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首页>> 文化生活>> 中国经典>> 曹雪芹 Cao Xueqin   中国 China   清   (1715年6月4日～1764年), 高鹗 Gao E   中国 China   清代   (1738年～1815年)
红楼梦 A Dream of Red Mansions
　　《红楼梦》是成书于清代乾隆年间的一部章回体古典长篇小说，曾用名《石头记》《情僧录》《风月宝鉴》《金陵十二钗》，中国古典小说四大名著之一，又名《脂砚斋重评石头记》。据考证，学者普遍认为作者为：曹雪芹。评阅者：脂砚斋。现存大约八十回。
　　由于原著结尾散失，许多续作纷纷出炉，据统计，《红楼梦》续书种类高达五十余种。较为著名的续作者有清代才女顾太清及通行本续作者或整理者高鹗等。而通过此书中的后四十回诗词可以看出续作者大大宣扬迷信的因果报应、虚无宿命的封建毒素，严重歪曲了小说揭露和抨击现实政治和社会黑暗的思想倾向。后高鹗续40回，大多数以此与前80回构成全本《红楼梦》
　　
　　
　　【原作者介绍】
　　
　　在20世纪初，“红楼梦原作者究竟是谁”这个问题曾经引起中国学界的争论，这个争论至今仍然存在。大致上可分为二说：
　　一、红楼梦是由曹雪芹所撰写的
　　曹雪芹，中国清代伟大的文学家，名沾（zhān），字梦阮，号雪芹，又号芹圃、芹溪，祖籍辽宁辽阳，生于1724年，卒于1764年。其先世原是汉族，后为满洲正白旗包衣（家奴）。曹雪芹的曾祖父曹玺，祖父曹寅，父辈的曹颙和曹頫相继担任江宁织造达60余年之久，颇受康熙帝宠信。曹雪芹在富贵荣华中长大。雍正初年，由于封建统治阶级内部斗争的牵连，曹家遭受多次打击，曹頫被革职入狱，家产抄没，举家迁回北京，家道从此日渐衰微。这一转折，使曹雪芹深感世态炎凉，更清醒地认识了封建社会制度的实质。从此他生活一贫如洗他能诗会画，擅长写作，以坚韧不拔的毅力专心致志地从事小说《红楼梦》的写作和修订，披阅十载，增删五次，写出了这部把中国古典小说创作推向巅峰的文学巨著。《红楼梦》以其丰富的内容，曲折的情节，深刻的思想认识，精湛的艺术手法成为中国古典小说中伟大的现实主义作品。乾隆二十七年（1762年），幼子夭亡，曹雪芹陷于过度忧伤和悲痛，到这一年的除夕（1764年2月1日），因贫病无医而逝世（关于曹雪芹逝世的年份，另有乾隆二十八年（1763年）和二十九（1764年）年两种说法）（曹雪芹逝于1763年是脂砚斋说的：能解者，方有辛酸之泪，哭成此书。壬午除夕，书未成，芹为泪尽而逝。余尝哭芹，泪亦待尽），入葬费用由好友资助。
　　《红楼梦》第一回正文中，将作者归之为“石头”，这自然是小说家言。紧接著又提到，此书经“曹雪芹于悼红轩中披阅十载，增删五次，纂成目录，分出章回”。而早期抄本中的大量脂批则直指曹雪芹就是作者。如甲戌本第一回有批语：“若云雪芹披阅增删，然则开卷至此这一篇楔子又系谁撰？足见作者之笔狡猾之甚。”据一部分红学家研究，脂批还多次说《红楼梦》的故事很多取材于曹家史实，也可作为旁证。由于脂批中透露作批者与曹雪芹及其家族关系紧密，也熟知甚至部分地参与了《红楼梦》的创作，因此脂批可以说是曹雪芹作为《红楼梦》作者的最直接证据，但有些派别认为脂批纯属后来者杜撰，不能作为研究证据。
　　清代诗人富察明义在其《题红楼梦》诗序中说：“曹子雪芹出所撰《红楼梦》一部，备记风月繁华之盛，盖其先人为江宁织府。其所谓大观园者即今随园故址。惜其书未传，世鲜知者，余见其钞本焉。”另一位清代宗室诗人永忠作于乾隆三十三年（1768年）的咏《红楼梦》诗题曰：“因墨香得观《红楼梦》小说吊雪芹三绝句（姓曹）”。这大概是除《红楼梦》本身和脂批之外，最早指出曹雪芹是《红楼梦》作者的记载。明义和永忠都是曹雪芹同时代人，虽然没有证据表明他们认识曹雪芹，但他们与曹雪芹的朋友敦诚、敦敏兄弟有密切往来，因此他们的说法被认为是具有很高的可靠性。但迄今没有在敦诚、敦敏兄弟的文字中找到关于曹雪芹是《红楼梦》作者的记载。
　　另外，在与曹雪芹同时代或稍晚的袁枚、裕瑞等人，以及更晚的其他人的笔记中，也都有曹雪芹是《红楼梦》作者的记载。1921年，胡适发表《红楼梦考证》，在对清人笔记和曹雪芹家族考证的基础上，确定曹雪芹为《红楼梦》作者，从此成为定说。稍后脂本脂批的发现更强有力地支持了这一结论，但问题是不同脂批间具有非常多的矛盾，脂批很可能为假造。
　　二、红楼梦的作者另有其人
　　近年来虽不断有人提出《红楼梦》作者另有其人，但均缺少证据，不足为凭。
　　
　　
　　【故事简介】
　　
　　女娲炼石补天时，所炼之石剩一块未用，弃在大荒山无稽崖青埂峰下。此石已通灵性，大小随心，来去任意，因未被选中补天常悲伤自怨。和尚茫茫大士、道士渺渺真人见其可爱，便将它携至“昌明隆盛之邦、诗礼簪缨之族、花柳繁华地、富贵温柔乡走了一道”。不知多长时间以后，空空道人经过这里，见石上刻着它那番经历，便从头到尾抄下，交曹雪芹披阅增删、分出章回。以下便为石上所刻内容。姑苏阊门外有个葫芦庙，乡宦甄士隐居住庙旁，可怜寄居庙内的穷儒贾雨村，赠银让他赶考。元宵之夜，甄的女儿英莲被拐走；不久因葫芦庙失火；甄家又被烧毁。甄带妻子投奔岳父，遭白眼，随跛道人出家。
　　贾雨村中进士，任县令，由于贪财被革职，到盐政林如海家教林的女儿林黛玉读书。京城起复参革人员。贾雨村托林如海求岳家荣国府帮助：林的岳母贾母因黛玉丧母，要接黛玉去身边。林便托贾雨村送黛玉到京。贾雨村与荣国府联宗。并得林如海内兄贾政帮忙，得任金陵应天府。
　　黛玉进荣国府，除外祖母外，还见了大舅母，即贾赦之妻邢夫人，二舅母，即贾政之妻王夫人，年轻而管理家政的王夫人侄女、贾赦儿子贾琏之妻王熙凤，以及迎春、探春、惜春和衔玉而生的贾宝玉。宝黛二人初见有似曾相识之感，但宝玉因见美如天仙的表妹黛玉，便砸自己的通灵宝玉，惹起一场不快。
　　贾雨村在应天府审案，英莲被拐卖。买主为皇商之家、王夫人的姐姐薛姨妈之子薛蟠。薛蟠虽为争英莲打死原买主，但贾雨村胡乱判案，放了薛蟠。薛蟠与母亲、妹妹薛宝钗也一同到荣国府住下。
　　宁国府梅花盛开，贾珍妻尤氏请贾母等赏玩。贾宝玉睡午觉，住在贾珍儿媳秦可卿卧室，梦游太虚幻境，见“金陵十二钗”图册，听演《红楼梦》曲，与仙女可卿云雨，醒来后因梦遗被丫环袭人发现，二人发生关系。
　　京官后代王狗儿已沦落乡间务农，因祖上曾和王夫人、凤姐娘家联宗，便让岳母刘姥姥到荣国府找王夫人打秋风。王熙凤接待，给了二十两银子。
　　薛宝钗曾得癞头和尚赠金锁治病，以后一直佩带。黛玉忌讳金玉良缘之说，常暗暗讥讽宝钗，警告宝玉。
　　贾珍之父贾敬放弃世职，离家求仙学道。他生日之日，贾珍在家设宴相庆。因林如海得病，贾琏带黛玉去姑苏，他的族弟贾瑞调戏凤姐，被凤姐百般捉弄而死。
　　秦可卿病死，贾珍恣意奢华，不仅东西都选上等，还花千两银子为儿子捐龙禁尉，以便丧礼风光。送丧途中，凤姐贪图三千两银子，拆散情人，使一对青年男女含恨而自杀。
　　林如海死后，黛玉只得常住荣府。一种寄人篱下的凄凉感笼罩着她，常暗暗流泪，身体也更加病弱。
　　贾政长女元春被册封为妃，皇帝恩准省亲。荣国府为了迎接这大典，修建极尽奢华的大观园，又采办女伶、女尼、女道士，出身世家、因病入空门的妙玉也进荣府。元宵之夜，元春回娘家呆了一会儿，要宝玉和众姐妹献诗。黛玉本想大展奇才，但受命只能作一首。袭人娇嗔说要离开宝玉，深感遗憾的宝玉求袭人别走，袭人趁机规劝宝玉读书“干正事”。宝玉和黛玉两小无猜，情意绵绵。又因有薛宝钗或其他小事。二人常争吵，在不断争吵中情感愈深。
　　宝钗过生日唱戏，小旦像黛玉，贾母娘家孙女史湘云口快说出，宝玉怕黛玉生气阻拦、结果惹得二人都生宝玉气。元春怕大观园空闲。便让宝玉和众姐妹搬进居住。进园后，宝玉更成天和这些女孩子厮混；书童将《西厢记》等书偷进园，宝玉和黛玉一同欣赏。这是经典的一回。
　　贾政妾赵姨娘所生子，宝玉庶弟贾环嫉妒宝玉，抄写经书时装失手弄倒蜡烛烫伤宝玉，王夫人大骂赵姨娘。赵姨娘又深恨凤姐，便请马道婆施魇魔法，让凤姐、宝玉中邪几乎死去。癞和尚、跛道人擦拭通灵玉、救好二人。黛玉性格忧郁，暮春时节伤心落花，将它们埋葬，称为花冢，并写《葬花辞》。宝玉丫环晴雯失手跌坏扇子，宝玉说她。她便顶撞，袭人劝，她又讽刺，气得宝玉要赶走她。到晚间晴雯乘凉。宝玉又让她撕扇子以博她一笑。有一次史湘云劝宝玉会官员，谈仕途，被宝玉抢白，并说黛玉从不说这种混账话；恰巧黛玉路过听到，深喜知心。王夫人丫环金钏儿与宝玉调笑，被王夫人赶出投井而死，被贾环告诉贾政。宝玉又结交忠顺王爷喜欢的伶人蒋玉菡，使得王爷派人来找。贾政大怒，将贾宝玉打得皮开肉绽。王夫人找袭人，要她随时报告情况。并决定将来袭人给宝玉做妾。
　　大观园中无所事事，探春倡导成立诗社。第一次咏白海棠，宝钗夺魁；第二次作菊花诗，林黛玉压倒众人。
　　刘姥姥二进荣国府，被贾母知道，便留她住下。在大观园摆宴，把她作女清客取笑；这位饱经世故的老妇也甘心充当这一角色。贾母又带刘姥姥游大观园各处。在拢翠庵，妙玉招待黛玉、宝钗饮茶，宝玉也得沾光。
　　为凤姐庆生辰，从贾母起，各人出分子办席。凤姐饮酒过多，想回家休息，撞到贾琏正勾引仆妇。凤姐哭闹。逼得仆妇上吊，贾母迫使贾琏向凤姐赔礼。
　　由于行酒令黛玉引了几句《西厢记》曲文，被宝钗察觉，并宽容了她，二人关系好转。黛玉承认宝钗为好人，自己多心。黛玉模仿《春江花月夜》写出《秋窗风雨夕》，抒发自己的哀愁。贾赦垂涎贾母丫环鸳鸯，让其妻邢夫人找贾母。鸳鸯不肯，贾母也不愿意，便斥责邢夫人。贾母与贾赦母子关系更加不好。薛蟠在一次宴席上调戏会唱戏而又豪爽的柳湘莲，被柳毒打，柳怕报复，逃往他乡。薛蟠无脸，也外出经商。其妾香菱（即英莲）到大观园学诗。又有几家亲戚的姑娘来到，大观园中作诗、制灯谜，空前热闹与欢乐。袭人因母病回家，晴雯夜里受寒伤风，身上烧得烫人。宝玉为舅舅庆寿，贾母给他一件俄罗斯裁缝用孔雀毛织的雀金裘，他不慎烧个洞。晚上回来、街上裁缝不敢修补。晴雯重病中连夜补好。
　　年关到，宁国府庄头交租，送的东西数量惊人，贾珍还嫌少。由于过年操劳，凤姐小产，无法理家，便由探春、宝钗、李纨等人协同理事。探春为赵姨娘所生，赵姨娘弟弟死，探春按例不多给钱，母女大闹一场。探春又在园中实行一些改革，将各处派专人管理，既交公一些财物．又给管理人一些利益。
　　黛玉丫环紫鹃试探宝玉对黛玉是否真心，假说黛玉要回姑苏，宝玉相信而发病精神往复失常，由此，黛玉更知宝玉心理，众人也以为他们定成美满姻缘。黛玉又要认薛姨妈为干妈，钗黛二人达到关系最融洽时期。
　　荣国府矛盾重重。贾环在宝玉处见到擦癣的蔷薇硝，想要些，宝玉丫环芳官却给贾环一些茉莉粉。赵姨娘到宝玉处大闹一场。芳官又给她干娘一些玫瑰露、引出她干娘的侄儿偷茯苓霜。几件事闹得大乱，险些打破仆人间的平衡。正当宝玉生日欢宴时，贾敬吞丹丧命。尤氏国丧事繁忙。请母亲和妹妹尤二姐、尤三姐来帮忙。贾琏见二姐貌美，要作二房，偷居府外。二姐和贾珍原有不清白，贾珍还想搅浑水，贾琏又想把三姐给贾珍玩弄。尤三姐却正气凛然，将珍、琏大骂，并说她已有意中人，即毒打薛蟠的柳湘莲。贾赦派贾琏外出办事，贾琏路遇薛蟠、柳湘莲。薛蟠遇强盗，被柳搭救，二人结为兄弟，贾琏为柳提媒，柳答应。到京城后，柳先向三姐之母交订礼，遇宝玉闲谈尤氏一家而起疑，又去索礼退婚，尤三姐自刎，柳出家。凤姐知道贾琏偷娶之事，装成贤惠。将二姐接进府。请贾母等应允。贾琏回来，因办事好，贾赦赏一妾。凤姐借妾手逼使尤二姐吞金自杀。粗使丫鬟傻大姐在园中抬到绣有春宫画的香囊，王夫人大怒；在一些仆妇撺掇下抄检大观园，迎春懦弱，听凭丫环被赶走；探春生气，怒打仆妇；惜春这时和哥哥嫂子断绝往来。晴雯被王夫人赶出，抱恨而死；贾宝玉无可奈何，写《芙蓉诔》祭她。薛蟠娶妻夏金桂后，贪陪嫁丫环宝蟾美色，金桂为除香菱，答应了。在夏挑唆下。薛毒打香菱，薛姨妈不准。夏金桂和婆婆吵闹。薛蟠无法在家。只得外出。
　　（之后由于原著散失，内容不可知。上世纪一些学者开始根据现存八十回的伏笔等写作特点，开始系统探索八十回后的情节，如俞平伯先生、周汝昌先生以及梁归智、林冠夫，刘心武等。）
　　
　　
　　【人物大全】
　　
　　《红楼梦》中究竟写了多少人物，清朝嘉庆年间姜祺统计共四百四十八人。
　　民国初年兰上星白编了一部《红楼梦人物谱》，共收七百二十一人，人各有传，字数长短不一，此书中又收《红楼梦》所述及的古代帝王二十三人，古人一百一十五人，后妃十八人，列女二十二人，仙女二十四人，神佛四十七人，故事人物十三人，共二百六十二人，每人略考其生平及传说。连上二者合计，共收九百八十三人。
　　近年，徐恭时作新统计。基础工作是：在历年阅读过程中，先以庚辰本作底本，逐回逐段地把人名材料作成札记，广览诸家表谱，相互核对，最后把人物归类。统计出：
　　(一)宁荣两府本支：男十六人，女十一人，宁荣两府眷属女三十一人。
　　(二)贾府本族：男三十四人，女八人。
　　(三)贾府姻娅：男五十二人，女四十三人。
　　(四)两府仆人：丫环七十三人，仆妇一百二十五人，男仆六十七人，小厮二十七人。
　　(五)皇室人物：男九人，女六人。太监二十七人，宫女七人。
　　(六)封爵人物：男三十七人，眷属十四人。
　　(七)官吏：有姓名及职名冠姓的男二十六人，只有职称的三十八人，胥吏男三人。
　　(八)社会人物：各阶层男一百零二人，女七十一人。大夫男十四人，门客男十人。优伶男六人，女十七人。僧道男十七人，尼婆四十九人。连宗男四人，女四人。
　　(九)外国人：女二人。
　　(十)警幻天上：女十九人，男六人。总计：男四百九十五人，女四百八十人，合计：九百七十五人。其中有姓名称谓的七百三十二人，无姓名称谓的二百四十三人。
　　最重要的当是“四大家族”——贾、史、王、薛，有诗云：“贾不假，白玉为堂金作马；阿房宫，三百里，住不下金陵一个史；东海缺少白玉床，龙王来请金陵王；丰年好大雪，珍珠如土金如铁。”足显四家之富。
　　
　　“琴棋书画”：抱琴、司棋、侍书、入画。
　　“四珍宝”：珍珠、琥珀、玻璃、翡翠。
　　四大家族：贾（宁、荣二公之后）、史（保龄候尚书令之后）、王（都太尉统治县伯之后）、薛（皇商紫薇舍人之后）
　　金玉良姻：薛宝钗和贾宝玉 另外伏史湘云和贾宝玉（金麒麟）
　　木石前盟：贾宝玉和林黛玉
　　
　　一、贾宝玉
　　主人公贾宝玉是一个又奇又俗的人物。构成他性格的主要特征是叛逆。他行为“偏僻而乖张”，是封建社会的叛逆者。他鄙视功名利禄，不愿走“学而优则仕”的仕途。他痛恨“八股”，辱骂读书做官的人是“国贼禄蠹”，懒于与他们接触拜会。
　　他不喜欢所谓的“正经书”，却偏爱于“杂书”，钟情于《牡丹亭》、《西厢记》。他还对程朱理学提出了大胆的质疑，认为“除《四书》外，杜撰的太多了。”这充分显示出了他是封建君主制度的“逆子贰臣”。
　　他认为“山川日月之精秀，只钟于女儿，须眉男子不过是些渣滓浊沫而已”。在这种骇世惊俗的思想指导下，宝玉终日“在内帏厮混”，并钟爱和怜悯女孩子，钟爱她们的美丽、纯洁、洋溢的生气、过人的才智，怜悯她们的不幸遭遇，怜悯其将嫁与浊臭的男子，失去了她们的圣洁之美。贾宝玉道：女子出嫁前为珍珠，嫁人后便失去光芒成了死珠，再老便与污浊男子同流，成为死鱼眼了。他甚至为自己生有一个男子之身而感到无可挽救的遗憾。
　　在他的生命历程中，最重要的一件事无疑就是与林黛玉的相爱了。这场恋爱，一方面开始于叛逆性格，另一方面又促使了他的叛逆性格的最终形成。这是他生命史上最大最重要的叛逆行为。宝、黛不但要求婚姻自主，而且在恋爱中背离了封建社会的人生之道。他们在反叛的道路上越走越远，最后导致了两人的悲剧结局。
　　
　　二、林黛玉
　　林黛玉是一个才华横溢而性格孤傲的女子，“可叹停机德，堪怜咏絮才。玉带林中挂，金簪雪里埋”中的"堪怜咏絮才。玉带林中挂"，则是她的写照。她从小失去双亲，寄居在荣国府，虽然贾母对她疼爱有加，但由于清高自尊的个性，她常生“寄人篱下”的伤感。
　　她多愁善感，常常为别人不注意的小事而悲伤流泪。正如小说中所描写的“黛玉葬花”一幕，就突出了这一点。花开花谢本来就是自然景象，但她却由此而想到人生的悲欢离合、聚散无常。她为落花叹息，她把宝玉引为知己，同看《西厢记》，把人生的希望都寄托在宝玉身上。她深爱着宝玉，但又感到很难如愿。于是，她因想争取自己的位置但又多次失败而顾影自怜，暗泣于无人之处。
　　她的内心世界似难捉摸，但也常常将其显露于外。若宝玉“得罪”了她，她便生气，泪水涟涟，甚至为他而生病。表面上这样，其实内心仍是挂念着他，借口去看他。宝玉一病，她为之而伤心，为之而哭泣。但由于封建礼教道德的约束，她不得表白，不得自已，最终在宝钗出阁之日郁郁而死，没能了却自己的心愿。
　　
　　三、王熙凤
　　荣府内，还有一个与众不同的人物，她便是王熙凤。王熙凤的阴毒可谓人人皆知，作为荣府“总管”，她弄权作势，两面三刀。她用毒计害死贾瑞，又阴谋逼死尤三姐。她生性尖酸刻薄，到最后害了全家。她的个性是泼辣的，文中处处都不忘点明这一点，像她过生日那天，与那淫妇拼命，向老太太求救，足以见得。但毕竟她很能干聪明，荣府上下大小事务都得她说了算，又善于迎合贾母，深得老太太的宠爱。又因此遭到嫉妒。
　　
　　四、探春
　　贾探春，贾政之女——她没有黛玉的纤细怜人，没有宝钗的乖巧伶俐，没有湘云的活泼开朗，却有卓超的才干，过人的智慧，深僻的见解，远大的眼光，这些在第五十六回“敏探春兴利除宿弊，贤宝钗小惠全大体”中精彩地表现出来了。
　　王熙凤因病卧床不起，便由探春、宝钗，李执等人主持家务,此期间,探春查看家中大小账目,发现发放给各个房的月钱和发放给买办的重叠了,便想出了两全的办法,与宝钗等人商议.“年里往赖大家去，与她们那儿的姑娘闲谈，才知她们吃的笋菜鱼虾，一年还有人包了，年终足有二百两银子，从那日我才知道，一个破荷叶，一根破草根子都是值钱的。”发放月钱重叠之事于贾府已早有弊，可满园子的姑娘丫头无一人能指出个一二三来，探春却从赖大家中得到启发，和自家的情况对比，最后提出好的办法，岂不是足以见她的办事能力和精干了，用现在的话说，就是分析综合解决问题的素质。谁怪宝钗说“真真膏粱 之谈！你们虽是个千金，原不知道这些事”而后宝钗又玩笑似的说“你才办了两天事就利欲熏心，把朱子都看虚了。你再出去，见了那么利弊大事，越发连孔子也都看虚了呢。”探春闻此言，却一本正经地回答“你这样一个通人，竟没看见姬子书，当日姬子云：“登利禄之场，处运等之界者，穷尧舜之词，背孔孟之道……”如此一番精辟的言辞，岂是一位普通女儿说得出的，非有政治眼光能矣！
　　第五十六回中的探春，以处事的果断干练显示出了她卓超的才干，而宝钗的嬉言却引出了她政治性的言论，真是叫人回味无穷，拍案叫绝！
　　
　　五、薛宝钗
　　金陵十二钗之一，薛姨妈的女儿。她容貌美丽，肌骨莹润，举止娴雅，表面上看似乎是当时正统淑女的典范，但实际上她骨子里却颇有愤世嫉俗的性格因子，她对当时的社会抱有一种强烈的批判精神。比如，《红楼梦》第38回，她就作《螃蟹咏》，对当时那些横行无道的官场人物如贾雨村之流，进行了尖锐的讽刺。而她自己最喜爱的词曲，居然也是一首富于孤愤、反叛色彩的《山门•寄生草》！由于受程高本的误导，红学界对薛宝钗思想性格的认识长期偏离实际情况。比如，传统观点认为薛宝钗“城府颇深，能笼络人心，得到贾府上下的夸赞”。但事实却是，在曹雪芹的笔下，宝钗恰恰因为自己的个性而得罪了家长！如小说第22回，宝钗就曾一首《更香谜》，引得贾政大为扫兴，以为是“小小之人作此词句，更觉不祥，皆非永远福寿之辈”。第40回，在贾母携刘姥姥参观大观园的时候，宝钗蘅芜苑那“雪洞”一般朴素的室内布置，又引起了贾母的大为不满，认为是在亲戚面前很扫了她的面子。贾母对宝钗，一则曰“使不得”，二则曰“不象”，三则曰“忌讳”，四则曰“不要很离了格儿”，五则曰“我们这老婆子，越发该住马圈去了”。——全是清一色的负面评价。到后来，“荣国府元宵开夜宴”的时刻，贾母命自己所心爱的宝琴、湘云、黛玉、宝玉四人，与自己同坐主桌，却惟独将宝钗排挤到了主桌之外，同李纹、李绮辈坐在一起。毫无疑问，这些都是宝钗在贾母面前由“受宠”转为“失宠”的重要标志。如果宝钗真是“城府颇深，能笼络人心”，她何以会落到如此结果呢？可见，在曹雪芹的原著中，宝钗恰恰是最不屑于玩弄什么“城府”，以讨好家长的人！正好，脂砚斋对于钗、黛写应制诗一事的评语也是：“在宝卿有生不屑为此，在黛卿实不足一为”。对弱者真切的同情，却对权势者“不屑”，这才是宝钗行事的基调！
　　另一种观点也同样错误不堪。即认为宝钗“热衷于仕途经济”，只会“谈讲谈讲仕途经济”。事实正好相反，宝钗恰恰与宝玉一样，最痛恨当时的官场、最痛恨以贾雨村为代表的这种官场人物！宝钗劝宝玉读书做官，不过是希望宝玉能够掌握权力，去消灭那些“禄蠹”而已。正如她在《螃蟹咏》里所说的“酒未敌腥还用菊，性防积冷定须姜”。由于宝钗对宝玉的直言进谏，她的话还一度引起了宝玉的误会，以为那是所谓的“混帐话”。但误会终究是误会，后来宝玉读到宝钗所作的《螃蟹咏》，也禁不住要为宝钗愤世嫉俗的思想叫好，高呼“写的痛快”！耐人寻味的是，被宝玉当成是“从不说混帐话”的“知己”的那个林妹妹，后来却一再真的拿“混帐话”去劝告宝玉，告诫他说：“你从此可都改了罢”、“我劝你把脾气改改罢”。而且，在对待贾雨村的问题上，宝玉、黛玉的态度几乎判若天渊！宝、黛之间这种似近而实远的情况，倒与宝玉、宝钗那种似远而实近的情形，形成了一种反向的“鲜明对比”。
　　对于书中的这种情况，曹雪芹生前的知己——脂砚斋倒是洞若观火。他（她）很早就已经指出，在这些人生观、价值观的选择上，“钗、玉二人形景较诸人皆近，……二人之远，实相近之至也。至颦儿于宝玉似近之至矣，却远之至也”，“钗与玉远中近，颦与玉近中远，是要紧两大股，不可粗心看过”！所以，宝玉与黛玉看似有共同的理想与志趣，实际二人的思想立场却南辕北辙；宝玉与宝钗看似没有共同的理想与志趣，实际二人的选择却是殊途同归！——都是基于对当时那个社会的极度愤懑！
　　故而，作者借他的化身——癞头和尚与跛足道人之手，为宝玉、宝钗安排了一场“金玉良姻”。这场婚姻的目的，就是借助宝钗在老庄、禅宗等“出世”哲学方面的“博知”，来引导宝玉“悟道”，并最终推动他出家为僧，使沉迷于红尘中的顽石尽快返回大荒山。而事实上，在曹雪芹的原著中，宝玉的第一次“禅悟”，就是宝钗向他推荐的那首《山门•寄生草》给引出来的。这就叫做“听曲文宝玉悟禅机”。在脂评本的后三十回佚稿中，宝玉最后在宝钗的引导下出家为僧。宝钗为此牺牲了自己的尘世幸福，付出了半世孤凄的代价。但她却并无怨言，因为帮助所爱之人解脱精神上的痛苦，正是她一生的使命。这就是脂批所提示的“历着炎凉，知著甘苦，虽离别亦能自安，故名曰冷香丸。又以谓香可冷得，天下一切无不可冷者”。
　　程高本后四十回显然篡改了曹雪芹原来的构思，抹杀了原著中宝钗引导宝玉“悟道”的重大主题。致使后来的论者对宝钗结局的评说，皆发生了一系列的误判。这明显是对曹雪芹原著的极大歪曲和亵渎！
　　
　　
　　【情榜】
　　
　　涉及情榜的脂砚斋批语有：
　　1、庚辰双行夹批：妙卿出现。至此细数十二钗，以贾家四艳再加薛林二冠有六，添秦可卿有七，熙凤有八，李纨有九，今又加妙玉仅得十人矣。后有史湘云与熙凤之女巧姐儿者共十二人，雪芹题曰“金陵十二钗”是本宗《红楼梦》十二曲之意。后宝琴、岫烟、李纹、李绮皆陪客也，《红楼梦》中所谓副十二钗是也。又有又副册三断词乃晴雯、袭人、香菱三人，余未多及，想为金钏、玉钏、鸳鸯、苗云（按：书中不见此人，想是彩云？）、平儿等人无疑矣。观者不待言可知，故不必多费笔墨。
　　2、庚辰眉批：妙玉世外人也，故笔笔带写，妙极妥极！畸笏。
　　3、庚辰眉批：是处引十二钗总未的确，皆系漫拟也。至回末警幻情榜方知正、副、再副及三四副芳讳。壬午季春。畸笏。
　　（注：第一段批语批者应为脂砚斋， 后两段为畸笏叟。）
　　
　　
　　【艺术成就】
　　
　　《红楼梦》是中国小说史上不可超越的顶峰。《中国大百科全书》评价说，红楼梦的价值怎么估计都不为过。《大英百科》评价说，《红楼梦》的价值等于一整个的欧洲。
　　《红楼梦》是一部大书。有评论家这样说，几千年中国文学史，假如我们只有一部《红楼梦》，它的光辉也足以照亮古今中外。《红楼梦》是言情小说，它言男女之情，以言情而至伟大，必须有一个条件：起于言情，终于言情，但不止于言情。通常的言情之作常常易于流于浅薄，而伟大的言情则有一个不言情的底子，这样才能衬出情的深度。《红楼梦》之所以伟大，首先是在结构的伟大上。在如此精妙的布局和秩序下，这等空间、这群人物中，看似庞杂的故事在作者的笔下事无巨细，分明清晰的娓娓道来。
　　
　　一、毛泽东对《红楼梦》的评价与看法：
　　1、《红楼梦》我至少读了五遍……我是把它当历史读的。开头当故事读，后来当历史读。什么人都不注意《红楼梦》的第四回，那是个总纲，还有《冷子兴演说荣国府》、《好了歌》和注。第四回《葫芦僧乱判葫芦案》，讲护官符，提到四大家族：“贾不假，白玉为堂金作马；阿房宫，三百里，住不下金陵一个史；东海缺少白玉床，龙王来请金陵王；丰年好大雪(薛)，珍珠如土金如铁。”《红楼梦》写四大家族，阶级斗争激烈，几十条人命。统治者二十几人(有人算了说是三十三人)，其他都是奴隶，三百多个，鸳鸯、司棋、尤二姐、尤三姐等等。讲历史不拿阶级斗争观点讲，就讲不通。
　　2、中国有三部名小说，《三国》、《水浒》和《红楼梦》，谁不看完这三部小说，不算中国人！
　　3、不读五遍《红楼梦》，没必要发表评论。
　　4、大观园里贾宝玉的命根是系在颈上的一块石头，国民党的命根是它的军队，怎么好说不“保障”，或者虽有“保障”而不“确实”呢？
　　5、《红楼梦》不仅要当做小说看，而且要当做历史看。他写的是很细致的、很精细的社会历史。他的书中写了几百人，有三四百人，其中只有三十三人是统治阶级，约占十分之一，其余都是被压迫的。牺牲的、死的很多，如鸳鸯、尤二姐、尤三姐、司棋、金钏、晴雯、秦可卿和她的一个丫环。秦可卿实际是自杀的，书上看不出来。贾宝玉对这些人都是同情的。你们看过《金瓶梅》没有？这部书写了宋朝的真正社会历史，暴露了封建统治，揭露了统治者和被统治者的矛盾，也有一部分写得很细致。《金瓶梅》是《红楼梦》的祖宗，没有《金瓶梅》就写不出《红楼梦》。但是，《金瓶梅》的作者不尊重女性，《红楼梦》、《聊斋志异》是尊重女性的。
　　二、鲁迅对《红楼梦》的评价与看法：
　　1、《红楼梦》是中国许多人所知道，至少，是知道这名目的书。谁是作者和续者姑且勿论，单是命意，就因读者的眼光而有种种：经学家看见《易》，道学家看见淫, 才子看见缠绵，革命家看见排满，流言家看见宫闱秘事……在我的眼下的宝玉，却看见他看见许多死亡；证成多所爱者当大苦恼，因为世上，不幸人多。惟憎人者，幸灾乐祸，于一生中，得小欢喜少有罣碍。然而憎人却不过是爱人者的败亡的逃路，与宝王之终于出家，同一小器。
　　2、“全书所写，虽不外悲喜之情，聚散之迹，而人物事故，则摆脱旧套，与在先之人情小说甚不同。……盖叙述皆存真，闻见悉所亲历，正因写实，转成新鲜。……”（《中国小说史略》）
　　三、戚序本序：
　　吾闻绛树两歌，一声在喉，一声在鼻；黄华二牍，左腕能楷，右腕能草。神乎技也，吾未之见也。今则两歌而不分乎喉鼻，二牍而无区乎左右，一声也而两歌，一手也而二牍，此万万不能有之事，不可得之奇，而竟得之《石头记》一书。嘻！异矣。夫敷华掞藻、立意遣词无一落前人窠臼，此固有目共赏，姑不具论；第观其蕴于心而抒于手也，注彼而写此，目送而手挥，似谲而正，似则而淫，如春秋之有微词、史家之多曲笔。试一一读而绎之：写闺房则极其雍肃也，而艳冶已满纸矣；状阀阅则极其丰整也，而式微已盈睫矣；写宝玉之淫而痴也，而多情善悟，不减历下琅琊；写黛玉之妒而尖也，而笃爱深怜，不啻桑娥石女。他如摹绘玉钗金屋，刻画芗泽罗襦，靡靡焉几令读者心荡神怡矣，而欲求其一字一句之粗鄙猥亵，不可得也。盖声止一声，手只一手，而淫佚贞静，悲戚欢愉，不啻双管之齐下也。噫！异矣。其殆稗官野史中之盲左、腐迁乎？然吾谓作者有两意，读者当具一心。譬之绘事，石有三面，佳处不过一峰；路看两蹊，幽处不逾一树。必得是意，以读是书，乃能得作者微旨。如捉水月，只挹清辉；如雨天花，但闻香气，庶得此书弦外音乎？乃或者以未窥全豹为恨，不知盛衰本是回环，万缘无非幻泡，作者慧眼婆心，正不必再作转语，而千万领悟，便具无数慈航矣。彼沾沾焉刻楮叶以求之者，其与开卷而寤者几希！
　　
　　
　　【人物名字的谐音】
　　
　　书中很多人物的名字，其谐音都有特殊的含义，或讽刺，或感叹，是为红楼梦的艺术之一。脂砚斋的批文指明了部分的隐意。
　　甄士隐——真事隐
　　甄英莲——真应怜
　　霍启——祸起
　　贾雨村——假语存
　　娇杏——侥幸
　　冯渊——逢冤
　　秦可卿——情可轻、情可亲（2种说法）
　　秦钟——情种
　　詹光——沾光
　　卜固修——不顾羞
　　卜世仁——不是人
　　吴新登——无星戥
　　石呆子——实呆子
　　元春、迎春、探春、惜春——原应叹息
　　贾化——假话
　　单聘仁——擅骗人
　　坠儿——罪儿
　　靛儿——垫儿
　　戴权——大权
　　张友士——张有事
　　秦业——情孽
　　潇湘馆——消香馆
　　梨香院——离乡怨
　　蘅芜院——恨无缘
　　仁清巷——人情巷
　　十里街——势力街
　　怡红院——遗红怨
　　青梗峰——情根峰
　　贾政、贾敬——假正经
　　蒋玉涵——将玉含
　　花袭人——花惜人
　　贾王薛史——家亡血史
　　贾府——假府
　　
　　
　　【主题思想】
　　
　　由于这部巨著是以数个大主轴穿插众多小故事而成，因此关于《红楼梦》的主题，至今并没有一个统一的说法，但是其中最为人所重视的是贾宝玉和林黛玉及薛宝钗之间的爱情婚姻悲剧，也有人认为这部巨著是在描写传统中国贵族生活的腐败与颓废。全书中有很多关于佛教、道教、儒家的思想，富含神话的色彩，并且反映著作当时的政治礼教、社会生活、经济制度及文化发展，乃至服装穿戴、饮食药膳、建筑亭阁、舟车行轿等等层面。
　　
　　
　　【主要续书】
　　
　　《红楼梦》续书多为续貂之作，我们可以将其作为一种现象研究。主要续书有：
　　1、《红楼圆梦》
　　异名：绘图金陵；十二钗后传
　　回数：30，自120回续起
　　作者：临鹤山人
　　刊本：嘉庆十九年红蔷阁写刻本；大连市图书馆收藏
　　2、《红楼梦影》
　　回数：24，自120回续起
　　作者：顾春
　　刊本：光绪三年聚珍堂活字印本，辽宁省图书馆藏
　　3、《红楼幻梦》
　　异名：幻梦奇缘
　　回数：24，自97回续起
　　作者：花月痴人
　　刊本：道光二十三年疏影斋刊本，辽宁省图书馆藏
　　4、《绮楼重梦》
　　异名：红楼续梦；蜃楼情梦；新红楼梦
　　回数：48，自120回续起
　　作者：王兰沚
　　刊本：初刊本为嘉庆四年则园漫士叙本，原书未见，仅存书目。现存较早刊本为嘉庆十年瑞凝堂本。北京大学图书馆藏。
　　5、《补红楼梦》
　　异名：补石头记
　　回数：48，自120回续起
　　作者：嫏环山樵
　　刊本：嘉庆二十五年刊本，北京师范大学图书馆藏
　　6、《红楼梦补》
　　异名：红楼姊妹篇
　　回数：48，自97回续起
　　作者：归锄子
　　刊本：嘉庆二十四年藤花榭刊本，香港大学冯平山图书馆藏
　　7、《续红楼梦》
　　异名：秦续红楼梦
　　回数：30，自97回续起
　　作者：秦子忱
　　刊本：嘉庆四年抱瓮轩刊本，辽宁省图书馆藏
　　8、《红楼真梦》
　　异名：石头记补
　　回数：64，自120回续起
　　作者：郭则沄
　　刊本：民国二十九年家印铅字本，辽宁省图书馆藏
　　9、《红楼复梦》
　　回数：100，自120回续起
　　作者：陈少海
　　刊本：嘉庆四年刊本，英国皇家亚洲学会藏
　　10、《续红楼梦新编》
　　异名：续红楼梦；增红楼梦；增补红楼梦；红楼重梦；海续红楼梦
　　回数：40，自120回续起
　　作者：海圃主人
　　刊本：嘉庆十年文秀堂刊本，天津师范大学图书馆藏
　　11、《续红楼梦稿》
　　异名：续红楼梦
　　回数：20，自120回续起
　　作者：张曜孙
　　刊本：此书未终卷，稿本九册，周绍良藏
　　
　　
　　【歇后语】
　　
　　1、大观园里哭贾母——各有各的伤心事
　　2、贾宝玉的丫环——喜（袭）人
　　3、王熙凤害死尤二姐——心狠手毒
　　4、刘姥姥出大观园——满载而归
　　5、刘姥姥进大观园——眼花缭乱
　　6、林黛玉葬花——自叹命薄
　　7、贾宝玉住在小西屋——到哪儿说哪儿
　　8、正白旗的曹雪芹——真个别
　　原著前八十回：
　　9、胳膊折了往袖子里藏——自掩苦处（第7回 焦大）
　　10、坐山观虎斗——坐收其利（第16回 王熙凤）
　　11、借剑杀人——不露痕迹（第16回 王熙凤）
　　12、引风吹火——费力不多（第16回 王熙凤）
　　13、站干岸——不沾事(湿)（第16回 王熙凤）
　　14、推倒油瓶不扶——懒到家了（第16回 王熙凤）
　　15、狗咬吕洞宾——不识好歹（第25回 彩霞）
　　16、千里搭长棚——没有个不散的宴席（第26回 红玉）
　　17、丈八的灯台——照见人家，照不见自家（第19回 李嬷嬷 ）
　　18、黄鹰抓住了鹞子的脚——扣了环了（第30回 王熙凤）
　　19、金簪子掉在井里头——有你的只是有你的（第30回 金钏）
　　20、九国贩骆驼的——到处兜揽生意（第46回 鸳鸯）
　　21、宋徽宗的鹰，赵子昂的马——都是好话（画）儿（第46回 鸳鸯）
　　22、状元痘儿灌的浆儿——又满是喜事（第46回 鸳鸯）
　　23、黄柏木作磐槌子——外头体面里头苦（第53回 贾珍）
　　24、聋子放炮仗——散了（第54回 王熙凤）
　　25、梅香拜把子——都是奴才（第60回 芳官）
　　26、仓老鼠和老鸹去借粮——守着的没有，飞着的有（第61回 柳氏）
　　27、清水下杂面——你吃我看见（第65回 尤三姐）
　　28、见提着影戏人子上场——好歹别戳破这层纸（第65回 尤三姐）
　　29、耗子尾巴上长疮——多少脓血儿（第68回 王熙凤）
　　30、顶梁骨走了真魂——吓得要命（第68回 王熙凤）
　　31、锯了嘴子的葫芦——没口齿（第68回 王熙凤）
　　32、小葱拌豆腐——清的清白的白（第74回 王夫人）
　　33、可着头做帽子——要一点富余也不能（第75回 鸳鸯）
　　续书后四十回：
　　34、羊群里跑出骆驼来了——就只你大（第88回 贾母）
　　35、含着骨头露着肉——吞吞吐吐（第88回 王熙凤）
　　36、焦了尾巴稍子——绝后（第117回 众人）
　　
　　
　　【影视资料】
　　
　　最早将《红楼梦》故事搬上银幕的是梅兰芳。1924年秋，民新影片公司将梅兰芳演出的5出京戏片段，拍摄剪辑成一部两本长的戏曲短片，其中就有《黛玉葬花》。
　　1927年电影《红楼梦》：林黛玉－陆剑芳　贾宝玉－陆剑芬。这是真正意义上的第一部《红楼梦》影视作品，它的结构十分巧妙，以刘姥姥为全剧结构的主线，颇有点“后现代”意味。上海复旦影片公司。
　　1929年，夏佩珍，殷明珠，严月娴版电影《红楼梦》。上海孔雀影片公司
　　1936年，有声故事片，李雪芳，冯侠魂版《黛玉葬花》。上海大华影业公司
　　1939年，顾兰君，梅熹，白虹版《王熙凤大闹甯国府》。上海新华影片公司
　　1942年，《红楼梦》。伪“中联”影片公司
　　1944年电影《红楼梦》：林黛玉－周璇　贾宝玉－袁美云　薛宝钗－王丹凤　此时正处于中国电影的一个黄金时期，演员都是当时红得发紫的大明星。上海昆仑公司
　　1951年，言慧珠，林默予，路珊版《红楼二尤》。上海国泰影片公司
　　1952年，李丽华，严俊，陈娟娟版《新红楼梦》。导演：岳枫，香港长城影片公司
　　1962年，童芷苓，王熙春版《尤三姐》（京剧）。上海海燕电影制片厂
　　1962年香港电影《红楼梦》：林黛玉－乐蒂　贾宝玉－任洁。
　　1962年越剧电影《红楼梦》：林黛玉－王文娟　贾宝玉－徐玉兰。非常不幸，由于政治原因，这部片子一拍出来就被禁了，直到80年代才解禁。
　　1975年香港无线版电视《红楼梦》：林黛玉－汪明荃　贾宝玉—伍卫国。值得一提的是，这部片子里有个跑龙套的后来成了巨星，他就是扮演蒋玉涵的周润发。
　　1977年香港佳视版电视《红楼梦》：林黛玉－毛舜筠　贾宝玉－伍卫国　薛宝钗－米雪。
　　1977年香港电影《金玉良缘红楼梦》：林黛玉—张艾嘉　贾宝玉—林青霞　薛宝钗—米雪。香港邵氏电影公司
　　1977年香港电影《红楼春上春》：林黛玉－黄杏秀　贾宝玉－张国荣。这是张国荣的第一部电影，也是一部三级片。香港思远电影公司
　　1978年，余莎莉、思维《红楼梦》。导演：牟敦沛，香港邵氏电影公司（性质同上）
　　1978年香港电影《新红楼梦》：林黛玉－周芝明　贾宝玉－凌波。
　　1987央视版电视连续剧《红楼梦》：林黛玉—陈晓旭　贾宝玉—欧阳奋强　王熙凤—邓捷　薛宝钗—张莉　鸳鸯—郑铮　贾琏—高宏亮　贾母—李婷　史湘云—郭宵珍　贾探春—东方闻樱　贾赦—李颉　尤氏—王贵娥　王夫人—周贤珍　邢夫人—夏明辉　贾惜春—胡泽红　贾迎春—牟一　贾珍—李志新　香菱—陈剑月　袭人—袁枚　晴雯—张静林　尤三姐—周月　薛姨妈—李凤英　薛蟠—陈洪海　平儿—沈琳　巧姐—李端　秦可卿—张蕾　李纨—孙梦泉　贾元春—成梅。最经典的红楼梦版本，影响力非常大，之后的许多红楼梦片子向它看齐。导演：王扶林，编剧：周岭。
　　1989年北影版电影《红楼梦》：林黛玉－陶慧敏　贾宝玉－夏钦　薛宝钗－傅艺伟　王熙凤－刘晓庆。这也是我们比较熟悉的版本，当年曾经获得多项金鸡奖，现在也偶尔能在电影频道发现它的影踪。
　　1996年，钟本伟饰宝玉，张玉嬿饰黛玉，73集电视剧《红楼梦》。导演不明，台湾华视电影公司
　　2002年，30集越剧电视连续剧《红楼梦》。浙江省文联浙江长城影视公司
　　2007年筹划拍摄新版电视连续剧《红楼梦》，并于北京台进行了《红楼梦中人》大型选秀，林黛玉，贾宝玉，薛宝钗三名角色将最终选出饰演者，公众对此有众多争议，广泛认为新人不可能超过旧版。
　　新版红楼梦开拍，主要演员阵容如下：
　　·贾宝玉（成年）：杨洋—解放军艺术学院舞蹈专业学生。
　　·薛宝钗（成年）：白冰—白冰从宝钗组选秀季军一跃成为正印宝钗人选。
　　·贾元春：何琳—何琳曾因出演杨阳导演的《牵手》荣获中国电视金鹰奖。
　　·贾迎春：张迪—曾在电影《落叶归根》中与赵本山对戏,出演泼辣发廊妹。
　　·贾探春：丁荔—代表作品：《真情人生》。
　　·贾惜春：徐行—资料暂无。
　　·史湘云：马晓灿—资料暂无。
　　·妙　玉：高洋—代表作品：《情人节礼物》、《纯真年华》、《兄弟》。
　　·李　纨：池华琼—代表作品：《刘胡兰》、《十六岁的花季》、《蟋蟀宰相》、《红色警戒》。
　　·巧　姐：李曼嘉—暂无资料。
　　·秦可卿：唐一菲—代表作：《追爱总动员》、《darkness bride》；mv：《披着羊皮的狼》。
　　·贾宝玉（少年）：于小彤—来自北京舞蹈学院，他曾在陈凯歌电影《梅兰芳》里饰演小梅兰芳。
　　·林黛玉（少年）：蒋梦婕—蒋梦婕来自北京舞蹈学院芭蕾舞专业。
　　·薛宝钗（少年）：李沁—李沁是上海戏校的学生，是20年难得一见的昆曲闺门旦苗子。
　　·贾　母：周采芹—周采芹是京剧大师周信芳的女儿，年已七旬，毕业于英国皇家戏剧学院。
　　·王夫人：归亚蕾—王夫人是戏中仅次于贾母的中老年角色。李少红称：归亚蕾是不二人选。
　　·邢夫人：王馥荔—邢夫人被称作“尴尬人”，她的确是那种让别人也令自己尴尬的人。
　　·刘姥姥：叶琳琅—刘姥姥没读过书但胆识过人。能进入贾府混的农民也许只有刘姥姥能当此任。
　　·薛姨妈：龚丽君—送薛宝钗上京待选，贯穿全书，是一个较重要的陪衬人物。
　　·尤　氏：贾妮—尤氏，贾珍之妻。虽为宁国府当家奶奶，但并无实权，也没什么才干。
　　·贾　琏：王龙华—王龙华中央戏剧学院表演系，曾出演多部话剧。
　　·秦　钟：石津宇—资料暂无。
　　·柳湘莲：徐尧—1984年出生，身高180厘米，上海戏剧学院表演系。
　　·薛　蟠：王鹏—代表作：《寻找庐山恋》。
　　　主创人员总制片人：韩三平—中国电影集团公司董事长兼总经理。
　　　执行制片人：李小婉—制片人，荣信达影视公司创始人。
　　　总导演：李少红—中国电影第五代的女导演代表。
　　　摄影指导：曾念平—第26届金鸡奖最佳摄影奖获得者。
　　　美术指导：叶锦添—奥斯卡最佳服装设计得主。
　　
　　
　　【红楼梦中的判词】
　　
　　正册判词
　　1、林黛玉和薛宝钗
　　画：两株枯木，木上悬着一围玉带；又有一堆雪，雪下一股金簪。
　　判词：可叹停机德，堪怜咏絮才。玉带林中挂，金簪雪里埋。
　　2、贾元春
　　画： 一张弓，弓上挂着香橼。
　　判词：二十年来辨是非，榴花开处照宫闱。三春争及初春景，虎兕相逢大梦归。
　　3、贾探春
　　画：两人放风筝，一片大海，一只大船，船中有一女子，掩面泣涕之状。
　　判词：才自清明志自高，生于末世运偏消。清明涕送江边望，千里东风一梦遥。
　　4、史湘云
　　画：几缕飞云，一湾逝水。
　　判词：富贵又何为？襁褓之间父母违；展眼吊斜晖，湘江水逝楚云飞。
　　5、妙玉
　　画：一块美玉，落在泥垢之中。
　　判词：欲洁何曾洁，云空未必空。可怜金玉质，终陷淖泥中。
　　6、贾迎春
　　画：一恶狼，追扑一美女——欲啖之意。
　　判词：子系中山狼，得志便猖狂。金闺花柳质，一载赴黄梁。
　　7、贾惜春
　　画：一所古庙，里面有一美人，在内看经独坐。
　　判词：勘破三春景不长，缁衣顿改昔年妆。可怜绣户侯门女，独卧青灯古佛旁。
　　8、王熙凤
　　画：一片冰山，山上有一只雌凤。
　　判词：凡鸟偏从末世来，都知爱慕此生才。一从二令三人木，哭向金陵事更哀。
　　9、贾巧姐
　　画：一座荒村野店，有一美人在那里纺绩。
　　判词：势败休云贵，家亡莫论亲。偶因济刘氏，巧得遇恩人。
　　10、李纨
　　画：一盆茂兰，旁有一位凤冠霞帔的美人。
　　判词：桃李春风结子完，到头谁似一盆兰？如冰水好空相妒，枉与他人作笑谈。
　　11、秦可卿
　　画：高楼大厦，有一美人悬梁自缢。
　　判词：情天情海幻情身，情既相逢必主淫；漫言不肖皆荣出，造衅开端实在宁。
　　副册判词
　　12、香菱
　　画：一株桂花，下面有一池沼，其中水涸泥干，莲枯藕败。
　　判词：根并荷花一茎香，平生遭际实堪伤。自从两地生孤木，致使香魂返故乡。
　　又副册判词
　　13、晴雯
　　画：又非人物，亦非山水，不过是水墨滃染的满纸乌云浊雾而已。
　　判词：霁月难逢，彩云易散。心比天高，身为下贱。风流灵巧招人怨。寿夭多因诽谤生，多情公子空牵念。
　　14、花袭人
　　画：一簇鲜花，一床破席。
　　判词：枉自温柔和顺，空云似桂如兰。堪羡优伶有福，谁知公子无缘。
　　
　　
　　【红楼梦十四支曲】
　　
　　1、《红楼梦引子》
　　开辟鸿蒙，谁为情种？都只为风月情浓。趁着这奈何天，伤怀日，寂寥时，试遣愚衷。因此上，演出这怀金悼玉的《红楼梦》。
　　2、《终身误》
　　都道是金玉良姻，俺只念木石前盟。空对着，山中高士晶莹雪；终不忘，世外仙姝寂寞林。叹人间，美中不足今方信。纵然是齐眉举案，到底意难平。
　　3、《枉凝眉》
　　一个是阆苑仙葩，一个是美玉无瑕。若说没奇缘，今生偏又遇着他；若说有奇缘，如何心事终虚化？一个枉自嗟呀，一个空劳牵挂。一个是水中月，一个是镜中花。想眼中能有多少泪珠儿，怎经得秋流到冬尽,春流到夏！
　　4、《恨无常》
　　喜荣华正好，恨无常又到。眼睁睁，把万事全抛。荡悠悠，把芳魂消耗。望家乡，路远山高。故向爹娘梦里相寻告：儿命已入黄泉，天伦呵，须要退步抽身早！
　　5、《分骨肉》
　　一帆风雨路三千，把骨肉家园齐来抛闪。恐哭损残年，告爹娘，休把儿悬念。自古穷通皆有定，离合岂无缘？从今分两地,各自保平安。奴去也，莫牵连。
　　6、《乐中悲》
　　 襁褓中，父母叹双亡。纵居那绮罗丛，谁知娇养？幸生来，英豪阔大宽宏量，从未将儿女私情略萦心上。好一似，霁月光风耀玉堂。厮配得才貌仙郎，博得个地久天长，准折得幼年时坎坷形状。终久是云散高唐，水涸湘江。这是尘寰中消长数应当，何必枉悲伤！
　　7、《世难容》
　　气质美如兰，才华阜比仙。天生成孤癖人皆罕。你道是啖肉食腥膻，视绮罗俗厌，却不知太高人愈妒，过洁世同嫌。可叹这，青灯古殿人将老；辜负了，红粉朱楼春色阑。到头来,依旧是风尘肮脏违心愿。好一似，无瑕白玉遭泥陷；又何须，王孙公子叹无缘。
　　8、《喜冤家》
　　中山狼，无情兽，全不念当日根由。一味的骄奢淫荡贪欢媾。觑着那，侯门艳质同蒲柳；作践的，公府千金似下流。叹芳魂艳魄，一载荡悠悠。
　　9、《虚花悟》
　　将那三春看破，桃红柳绿待如何？把这韶华打灭，觅那清淡天和。说什么，天上夭桃盛，云中杏蕊多；到头来，谁把秋捱过？则看那，白杨村里人呜咽，青枫林下鬼吟哦。更兼着，连天衰草遮坟墓。这的是，昨贫今富人劳碌，春荣秋谢花折磨。似这般，生关死劫谁能躲？闻说道，西方宝树唤婆娑，上结着长生果。
　　10、《聪明累》
　　机关算尽太聪明，反算了卿卿性命。生前心已碎，死后性空灵。家富人宁，终有个家亡人散各奔腾。枉费了，意悬悬半世心；好一似，荡悠悠三更梦。忽喇喇似大厦倾，昏惨惨似灯将尽。呀！一场欢喜忽悲辛。叹人世，终难定！
　　11、《留余庆》
　　留余庆，留余庆，忽遇恩人；幸娘亲，幸娘亲，积得阴功。劝人生，济困扶穷。休似俺那爱银钱忘骨肉的狠舅奸兄！正是乘除加减，上有苍穹。
　　12、《晚韶华》
　　镜里恩情，更那堪梦里功名！那美韶华去之何迅！再休提锈帐鸳衾。只这带珠冠，披凤袄，也抵不了无常性命。虽说是，人生莫受老来贫，也须要阴骘积儿孙。气昂昂头戴簪缨；光灿灿胸悬金印；威赫赫爵禄高登；昏惨惨黄泉路近。问古来将相可还存？也只是虚名儿与后人钦敬。
　　13、《好事终》
　　 画梁春尽落香尘。擅风情，秉月貌，便是败家的根本。箕裘颓堕皆从敬，家事消亡首罪宁。宿孽总因情。
　　14、《收尾·飞鸟各投林》
　　为官的，家业凋零；富贵的，金银散尽；有恩的，死里逃生；无情的，分明报应；欠命的，命已还；欠泪的，泪已尽。冤冤相报实非轻，分离聚合皆前定。欲知命短问前生，老来富贵也真侥幸。看破的，遁入空门；痴迷的，枉送了性命。好一似食尽鸟投林，落了片白茫茫大地真干净！
　　
　　
　　【红楼梦写了多少梦】
　　
　　《红楼梦》起于梦结于梦，表面写梦，实际并非写梦，那它到底写了多少梦？据统计，全书共写大大小小的梦32个，前80回写了20个梦，后40回写了12个梦。另外对《红楼梦》的“笑”和“哭”也有统计，笑的描写有173次，其中王熙凤戏谑21次。哭的描写有260次，其中林黛玉哭40次。
　　
　　红楼梦中的梦（前80回）
　　
　　甄士隐梦幻识通灵（第一回） 贾宝玉一游太虚幻境（第五回） 贾瑞死前一梦（第十二回） 凤姐梦可卿劝立家业（第十三回） 贾宝玉梦中听见秦可卿死讯（第十三回） 秦钟弥留之际见小鬼（第十六回） 茗烟说卍儿因母梦得锦疋而生（第十九回） 小红私情痴梦（第二十四回） 贾宝玉梦见蒋玉菡金钏儿（第三十四回） 绛云轩贾宝玉梦斥金玉（第三十六回） 香菱梦中得佳句（第四十八回） 贾宝玉梦遇甄宝玉（第五十六回） 上梦中，甄宝玉说梦见贾宝玉（第五十六回） 贾宝玉梦见黛玉已回去（第五十七回） 贾宝玉梦见有人来接黛玉（第五十七回） 湘云醉梦说酒令（第六十三回） 柳湘莲梦醒出家（第六十六回） 尤二姐梦见尤三姐劝斩妒妇（第六十九回） 凤姐梦被人强夺锦疋（第七十二回） 贾宝玉梦见晴雯死后来别（第七十七回）
　　
　　
　　【歌曲《石头记》】
　　
　　曲：刘以达
　　词：迈克／陈少琪／进念二十面体
　　唱：达明一派
　　
　　看遍了冷冷清风吹飘雪渐厚
　　鞋踏破路湿透
　　再看遍远远青山吹飞絮弱柳
　　曾独醉病消瘦
　　
　　听遍那渺渺世间轻飘送乐韵
　　人独舞乱衣鬓
　　一心把思绪抛却似虚如真
　　深院内旧梦复浮沉
　　一心把生关死结与酒同饮
　　焉知那笑黡藏泪印
　　
　　丝丝点点计算
　　偏偏相差太远
　　兜兜转转
　　化作段段尘缘
　　纷纷扰扰作嫁
　　春宵恋恋变挂
　　真真假假
　　悉悲欢恩怨原是诈
　　（花色香皆看化）
　　
　　
　　【《红楼梦》版本】
　　
　　1、甲戌本　2、己卯本　3、庚辰本　4、列藏本　5、戚本　6、蒙府本　7、甲辰本
　　8、己酉本　9、郑藏本　10、靖本　11、端方本和三六桥本　12、程高本
第一回　甄士隐梦幻识通灵　贾雨村风尘怀闺秀
甄士隐梦幻识通灵　贾雨村风尘怀闺秀
第一回　甄士隐梦幻识通灵　贾雨村风尘怀闺秀
　　此开卷第一回也。作者自云：因曾历过一番梦幻之后，故将真事隐去，而借"通灵"之说，撰此《石头记》一书也。故曰"甄士隐"云云。但书中所记何事何人？自又云：“今风尘碌碌，一事无成，忽念及当日所有之女子，一一细考较去，觉其行止见识，皆出于我之上。何我堂堂须眉，诚不若彼裙钗哉？实愧则有余，悔又无益之大无可如何之日也！当此，则自欲将已往所赖天恩祖德，锦衣纨绔之时，饫甘餍肥之日，背父兄教育之恩，负师友规谈之德，以至今日一技无成，半生潦倒之罪，编述一集，以告天下人：我之罪固不免，然闺阁中本自历历有人，万不可因我之不肖，自护己短，一并使其泯灭也。虽今日之茅椽蓬牖，瓦灶绳床，其晨夕风露，阶柳庭花，亦未有妨我之襟怀笔墨者。虽我未学，下笔无文，又何妨用假语村言，敷演出一段故事来，亦可使闺阁昭传，复可悦世之目，破人愁闷，不亦宜乎？"故曰"贾雨村"云云。
　　此回中凡用“梦”用“幻”等字，是提醒阅者眼目，亦是此书立意本旨。
　　列位看官：你道此书从何而来？说起根由虽近荒唐，细按则深有趣味。待在下将此来历注明，方使阅者了然不惑。
　　原来女娲氏炼石补天之时，于大荒山无稽崖练成高经十二丈，方经二十四丈顽石三万六千五百零一块。娲皇氏只用了三万六千五百块，只单单剩了一块未用，便弃在此山青埂峰下。谁知此石自经煅炼之后，灵性已通，因见众石俱得补天，独自己无材不堪入选，遂自怨自叹，日夜悲号惭愧。
　　一日，正当嗟悼之际，俄见一僧一道远远而来，生得骨骼不凡，丰神迥异，说说笑笑来至峰下，坐于石边高谈快论。先是说些云山雾海神仙玄幻之事，后便说到红尘中荣华富贵。此石听了，不觉打动凡心，也想要到人间去享一享这荣华富贵，但自恨粗蠢，不得已，便口吐人言，向那僧道说道：“大师，弟子蠢物，不能见礼了。适闻二位谈那人世间荣耀繁华，心切慕之。弟子质虽粗蠢，性却稍通，况见二师仙形道体，定非凡品，必有补天济世之材，利物济人之德。如蒙发一点慈心，携带弟子得入红尘，在那富贵场中，温柔乡里受享几年，自当永佩洪恩，万劫不忘也。”二仙师听毕，齐憨笑道：“善哉，善哉！那红尘中有却有些乐事，但不能永远依恃，况又有‘美中不足，好事多魔’八个字紧相连属，瞬息间则又乐极悲生，人非物换，究竟是到头一梦，万境归空，倒不如不去的好。”这石凡心已炽，那里听得进这话去，乃复苦求再四。二仙知不可强制，乃叹道：“此亦静极怂级*，无中生有之数也。既如此，我们便携你去受享受享，只是到不得意时，切莫后悔。”石道：“自然，自然。”那僧又道：“若说你性灵，却又如此质蠢，并更无奇贵之处。如此也只好踮脚而已。也罢，我如今大施佛法助你助，待劫终之日，复还本质，以了此案。你道好否？"石头听了，感谢不尽。那僧便念咒书符，大展幻术，将一块大石登时变成一块鲜明莹洁的美玉，且又缩成扇坠大小的可佩可拿。那僧托于掌上，笑道：“形体倒也是个宝物了！还只没有，实在的好处，须得再镌上数字，使人一见便知是奇物方妙。然后携你到那昌明隆盛之邦，诗礼簪缨之族，花柳繁华地，温柔富贵乡去安身乐业。”石头听了，喜不能禁，乃问：“不知赐了弟子那几件奇处，又不知携了弟子到何地方？望乞明示，使弟子不惑。”那僧笑道：“你且莫问，日后自然明白的。”说着，便袖了这石，同那道人飘然而去，竟不知投奔何方何舍。
　　后来，又不知过了几世几劫，因有个空空道人访道求仙，忽从这大荒山无稽崖青埂峰下经过，忽见一大块石上字迹分明，编述历历。空空道人乃从头一看，原来就是无材补天，幻形入世，蒙茫茫大士，渺渺真人携入红尘，历尽离合悲欢炎凉世态的一段故事。后面又有一首偈云：
　　无材可去补苍天，枉入红尘若许年。
　　此系身前身后事，倩谁记去作奇传？诗后便是此石坠落之乡，投胎之处，亲自经历的一段陈迹故事。其中家庭闺阁琐事，以及闲情诗词倒还全备，或可适趣解闷，然朝代年纪，地舆邦国，却反失落无考。
　　空空道人遂向石头说道：“石兄，你这一段故事，据你自己说有些趣味，故编写在此，意欲问世传奇。据我看来，第一件，无朝代年纪可考，第二件，并无大贤大忠理朝廷治风俗的善政，其中只不过几个异样女子，或情或痴，或小才微善，亦无班姑，蔡女之德能。我纵抄去，恐世人不爱看呢。”石头笑答道：“我师何太痴耶！若云无朝代可考，今我师竟假借汉唐等年纪添缀，又有何难？但我想，历来野史，皆蹈一辙，莫如我这不借此套者，反倒新奇别致，不过只取其事体情理罢了，又何必拘拘于朝代年纪哉！再者，市井俗人喜看理治之书者甚少，爱适趣闲文者特多。历来野史，或讪谤君相，或贬人妻女，奸淫凶恶，不可胜数。更有一种风月笔墨，其淫秽污臭，屠毒笔墨，坏人子弟，又不可胜数。至若佳人才子等书，则又千部共出一套，且其中终不能不涉于淫滥，以致满纸潘安，子建，西子，文君，不过作者要写出自己的那两首情诗艳赋来，故假拟出男女二人名姓，又必旁出一小人其间拨乱，亦如剧中之小丑然。且鬟婢开口即者也之乎，非文即理。故逐一看去，悉皆自相矛盾，大不近情理之话，竟不如我半世亲睹亲闻的这几个女子，虽不敢说强似前代书中所有之人，但事迹原委，亦可以消愁破闷，也有几首歪诗熟话，可以喷饭供酒。至若离合悲欢，兴衰际遇，则又追踪蹑迹，不敢稍加穿凿，徒为供人之目而反失其真传者。今之人，贫者日为衣食所累，富者又怀不足之心，纵然一时稍闲，又有贪淫恋色，好货寻愁之事，那里去有工夫看那理治之书？所以我这一段故事，也不愿世人称奇道妙，也不定要世人喜悦检读，只愿他们当那醉淫饱卧之时，或避世去愁之际，把此一玩，岂不省了些寿命筋力？就比那谋虚逐妄，却也省了口舌是非之害，腿脚奔忙之苦。再者，亦令世人换新眼目，不比那些胡牵乱扯，忽离忽遇，满纸才人淑女，子建文君红娘小玉等通共熟套之旧稿。我师意为何如？”
　　空空道人听如此说，思忖半晌，将《石头记》再检阅一遍，因见上面虽有些指奸责佞贬恶诛邪之语，亦非伤时骂世之旨，及至君仁臣良父慈子孝，凡伦常所关之处，皆是称功颂德，眷眷无穷，实非别书之可比。虽其中大旨谈情，亦不过实录其事，又非假拟妄称，一味淫邀艳约，私订偷盟之可比。因毫不干涉时世，方从头至尾抄录回来，问世传奇。从此空空道人因空见色，由色生情，传情入色，自色悟空，遂易名为情僧，改《石头记》为《情僧录》。东鲁孔梅溪则题曰《风月宝鉴》。后因曹雪芹于悼红轩中披阅十载，增删五次，纂成目录，分出章回，则题曰《金陵十二钗》。并题一绝云：
　　满纸荒唐言，一把辛酸泪！
　　都云作者痴，谁解其中味？
　　出则既明，且看石上是何故事。按那石上书云：
　　当日地陷东南，这东南一隅有处曰姑苏，有城曰阊门者，最是红尘中一二等富贵风流之地。这阊门外有个十里街，街内有个仁清巷，巷内有个古庙，因地方窄狭，人皆呼作葫芦庙。庙旁住着一家乡宦，姓甄，名费，字士隐。嫡妻封氏，情性贤淑，深明礼义。家中虽不甚富贵，然本地便也推他为望族了。因这甄士隐禀性恬淡，不以功名为念，每日只以观花修竹，酌酒吟诗为乐，倒是神仙一流人品。只是一件不足：如今年已半百，膝下无儿，只有一女，乳名唤作英莲，年方三岁。
　　一日，炎夏永昼，士隐于书房闲坐，至手倦抛书，伏几少憩，不觉朦胧睡去。梦至一处，不辨是何地方。忽见那厢来了一僧一道，且行且谈。只听道人问道：“你携了这蠢物，意欲何往？"那僧笑道：“你放心，如今现有一段风流公案正该了结，这一干风流冤家，尚未投胎入世。趁此机会，就将此蠢物夹带于中，使他去经历经历。”那道人道：“原来近日风流冤孽又将造劫历世去不成？但不知落于何方何处？"那僧笑道：“此事说来好笑，竟是千古未闻的罕事。只因西方灵河岸上三生石畔，有绛珠草一株，时有赤瑕宫神瑛侍者，日以甘露灌溉，这绛珠草始得久延岁月。后来既受天地精华，复得雨露滋养，遂得脱却草胎木质，得换人形，仅修成个女体，终日游于离恨天外，饥则食蜜青果为膳，渴则饮灌愁海水为汤。只因尚未酬报灌溉之德，故其五内便郁结着一段缠绵不尽之意。恰近日这神瑛侍者凡心偶炽，乘此昌明太平朝世，意欲下凡造历幻缘，已在警幻仙子案前挂了号。警幻亦曾问及，灌溉之情未偿，趁此倒可了结的。那绛珠仙子道：‘他是甘露之惠，我并无此水可还。他既下世为人，我也去下世为人，但把我一生所有的眼泪还他，也偿还得过他了。’因此一事，就勾出多少风流冤家来，陪他们去了结此案。”那道人道：“果是罕闻。实未闻有还泪之说。想来这一段故事，比历来风月事故更加琐碎细腻了。”那僧道：“历来几个风流人物，不过传其大概以及诗词篇章而已，至家庭闺阁中一饮一食，总未述记。再者，大半风月故事，不过偷香窃玉，暗约私奔而已，并不曾将儿女之真情发泄一二。想这一干人入世，其情痴色鬼，贤愚不肖者，悉与前人传述不同矣。”那道人道：“趁此何不你我也去下世度脱几个，岂不是一场功德？"那僧道：“正合吾意，你且同我到警幻仙子宫中，将蠢物交割清楚，待这一干风流孽鬼下世已完，你我再去。如今虽已有一半落尘，然犹未全集。”道人道：“既如此，便随你去来。”
　　却说甄士隐俱听得明白，但不知所云"蠢物"系何东西。遂不禁上前施礼，笑问道：“二仙师请了。”那僧道也忙答礼相问。士隐因说道：“适闻仙师所谈因果，实人世罕闻者。但弟子愚浊，不能洞悉明白，若蒙大开痴顽，备细一闻，弟子则洗耳谛听，稍能警省，亦可免沉伦之苦。”二仙笑道：“此乃玄机不可预泄者。到那时不要忘我二人，便可跳出火坑矣。”士隐听了，不便再问。因笑道：“玄机不可预泄，但适云‘蠢物’，不知为何，或可一见否？"那僧道：“若问此物，倒有一面之缘。”说着，取出递与士隐。士隐接了看时，原来是块鲜明美玉，上面字迹分明，镌着"通灵宝玉"四字，后面还有几行小字。正欲细看时，那僧便说已到幻境，便强从手中夺了去，与道人竟过一大石牌坊，上书四个大字，乃是"太虚幻境"。两边又有一幅对联，道是：
　　假作真时真亦假，无为有处有还无。士隐意欲也跟了过去，方举步时，忽听一声霹雳，有若山崩地陷。士隐大叫一声，定睛一看，只见烈日炎炎，芭蕉冉冉，所梦之事便忘了大半。又见奶母正抱了英莲走来。士隐见女儿越发生得粉妆玉琢，乖觉可喜，便伸手接来，抱在怀内，斗他顽耍一回，又带至街前，看那过会的热闹。方欲进来时，只见从那边来了一僧一道：那僧则癞头跣脚，那道则跛足蓬头，疯疯癫癫，挥霍谈笑而至。及至到了他门前，看见士隐抱着英莲，那僧便大哭起来，又向士隐道：“施主，你把这有命无运，累及爹娘之物，抱在怀内作甚？"士隐听了，知是疯话，也不去睬他。那僧还说：“舍我罢，舍我罢！"士隐不耐烦，便抱女儿撤身要进去，那僧乃指着他大笑，口内念了四句言词道：
　　惯养娇生笑你痴，菱花空对雪澌澌。
　　好防佳节元宵后，便是烟消火灭时。士隐听得明白，心下犹豫，意欲问他们来历。只听道人说道：“你我不必同行，就此分手，各干营生去罢。三劫后，我在北邙山等你，会齐了同往太虚幻境销号。”那僧道：“最妙，最妙！"说毕，二人一去，再不见个踪影了。士隐心中此时自忖：这两个人必有来历，该试一问，如今悔却晚也。
　　这士隐正痴想，忽见隔壁葫芦庙内寄居的一个穷儒-姓贾名化，表字时飞，别号雨村者走了出来。这贾雨村原系胡州人氏，也是诗书仕宦之族，因他生于末世，父母祖宗根基已尽，人口衰丧，只剩得他一身一口，在家乡无益，因进京求取功名，再整基业。自前岁来此，又淹蹇住了，暂寄庙中安身，每日卖字作文为生，故士隐常与他交接。当下雨村见了士隐，忙施礼陪笑道：“老先生倚门伫望，敢是街市上有甚新闻否？"士隐笑道：“非也。适因小女啼哭，引他出来作耍，正是无聊之甚，兄来得正妙，请入小斋一谈，彼此皆可消此永昼。”说着，便令人送女儿进去，自与雨村携手来至书房中。小童献茶。方谈得三五句话，忽家人飞报：“严老爷来拜。”士隐慌的忙起身谢罪道：“恕诳驾之罪，略坐，弟即来陪。”雨村忙起身亦让道：“老先生请便。晚生乃常造之客，稍候何妨。”说着，士隐已出前厅去了。
　　这里雨村且翻弄书籍解闷。忽听得窗外有女子嗽声，雨村遂起身往窗外一看，原来是一个丫鬟，在那里撷花，生得仪容不俗，眉目清明，虽无十分姿色，却亦有动人之处。雨村不觉看的呆了。那甄家丫鬟撷了花，方欲走时，猛抬头见窗内有人，敝巾旧服，虽是贫窘，然生得腰圆背厚，面阔口方，更兼剑眉星眼，直鼻权腮。这丫鬟忙转身回避，心下乃想：“这人生的这样雄壮，却又这样褴褛，想他定是我家主人常说的什么贾雨村了，每有意帮助周济，只是没甚机会。我家并无这样贫窘亲友，想定是此人无疑了。怪道又说他必非久困之人。”如此想来，不免又回头两次。雨村见他回了头，便自为这女子心中有意于他，便狂喜不尽，自为此女子必是个巨眼英雄，风尘中之知己也。一时小童进来，雨村打听得前面留饭，不可久待，遂从夹道中自便出门去了。士隐待客既散，知雨村自便，也不去再邀。
　　一日，早又中秋佳节。士隐家宴已毕，乃又另具一席于书房，却自己步月至庙中来邀雨村。原来雨村自那日见了甄家之婢曾回顾他两次，自为是个知己，便时刻放在心上。今又正值中秋，不免对月有怀，因而口占五言一律云：
　　未卜三生愿，频添一段愁。
　　闷来时敛额，行去几回头。
　　自顾风前影，谁堪月下俦？
　　蟾光如有意，先上玉人楼。
　　雨村吟罢，因又思及平生抱负，苦未逢时，乃又搔首对天长叹，复高吟一联曰：
　　玉在匣中求善价，钗于奁内待时飞。
　　恰值士隐走来听见，笑道：“雨村兄真抱负不浅也！"雨村忙笑道：“不过偶吟前人之句，何敢狂诞至此。”因问：“老先生何兴至此？"士隐笑道：“今夜中秋，俗谓‘团圆之节’，想尊兄旅寄僧房，不无寂寥之感，故特具小酌，邀兄到敝斋一饮，不知可纳芹意否？"雨村听了，并不推辞，便笑道：“既蒙厚爱，何敢拂此盛情。”说着，便同士隐复过这边书院中来。须臾茶毕，早已设下杯盘，那美酒佳肴自不必说。二人归坐，先是款斟漫饮，次渐谈至兴浓，不觉飞觥限起来。当时街坊上家家箫管，户户弦歌，当头一轮明月，飞彩凝辉，二人愈添豪兴，酒到杯干。雨村此时已有七八分酒意，狂兴不禁，乃对月寓怀，口号一绝云：
　　时逢三五便团圆，满把晴光护玉栏。
　　天上一轮才捧出，人间万姓仰头看。士隐听了，大叫：“妙哉！吾每谓兄必非久居人下者，今所吟之句，飞腾之兆已见，不日可接履于云霓之上矣。可贺，可贺！"乃亲斟一斗为贺。雨村因干过，叹道：“非晚生酒后狂言，若论时尚之学，晚生也或可去充数沽名，只是目今行囊路费一概无措，神京路远，非赖卖字撰文即能到者。”士隐不待说完，便道：“兄何不早言。愚每有此心，但每遇兄时，兄并未谈及，愚故未敢唐突。今既及此，愚虽不才，‘义利’二字却还识得。且喜明岁正当大比，兄宜作速入都，春闱一战，方不负兄之所学也。其盘费余事，弟自代为处置，亦不枉兄之谬识矣！"当下即命小童进去，速封五十两白银，并两套冬衣。又云：“十九日乃黄道之期，兄可即买舟西上，待雄飞高举，明冬再晤，岂非大快之事耶！"雨村收了银衣，不过略谢一语，并不介意，仍是吃酒谈笑。那天已交了三更，二人方散。士隐送雨村去后，回房一觉，直至红日三竿方醒。因思昨夜之事，意欲再写两封荐书与雨村带至神都，使雨村投谒个仕宦之家为寄足之地。因使人过去请时，那家人去了回来说：“和尚说，贾爷今日五鼓已进京去了，也曾留下话与和尚转达老爷，说‘读书人不在黄道黑道，总以事理为要，不及面辞了。’"士隐听了，也只得罢了。真是闲处光阴易过，倏忽又是元霄佳节矣。士隐命家人霍启抱了英莲去看社火花灯，半夜中，霍启因要小解，便将英莲放在一家门槛上坐着。待他小解完了来抱时，那有英莲的踪影？急得霍启直寻了半夜，至天明不见，那霍启也就不敢回来见主人，便逃往他乡去了。那士隐夫妇，见女儿一夜不归，便知有些不妥，再使几人去寻找，回来皆云连音响皆无。夫妻二人，半世只生此女，一旦失落，岂不思想，因此昼夜啼哭，几乎不曾寻死。看看的一月，士隐先就得了一病，当时封氏孺人也因思女构疾，日日请医疗治。
　　不想这日三月十五，葫芦庙中炸供，那些和尚不加小心，致使油锅火逸，便烧着窗纸。此方人家多用竹篱木壁者，大抵也因劫数，于是接二连三，牵五挂四，将一条街烧得如火焰山一般。彼时虽有军民来救，那火已成了势，如何救得下？直烧了一夜，方渐渐的熄去，也不知烧了几家。只可怜甄家在隔壁，早已烧成一片瓦砾场了。只有他夫妇并几个家人的性命不曾伤了。急得士隐惟跌足长叹而已。只得与妻子商议，且到田庄上去安身。偏值近年水旱不收，鼠盗蜂起，无非抢田夺地，鼠窃狗偷，民不安生，因此官兵剿捕，难以安身。士隐只得将田庄都折变了，便携了妻子与两个丫鬟投他岳丈家去。
　　他岳丈名唤封肃，本贯大如州人氏，虽是务农，家中都还殷实。今见女婿这等狼狈而来，心中便有些不乐。幸而士隐还有折变田地的银子未曾用完，拿出来托他随分就价薄置些须房地，为后日衣食之计。那封肃便半哄半赚，些须与他些薄田朽屋。士隐乃读书之人，不惯生理稼穑等事，勉强支持了一二年，越觉穷了下去。封肃每见面时，便说些现成话，且人前人后又怨他们不善过活，只一味好吃懒作等语。士隐知投人不着，心中未免悔恨，再兼上年惊唬，急忿怨痛，已有积伤，暮年之人，贫病交攻，竟渐渐的露出那下世的光景来。
　　可巧这日拄了拐杖挣挫到街前散散心时，忽见那边来了一个跛足道人，疯癫落脱，麻屣鹑衣，口内念着几句言词，道是：
　　世人都晓神仙好，惟有功名忘不了！
　　古今将相在何方？荒冢一堆草没了。
　　世人都晓神仙好，只有金银忘不了！
　　终朝只恨聚无多，及到多时眼闭了。
　　世人都晓神仙好，只有姣妻忘不了！
　　君生日日说恩情，君死又随人去了。
　　世人都晓神仙好，只有儿孙忘不了！
　　痴心父母古来多，孝顺儿孙谁见了？
　　士隐听了，便迎上来道：“你满口说些什么？只听见些‘好’‘了’‘好’‘了’。那道人笑道：“你若果听见‘好’‘了’二字，还算你明白。可知世上万般，好便是了，了便是好。若不了，便不好，若要好，须是了。我这歌儿，便名《好了歌》"士隐本是有宿慧的，一闻此言，心中早已彻悟。因笑道：“且住！待我将你这《好了歌》解注出来何如？"道人笑道：“你解，你解。”士隐乃说道：
　　陋室空堂，当年笏满床，衰草枯杨，曾为歌舞场。蛛丝儿结满雕梁，绿纱今又糊在蓬窗上。说什么脂正浓、粉正香，如何两鬓又成霜？昨日黄土陇头送白骨，今宵红灯帐底卧鸳鸯。金满箱，银满箱，展眼乞丐人皆谤。正叹他人命不长，那知自己归来丧！训有方，保不定日后作强梁。择膏粱，谁承望流落在烟花巷！因嫌纱帽小，致使锁枷杠，昨怜破袄寒，今嫌紫蟒长：乱烘烘你方唱罢我登场，反认他乡是故乡。甚荒唐，到头来都是为他人作嫁衣裳！
　　那疯跛道人听了，拍掌笑道：“解得切，解得切！"士隐便说一声"走罢！"将道人肩上褡裢抢了过来背着，竟不回家，同了疯道人飘飘而去。当下烘动街坊，众人当作一件新闻传说。封氏闻得此信，哭个死去活来，只得与父亲商议，遣人各处访寻，那讨音信？无奈何，少不得依靠着他父母度日。幸而身边还有两个旧日的丫鬟伏侍，主仆三人，日夜作些针线发卖，帮着父亲用度。那封肃虽然日日抱怨，也无可奈何了。
　　这日，那甄家大丫鬟在门前买线，忽听街上喝道之声，众人都说新太爷到任。丫鬟于是隐在门内看时，只见军牢快手，一对一对的过去，俄而大轿抬着一个乌帽猩袍的官府过去。丫鬟倒发了个怔，自思这官好面善，倒象在那里见过的。于是进入房中，也就丢过不在心上。至晚间，正待歇息之时，忽听一片声打的门响，许多人乱嚷，说：“本府太爷差人来传人问话。”封肃听了，唬得目瞪口呆，不知有何祸事。


　　Chen Shih-yin, in a vision, apprehends perception and spirituality. Chia Yue-ts'un, in the (windy and dusty) world, cherishes fond thoughts of a beautiful maiden.
　　
　　This is the opening section; this the first chapter. Subsequent to the visions of a dream which he had, on some previous occasion, experienced, the writer personally relates, he designedly concealed the true circumstances, and borrowed the attributes of perception and spirituality to relate this story of the Record of the Stone. With this purpose, he made use of such designations as Chen Shih-yin (truth under the garb of fiction) and the like. What are, however, the events recorded in this work? Who are the dramatis personae?
　　
　　Wearied with the drudgery experienced of late in the world, the author speaking for himself, goes on to explain, with the lack of success which attended every single concern, I suddenly bethought myself of the womankind of past ages. Passing one by one under a minute scrutiny, I felt that in action and in lore, one and all were far above me; that in spite of the majesty of my manliness, I could not, in point of fact, compare with these characters of the gentle sex. And my shame forsooth then knew no bounds; while regret, on the other hand, was of no avail, as there was not even a remote possibility of a day of remedy.
　　
　　On this very day it was that I became desirous to compile, in a connected form, for publication throughout the world, with a view to (universal) information, how that I bear inexorable and manifold retribution; inasmuch as what time, by the sustenance of the benevolence of Heaven, and the virtue of my ancestors, my apparel was rich and fine, and as what days my fare was savory and sumptuous, I disregarded the bounty of education and nurture of father and mother, and paid no heed to the virtue of precept and injunction of teachers and friends, with the result that I incurred the punishment, of failure recently in the least trifle, and the reckless waste of half my lifetime. There have been meanwhile, generation after generation, those in the inner chambers, the whole mass of whom could not, on any account, be, through my influence, allowed to fall into extinction, in order that I, unfilial as I have been, may have the means to screen my own shortcomings.
　　
　　Hence it is that the thatched shed, with bamboo mat windows, the bed of tow and the stove of brick, which are at present my share, are not sufficient to deter me from carrying out the fixed purpose of my mind. And could I, furthermore, confront the morning breeze, the evening moon, the willows by the steps and the flowers in the courtyard, methinks these would moisten to a greater degree my mortal pen with ink; but though I lack culture and erudition, what harm is there, however, in employing fiction and unrecondite language to give utterance to the merits of these characters? And were I also able to induce the inmates of the inner chamber to understand and diffuse them, could I besides break the weariness of even so much as a single moment, or could I open the eyes of my contemporaries, will it not forsooth prove a boon?
　　
　　This consideration has led to the usage of such names as Chia Yue-ts'un and other similar appellations.
　　
　　More than any in these pages have been employed such words as dreams and visions; but these dreams constitute the main argument of this work, and combine, furthermore, the design of giving a word of warning to my readers.
　　
　　Reader, can you suggest whence the story begins?
　　
　　The narration may border on the limits of incoherency and triviality, but it possesses considerable zest. But to begin.
　　
　　The Empress Nue Wo, (the goddess of works,) in fashioning blocks of stones, for the repair of the heavens, prepared, at the Ta Huang Hills and Wu Ch'i cave, 36,501 blocks of rough stone, each twelve chang in height, and twenty-four chang square. Of these stones, the Empress Wo only used 36,500; so that one single block remained over and above, without being turned to any account. This was cast down the Ch'ing Keng peak. This stone, strange to say, after having undergone a process of refinement, attained a nature of efficiency, and could, by its innate powers, set itself into motion and was able to expand and to contract.
　　
　　When it became aware that the whole number of blocks had been made use of to repair the heavens, that it alone had been destitute of the necessary properties and had been unfit to attain selection, it forthwith felt within itself vexation and shame, and day and night, it gave way to anguish and sorrow.
　　
　　One day, while it lamented its lot, it suddenly caught sight, at a great distance, of a Buddhist bonze and of a Taoist priest coming towards that direction. Their appearance was uncommon, their easy manner remarkable. When they drew near this Ch'ing Keng peak, they sat on the ground to rest, and began to converse. But on noticing the block newly-polished and brilliantly clear, which had moreover contracted in dimensions, and become no larger than the pendant of a fan, they were greatly filled with admiration. The Buddhist priest picked it up, and laid it in the palm of his hand.
　　
　　"Your appearance," he said laughingly, "may well declare you to be a supernatural object, but as you lack any inherent quality it is necessary to inscribe a few characters on you, so that every one who shall see you may at once recognise you to be a remarkable thing. And subsequently, when you will be taken into a country where honour and affluence will reign, into a family cultured in mind and of official status, in a land where flowers and trees shall flourish with luxuriance, in a town of refinement, renown and glory; when you once will have been there..."
　　
　　The stone listened with intense delight.
　　
　　"What characters may I ask," it consequently inquired, "will you inscribe? and what place will I be taken to? pray, pray explain to me in lucid terms." "You mustn't be inquisitive," the bonze replied, with a smile, "in days to come you'll certainly understand everything." Having concluded these words, he forthwith put the stone in his sleeve, and proceeded leisurely on his journey, in company with the Taoist priest. Whither, however, he took the stone, is not divulged. Nor can it be known how many centuries and ages elapsed, before a Taoist priest, K'ung K'ung by name, passed, during his researches after the eternal reason and his quest after immortality, by these Ta Huang Hills, Wu Ch'i cave and Ch'ing Keng Peak. Suddenly perceiving a large block of stone, on the surface of which the traces of characters giving, in a connected form, the various incidents of its fate, could be clearly deciphered, K'ung K'ung examined them from first to last. They, in fact, explained how that this block of worthless stone had originally been devoid of the properties essential for the repairs to the heavens, how it would be transmuted into human form and introduced by Mang Mang the High Lord, and Miao Miao, the Divine, into the world of mortals, and how it would be led over the other bank (across the San Sara). On the surface, the record of the spot where it would fall, the place of its birth, as well as various family trifles and trivial love affairs of young ladies, verses, odes, speeches and enigmas was still complete; but the name of the dynasty and the year of the reign were obliterated, and could not be ascertained.
　　
　　On the obverse, were also the following enigmatical verses:
　　
　　Lacking in virtues meet the azure skies to mend, In vain the mortal world full many a year I wend, Of a former and after life these facts that be, Who will for a tradition strange record for me?
　　
　　K'ung K'ung, the Taoist, having pondered over these lines for a while, became aware that this stone had a history of some kind.
　　
　　"Brother stone," he forthwith said, addressing the stone, "the concerns of past days recorded on you possess, according to your own account, a considerable amount of interest, and have been for this reason inscribed, with the intent of soliciting generations to hand them down as remarkable occurrences. But in my own opinion, they lack, in the first place, any data by means of which to establish the name of the Emperor and the year of his reign; and, in the second place, these constitute no record of any excellent policy, adopted by any high worthies or high loyal statesmen, in the government of the state, or in the rule of public morals. The contents simply treat of a certain number of maidens, of exceptional character; either of their love affairs or infatuations, or of their small deserts or insignificant talents; and were I to transcribe the whole collection of them, they would, nevertheless, not be estimated as a book of any exceptional worth."
　　
　　"Sir Priest," the stone replied with assurance, "why are you so excessively dull? The dynasties recorded in the rustic histories, which have been written from age to age, have, I am fain to think, invariably assumed, under false pretences, the mere nomenclature of the Han and T'ang dynasties. They differ from the events inscribed on my block, which do not borrow this customary practice, but, being based on my own experiences and natural feelings, present, on the contrary, a novel and unique character. Besides, in the pages of these rustic histories, either the aspersions upon sovereigns and statesmen, or the strictures upon individuals, their wives, and their daughters, or the deeds of licentiousness and violence are too numerous to be computed. Indeed, there is one more kind of loose literature, the wantonness and pollution in which work most easy havoc upon youth.
　　
　　"As regards the works, in which the characters of scholars and beauties is delineated their allusions are again repeatedly of Wen Chuen, their theme in every page of Tzu Chien; a thousand volumes present no diversity; and a thousand characters are but a counterpart of each other. What is more, these works, throughout all their pages, cannot help bordering on extreme licence. The authors, however, had no other object in view than to give utterance to a few sentimental odes and elegant ballads of their own, and for this reason they have fictitiously invented the names and surnames of both men and women, and necessarily introduced, in addition, some low characters, who should, like a buffoon in a play, create some excitement in the plot.
　　
　　"Still more loathsome is a kind of pedantic and profligate literature, perfectly devoid of all natural sentiment, full of self-contradictions; and, in fact, the contrast to those maidens in my work, whom I have, during half my lifetime, seen with my own eyes and heard with my own ears. And though I will not presume to estimate them as superior to the heroes and heroines in the works of former ages, yet the perusal of the motives and issues of their experiences, may likewise afford matter sufficient to banish dulness, and to break the spell of melancholy.
　　
　　"As regards the several stanzas of doggerel verse, they may too evoke such laughter as to compel the reader to blurt out the rice, and to spurt out the wine.
　　
　　"In these pages, the scenes depicting the anguish of separation, the bliss of reunion, and the fortunes of prosperity and of adversity are all, in every detail, true to human nature, and I have not taken upon myself to make the slightest addition, or alteration, which might lead to the perversion of the truth.
　　
　　"My only object has been that men may, after a drinking bout, or after they wake from sleep or when in need of relaxation from the pressure of business, take up this light literature, and not only expunge the traces of antiquated books, and obtain a new kind of distraction, but that they may also lay by a long life as well as energy and strength; for it bears no point of similarity to those works, whose designs are false, whose course is immoral. Now, Sir Priest, what are your views on the subject?"
　　
　　K'ung K'ung having pondered for a while over the words, to which he had listened intently, re-perused, throughout, this record of the stone; and finding that the general purport consisted of nought else than a treatise on love, and likewise of an accurate transcription of facts, without the least taint of profligacy injurious to the times, he thereupon copied the contents, from beginning to end, to the intent of charging the world to hand them down as a strange story.
　　
　　Hence it was that K'ung K'ung, the Taoist, in consequence of his perception, (in his state of) abstraction, of passion, the generation, from this passion, of voluptuousness, the transmission of this voluptuousness into passion, and the apprehension, by means of passion, of its unreality, forthwith altered his name for that of "Ch'ing Tseng" (the Voluptuous Bonze), and changed the title of "the Memoir of a Stone" (Shih-t'ou-chi,) for that of "Ch'ing Tseng Lu," The Record of the Voluptuous Bonze; while K'ung Mei-chi of Tung Lu gave it the name of "Feng Yueeh Pao Chien," "The Precious Mirror of Voluptuousness." In later years, owing to the devotion by Tsao Hsueeh-ch'in in the Tao Hung study, of ten years to the perusal and revision of the work, the additions and modifications effected by him five times, the affix of an index and the division into periods and chapters, the book was again entitled "Chin Ling Shih Erh Ch'ai," "The Twelve Maidens of Chin Ling." A stanza was furthermore composed for the purpose. This then, and no other, is the origin of the Record of the Stone. The poet says appositely:--
　　
　　Pages full of silly litter, Tears a handful sour and bitter; All a fool the author hold, But their zest who can unfold?
　　
　　You have now understood the causes which brought about the Record of the Stone, but as you are not, as yet, aware what characters are depicted, and what circumstances are related on the surface of the block, reader, please lend an ear to the narrative on the stone, which runs as follows:--
　　
　　In old days, the land in the South East lay low. In this South-East part of the world, was situated a walled town, Ku Su by name. Within the walls a locality, called the Ch'ang Men, was more than all others throughout the mortal world, the centre, which held the second, if not the first place for fashion and life. Beyond this Ch'ang Men was a street called Shih-li-chieh (Ten _Li_ street); in this street a lane, the Jen Ch'ing lane (Humanity and Purity); and in this lane stood an old temple, which on account of its diminutive dimensions, was called, by general consent, the Gourd temple. Next door to this temple lived the family of a district official, Chen by surname, Fei by name, and Shih-yin by style. His wife, nee Feng, possessed a worthy and virtuous disposition, and had a clear perception of moral propriety and good conduct. This family, though not in actual possession of excessive affluence and honours, was, nevertheless, in their district, conceded to be a clan of well-to-do standing. As this Chen Shih-yin was of a contented and unambitious frame of mind, and entertained no hankering after any official distinction, but day after day of his life took delight in gazing at flowers, planting bamboos, sipping his wine and conning poetical works, he was in fact, in the indulgence of these pursuits, as happy as a supernatural being.
　　
　　One thing alone marred his happiness. He had lived over half a century and had, as yet, no male offspring around his knees. He had one only child, a daughter, whose infant name was Ying Lien. She was just three years of age. On a long summer day, on which the heat had been intense, Shih-yin sat leisurely in his library. Feeling his hand tired, he dropped the book he held, leant his head on a teapoy, and fell asleep.
　　
　　Of a sudden, while in this state of unconsciousness, it seemed as if he had betaken himself on foot to some spot or other whither he could not discriminate. Unexpectedly he espied, in the opposite direction, two priests coming towards him: the one a Buddhist, the other a Taoist. As they advanced they kept up the conversation in which they were engaged. "Whither do you purpose taking the object you have brought away?" he heard the Taoist inquire. To this question the Buddhist replied with a smile: "Set your mind at ease," he said; "there's now in maturity a plot of a general character involving mundane pleasures, which will presently come to a denouement. The whole number of the votaries of voluptuousness have, as yet, not been quickened or entered the world, and I mean to avail myself of this occasion to introduce this object among their number, so as to give it a chance to go through the span of human existence." "The votaries of voluptuousness of these days will naturally have again to endure the ills of life during their course through the mortal world," the Taoist remarked; "but when, I wonder, will they spring into existence? and in what place will they descend?"
　　
　　"The account of these circumstances," the bonze ventured to reply, "is enough to make you laugh! They amount to this: there existed in the west, on the bank of the Ling (spiritual) river, by the side of the San Sheng (thrice-born) stone, a blade of the Chiang Chu (purple pearl) grass. At about the same time it was that the block of stone was, consequent upon its rejection by the goddess of works, also left to ramble and wander to its own gratification, and to roam about at pleasure to every and any place. One day it came within the precincts of the Ching Huan (Monitory Vision) Fairy; and this Fairy, cognizant of the fact that this stone had a history, detained it, therefore, to reside at the Ch'ih Hsia (purple clouds) palace, and apportioned to it the duties of attendant on Shen Ying, a fairy of the Ch'ih Hsia palace.
　　
　　"This stone would, however, often stroll along the banks of the Ling river, and having at the sight of the blade of spiritual grass been filled with admiration, it, day by day, moistened its roots with sweet dew. This purple pearl grass, at the outset, tarried for months and years; but being at a later period imbued with the essence and luxuriance of heaven and earth, and having incessantly received the moisture and nurture of the sweet dew, divested itself, in course of time, of the form of a grass; assuming, in lieu, a human nature, which gradually became perfected into the person of a girl.
　　
　　"Every day she was wont to wander beyond the confines of the Li Hen (divested animosities) heavens. When hungry she fed on the Pi Ch'ing (hidden love) fruit--when thirsty she drank the Kuan ch'ou (discharged sorrows,) water. Having, however, up to this time, not shewn her gratitude for the virtue of nurture lavished upon her, the result was but natural that she should resolve in her heart upon a constant and incessant purpose to make suitable acknowledgment.
　　
　　"I have been," she would often commune within herself, "the recipient of the gracious bounty of rain and dew, but I possess no such water as was lavished upon me to repay it! But should it ever descend into the world in the form of a human being, I will also betake myself thither, along with it; and if I can only have the means of making restitution to it, with the tears of a whole lifetime, I may be able to make adequate return."
　　
　　"This resolution it is that will evolve the descent into the world of so many pleasure-bound spirits of retribution and the experience of fantastic destinies; and this crimson pearl blade will also be among the number. The stone still lies in its original place, and why should not you and I take it along before the tribunal of the Monitory Vision Fairy, and place on its behalf its name on record, so that it should descend into the world, in company with these spirits of passion, and bring this plot to an issue?"
　　
　　"It is indeed ridiculous," interposed the Taoist. "Never before have I heard even the very mention of restitution by means of tears! Why should not you and I avail ourselves of this opportunity to likewise go down into the world? and if successful in effecting the salvation of a few of them, will it not be a work meritorious and virtuous?"
　　
　　"This proposal," remarked the Buddhist, "is quite in harmony with my own views. Come along then with me to the palace of the Monitory Vision Fairy, and let us deliver up this good-for-nothing object, and have done with it! And when the company of pleasure-bound spirits of wrath descend into human existence, you and I can then enter the world. Half of them have already fallen into the dusty universe, but the whole number of them have not, as yet, come together."
　　
　　"Such being the case," the Taoist acquiesced, "I am ready to follow you, whenever you please to go."
　　
　　But to return to Chen Shih-yin. Having heard every one of these words distinctly, he could not refrain from forthwith stepping forward and paying homage. "My spiritual lords," he said, as he smiled, "accept my obeisance." The Buddhist and Taoist priests lost no time in responding to the compliment, and they exchanged the usual salutations. "My spiritual lords," Shih-yin continued; "I have just heard the conversation that passed between you, on causes and effects, a conversation the like of which few mortals have forsooth listened to; but your younger brother is sluggish of intellect, and cannot lucidly fathom the import! Yet could this dulness and simplicity be graciously dispelled, your younger brother may, by listening minutely, with undefiled ear and careful attention, to a certain degree be aroused to a sense of understanding; and what is more, possibly find the means of escaping the anguish of sinking down into Hades."
　　
　　The two spirits smiled, "The conversation," they added, "refers to the primordial scheme and cannot be divulged before the proper season; but, when the time comes, mind do not forget us two, and you will readily be able to escape from the fiery furnace."
　　
　　Shih-yin, after this reply, felt it difficult to make any further inquiries. "The primordial scheme," he however remarked smiling, "cannot, of course, be divulged; but what manner of thing, I wonder, is the good-for-nothing object you alluded to a short while back? May I not be allowed to judge for myself?"
　　
　　"This object about which you ask," the Buddhist Bonze responded, "is intended, I may tell you, by fate to be just glanced at by you." With these words he produced it, and handed it over to Shih-yin.
　　
　　Shih-yin received it. On scrutiny he found it, in fact, to be a beautiful gem, so lustrous and so clear that the traces of characters on the surface were distinctly visible. The characters inscribed consisted of the four "T'ung Ling Pao Yue," "Precious Gem of Spiritual Perception." On the obverse, were also several columns of minute words, which he was just in the act of looking at intently, when the Buddhist at once expostulated.
　　
　　"We have already reached," he exclaimed, "the confines of vision." Snatching it violently out of his hands, he walked away with the Taoist, under a lofty stone portal, on the face of which appeared in large type the four characters: "T'ai Hsue Huan Ching," "The Visionary limits of the Great Void." On each side was a scroll with the lines:
　　
　　When falsehood stands for truth, truth likewise becomes false, Where naught be made to aught, aught changes into naught.
　　
　　Shih-yin meant also to follow them on the other side, but, as he was about to make one step forward, he suddenly heard a crash, just as if the mountains had fallen into ruins, and the earth sunk into destruction. As Shih-yin uttered a loud shout, he looked with strained eye; but all he could see was the fiery sun shining, with glowing rays, while the banana leaves drooped their heads. By that time, half of the circumstances connected with the dream he had had, had already slipped from his memory.
　　
　　He also noticed a nurse coming towards him with Ying Lien in her arms. To Shih-yin's eyes his daughter appeared even more beautiful, such a bright gem, so precious, and so lovable. Forthwith stretching out his arms, he took her over, and, as he held her in his embrace, he coaxed her to play with him for a while; after which he brought her up to the street to see the great stir occasioned by the procession that was going past.
　　
　　He was about to come in, when he caught sight of two priests, one a Taoist, the other a Buddhist, coming hither from the opposite direction. The Buddhist had a head covered with mange, and went barefooted. The Taoist had a limping foot, and his hair was all dishevelled.
　　
　　Like maniacs, they jostled along, chattering and laughing as they drew near.
　　
　　As soon as they reached Shih-yin's door, and they perceived him with Ying Lien in his arms, the Bonze began to weep aloud.
　　
　　Turning towards Shih-yin, he said to him: "My good Sir, why need you carry in your embrace this living but luckless thing, which will involve father and mother in trouble?"
　　
　　These words did not escape Shih-yin's ear; but persuaded that they amounted to raving talk, he paid no heed whatever to the bonze.
　　
　　"Part with her and give her to me," the Buddhist still went on to say.
　　
　　Shih-yin could not restrain his annoyance; and hastily pressing his daughter closer to him, he was intent upon going in, when the bonze pointed his hand at him, and burst out in a loud fit of laughter.
　　
　　He then gave utterance to the four lines that follow:
　　
　　You indulge your tender daughter and are laughed at as inane; Vain you face the snow, oh mirror! for it will evanescent wane, When the festival of lanterns is gone by, guard 'gainst your doom, 'Tis what time the flames will kindle, and the fire will consume.
　　
　　Shih-yin understood distinctly the full import of what he heard; but his heart was still full of conjectures. He was about to inquire who and what they were, when he heard the Taoist remark,--"You and I cannot speed together; let us now part company, and each of us will be then able to go after his own business. After the lapse of three ages, I shall be at the Pei Mang mount, waiting for you; and we can, after our reunion, betake ourselves to the Visionary Confines of the Great Void, there to cancel the name of the stone from the records."
　　
　　"Excellent! first rate!" exclaimed the Bonze. And at the conclusion of these words, the two men parted, each going his own way, and no trace was again seen of them.
　　
　　"These two men," Shih-yin then pondered within his heart, "must have had many experiences, and I ought really to have made more inquiries of them; but at this juncture to indulge in regret is anyhow too late."
　　
　　While Shih-yin gave way to these foolish reflections, he suddenly noticed the arrival of a penniless scholar, Chia by surname, Hua by name, Shih-fei by style and Yue-ts'un by nickname, who had taken up his quarters in the Gourd temple next door. This Chia Yue-ts'un was originally a denizen of Hu-Chow, and was also of literary and official parentage, but as he was born of the youngest stock, and the possessions of his paternal and maternal ancestors were completely exhausted, and his parents and relatives were dead, he remained the sole and only survivor; and, as he found his residence in his native place of no avail, he therefore entered the capital in search of that reputation, which would enable him to put the family estate on a proper standing. He had arrived at this place since the year before last, and had, what is more, lived all along in very straitened circumstances. He had made the temple his temporary quarters, and earned a living by daily occupying himself in composing documents and writing letters for customers. Thus it was that Shih-yin had been in constant relations with him.
　　
　　As soon as Yue-ts'un perceived Shih-yin, he lost no time in saluting him. "My worthy Sir," he observed with a forced smile; "how is it you are leaning against the door and looking out? Is there perchance any news astir in the streets, or in the public places?"
　　
　　"None whatever," replied Shih-yin, as he returned the smile. "Just a while back, my young daughter was in sobs, and I coaxed her out here to amuse her. I am just now without anything whatever to attend to, so that, dear brother Chia, you come just in the nick of time. Please walk into my mean abode, and let us endeavour, in each other's company, to while away this long summer day."
　　
　　After he had made this remark, he bade a servant take his daughter in, while he, hand-in-hand with Yue-ts'un, walked into the library, where a young page served tea. They had hardly exchanged a few sentences, when one of the household came in, in flying haste, to announce that Mr. Yen had come to pay a visit.
　　
　　Shih-yin at once stood up. "Pray excuse my rudeness," he remarked apologetically, "but do sit down; I shall shortly rejoin you, and enjoy the pleasure of your society." "My dear Sir," answered Yue-ts'un, as he got up, also in a conceding way, "suit your own convenience. I've often had the honour of being your guest, and what will it matter if I wait a little?" While these apologies were yet being spoken, Shih-yin had already walked out into the front parlour. During his absence, Yue-ts'un occupied himself in turning over the pages of some poetical work to dispel ennui, when suddenly he heard, outside the window, a woman's cough. Yue-ts'un hurriedly got up and looked out. He saw at a glance that it was a servant girl engaged in picking flowers. Her deportment was out of the common; her eyes so bright, her eyebrows so well defined. Though not a perfect beauty, she possessed nevertheless charms sufficient to arouse the feelings. Yue-ts'un unwittingly gazed at her with fixed eye. This waiting-maid, belonging to the Chen family, had done picking flowers, and was on the point of going in, when she of a sudden raised her eyes and became aware of the presence of some person inside the window, whose head-gear consisted of a turban in tatters, while his clothes were the worse for wear. But in spite of his poverty, he was naturally endowed with a round waist, a broad back, a fat face, a square mouth; added to this, his eyebrows were swordlike, his eyes resembled stars, his nose was straight, his cheeks square.
　　
　　This servant girl turned away in a hurry and made her escape.
　　
　　"This man so burly and strong," she communed within herself, "yet at the same time got up in such poor attire, must, I expect, be no one else than the man, whose name is Chia Yue-ts'un or such like, time after time referred to by my master, and to whom he has repeatedly wished to give a helping hand, but has failed to find a favourable opportunity. And as related to our family there is no connexion or friend in such straits, I feel certain it cannot be any other person than he. Strange to say, my master has further remarked that this man will, for a certainty, not always continue in such a state of destitution."
　　
　　As she indulged in this train of thought, she could not restrain herself from turning her head round once or twice.
　　
　　When Yue-ts'un perceived that she had looked back, he readily interpreted it as a sign that in her heart her thoughts had been of him, and he was frantic with irrepressible joy.
　　
　　"This girl," he mused, "is, no doubt, keen-eyed and eminently shrewd, and one in this world who has seen through me."
　　
　　The servant youth, after a short time, came into the room; and when Yue-ts'un made inquiries and found out from him that the guests in the front parlour had been detained to dinner, he could not very well wait any longer, and promptly walked away down a side passage and out of a back door.
　　
　　When the guests had taken their leave, Shih-yin did not go back to rejoin Yue-ts'un, as he had come to know that he had already left.
　　
　　In time the mid-autumn festivities drew near; and Shih-yin, after the family banquet was over, had a separate table laid in the library, and crossed over, in the moonlight, as far as the temple and invited Yue-ts'un to come round.
　　
　　The fact is that Yue-ts'un, ever since the day on which he had seen the girl of the Chen family turn twice round to glance at him, flattered himself that she was friendly disposed towards him, and incessantly fostered fond thoughts of her in his heart. And on this day, which happened to be the mid-autumn feast, he could not, as he gazed at the moon, refrain from cherishing her remembrance. Hence it was that he gave vent to these pentameter verses:
　　
　　Alas! not yet divined my lifelong wish, And anguish ceaseless comes upon anguish I came, and sad at heart, my brow I frowned; She went, and oft her head to look turned round. Facing the breeze, her shadow she doth watch, Who's meet this moonlight night with her to match? The lustrous rays if they my wish but read Would soon alight upon her beauteous head!
　　
　　Yue-ts'un having, after this recitation, recalled again to mind how that throughout his lifetime his literary attainments had had an adverse fate and not met with an opportunity (of reaping distinction), went on to rub his brow, and as he raised his eyes to the skies, he heaved a deep sigh and once more intoned a couplet aloud:
　　
　　The gem in the cask a high price it seeks, The pin in the case to take wing it waits.
　　
　　As luck would have it, Shih-yin was at the moment approaching, and upon hearing the lines, he said with a smile: "My dear Yue-ts'un, really your attainments are of no ordinary capacity."
　　
　　Yue-ts'un lost no time in smiling and replying. "It would be presumption in my part to think so," he observed. "I was simply at random humming a few verses composed by former writers, and what reason is there to laud me to such an excessive degree? To what, my dear Sir, do I owe the pleasure of your visit?" he went on to inquire. "Tonight," replied Shih-yin, "is the mid-autumn feast, generally known as the full-moon festival; and as I could not help thinking that living, as you my worthy brother are, as a mere stranger in this Buddhist temple, you could not but experience the feeling of loneliness. I have, for the express purpose, prepared a small entertainment, and will be pleased if you will come to my mean abode to have a glass of wine. But I wonder whether you will entertain favourably my modest invitation?" Yue-ts'un, after listening to the proposal, put forward no refusal of any sort; but remarked complacently: "Being the recipient of such marked attention, how can I presume to repel your generous consideration?"
　　
　　As he gave expression to these words, he walked off there and then, in company with Shih-yin, and came over once again into the court in front of the library. In a few minutes, tea was over.
　　
　　The cups and dishes had been laid from an early hour, and needless to say the wines were luscious; the fare sumptuous.
　　
　　The two friends took their seats. At first they leisurely replenished their glasses, and quietly sipped their wine; but as, little by little, they entered into conversation, their good cheer grew more genial, and unawares the glasses began to fly round, and the cups to be exchanged.
　　
　　At this very hour, in every house of the neighbourhood, sounded the fife and lute, while the inmates indulged in music and singing. Above head, the orb of the radiant moon shone with an all-pervading splendour, and with a steady lustrous light, while the two friends, as their exuberance increased, drained their cups dry so soon as they reached their lips.
　　
　　Yue-ts'un, at this stage of the collation, was considerably under the influence of wine, and the vehemence of his high spirits was irrepressible. As he gazed at the moon, he fostered thoughts, to which he gave vent by the recital of a double couplet.
　　
　　'Tis what time three meets five, Selene is a globe! Her pure rays fill the court, the jadelike rails enrobe! Lo! in the heavens her disk to view doth now arise, And in the earth below to gaze men lift their eyes.
　　
　　"Excellent!" cried Shih-yin with a loud voice, after he had heard these lines; "I have repeatedly maintained that it was impossible for you to remain long inferior to any, and now the verses you have recited are a prognostic of your rapid advancement. Already it is evident that, before long, you will extend your footsteps far above the clouds! I must congratulate you! I must congratulate you! Let me, with my own hands, pour a glass of wine to pay you my compliments."
　　
　　Yue-ts'un drained the cup. "What I am about to say," he explained as he suddenly heaved a sigh, "is not the maudlin talk of a man under the effects of wine. As far as the subjects at present set in the examinations go, I could, perchance, also have well been able to enter the list, and to send in my name as a candidate; but I have, just now, no means whatever to make provision for luggage and for travelling expenses. The distance too to Shen Ching is a long one, and I could not depend upon the sale of papers or the composition of essays to find the means of getting there."
　　
　　Shih-yin gave him no time to conclude. "Why did you not speak about this sooner?" he interposed with haste. "I have long entertained this suspicion; but as, whenever I met you, this conversation was never broached, I did not presume to make myself officious. But if such be the state of affairs just now, I lack, I admit, literary qualification, but on the two subjects of friendly spirit and pecuniary means, I have, nevertheless, some experience. Moreover, I rejoice that next year is just the season for the triennial examinations, and you should start for the capital with all despatch; and in the tripos next spring, you will, by carrying the prize, be able to do justice to the proficiency you can boast of. As regards the travelling expenses and the other items, the provision of everything necessary for you by my own self will again not render nugatory your mean acquaintance with me."
　　
　　Forthwith, he directed a servant lad to go and pack up at once fifty taels of pure silver and two suits of winter clothes.
　　
　　"The nineteenth," he continued, "is a propitious day, and you should lose no time in hiring a boat and starting on your journey westwards. And when, by your eminent talents, you shall have soared high to a lofty position, and we meet again next winter, will not the occasion be extremely felicitous?"
　　
　　Yue-ts'un accepted the money and clothes with but scanty expression of gratitude. In fact, he paid no thought whatever to the gifts, but went on, again drinking his wine, as he chattered and laughed.
　　
　　It was only when the third watch of that day had already struck that the two friends parted company; and Shih-yin, after seeing Yue-ts'un off, retired to his room and slept, with one sleep all through, never waking until the sun was well up in the skies.
　　
　　Remembering the occurrence of the previous night, he meant to write a couple of letters of recommendation for Yue-ts'un to take along with him to the capital, to enable him, after handing them over at the mansions of certain officials, to find some place as a temporary home. He accordingly despatched a servant to ask him to come round, but the man returned and reported that from what the bonze said, "Mr. Chia had started on his journey to the capital, at the fifth watch of that very morning, that he had also left a message with the bonze to deliver to you, Sir, to the effect that men of letters paid no heed to lucky or unlucky days, that the sole consideration with them was the nature of the matter in hand, and that he could find no time to come round in person and bid good-bye."
　　
　　Shih-yin after hearing this message had no alternative but to banish the subject from his thoughts.
　　
　　In comfortable circumstances, time indeed goes by with easy stride. Soon drew near also the happy festival of the 15th of the 1st moon, and Shih-yin told a servant Huo Ch'i to take Ying Lien to see the sacrificial fires and flowery lanterns.
　　
　　About the middle of the night, Huo Ch'i was hard pressed, and he forthwith set Ying Lien down on the doorstep of a certain house. When he felt relieved, he came back to take her up, but failed to find anywhere any trace of Ying Lien. In a terrible plight, Huo Ch'i prosecuted his search throughout half the night; but even by the dawn of day, he had not discovered any clue of her whereabouts. Huo Ch'i, lacking, on the other hand, the courage to go back and face his master, promptly made his escape to his native village.
　　
　　Shih-yin--in fact, the husband as well as the wife--seeing that their child had not come home during the whole night, readily concluded that some mishap must have befallen her. Hastily they despatched several servants to go in search of her, but one and all returned to report that there was neither vestige nor tidings of her.
　　
　　This couple had only had this child, and this at the meridian of their life, so that her sudden disappearance plunged them in such great distress that day and night they mourned her loss to such a point as to well nigh pay no heed to their very lives.
　　
　　A month in no time went by. Shih-yin was the first to fall ill, and his wife, Dame Feng, likewise, by dint of fretting for her daughter, was also prostrated with sickness. The doctor was, day after day, sent for, and the oracle consulted by means of divination.
　　
　　Little did any one think that on this day, being the 15th of the 3rd moon, while the sacrificial oblations were being prepared in the Hu Lu temple, a pan with oil would have caught fire, through the want of care on the part of the bonze, and that in a short time the flames would have consumed the paper pasted on the windows.
　　
　　Among the natives of this district bamboo fences and wooden partitions were in general use, and these too proved a source of calamity so ordained by fate (to consummate this decree).
　　
　　With promptness (the fire) extended to two buildings, then enveloped three, then dragged four (into ruin), and then spread to five houses, until the whole street was in a blaze, resembling the flames of a volcano. Though both the military and the people at once ran to the rescue, the fire had already assumed a serious hold, so that it was impossible for them to afford any effective assistance for its suppression.
　　
　　It blazed away straight through the night, before it was extinguished, and consumed, there is in fact no saying how many dwelling houses. Anyhow, pitiful to relate, the Chen house, situated as it was next door to the temple, was, at an early part of the evening, reduced to a heap of tiles and bricks; and nothing but the lives of that couple and several inmates of the family did not sustain any injuries.
　　
　　Shih-yin was in despair, but all he could do was to stamp his feet and heave deep sighs. After consulting with his wife, they betook themselves to a farm of theirs, where they took up their quarters temporarily. But as it happened that water had of late years been scarce, and no crops been reaped, robbers and thieves had sprung up like bees, and though the Government troops were bent upon their capture, it was anyhow difficult to settle down quietly on the farm. He therefore had no other resource than to convert, at a loss, the whole of his property into money, and to take his wife and two servant girls and come over for shelter to the house of his father-in-law.
　　
　　His father-in-law, Feng Su, by name, was a native of Ta Ju Chou. Although only a labourer, he was nevertheless in easy circumstances at home. When he on this occasion saw his son-in-law come to him in such distress, he forthwith felt at heart considerable displeasure. Fortunately Shih-yin had still in his possession the money derived from the unprofitable realization of his property, so that he produced and handed it to his father-in-law, commissioning him to purchase, whenever a suitable opportunity presented itself, a house and land as a provision for food and raiment against days to come. This Feng Su, however, only expended the half of the sum, and pocketed the other half, merely acquiring for him some fallow land and a dilapidated house.
　　
　　Shih-yin being, on the other hand, a man of books and with no experience in matters connected with business and with sowing and reaping, subsisted, by hook and by crook, for about a year or two, when he became more impoverished.
　　
　　In his presence, Feng Su would readily give vent to specious utterances, while, with others, and behind his back, he on the contrary expressed his indignation against his improvidence in his mode of living, and against his sole delight of eating and playing the lazy.
　　
　　Shih-yin, aware of the want of harmony with his father-in-law, could not help giving way, in his own heart, to feelings of regret and pain. In addition to this, the fright and vexation which he had undergone the year before, the anguish and suffering (he had had to endure), had already worked havoc (on his constitution); and being a man advanced in years, and assailed by the joint attack of poverty and disease, he at length gradually began to display symptoms of decline.
　　
　　Strange coincidence, as he, on this day, came leaning on his staff and with considerable strain, as far as the street for a little relaxation, he suddenly caught sight, approaching from the off side, of a Taoist priest with a crippled foot; his maniac appearance so repulsive, his shoes of straw, his dress all in tatters, muttering several sentiments to this effect:
　　
　　All men spiritual life know to be good, But fame to disregard they ne'er succeed! From old till now the statesmen where are they? Waste lie their graves, a heap of grass, extinct. All men spiritual life know to be good, But to forget gold, silver, ill succeed! Through life they grudge their hoardings to be scant, And when plenty has come, their eyelids close. All men spiritual life hold to be good, Yet to forget wives, maids, they ne'er succeed! Who speak of grateful love while lives their lord, And dead their lord, another they pursue. All men spiritual life know to be good, But sons and grandsons to forget never succeed! From old till now of parents soft many, But filial sons and grandsons who have seen?
　　
　　Shih-yin upon hearing these words, hastily came up to the priest, "What were you so glibly holding forth?" he inquired. "All I could hear were a lot of hao liao (excellent, finality.")
　　
　　"You may well have heard the two words 'hao liao,'" answered the Taoist with a smile, "but can you be said to have fathomed their meaning? You should know that all things in this world are excellent, when they have attained finality; when they have attained finality, they are excellent; but when they have not attained finality, they are not excellent; if they would be excellent, they should attain finality. My song is entitled Excellent-finality (hao liao)."
　　
　　Shih-yin was gifted with a natural perspicacity that enabled him, as soon as he heard these remarks, to grasp their spirit.
　　
　　"Wait a while," he therefore said smilingly; "let me unravel this excellent-finality song of yours; do you mind?"
　　
　　"Please by all means go on with the interpretation," urged the Taoist; whereupon Shih-yin proceeded in this strain:
　　
　　Sordid rooms and vacant courts, Replete in years gone by with beds where statesmen lay; Parched grass and withered banian trees, Where once were halls for song and dance! Spiders' webs the carved pillars intertwine, The green gauze now is also pasted on the straw windows! What about the cosmetic fresh concocted or the powder just scented; Why has the hair too on each temple become white like hoarfrost! Yesterday the tumulus of yellow earth buried the bleached bones, To-night under the red silk curtain reclines the couple! Gold fills the coffers, silver fills the boxes, But in a twinkle, the beggars will all abuse you! While you deplore that the life of others is not long, You forget that you yourself are approaching death! You educate your sons with all propriety, But they may some day, 'tis hard to say become thieves; Though you choose (your fare and home) the fatted beam, You may, who can say, fall into some place of easy virtue! Through your dislike of the gauze hat as mean, You have come to be locked in a cangue; Yesterday, poor fellow, you felt cold in a tattered coat, To-day, you despise the purple embroidered dress as long! Confusion reigns far and wide! you have just sung your part, I come on the boards, Instead of yours, you recognise another as your native land; What utter perversion! In one word, it comes to this we make wedding clothes for others! (We sow for others to reap.)
　　
　　The crazy limping Taoist clapped his hands. "Your interpretation is explicit," he remarked with a hearty laugh, "your interpretation is explicit!"
　　
　　Shih-yin promptly said nothing more than,--"Walk on;" and seizing the stole from the Taoist's shoulder, he flung it over his own. He did not, however, return home, but leisurely walked away, in company with the eccentric priest.
　　
　　The report of his disappearance was at once bruited abroad, and plunged the whole neighbourhood in commotion; and converted into a piece of news, it was circulated from mouth to mouth.
　　
　　Dame Feng, Shih-yin's wife, upon hearing the tidings, had such a fit of weeping that she hung between life and death; but her only alternative was to consult with her father, and to despatch servants on all sides to institute inquiries. No news was however received of him, and she had nothing else to do but to practise resignation, and to remain dependent upon the support of her parents for her subsistence. She had fortunately still by her side, to wait upon her, two servant girls, who had been with her in days gone by; and the three of them, mistress as well as servants, occupied themselves day and night with needlework, to assist her father in his daily expenses.
　　
　　This Feng Su had after all, in spite of his daily murmurings against his bad luck, no help but to submit to the inevitable.
　　
　　On a certain day, the elder servant girl of the Chen family was at the door purchasing thread, and while there, she of a sudden heard in the street shouts of runners clearing the way, and every one explain that the new magistrate had come to take up his office.
　　
　　The girl, as she peeped out from inside the door, perceived the lictors and policemen go by two by two; and when unexpectedly in a state chair, was carried past an official, in black hat and red coat, she was indeed quite taken aback.
　　
　　"The face of this officer would seem familiar," she argued within herself; "just as if I had seen him somewhere or other ere this."
　　
　　Shortly she entered the house, and banishing at once the occurrence from her mind, she did not give it a second thought. At night, however, while she was waiting to go to bed, she suddenly heard a sound like a rap at the door. A band of men boisterously cried out: "We are messengers, deputed by the worthy magistrate of this district, and come to summon one of you to an enquiry."
　　
　　Feng Su, upon hearing these words, fell into such a terrible consternation that his eyes stared wide and his mouth gaped.
　　
　　What calamity was impending is not as yet ascertained, but, reader, listen to the explanation contained in the next chapter.
第二回　贾夫人仙逝扬州城　冷子兴演说荣国府
贾夫人仙逝扬州城　冷子兴演说荣国府
　　诗云
　　一局输赢料不真，香销茶尽尚逡巡。欲知目下兴衰兆，须问旁观冷眼人。
　　却说封肃因听见公差传唤，忙出来陪笑启问。那些人只嚷：“快请出甄爷来！"封肃忙陪笑道：“小人姓封，并不姓甄。只有当日小婿姓甄，今已出家一二年了，不知可是问他？"那些公人道：“我们也不知什么‘真’‘假’，因奉太爷之命来问，他既是你女婿，便带了你去亲见太爷面禀，省得乱跑。”说着，不容封肃多言，大家推拥他去了。封家人个个都惊慌，不知何兆。
　　那天约二更时，只见封肃方回来，欢天喜地。众人忙问端的。他乃说道：“原来本府新升的太爷姓贾名化，本贯胡州人氏，曾与女婿旧日相交。方才在咱门前过去，因见娇杏那丫头买线，所以他只当女婿移住于此。我一一将原故回明，那太爷倒伤感叹息了一回，又问外孙女儿，我说看灯丢了。太爷说：‘不妨，我自使番役务必探访回来。’说了一回话，临走倒送了我二两银子。”甄家娘子听了，不免心中伤感。一宿无话。至次日，早有雨村遣人送了两封银子，四匹锦缎，答谢甄家娘子，又寄一封密书与封肃，转托问甄家娘子要那娇杏作二房。封肃喜的屁滚尿流，巴不得去奉承，便在女儿前一力撺掇成了，乘夜只用一乘小轿，便把娇杏送进去了。雨村欢喜，自不必说，乃封百金赠封肃，外谢甄家娘子许多物事，令其好生养赡，以待寻访女儿下落。封肃回家无话。
　　却说娇杏这丫鬟，便是那年回顾雨村者。因偶然一顾，便弄出这段事来，亦是自己意料不到之奇缘。谁想他命运两济，不承望自到雨村身边，只一年便生了一子，又半载，雨村嫡妻忽染疾下世，雨村便将他扶侧作正室夫人了。正是：
　　偶因一着错，便为人上人。
　　原来，雨村因那年士隐赠银之后，他于十六日便起身入都，至大比之期，不料他十分得意，已会了进士，选入外班，今已升了本府知府。虽才干优长，未免有些贪酷之弊，且又恃才侮上，那些官员皆侧目而视。不上一年，便被上司寻了个空隙，作成一本，参他生情狡猾，擅纂礼仪，大怒，即批革职。该部文书一到，本府官员无不喜悦。那雨村心中虽十分惭恨，却面上全无一点怨色，仍是嘻笑自若，交代过公事，将历年做官积的些资本并家小人属送至原籍，安排妥协，却是自己担风袖月，游览天下胜迹。
　　那日，偶又游至维扬地面，因闻得今岁鹾政点的是林如海。这林如海姓林名海，表字如海，乃是前科的探花，今已升至兰台寺大夫，本贯姑苏人氏，今钦点出为巡盐御史，到任方一月有余。原来这林如海之祖，曾袭过列侯，今到如海，业经五世。起初时，只封袭三世，因当今隆恩盛德，远迈前代，额外加恩，至如海之父，又袭了一代；至如海，便从科第出身。虽系钟鼎之家，却亦是书香之族。只可惜这林家支庶不盛，子孙有限，虽有几门，却与如海俱是堂族而已，没甚亲支嫡派的。今如海年已四十，只有一个三岁之子，偏又于去岁死了。虽有几房姬妾，奈他命中无子，亦无可如何之事。今只有嫡妻贾氏，生得一女，乳名黛玉，年方五岁。夫妻无子，故爱如珍宝，且又见他聪明清秀，便也欲使他读书识得几个字，不过假充养子之意，聊解膝下荒凉之叹。
　　雨村正值偶感风寒，病在旅店，将一月光景方渐愈。一因身体劳倦，二因盘费不继，也正欲寻个合式之处，暂且歇下。幸有两个旧友，亦在此境居住，因闻得鹾政欲聘一西宾，雨村便相托友力，谋了进去，且作安身之计。妙在只一个女学生，并两个伴读丫鬟，这女学生年又小，身体又极怯弱，工课不限多寡，故十分省力。堪堪又是一载的光阴，谁知女学生之母贾氏夫人一疾而终。女学生侍汤奉药，守丧尽哀，遂又将辞馆别图。林如海意欲令女守制读书，故又将他留下。近因女学生哀痛过伤，本自怯弱多病的，触犯旧症，遂连日不曾上学。雨村闲居无聊，每当风日晴和，饭后便出来闲步。
　　这日，偶至郭外，意欲赏鉴那村野风光。忽信步至一山环水旋，茂林深竹之处，隐隐的有座庙宇，门巷倾颓，墙垣朽败，门前有额，题着"智通寺"三字，门旁又有一副旧破的对联，曰
　　身后有余忘缩手，眼前无路想回头。雨村看了，因想到：“这两句话，文虽浅近，其意则深。我也曾游过些名山大刹，倒不曾见过这话头，其中想必有个翻过筋斗来的亦未可知，何不进去试试。”想着走入，只有一个龙钟老僧在那里煮粥。雨村见了，便不在意。及至问他两句话，那老僧既聋且昏，齿落舌钝，所答非所问。
　　雨村不耐烦，便仍出来，意欲到那村肆中沽饮三杯，以助野趣，于是款步行来。将入肆门，只见座上吃酒之客有一人起身大笑，接了出来，口内说：“奇遇，奇遇。”雨村忙看时，此人是都中在古董行中贸易的号冷子兴者，旧日在都相识。雨村最赞这冷子兴是个有作为大本领的人，这子兴又借雨村斯文之名，故二人说话投机，最相契合。雨村忙笑问道：“老兄何日到此？弟竟不知。今日偶遇，真奇缘也。”子兴道：“去年岁底到家，今因还要入都，从此顺路找个敝友说一句话，承他之情，留我多住两日。我也无紧事，且盘桓两日，待月半时也就起身了。今日敝友有事，我因闲步至此，且歇歇脚，不期这样巧遇！"一面说，一面让雨村同席坐了，另整上酒肴来。二人闲谈漫饮，叙些别后之事。
　　雨村因问：“近日都中可有新闻没有？"子兴道：“倒没有什么新闻，倒是老先生你贵同宗家，出了一件小小的异事。”雨村笑道：“弟族中无人在都，何谈及此？"子兴笑道：“你们同姓，岂非同宗一族？"雨村问是谁家。子兴道：“荣国府贾府中，可也玷辱了先生的门楣么？"雨村笑道：“原来是他家。若论起来，寒族人丁却不少，自东汉贾复以来，支派繁盛，各省皆有，谁逐细考查得来？若论荣国一支，却是同谱。但他那等荣耀，我们不便去攀扯，至今故越发生疏难认了。”子兴叹道：“老先生休如此说。如今的这宁荣两门，也都萧疏了，不比先时的光景。”雨村道：“当日宁荣两宅的人口也极多，如何就萧疏了？"冷子兴道：“正是，说来也话长。”雨村道：“去岁我到金陵地界，因欲游览六朝遗迹，那日进了石头城，从他老宅门前经过。街东是宁国府，街西是荣国府，二宅相连，竟将大半条街占了。大门前虽冷落无人，隔着围墙一望，里面厅殿楼阁，也还都峥嵘轩峻，就是后一带花园子里面树木山石，也还都有蓊蔚洇润之气，那里象个衰败之家？"冷子兴笑道：“亏你是进士出身，原来不通！古人有云：‘百足之虫，死而不僵。’如今虽说不及先年那样兴盛，较之平常仕宦之家，到底气象不同。如今生齿日繁，事务日盛，主仆上下，安富尊荣者尽多，运筹谋画者无一，其日用排场费用，又不能将就省俭，如今外面的架子虽未甚倒，内囊却也尽上来了。这还是小事。更有一件大事：谁知这样钟鸣鼎食之家，翰墨诗书之族，如今的儿孙，竟一代不如一代了！"雨村听说，也纳罕道：“这样诗礼之家，岂有不善教育之理？别门不知，只说这宁，荣二宅，是最教子有方的。”
　　子兴叹道：“正说的是这两门呢。待我告诉你：当日宁国公与荣国公是一母同胞弟兄两个。宁公居长，生了四个儿子。宁公死后，贾代化袭了官，也养了两个儿子：长名贾敷，至八九岁上便死了，只剩了次子贾敬袭了官，如今一味好道，只爱烧丹炼汞，余者一概不在心上。幸而早年留下一子，名唤贾珍，因他父亲一心想作神仙，把官倒让他袭了。他父亲又不肯回原籍来，只在都中城外和道士们胡羼。这位珍爷倒生了一个儿子，今年才十六岁，名叫贾蓉。如今敬老爹一概不管。这珍爷那里肯读书，只一味高乐不了，把宁国府竟翻了过来，也没有人敢来管他。再说荣府你听，方才所说异事，就出在这里。自荣公死后，长子贾代善袭了官，娶的也是金陵世勋史侯家的小姐为妻，生了两个儿子：长子贾赦，次子贾政。如今代善早已去世，太夫人尚在，长子贾赦袭着官，次子贾政，自幼酷喜捕潦*，祖父最疼，原欲以科甲出身的，不料代善临终时遗本一上，皇上因恤先臣，即时令长子袭官外，问还有几子，立刻引见，遂额外赐了这政老爹一个主事之衔，令其入部习学，如今现已升了员外郎了。这政老爹的夫人王氏，头胎生的公子，名唤贾珠，十四岁进学，不到二十岁就娶了妻生了子，一病死了。第二胎生了一位小姐，生在大年初一，这就奇了，不想后来又生一位公子，说来更奇，一落胎胞，嘴里便衔下一块五彩晶莹的玉来，上面还有许多字迹，就取名叫作宝玉。你道是新奇异事不是？”
　　雨村笑道：“果然奇异。只怕这人来历不小。”子兴冷笑道：“万人皆如此说，因而乃祖母便先爱如珍宝。那年周岁时，政老爹便要试他将来的志向，便将那世上所有之物摆了无数，与他抓取。谁知他一概不取，伸手只把些脂粉钗环抓来。政老爹便大怒了，说：“‘将来酒色之徒耳！’因此便大不喜悦。独那史老太君还是命根一样。说来又奇，如今长了七八岁，虽然淘气异常，但其聪明乖觉处，百个不及他一个。说起孩子话来也奇怪，他说：‘女儿是水作的骨肉，男人是泥作的骨肉。我见了女儿，我便清爽，见了男子，便觉浊臭逼人。’你道好笑不好笑？将来色鬼无疑了！"雨村罕然厉色忙止道：“非也！可惜你们不知道这人来历。大约政老前辈也错以淫魔色鬼看待了。若非多读书识事，加以致知格物之功，悟道参玄之力，不能知也。”
　　子兴见他说得这样重大，忙请教其端。雨村道：“天地生人，除大仁大恶两种，余者皆无大异。若大仁者，则应运而生，大恶者，则应劫而生。运生世治，劫生世危。尧，舜，禹，汤，文，武，周，召，孔，孟，董，韩，周，程，张，朱，皆应运而生者。蚩尤，共工，桀，纣，始皇，王莽，曹操，桓温，安禄山，秦桧等，皆应劫而生者。大仁者，修治天下，大恶者，挠乱天下。清明灵秀，天地之正气，仁者之所秉也，残忍乖僻，天地之邪气，恶者之所秉也。今当运隆祚永之朝，太平无为之世，清明灵秀之气所秉者，上至朝廷，下及草野，比比皆是。所余之秀气，漫无所归，遂为甘露，为和风，洽然溉及四海。彼残忍乖僻之邪气，不能荡溢于光天化日之中，遂凝结充塞于深沟大壑之内，偶因风荡，或被云催，略有摇动感发之意，一丝半缕误而泄出者，偶值灵秀之气适过，正不容邪，邪复妒正，两不相下，亦如风水雷电，地中既遇，既不能消，又不能让，必至搏击掀发后始尽。故其气亦必赋人，发泄一尽始散。使男女偶秉此气而生者，在上则不能成仁人君子，下亦不能为大凶大恶。置之于万万人中，其聪俊灵秀之气，则在万万人之上，其乖僻邪谬不近人情之态，又在万万人之下。若生于公侯富贵之家，则为情痴情种，若生于诗书清贫之族，则为逸士高人，纵再偶生于薄祚寒门，断不能为走卒健仆，甘遭庸人驱制驾驭，必为奇优名倡。如前代之许由，陶潜，阮籍，嵇康，刘伶，王谢二族，顾虎头，陈后主，唐明皇，宋徽宗，刘庭芝，温飞卿，米南宫，石曼卿，柳耆卿，秦少游，近日之倪云林，唐伯虎，祝枝山，再如李龟年，黄幡绰，敬新磨，卓文君，红拂，薛涛，崔莺，朝云之流，此皆易地则同之人也。”
　　子兴道：“依你说，‘成则王侯败则贼了。’"雨村道：“正是这意。你还不知，我自革职以来，这两年遍游各省，也曾遇见两个异样孩子。所以，方才你一说这宝玉，我就猜着了八九亦是这一派人物。不用远说，只金陵城内，钦差金陵省体仁院总裁甄家，你可知么？"子兴道：“谁人不知！这甄府和贾府就是老亲，又系世交。两家来往，极其亲热的。便在下也和他家来往非止一日了。”
　　雨村笑道：“去岁我在金陵，也曾有人荐我到甄府处馆。我进去看其光景，谁知他家那等显贵，却是个富而好礼之家，倒是个难得之馆。但这一个学生，虽是启蒙，却比一个举业的还劳神。说起来更可笑，他说：‘必得两个女儿伴着我读书，我方能认得字，心里也明白，不然我自己心里糊涂。’又常对跟他的小厮们说：‘这女儿两个字，极尊贵，极清净的，比那阿弥陀佛，元始天尊的这两个宝号还更尊荣无对的呢！你们这浊口臭舌，万不可唐突了这两个字，要紧。但凡要说时，必须先用清水香茶漱了口才可，设若失错，便要凿牙穿腮等事。’其暴虐浮躁，顽劣憨痴，种种异常。只一放了学，进去见了那些女儿们，其温厚和平，聪敏文雅，竟又变了一个。因此，他令尊也曾下死笞楚过几次，无奈竟不能改。每打的吃疼不过时，他便‘姐姐’‘妹妹’乱叫起来。后来听得里面女儿们拿他取笑：‘因何打急了只管叫姐妹做甚？莫不是求姐妹去说情讨饶？你岂不愧些！’他回答的最妙。他说：‘急疼之时，只叫‘姐姐’妹妹’字样，或可解疼也未可知，因叫了一声，便果觉不疼了，遂得了秘法：每疼痛之极，便连叫姐妹起来了。’你说可笑不可笑？也因祖母溺爱不明，每因孙辱师责子，因此我就辞了馆出来。如今在这巡盐御史林家做馆了。你看，这等子弟，必不能守祖父之根基，从师长之规谏的。只可惜他家几个姊妹都是少有的。”
　　子兴道：“便是贾府中，现有的三个也不错。政老爹的长女，名元春，现因贤孝才德，选入宫作女史去了。二小姐乃赦老爹之妾所出，名迎春，三小姐乃政老爹之庶出，名探春，四小姐乃宁府珍爷之胞妹，名唤惜春。因史老夫人极爱孙女，都跟在祖母这边一处读书，听得个个不错。雨村道：“更妙在甄家的风俗，女儿之名，亦皆从男子之名命字，不似别家另外用这些‘春’‘红’‘香’‘玉’等艳字的。何得贾府亦乐此俗套？"子兴道：“不然。只因现今大小姐是正月初一日所生，故名元春，余者方从了‘春’字。上一辈的，却也是从兄弟而来的。现有对证：目今你贵东家林公之夫人，即荣府中赦，政二公之胞妹，在家时名唤贾敏。不信时，你回去细访可知。”雨村拍案笑道：“怪道这女学生读至凡书中有‘敏’字，皆念作‘密’字，每每如是，写字遇着‘敏’字，又减一二笔，我心中就有些疑惑。今听你说的，是为此无疑矣。怪道我这女学生言语举止另是一样，不与近日女子相同，度其母必不凡，方得其女，今知为荣府之孙，又不足罕矣，可伤上月竟亡故了。”子兴叹道：“老姊妹四个，这一个是极小的，又没了。长一辈的姊妹，一个也没了。只看这小一辈的，将来之东床如何呢。”
　　雨村道：“正是。方才说这政公，已有衔玉之儿，又有长子所遗一个弱孙。这赦老竟无一个不成？"子兴道：“政公既有玉儿之后，其妾又生了一个，倒不知其好歹。只眼前现有二子一孙，却不知将来如何。若问那赦公，也有二子，长名贾琏，今已二十来往了，亲上作亲，娶的就是政老爹夫人王氏之内侄女，今已娶了二年。这位琏爷身上现捐的是个同知，也是不肯读书，于世路上好机变，言谈去的，所以如今只在乃叔政老爷家住着，帮着料理些家务。谁知自娶了他令夫人之后，倒上下无一人不称颂他夫人的，琏爷倒退了一射之地：说模样又极标致，言谈又爽利，心机又极深细，竟是个男人万不及一的。”
　　雨村听了，笑道：“可知我前言不谬。你我方才所说的这几个人，都只怕是那正邪两赋而来一路之人，未可知也。”子兴道：“邪也罢，正也罢，只顾算别人家的帐，你也吃一杯酒才好。”雨村道：“正是，只顾说话，竟多吃了几杯。”子兴笑道：“说着别人家的闲话，正好下酒，即多吃几杯何妨。”雨村向窗外看道：“天也晚了，仔细关了城。我们慢慢的进城再谈，未为不可。”于是，二人起身，算还酒帐。方欲走时，又听得后面有人叫道：“雨村兄，恭喜了！特来报个喜信的。”雨村忙回头看时-


　　The spirit of Mrs. Chia Shih-yin departs from the town of Yang Chou. Leng Tzu-hsing dilates upon the Jung Kuo Mansion.
　　
　　To continue. Feng Su, upon hearing the shouts of the public messengers, came out in a flurry and forcing a smile, he asked them to explain (their errand); but all these people did was to continue bawling out: "Be quick, and ask Mr. Chen to come out."
　　
　　"My surname is Feng," said Feng Su, as he promptly forced himself to smile; "It is'nt Chen at all: I had once a son-in-law whose surname was Chen, but he has left home, it is now already a year or two back. Is it perchance about him that you are inquiring?"
　　
　　To which the public servants remarked: "We know nothing about Chen or Chia (true or false); but as he is your son-in-law, we'll take you at once along with us to make verbal answer to our master and have done with it."
　　
　　And forthwith the whole bevy of public servants hustled Feng Su on, as they went on their way back; while every one in the Feng family was seized with consternation, and could not imagine what it was all about.
　　
　　It was no earlier than the second watch, when Feng Su returned home; and they, one and all, pressed him with questions as to what had happened.
　　
　　"The fact is," he explained, "the newly-appointed Magistrate, whose surname is Chia, whose name is Huo and who is a native of Hu-chow, has been on intimate terms, in years gone by, with our son-in-law; that at the sight of the girl Chiao Hsing, standing at the door, in the act of buying thread, he concluded that he must have shifted his quarters over here, and hence it was that his messengers came to fetch him. I gave him a clear account of the various circumstances (of his misfortunes), and the Magistrate was for a time much distressed and expressed his regret. He then went on to make inquiries about my grand-daughter, and I explained that she had been lost, while looking at the illuminations. 'No matter,' put in the Magistrate, 'I will by and by order my men to make search, and I feel certain that they will find her and bring her back.' Then ensued a short conversation, after which I was about to go, when he presented me with the sum of two taels."
　　
　　The mistress of the Chen family (Mrs. Chen Shih-yin) could not but feel very much affected by what she heard, and the whole evening she uttered not a word.
　　
　　The next day, at an early hour, Yue-ts'un sent some of his men to bring over to Chen's wife presents, consisting of two packets of silver, and four pieces of brocaded silk, as a token of gratitude, and to Feng Su also a confidential letter, requesting him to ask of Mrs. Chen her maid Chiao Hsing to become his second wife.
　　
　　Feng Su was so intensely delighted that his eyebrows expanded, his eyes smiled, and he felt eager to toady to the Magistrate (by presenting the girl to him). He hastened to employ all his persuasive powers with his daughter (to further his purpose), and on the same evening he forthwith escorted Chiao Hsing in a small chair to the Yamen.
　　
　　The joy experienced by Yue-ts'un need not be dilated upon. He also presented Feng Su with a packet containing one hundred ounces of gold; and sent numerous valuable presents to Mrs. Chen, enjoining her "to live cheerfully in the anticipation of finding out the whereabouts of her daughter."
　　
　　It must be explained, however, that the maid Chi'ao Hsing was the very person, who, a few years ago, had looked round at Yue-ts'un and who, by one simple, unpremeditated glance, evolved, in fact, this extraordinary destiny which was indeed an event beyond conception.
　　
　　Who would ever have foreseen that fate and fortune would both have so favoured her that she should, contrary to all anticipation, give birth to a son, after living with Yue-ts'un barely a year, that in addition to this, after the lapse of another half year, Yue-ts'un's wife should have contracted a sudden illness and departed this life, and that Yue-ts'un should have at once raised her to the rank of first wife. Her destiny is adequately expressed by the lines:
　　
　　Through but one single, casual look Soon an exalted place she took.
　　
　　The fact is that after Yue-ts'un had been presented with the money by Shih-yin, he promptly started on the 16th day for the capital, and at the triennial great tripos, his wishes were gratified to the full. Having successfully carried off his degree of graduate of the third rank, his name was put by selection on the list for provincial appointments. By this time, he had been raised to the rank of Magistrate in this district; but, in spite of the excellence and sufficiency of his accomplishments and abilities, he could not escape being ambitious and overbearing. He failed besides, confident as he was in his own merits, in respect toward his superiors, with the result that these officials looked upon him scornfully with the corner of the eye.
　　
　　A year had hardly elapsed, when he was readily denounced in a memorial to the Throne by the High Provincial authorities, who represented that he was of a haughty disposition, that he had taken upon himself to introduce innovations in the rites and ceremonies, that overtly, while he endeavoured to enjoy the reputation of probity and uprightness, he, secretly, combined the nature of the tiger and wolf; with the consequence that he had been the cause of much trouble in the district, and that he had made life intolerable for the people.
　　
　　The Dragon countenance of the Emperor was considerably incensed. His Majesty lost no time in issuing commands, in reply to the Memorial, that he should be deprived of his official status.
　　
　　On the arrival of the despatch from the Board, great was the joy felt by every officer, without exception, of the prefecture in which he had held office. Yue-ts'un, though at heart intensely mortified and incensed, betrayed not the least outward symptom of annoyance, but still preserved, as of old, a smiling and cheerful countenance.
　　
　　He handed over charge of all official business and removed the savings which he had accumulated during the several years he had been in office, his family and all his chattels to his original home; where, after having put everything in proper order, he himself travelled (carried the winds and sleeved the moon) far and wide, visiting every relic of note in the whole Empire.
　　
　　As luck would have it, on a certain day while making a second journey through the Wei Yang district, he heard the news that the Salt Commissioner appointed this year was Lin Ju-hai. This Lin Ju-hai's family name was Lin, his name Hai and his style Ju-hai. He had obtained the third place in the previous triennial examination, and had, by this time, already risen to the rank of Director of the Court of Censors. He was a native of Ku Su. He had been recently named by Imperial appointment a Censor attached to the Salt Inspectorate, and had arrived at his post only a short while back.
　　
　　In fact, the ancestors of Lin Ju-hai had, from years back, successively inherited the title of Marquis, which rank, by its present descent to Ju-hai, had already been enjoyed by five generations. When first conferred, the hereditary right to the title had been limited to three generations; but of late years, by an act of magnanimous favour and generous beneficence, extraordinary bounty had been superadded; and on the arrival of the succession to the father of Ju-hai, the right had been extended to another degree. It had now descended to Ju-hai, who had, besides this title of nobility, begun his career as a successful graduate. But though his family had been through uninterrupted ages the recipient of imperial bounties, his kindred had all been anyhow men of culture.
　　
　　The only misfortune had been that the several branches of the Lin family had not been prolific, so that the numbers of its members continued limited; and though there existed several households, they were all however to Ju-hai no closer relatives than first cousins. Neither were there any connections of the same lineage, or of the same parentage.
　　
　　Ju-hai was at this date past forty; and had only had a son, who had died the previous year, in the third year of his age. Though he had several handmaids, he had not had the good fortune of having another son; but this was too a matter that could not be remedied.
　　
　　By his wife, nee Chia, he had a daughter, to whom the infant name of Tai Yue was given. She was, at this time, in her fifth year. Upon her the parents doated as much as if she were a brilliant pearl in the palm of their hand. Seeing that she was endowed with natural gifts of intelligence and good looks, they also felt solicitous to bestow upon her a certain knowledge of books, with no other purpose than that of satisfying, by this illusory way, their wishes of having a son to nurture and of dispelling the anguish felt by them, on account of the desolation and void in their family circle (round their knees).
　　
　　But to proceed. Yue-ts'un, while sojourning at an inn, was unexpectedly laid up with a violent chill. Finding on his recovery, that his funds were not sufficient to pay his expenses, he was thinking of looking out for some house where he could find a resting place when he suddenly came across two friends acquainted with the new Salt Commissioner. Knowing that this official was desirous to find a tutor to instruct his daughter, they lost no time in recommending Yue-ts'un, who moved into the Yamen.
　　
　　His female pupil was youthful in years and delicate in physique, so that her lessons were irregular. Besides herself, there were only two waiting girls, who remained in attendance during the hours of study, so that Yue-ts'un was spared considerable trouble and had a suitable opportunity to attend to the improvement of his health.
　　
　　In a twinkle, another year and more slipped by, and when least expected, the mother of his ward, nee Chia, was carried away after a short illness. His pupil (during her mother's sickness) was dutiful in her attendance, and prepared the medicines for her use. (And after her death,) she went into the deepest mourning prescribed by the rites, and gave way to such excess of grief that, naturally delicate as she was, her old complaint, on this account, broke out anew.
　　
　　Being unable for a considerable time to prosecute her studies, Yue-ts'un lived at leisure and had no duties to attend to. Whenever therefore the wind was genial and the sun mild, he was wont to stroll at random, after he had done with his meals.
　　
　　On this particular day, he, by some accident, extended his walk beyond the suburbs, and desirous to contemplate the nature of the rustic scenery, he, with listless step, came up to a spot encircled by hills and streaming pools, by luxuriant clumps of trees and thick groves of bamboos. Nestling in the dense foliage stood a temple. The doors and courts were in ruins. The walls, inner and outer, in disrepair. An inscription on a tablet testified that this was the temple of Spiritual Perception. On the sides of the door was also a pair of old and dilapidated scrolls with the following enigmatical verses.
　　
　　Behind ample there is, yet to retract the hand, the mind heeds not, until. Before the mortal vision lies no path, when comes to turn the will.
　　
　　"These two sentences," Yue-ts'un pondered after perusal, "although simple in language, are profound in signification. I have previous to this visited many a spacious temple, located on hills of note, but never have I beheld an inscription referring to anything of the kind. The meaning contained in these words must, I feel certain, owe their origin to the experiences of some person or other; but there's no saying. But why should I not go in and inquire for myself?"
　　
　　Upon walking in, he at a glance caught sight of no one else, but of a very aged bonze, of unkempt appearance, cooking his rice. When Yue-ts'un perceived that he paid no notice, he went up to him and asked him one or two questions, but as the old priest was dull of hearing and a dotard, and as he had lost his teeth, and his tongue was blunt, he made most irrelevant replies.
　　
　　Yue-ts'un lost all patience with him, and withdrew again from the compound with the intention of going as far as the village public house to have a drink or two, so as to enhance the enjoyment of the rustic scenery. With easy stride, he accordingly walked up to the place. Scarcely had he passed the threshold of the public house, when he perceived some one or other among the visitors who had been sitting sipping their wine on the divan, jump up and come up to greet him, with a face beaming with laughter.
　　
　　"What a strange meeting! What a strange meeting!" he exclaimed aloud.
　　
　　Yue-ts'un speedily looked at him, (and remembered) that this person had, in past days, carried on business in a curio establishment in the capital, and that his surname was Leng and his style Tzu-hsing.
　　
　　A mutual friendship had existed between them during their sojourn, in days of yore, in the capital; and as Yue-ts'un had entertained the highest opinion of Leng Tzu-hsing, as being a man of action and of great abilities, while this Leng Tzu-hsing, on the other hand, borrowed of the reputation of refinement enjoyed by Yue-ts'un, the two had consequently all along lived in perfect harmony and companionship.
　　
　　"When did you get here?" Yue-ts'un eagerly inquired also smilingly. "I wasn't in the least aware of your arrival. This unexpected meeting is positively a strange piece of good fortune."
　　
　　"I went home," Tzu-hsing replied, "about the close of last year, but now as I am again bound to the capital, I passed through here on my way to look up a friend of mine and talk some matters over. He had the kindness to press me to stay with him for a couple of days longer, and as I after all have no urgent business to attend to, I am tarrying a few days, but purpose starting about the middle of the moon. My friend is busy to-day, so I roamed listlessly as far as here, never dreaming of such a fortunate meeting."
　　
　　While speaking, he made Yue-ts'un sit down at the same table, and ordered a fresh supply of wine and eatables; and as the two friends chatted of one thing and another, they slowly sipped their wine.
　　
　　The conversation ran on what had occurred after the separation, and Yue-ts'un inquired, "Is there any news of any kind in the capital?"
　　
　　"There's nothing new whatever," answered Tzu-hsing. "There is one thing however: in the family of one of your worthy kinsmen, of the same name as yourself, a trifling, but yet remarkable, occurrence has taken place."
　　
　　"None of my kindred reside in the capital," rejoined Yue-ts'un with a smile. "To what can you be alluding?"
　　
　　"How can it be that you people who have the same surname do not belong to one clan?" remarked Tzu-hsing, sarcastically.
　　
　　"In whose family?" inquired Yue-ts'un.
　　
　　"The Chia family," replied Tzu-hsing smiling, "whose quarters are in the Jung Kuo Mansion, does not after all reflect discredit upon the lintel of your door, my venerable friend."
　　
　　"What!" exclaimed Yue-ts'un, "did this affair take place in that family? Were we to begin reckoning, we would find the members of my clan to be anything but limited in number. Since the time of our ancestor Chia Fu, who lived while the Eastern Han dynasty occupied the Throne, the branches of our family have been numerous and flourishing; they are now to be found in every single province, and who could, with any accuracy, ascertain their whereabouts? As regards the Jung-kuo branch in particular, their names are in fact inscribed on the same register as our own, but rich and exalted as they are, we have never presumed to claim them as our relatives, so that we have become more and more estranged."
　　
　　"Don't make any such assertions," Tzu-hsing remarked with a sigh, "the present two mansions of Jung and Ning have both alike also suffered reverses, and they cannot come up to their state of days of yore."
　　
　　"Up to this day, these two households of Ning and of Jung," Yue-ts'un suggested, "still maintain a very large retinue of people, and how can it be that they have met with reverses?"
　　
　　"To explain this would be indeed a long story," said Leng Tzu-hsing. "Last year," continued Yue-ts'un, "I arrived at Chin Ling, as I entertained a wish to visit the remains of interest of the six dynasties, and as I on that day entered the walled town of Shih T'ou, I passed by the entrance of that old residence. On the east side of the street, stood the Ning Kuo mansion; on the west the Jung Kuo mansion; and these two, adjoining each other as they do, cover in fact well-nigh half of the whole length of the street. Outside the front gate everything was, it is true, lonely and deserted; but at a glance into the interior over the enclosing wall, I perceived that the halls, pavilions, two-storied structures and porches presented still a majestic and lofty appearance. Even the flower garden, which extends over the whole area of the back grounds, with its trees and rockeries, also possessed to that day an air of luxuriance and freshness, which betrayed no signs of a ruined or decrepid establishment."
　　
　　"You have had the good fortune of starting in life as a graduate," explained Tzu-tsing as he smiled, "and yet are not aware of the saying uttered by some one of old: that a centipede even when dead does not lie stiff. (These families) may, according to your version, not be up to the prosperity of former years, but, compared with the family of an ordinary official, their condition anyhow presents a difference. Of late the number of the inmates has, day by day, been on the increase; their affairs have become daily more numerous; of masters and servants, high and low, who live in ease and respectability very many there are; but of those who exercise any forethought, or make any provision, there is not even one. In their daily wants, their extravagances, and their expenditure, they are also unable to adapt themselves to circumstances and practise economy; (so that though) the present external framework may not have suffered any considerable collapse, their purses have anyhow begun to feel an exhausting process! But this is a mere trifle. There is another more serious matter. Would any one ever believe that in such families of official status, in a clan of education and culture, the sons and grandsons of the present age would after all be each (succeeding) generation below the standard of the former?"
　　
　　Yue-ts'un, having listened to these remarks, observed: "How ever can it be possible that families of such education and refinement can observe any system of training and nurture which is not excellent? Concerning the other branches, I am not in a position to say anything; but restricting myself to the two mansions of Jung and Ning, they are those in which, above all others, the education of their children is methodical."
　　
　　"I was just now alluding to none other than these two establishments," Tzu-hsing observed with a sigh; "but let me tell you all. In days of yore, the duke of Ning Kuo and the duke of Jung Kuo were two uterine brothers. The Ning duke was the elder; he had four sons. After the death of the duke of Ning Kuo, his eldest son, Chia Tai-hua, came into the title. He also had two sons; but the eldest, whose name was Hu, died at the age of eight or nine; and the only survivor, the second son, Chia Ching, inherited the title. His whole mind is at this time set upon Taoist doctrines; his sole delight is to burn the pill and refine the dual powers; while every other thought finds no place in his mind. Happily, he had, at an early age, left a son, Chia Chen, behind in the lay world, and his father, engrossed as his whole heart was with the idea of attaining spiritual life, ceded the succession of the official title to him. His parent is, besides, not willing to return to the original family seat, but lives outside the walls of the capital, foolishly hobnobbing with all the Taoist priests. This Mr. Chen had also a son, Chia Jung, who is, at this period, just in his sixteenth year. Mr. Ching gives at present no attention to anything at all, so that Mr. Chen naturally devotes no time to his studies, but being bent upon nought else but incessant high pleasure, he has subversed the order of things in the Ning Kuo mansion, and yet no one can summon the courage to come and hold him in check. But I'll now tell you about the Jung mansion for your edification. The strange occurrence, to which I alluded just now, came about in this manner. After the demise of the Jung duke, the eldest son, Chia Tai-shan, inherited the rank. He took to himself as wife, the daughter of Marquis Shih, a noble family of Chin Ling, by whom he had two sons; the elder being Chia She, the younger Chia Cheng. This Tai Shan is now dead long ago; but his wife is still alive, and the elder son, Chia She, succeeded to the degree. He is a man of amiable and genial disposition, but he likewise gives no thought to the direction of any domestic concern. The second son Chia Cheng displayed, from his early childhood, a great liking for books, and grew up to be correct and upright in character. His grandfather doated upon him, and would have had him start in life through the arena of public examinations, but, when least expected, Tai-shan, being on the point of death, bequeathed a petition, which was laid before the Emperor. His Majesty, out of regard for his former minister, issued immediate commands that the elder son should inherit the estate, and further inquired how many sons there were besides him, all of whom he at once expressed a wish to be introduced in his imperial presence. His Majesty, moreover, displayed exceptional favour, and conferred upon Mr. Cheng the brevet rank of second class Assistant Secretary (of a Board), and commanded him to enter the Board to acquire the necessary experience. He has already now been promoted to the office of second class Secretary. This Mr. Cheng's wife, nee Wang, first gave birth to a son called Chia Chu, who became a Licentiate in his fourteenth year. At barely twenty, he married, but fell ill and died soon after the birth of a son. Her (Mrs. Cheng's) second child was a daughter, who came into the world, by a strange coincidence, on the first day of the year. She had an unexpected (pleasure) in the birth, the succeeding year, of another son, who, still more remarkable to say, had, at the time of his birth, a piece of variegated and crystal-like brilliant jade in his mouth, on which were yet visible the outlines of several characters. Now, tell me, was not this a novel and strange occurrence? eh?"
　　
　　"Strange indeed!" exclaimed Yue-ts'un with a smile; "but I presume the coming experiences of this being will not be mean."
　　
　　Tzu-hsing gave a faint smile. "One and all," he remarked, "entertain the same idea. Hence it is that his mother doats upon him like upon a precious jewel. On the day of his first birthday, Mr. Cheng readily entertained a wish to put the bent of his inclinations to the test, and placed before the child all kinds of things, without number, for him to grasp from. Contrary to every expectation, he scorned every other object, and, stretching forth his hand, he simply took hold of rouge, powder and a few hair-pins, with which he began to play. Mr. Cheng experienced at once displeasure, as he maintained that this youth would, by and bye, grow up into a sybarite, devoted to wine and women, and for this reason it is, that he soon began to feel not much attachment for him. But his grandmother is the one who, in spite of everything, prizes him like the breath of her own life. The very mention of what happened is even strange! He is now grown up to be seven or eight years old, and, although exceptionally wilful, in intelligence and precocity, however, not one in a hundred could come up to him! And as for the utterances of this child, they are no less remarkable. The bones and flesh of woman, he argues, are made of water, while those of man of mud. 'Women to my eyes are pure and pleasing,' he says, 'while at the sight of man, I readily feel how corrupt, foul and repelling they are!' Now tell me, are not these words ridiculous? There can be no doubt whatever that he will by and bye turn out to be a licentious roue."
　　
　　Yue-ts'un, whose countenance suddenly assumed a stern air, promptly interrupted the conversation. "It doesn't quite follow," he suggested. "You people don't, I regret to say, understand the destiny of this child. The fact is that even the old Hanlin scholar Mr. Cheng was erroneously looked upon as a loose rake and dissolute debauchee! But unless a person, through much study of books and knowledge of letters, so increases (in lore) as to attain the talent of discerning the nature of things, and the vigour of mind to fathom the Taoist reason as well as to comprehend the first principle, he is not in a position to form any judgment."
　　
　　Tzu-hsing upon perceiving the weighty import of what he propounded, "Please explain," he asked hastily, "the drift (of your argument)." To which Yue-ts'un responded: "Of the human beings created by the operation of heaven and earth, if we exclude those who are gifted with extreme benevolence and extreme viciousness, the rest, for the most part, present no striking diversity. If they be extremely benevolent, they fall in, at the time of their birth, with an era of propitious fortune; while those extremely vicious correspond, at the time of their existence, with an era of calamity. When those who coexist with propitious fortune come into life, the world is in order; when those who coexist with unpropitious fortune come into life, the world is in danger. Yao, Shun, Yue, Ch'eng T'ang, Wen Wang, Wu Wang, Chou Kung, Chao Kung, Confucius, Mencius, T'ung Hu, Han Hsin, Chou Tzu, Ch'eng Tzu, Chu Tzu and Chang Tzu were ordained to see light in an auspicious era. Whereas Ch'i Yu, Kung Kung, Chieh Wang, Chou Wang, Shih Huang, Wang Mang, Tsao Ts'ao, Wen Wen, An Hu-shan, Ch'in Kuei and others were one and all destined to come into the world during a calamitous age. Those endowed with extreme benevolence set the world in order; those possessed of extreme maliciousness turn the world into disorder. Purity, intelligence, spirituality and subtlety constitute the vital spirit of right which pervades heaven and earth, and the persons gifted with benevolence are its natural fruit. Malignity and perversity constitute the spirit of evil, which permeates heaven and earth, and malicious persons are affected by its influence. The days of perpetual happiness and eminent good fortune, and the era of perfect peace and tranquility, which now prevail, are the offspring of the pure, intelligent, divine and subtle spirit which ascends above, to the very Emperor, and below reaches the rustic and uncultured classes. Every one is without exception under its influence. The superfluity of the subtle spirit expands far and wide, and finding nowhere to betake itself to, becomes, in due course, transformed into dew, or gentle breeze; and, by a process of diffusion, it pervades the whole world.
　　
　　"The spirit of malignity and perversity, unable to expand under the brilliant sky and transmuting sun, eventually coagulates, pervades and stops up the deep gutters and extensive caverns; and when of a sudden the wind agitates it or it be impelled by the clouds, and any slight disposition, on its part, supervenes to set itself in motion, or to break its bounds, and so little as even the minutest fraction does unexpectedly find an outlet, and happens to come across any spirit of perception and subtlety which may be at the time passing by, the spirit of right does not yield to the spirit of evil, and the spirit of evil is again envious of the spirit of right, so that the two do not harmonize. Just like wind, water, thunder and lightning, which, when they meet in the bowels of the earth, must necessarily, as they are both to dissolve and are likewise unable to yield, clash and explode to the end that they may at length exhaust themselves. Hence it is that these spirits have also forcibly to diffuse themselves into the human race to find an outlet, so that they may then completely disperse, with the result that men and women are suddenly imbued with these spirits and spring into existence. At best, (these human beings) cannot be generated into philanthropists or perfect men; at worst, they cannot also embody extreme perversity or extreme wickedness. Yet placed among one million beings, the spirit of intelligence, refinement, perception and subtlety will be above these one million beings; while, on the other hand, the perverse, depraved and inhuman embodiment will likewise be below the million of men. Born in a noble and wealthy family, these men will be a salacious, lustful lot; born of literary, virtuous or poor parentage, they will turn out retired scholars or men of mark; though they may by some accident be born in a destitute and poverty-stricken home, they cannot possibly, in fact, ever sink so low as to become runners or menials, or contentedly brook to be of the common herd or to be driven and curbed like a horse in harness. They will become, for a certainty, either actors of note or courtesans of notoriety; as instanced in former years by Hsue Yu, T'ao Ch'ien, Yuan Chi, Chi Kang, Liu Ling, the two families of Wang and Hsieh, Ku Hu-t'ou, Ch'en Hou-chu, T'ang Ming-huang, Sung Hui-tsung, Liu T'ing-chih, Wen Fei-ching, Mei Nan-kung, Shih Man-ch'ing, Lui C'hih-ch'ing and Chin Shao-yu, and exemplified now-a-days by Ni Yuen-lin, T'ang Po-hu, Chu Chih-shan, and also by Li Kuei-men, Huang P'an-cho, Ching Hsin-mo, Cho Wen-chuen; and the women Hung Fu, Hsieh T'ao, Ch'ue Ying, Ch'ao Yuen and others; all of whom were and are of the same stamp, though placed in different scenes of action."
　　
　　"From what you say," observed Tzu-hsing, "success makes (a man) a duke or a marquis; ruin, a thief!"
　　
　　"Quite so; that's just my idea!" replied Yue-ts'un; "I've not as yet let you know that after my degradation from office, I spent the last couple of years in travelling for pleasure all over each province, and that I also myself came across two extraordinary youths. This is why, when a short while back you alluded to this Pao-yue, I at once conjectured, with a good deal of certainty, that he must be a human being of the same stamp. There's no need for me to speak of any farther than the walled city of Chin Ling. This Mr. Chen was, by imperial appointment, named Principal of the Government Public College of the Chin Ling province. Do you perhaps know him?"
　　
　　"Who doesn't know him?" remarked Tzu-hsing. "This Chen family is an old connection of the Chia family. These two families were on terms of great intimacy, and I myself likewise enjoyed the pleasure of their friendship for many a day."
　　
　　"Last year, when at Chin Ling," Yue-ts'un continued with a smile, "some one recommended me as resident tutor to the school in the Chen mansion; and when I moved into it I saw for myself the state of things. Who would ever think that that household was grand and luxurious to such a degree! But they are an affluent family, and withal full of propriety, so that a school like this was of course not one easy to obtain. The pupil, however, was, it is true, a young tyro, but far more troublesome to teach than a candidate for the examination of graduate of the second degree. Were I to enter into details, you would indeed have a laugh. 'I must needs,' he explained, 'have the company of two girls in my studies to enable me to read at all, and to keep likewise my brain clear. Otherwise, if left to myself, my head gets all in a muddle.' Time after time, he further expounded to his young attendants, how extremely honourable and extremely pure were the two words representing woman, that they are more valuable and precious than the auspicious animal, the felicitous bird, rare flowers and uncommon plants. 'You may not' (he was wont to say), 'on any account heedlessly utter them, you set of foul mouths and filthy tongues! these two words are of the utmost import! Whenever you have occasion to allude to them, you must, before you can do so with impunity, take pure water and scented tea and rinse your mouths. In the event of any slip of the tongue, I shall at once have your teeth extracted, and your eyes gouged out.' His obstinacy and waywardness are, in every respect, out of the common. After he was allowed to leave school, and to return home, he became, at the sight of the young ladies, so tractable, gentle, sharp, and polite, transformed, in fact, like one of them. And though, for this reason, his father has punished him on more than one occasion, by giving him a sound thrashing, such as brought him to the verge of death, he cannot however change. Whenever he was being beaten, and could no more endure the pain, he was wont to promptly break forth in promiscuous loud shouts, 'Girls! girls!' The young ladies, who heard him from the inner chambers, subsequently made fun of him. 'Why,' they said, 'when you are being thrashed, and you are in pain, your only thought is to bawl out girls! Is it perchance that you expect us young ladies to go and intercede for you? How is that you have no sense of shame?' To their taunts he gave a most plausible explanation. 'Once,' he replied, 'when in the agony of pain, I gave vent to shouting girls, in the hope, perchance, I did not then know, of its being able to alleviate the soreness. After I had, with this purpose, given one cry, I really felt the pain considerably better; and now that I have obtained this secret spell, I have recourse, at once, when I am in the height of anguish, to shouts of girls, one shout after another. Now what do you say to this? Isn't this absurd, eh?"
　　
　　"The grandmother is so infatuated by her extreme tenderness for this youth, that, time after time, she has, on her grandson's account, found fault with the tutor, and called her son to task, with the result that I resigned my post and took my leave. A youth, with a disposition such as his, cannot assuredly either perpetuate intact the estate of his father and grandfather, or follow the injunctions of teacher or advice of friends. The pity is, however, that there are, in that family, several excellent female cousins, the like of all of whom it would be difficult to discover."
　　
　　"Quite so!" remarked Tzu-hsing; "there are now three young ladies in the Chia family who are simply perfection itself. The eldest is a daughter of Mr. Cheng, Yuan Ch'un by name, who, on account of her excellence, filial piety, talents, and virtue, has been selected as a governess in the palace. The second is the daughter of Mr. She's handmaid, and is called Ying Ch'un; the third is T'an Ch'un, the child of Mr. Cheng's handmaid; while the fourth is the uterine sister of Mr. Chen of the Ning Mansion. Her name is Hsi Ch'un. As dowager lady Shih is so fondly attached to her granddaughters, they come, for the most part, over to their grandmother's place to prosecute their studies together, and each one of these girls is, I hear, without a fault."
　　
　　"More admirable," observed Yue-ts'un, "is the regime (adhered to) in the Chen family, where the names of the female children have all been selected from the list of male names, and are unlike all those out-of-the-way names, such as Spring Blossom, Scented Gem, and the like flowery terms in vogue in other families. But how is it that the Chia family have likewise fallen into this common practice?"
　　
　　"Not so!" ventured Tzu-h'sing. "It is simply because the eldest daughter was born on the first of the first moon, that the name of Yuan Ch'un was given to her; while with the rest this character Ch'un (spring) was then followed. The names of the senior generation are, in like manner, adopted from those of their brothers; and there is at present an instance in support of this. The wife of your present worthy master, Mr. Lin, is the uterine sister of Mr. Chia. She and Mr. Chia Cheng, and she went, while at home, under the name of Chia Min. Should you question the truth of what I say, you are at liberty, on your return, to make minute inquiries and you'll be convinced."
　　
　　Yue-ts'un clapped his hands and said smiling, "It's so, I know! for this female pupil of mine, whose name is Tai-yue, invariably pronounces the character _min_ as _mi_, whenever she comes across it in the course of her reading; while, in writing, when she comes to the character 'min,' she likewise reduces the strokes by one, sometimes by two. Often have I speculated in my mind (as to the cause), but the remarks I've heard you mention, convince me, without doubt, that it is no other reason (than that of reverence to her mother's name). Strange enough, this pupil of mine is unique in her speech and deportment, and in no way like any ordinary young lady. But considering that her mother was no commonplace woman herself, it is natural that she should have given birth to such a child. Besides, knowing, as I do now, that she is the granddaughter of the Jung family, it is no matter of surprise to me that she is what she is. Poor girl, her mother, after all, died in the course of the last month."
　　
　　Tzu-hsing heaved a sigh. "Of three elderly sisters," he explained, "this one was the youngest, and she too is gone! Of the sisters of the senior generation not one even survives! But now we'll see what the husbands of this younger generation will be like by and bye!"
　　
　　"Yes," replied Yue-ts'un. "But some while back you mentioned that Mr. Cheng has had a son, born with a piece of jade in his mouth, and that he has besides a tender-aged grandson left by his eldest son; but is it likely that this Mr. She has not, himself, as yet, had any male issue?"
　　
　　"After Mr. Cheng had this son with the jade," Tzu-hsing added, "his handmaid gave birth to another son, who whether he be good or bad, I don't at all know. At all events, he has by his side two sons and a grandson, but what these will grow up to be by and bye, I cannot tell. As regards Mr. Chia She, he too has had two sons; the second of whom, Chia Lien, is by this time about twenty. He took to wife a relative of his, a niece of Mr. Cheng's wife, a Miss Wang, and has now been married for the last two years. This Mr. Lien has lately obtained by purchase the rank of sub-prefect. He too takes little pleasure in books, but as far as worldly affairs go, he is so versatile and glib of tongue, that he has recently taken up his quarters with his uncle Mr. Cheng, to whom he gives a helping hand in the management of domestic matters. Who would have thought it, however, ever since his marriage with his worthy wife, not a single person, whether high or low, has there been who has not looked up to her with regard: with the result that Mr. Lien himself has, in fact, had to take a back seat (_lit_. withdrew 35 li). In looks, she is also so extremely beautiful, in speech so extremely quick and fluent, in ingenuity so deep and astute, that even a man could, in no way, come up to her mark."
　　
　　After hearing these remarks Yue-ts'un smiled. "You now perceive," he said, "that my argument is no fallacy, and that the several persons about whom you and I have just been talking are, we may presume, human beings, who, one and all, have been generated by the spirit of right, and the spirit of evil, and come to life by the same royal road; but of course there's no saying."
　　
　　"Enough," cried Tzu-hsing, "of right and enough of evil; we've been doing nothing but settling other people's accounts; come now, have another glass, and you'll be the better for it!"
　　
　　"While bent upon talking," Yue-ts'un explained, "I've had more glasses than is good for me."
　　
　　"Speaking of irrelevant matters about other people," Tzu-hsing rejoined complacently, "is quite the thing to help us swallow our wine; so come now; what harm will happen, if we do have a few glasses more."
　　
　　Yue-ts'un thereupon looked out of the window.
　　
　　"The day is also far advanced," he remarked, "and if we don't take care, the gates will be closing; let us leisurely enter the city, and as we go along, there will be nothing to prevent us from continuing our chat."
　　
　　Forthwith the two friends rose from their seats, settled and paid their wine bill, and were just going, when they unexpectedly heard some one from behind say with a loud voice:
　　
　　"Accept my congratulations, Brother Yue-ts'un; I've now come, with the express purpose of giving you the welcome news!"
　　
　　Yue-ts'un lost no time in turning his head round to look at the speaker. But reader, if you wish to learn who the man was, listen to the details given in the following chapter.
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