel in the house," Agnes Wickfield, becomes his confidante. The two most familiar characters are David's sometime mentor, the constantly debt-ridden Mr Wilkins Micawber, and the devious and fraudulent clerk, Uriah Heep, whose misdeeds are eventually discovered with Micawber's assistance. Micawber is painted as a sympathetic character, even as the author deplores his financial ineptitude; and Micawber, like Dickens's own father, is briefly imprisoned for insolvency.
　　
　　In typical Dickens fashion, the major characters get some measure of what they deserve, and few narrative threads are left hanging. Dan Peggotty safely transports Little Em'ly to a new life in Australia; accompanying these two central characters are Mrs. Gummidge and the Micawbers. Everybody involved finally finds security and happiness in their new lives in Australia. David first marries the beautiful but naïve Dora Spenlow, but she dies after failing to recover from a miscarriage early in their marriage. David then does some soul-searching and eventually marries and finds true happiness with the sensible Agnes, who had secretly always loved him. They have several children, including a daughter named in honor of Betsey Trotwood.
　　Analysis
　　
　　The story is told almost entirely from the point of view of the first person narrator, David Copperfield himself, and was the first Dickens novel to be written as such a narration.
　　
　　Critically, it is considered a Bildungsroman, i.e., a novel of self-cultivation, and would be influential in the genre which included Dickens's own Great Expectations (1861), Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, published only two years prior, Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure, Samuel Butler's The Way of All Flesh, H. G. Wells's Tono-Bungay, D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers, and James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.
　　
　　Tolstoy regarded Dickens as the best of all English novelists, and considered Copperfield to be his finest work, ranking the "Tempest" chapter (chapter 55, LV – the story of Ham and the storm and the shipwreck) the standard by which the world's great fiction should be judged. Henry James remembered hiding under a small table as a boy to hear instalments read by his mother. Dostoyevsky read it enthralled in a Siberian prison camp. Franz Kafka called his first book Amerika a "sheer imitation". James Joyce paid it reverence through parody in Ulysses. Virginia Woolf, who normally had little regard for Dickens, confessed the durability of this one novel, belonging to "the memories and myths of life". It was Freud's favourite novel.
　　Characters in David Copperfield
　　
　　 * David Copperfield – An optimistic, diligent, and persevering character, he is the protagonist. He is later called "Trotwood Copperfield" by some ("David Copperfield" is also the name of the hero's father, who dies before David is born). He has many nicknames: James Steerforth nicknames him "Daisy", Dora calls him "Doady", and his aunt refers to him, as a reference to his would-be sister (if he had been born a girl), in and on "Trot" – as in Betsey Trotwood Copperfield.
　　 * Clara Copperfield – David's kind mother, described as being innocently childish, who dies while David is at Salem House. She dies just after the birth of her second child, who dies along with her.
　　 * Peggotty – The faithful servant of the Copperfield family and a lifelong companion to David (referred to at times as Mrs. Barkis after her marriage to Mr. Barkis). Inherits £3,000—a large sum in the mid-19th century—when Mr. Barkis dies. After his death, she becomes Betsey Trotwood's servant.
　　 * Betsey Trotwood – David's eccentric and temperamental yet kindhearted great-aunt; she becomes his guardian after he runs away from Grinby and Murdstone's warehouse in Blackfriars (London). She is present on the night of David's birth but leaves after hearing that Clara Copperfield's child is a boy instead of a girl.
　　 * Mr. Chillip – A shy doctor who assists at David's birth and faces the wrath of Betsey Trotwood after he informs her that Clara's baby is a boy instead of a girl.
　　 * Mr. Barkis – An aloof carter who declares his intention to marry Peggotty. He says to David: "Tell her, 'Barkis is willin'!' Just so." He is a bit of a miser, and hides his surprisingly vast liquid wealth in a plain box labeled "Old Clothes". He bequeaths to his wife the then astronomical sum of £3,000 when he dies about ten years later.
　　 * Edward Murdstone – Young David's cruel stepfather, who canes him for falling behind in his studies. David reacts by biting Mr Murdstone, who then sends him to Salem House, the private school owned by his friend Mr. Creakle. After David's mother dies, Mr Murdstone sends him to work in a factory, where he has to clean wine bottles. He appears at Betsey Trotwood's house after David runs away. Mr Murdstone appears to show signs of repentance when confronted with Copperfield's aunt, but later in the book we hear he has married another young woman and applied his old principles of "firmness."
　　 * Jane Murdstone – Mr. Murdstone's equally cruel sister, who moves into the Copperfield house after Mr. Murdstone marries Clara Copperfield. She is the "Confidential Friend" of David's first wife, Dora Spenlow, and encourages many of the problems that occur between David Copperfield and Dora's father, Mr. Spenlow. Later, she rejoins her brother and his new wife in a relationship very much like the one they had with David's mother.
　　 * Daniel Peggotty – Peggotty's brother; a humble but generous Yarmouth fisherman who takes his nephew Ham and niece Emily into his custody after each of them has been orphaned. After Emily's departure, he travels around the world in search of her. He eventually finds her in London, and after that they emigrate to Australia.
　　 * Emily (Little Em'ly) – A niece of Mr. Peggotty. She is a childhood friend of David Copperfield, who loves her in his childhood days. She leaves her cousin and fiancé, Ham, for Steerforth, but returns after Steerforth deserts her. She emigrates to Australia with Mr. Peggotty after being rescued from a London brothel.
　　 * Ham Peggotty – A good-natured nephew of Mr. Peggotty and the fiancé of Emily before she leaves him for Steerforth. He later loses his life while attempting to rescue a sailor, who happens to be Steerforth, from a shipwreck. His death is hidden from his family due to the fact that David does not want them to worry on the brink of their journey.
　　 * Mrs. Gummidge – The widow of Daniel Peggotty's partner in a boat. She is a self-described "lone, lorn creetur" who spends much of her time pining for "the old 'un" (her late husband). After Emily runs away from home with Steerforth, she changes her attitude to better comfort everyone around her and tries to be very caring and motherly. She too emigrates to Australia with Dan and the rest of the surviving family.
　　 * Martha Endell – A young woman of a bad reputation who helps Daniel Peggotty find his niece after she returns to London. She has worked as a prostitute, and been victim to the idea of suicide.
　　 * Mr. Creakle – The harsh headmaster of young David's boarding school, who is assisted by Tungay. Mr. Creakle is a friend of Mr. Murdstone. He singles out David for extra torment. Later he becomes a Middlesex magistrate, and is considered enlightened for his day.
　　
　　"I am married". Etching by Phiz.
　　
　　 * James Steerforth – A close friend of David, he is of a romantic and charming disposition and has known David ever since his first days at Salem House. Although well-liked by most, he proves himself to be lacking in character by seducing and later abandoning Little Em'ly. He eventually drowns at Yarmouth with Ham Peggotty, who had been trying to rescue him.
　　 * Tommy Traddles – David's friend from Salem House. They meet again later and become eventual lifelong friends. Traddles works hard but faces great obstacles because of his lack of money and connections. He eventually succeeds in making a name and a career for himself.
　　 * Wilkins Micawber – A gentle man who befriends David as a young boy. He suffers from much financial difficulty and even has to spend time in a debtor's prison. Eventually he emigrates to Australia where he enjoys a successful career as a sheep farmer and becomes a magistrate. He is based on Dickens' father, John Dickens.
　　 * Mr. Dick (Richard Babley) – A slightly deranged, rather childish but amiable man who lives with Betsey Trotwood. His madness is amply described in as much as that he claims to have the "trouble" of King Charles I in his head.
　　 * Dr. Strong – The headmaster of David's Canterbury school, whom he visits on various occasions.
　　 * Anne Strong – The young wife of Dr. Strong. Although she remains loyal to him, she fears that he suspects that she is involved in an affair with Jack Maldon.
　　 * Jack Maldon – A cousin and childhood sweetheart of Anne Strong. He continues to bear affection for her and tries to seduce her into leaving Dr. Strong.
　　 * Mr. Wickfield – The father of Agnes Wickfield and lawyer to Betsey Trotwood. He is prone to alcoholism.
　　 * Agnes Wickfield – Mr. Wickfield's mature and lovely daughter and close friend of David since childhood. She later becomes David's second wife and mother of their children.
　　 * Uriah Heep – A wicked young man who serves as partner to Mr. Wickfield. He is finally discovered to have stolen money and is imprisoned as a punishment. He always talks of being "'umble" (humble) and nurtures a deep hatred of David Copperfield and many others.
　　 * Mrs. Steerforth – The wealthy widowed mother of James Steerforth. She herself is incredibly like her son.
　　 * Miss Dartle – A strange, vitriolic woman who lives with Mrs. Steerforth. She has a secret love for Steerforth and blames others such as Emily and even Steerforth's own mother for corrupting him. She is described as being extremely skinny and displays a visible scar on her lip caused by Steerforth. She is also Steerforth's cousin.
　　 * Mr. Spenlow – An employer of David's during his days as a proctor and the father of Dora Spenlow. He dies suddenly of a heart attack while driving his phaeton home.
　　 * Dora Spenlow – The adorable but foolish daughter of Mr. Spenlow who becomes David's first wife. She is described as being impractical and with many similarities to David's mother. She dies of illness on the same day as her dog, Jip.
　　 * Mr.Sharp – He was the chief teacher of Salem House and had more authority than Mr.Mell.He looked weak,both in health and character;his head seemed to be very heavy for him:he walked on one side.He had a big nose.
　　 * Mr.Mell – A tall, thin young man with hollow cheeks.His hair was dusty and dry too,with rather short sleeves and legs.