首页>> 旅游天下>> 童话>> 刘易斯·卡罗尔 Lewis Carroll   英国 United Kingdom   汉诺威王朝   (1832年1月27日1898年1月14日)
爱丽丝漫游奇境记 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》是英国数学家卡罗尔,兴之所致,给友人的女儿爱丽丝所讲的故事,写下后加上自己的插图送给了她。后来在朋友鼓励下,卡罗尔将手稿加以修订、扩充、润色后,于1865年正式出版。故事讲述了一个叫爱丽丝的小女孩,在梦中追逐一只兔子而掉进了兔子洞,开始了漫长而惊险的旅行,直到最后与扑克牌王后、国王发生顶撞,急得大叫一声,才大梦醒来。这部童话以神奇的幻想,风趣的幽默,昂然的诗情,突破了西欧传统儿童文学道德说教的刻板公式,此后被翻译成多种文字,走遍了全世界。
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-故事简介
  
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》是英国童话作家刘易斯·卡洛尔的一部中篇童话。故事写一个名叫爱丽丝的女孩在打瞌睡时,突然看见一只穿衣服的白兔跑过去。爱丽丝跟着兔子跌进了一个黑洞,跌了好久才跌到了一堆枯树叶上。她走进一个大厅,四周有许多扇门。
  
  大厅中央玻璃桌上放着一串金钥匙。她用其中一把打开了一扇最小的门,里面是一座美丽的花园。门太小,她钻不进,后来喝了桌上一瓶饮料,就变成了一个只有10英寸高的小人。她吃了桌下一块糕,一下长到9英尺,门又进不了。她急得大哭起来,泪水流成河。
  
  白兔出现了,丢下一把扇子,她用来一扇,又缩成个小人。她失足落入自己的泪水池中,好容易才游到岸边。爱丽丝来到白兔家,看见柜子上有饮料,她才喝了半瓶,身体就变大,头顶天花板,胳膊伸出窗外,无法动弹。兔子捡石头砸她,石子落地全变成糕饼。她一吃,马上又缩小了,于是她夺门逃跑,逃到林子里,吃了点蘑菇才恢复了原来的形状。
  
  爱丽丝走进一个公爵夫人家的花园,在这里她认识了朴克红心国王K和皇后Q。皇后脾气暴躁,动不动就砍掉人家的头。切舍猫惹皇后生气,被判砍头。但猫的身子消失了,刽子手不知怎样去砍没有身子的头,最后皇后又下令砍掉不肯对荒唐事作证的爱丽丝的头,爱丽丝在自卫中惊醒。
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-角色简介
  
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》爱丽丝和穿衣服的兔子
  爱丽丝:故事的主角,一个纯真可爱的小女孩,充满好奇心和求知欲,在她身上体现出了属于儿童的那种纯真。在人的成长过程中,这种儿童的纯真常常会遭到侵蚀。因而,纯真的爱丽丝对儿童、对成年人都极具魅力,且弥足珍贵。
  
  兔子:一只穿着背心的白兔,在故事开场正要去给女王取东西的它喊着“天哪!天哪!要迟到了!”跑过爱丽丝面前,引起了她的注意,为了追它,爱丽丝才从兔子洞掉进了那个神秘的世界,后来爱丽丝在它的家里又误喝了一瓶魔药而变成巨人。
  
  蜥蜴比尔:爱丽丝在兔子家里误喝魔药变成巨人,无法离开房屋,兔子以为屋里出现了怪物,派这只小蜥蜴从烟囱进去看看情况,结果不等进去就被爱丽丝踢了出来。
  
  毛毛虫:一只坐在蘑菇上吸烟斗的古怪毛毛虫,态度有点目中无人,不过它教给了爱丽丝自由变大变小的方法。
  
  公爵夫人:一个爱好说教的女人,口头语是“一切事皆能引申出一个教训”。爱丽丝去过她家,正是在那里她才认识了柴郡猫。
  
  柴郡猫:一只总是咧着嘴笑的猫,来源于英谚“笑得像一只柴郡猫”。它帮了爱丽丝几次忙。
  
  帽匠:疯狂茶会的参加者之一,来源于英谚“疯得像个帽匠”。
  
  三月兔:疯狂茶会的参加者之一,来源于英谚“疯得像只三月的野兔”。
  
  睡鼠:疯狂茶会的参加者之一,总是在睡觉。
  
  红心女王:率领着一群扑克牌士兵的扑克牌女王,很容易生气,动辄要砍别人的头,不过其实并没有实行过。
  
  红心国王:扑克牌国王,不像妻子那么爱动怒,相反给人以受妻子指使的老好人的感觉。
  
  格里芬:希腊神话中的狮身鹰首怪兽,在女王的命令下带爱丽丝去见了假海龟。
  
  假海龟:女王命令格里芬带爱丽丝去见的角色,它给爱丽丝讲了一个充满文字游戏的莫名其妙的故事。
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-作品评价
  
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境》是一部被公认为世界儿童文学经典的童话,由于其中丰富的想象力和种种隐喻,不但深受各代儿童欢迎,也被视为一部严肃的文学作品。《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》到卡罗尔1898年去世之前,已经成为英国最畅销的儿童读物。
  
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境》作品以梦幻的形式,将你带入一个离奇的故事中,情节扑朔迷离,变幻莫测。表面看来荒诞不经,实际上却富有严密的逻辑性和深刻的内涵,是智慧与幻想的完美结合。吃些东西就可以长大或变小;小老鼠可以和你一起游泳;毛毛虫和你一般高;小猪接见公爵夫人的孩子;还有龙跳舞……那里是一个奇异的世界。
  
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境》中主人公爱丽丝是个十分可爱的小女孩。她天真活泼,充满好奇心和求知欲;她有同情心,懂得是非。在爱丽丝身上,充分体现了属于儿童的那种纯真。在人的成长过程中,这种儿童的纯真常常会遭到侵蚀。因而,纯真的爱丽丝对儿童、对成年人都极具魅力,且弥足珍贵。
  
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境》中充满了有趣的文字游戏、双关语、谜语和巧智、因此有时是难以翻译的,比如第二章章名里的“Tale(故事)”因为被爱丽丝听成同音的“Tail(尾巴)”而闹出了笑话。由于开始时是一部给朋友的孩子讲的自娱之作,故事里的很多角色名都影射了作者身边的人,如第三章里的渡渡鸟(dodo)是作者自己(因为他有口吃的毛病,听起来像dodo这个词)、鸭子(duck)是朋友Duckworth、鹦鹉(Lory)是爱丽丝的姐姐Lorina,小鹰(Eaglet)是爱丽丝的妹妹Edith。
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-作者简介
  
  刘易斯·卡罗尔的真名叫查尔斯·勒特威奇·道奇森(1832~1898),是一位数学家,长期在享有盛名的牛津大学任基督堂学院数学讲师,发表了好几本数学著作。他因有严重的口吃,故而不善与人交往,但他兴趣广泛,对小说、诗歌、逻辑都颇有造诣,还是一个优秀的儿童像摄影师。
  
  1862年7月的一个下午,作家带着三个孩子,划着一只小船在泰晤士河上荡漾。在孩子们的再三央求下,他信口讲了一个梦游奇境的故事给他们听。后来经过其中一个叫艾丽丝的小女孩的请求,他将故事写成文字,送给了她。
  
  这篇文字就是《爱丽丝漫游奇境》。后来在朋友鼓励下,卡罗尔将手稿加以修订、扩充、润色后,于1865 年正式出版。卡罗尔后来又写了一部姐妹篇,叫《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》,并与《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》一起风行于世。
  《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-改编与仿作
  
  刘易斯·卡罗尔的《爱丽丝漫游奇境》由于作品的广受欢迎,《爱丽丝漫游奇境》曾被改编成各种体裁,包括电影、舞台剧和动画,其中迪斯尼于1951年改编的 AliceinWonderland是比较著名的。此外还出现了各种仿作,比如沈从文的童话《阿丽思中国游记》便是假托爱丽丝续集的名义反映当时社会的黑暗。
  
  另外,这个充满奇幻色彩的题材也不时被各种日本漫画套用,由贵香织里的《毒伯爵该隐》有一章就借用了爱丽丝的故事,只是在以颓废风格闻名的由贵笔下,故事也变得阴森恐怖了。
  
  还有很多漫画家喜欢把自己笔下的角色套进爱丽丝的世界里,《樱兰高校男公关部》、山田南平的《红茶王子》都做过类似的事,看看同一个故事在不同的作者笔下各自呈现出怎样的新色彩,其实也是件有趣的事。


  Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland) is an 1865 novel written by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll. It tells the story of a girl named Alice who falls down a rabbit hole into a fantasy world populated by peculiar and anthropomorphic creatures. The tale plays with logic in ways that have given the story lasting popularity with adults as well as children. It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre, and its narrative course and structure have been enormously influential, especially in the fantasy genre.
  
  History
  Facsimile page from Alice's Adventures Under Ground
  
  Alice was published in 1865, three years after the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed in a boat, on 4 July 1862, up the River Thames with three young girls:
  
   * Lorina Charlotte Liddell (aged 13, born 1849) ("Prima" in the book's prefatory verse)
   * Alice Pleasance Liddell (aged 10, born 1852) ("Secunda" in the prefatory verse)
   * Edith Mary Liddell (aged 8, born 1853) ("Tertia" in the prefatory verse).
  
  The three girls were the daughters of Henry George Liddell, the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church as well as headmaster of Westminster School.
  
  The journey had started at Folly Bridge near Oxford and ended five miles away in the village of Godstow. To while away time the Reverend Dodgson told the girls a story that, not so coincidentally, featured a bored little girl named Alice who goes looking for an adventure.
  
  The girls loved it, and Alice Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her. After a lengthy delay—over two years —he eventually did so and on 26 November 1864 gave Alice the handwritten manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, with illustrations by Dodgson himself. Some, including Martin Gardner, speculate there was an earlier version that was destroyed later by Dodgson himself when he printed a more elaborate copy by hand, but there is no known prima facie evidence to support this.
  
  But before Alice received her copy, Dodgson was already preparing it for publication and expanding the 15,500-word original to 27,500 words, most notably adding the episodes about the Cheshire Cat and the Mad Tea-Party. In 1865, Dodgson's tale was published as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by "Lewis Carroll" with illustrations by John Tenniel. The first print run of 2,000 was held back because Tenniel objected to the print quality. A new edition, released in December of the same year, but carrying an 1866 date, was quickly printed. As it turned out, the original edition was sold with Dodgson's permission to the New York publishing house of Appleton. The binding for the Appleton Alice was virtually identical to the 1866 Macmillan Alice, except for the publisher's name at the foot of the spine. The title page of the Appleton Alice was an insert cancelling the original Macmillan title page of 1865, and bearing the New York publisher's imprint and the date 1866.
  
  The entire print run sold out quickly. Alice was a publishing sensation, beloved by children and adults alike. Among its first avid readers were Queen Victoria and the young Oscar Wilde. The book has never been out of print. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland has been translated into 125 languages[citation needed]. There have now been over a hundred editions of the book, as well as countless adaptations in other media, especially theatre and film.
  
  The book is commonly referred to by the abbreviated title Alice in Wonderland, an alternative title popularized by the numerous stage, film and television adaptations of the story produced over the years. Some printings of this title contain both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, and, What Alice Found There.
  Publishing highlights
  cover of the 1898 edition
  
   * 1865: First UK edition (the suppressed edition).
   * 1865: First US edition.
   * 1869: Alice's Abenteuer im Wunderland is published in German translation by Antonie Zimmermann.
   * 1869: Aventures d'Alice au pays des merveilles is published in French translation by Henri Bué.
   * 1870: Alice's Äfventyr i Sagolandet is published in Swedish translation by Emily Nonnen.
   * 1871: Dodgson meets another Alice during his time in London, Alice Raikes, and talks with her about her reflection in a mirror, leading to another book Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, which sells even better.
   * 1886: Carroll publishes a facsimile of the earlier Alice's Adventures Under Ground manuscript.
   * 1890: Carroll publishes The Nursery "Alice", a special edition "to be read by Children aged from Nought to Five".
   * 1905: Mrs J. C. Gorham publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable in a series of such books published by A. L. Burt Company, aimed at young readers.
   * 1908: Alice has its first translation into Japanese.
   * 1910: La Aventuroj de Alicio en Mirlando is published in Esperanto translation by Elfric Leofwine Kearney.
   * 1916: Publication of the first edition of the Windermere Series, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Illustrated by Milo Winter.
   * 1928: The manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground that Carroll wrote and illustrated and that he had given to Alice Liddell was sold at Sotheby's on April 3. It sold to Philip Rosenbach for ₤15,400, a world record for the sale of a manuscript at the time.
   * 1960: American writer Martin Gardner publishes a special edition, The Annotated Alice, incorporating the text of both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. It has extensive annotations explaining the hidden allusions in the books, and includes full texts of the Victorian era poems parodied in them. Later editions expand on these annotations.
   * 1961: The Folio Society publication with 42 illustrations by John Tenniel.
   * 1964: Alicia in Terra Mirabili is published in Latin translation by Clive Harcourt Carruthers.
   * 1998: Lewis Carroll's own copy of Alice, one of only six surviving copies of the 1865 first edition, is sold at an auction for US$1.54 million to an anonymous American buyer, becoming the most expensive children's book (or 19th-century work of literature) ever traded. (The former record was later eclipsed in 2007 when a limited-edition Harry Potter book by J.K. Rowling, The Tales of Beedle the Bard, was sold at auction for £1.95 million ($3.9 million).
   * 2003: Eachtraí Eilíse i dTír na nIontas is published in Irish translation by Nicholas Williams.
   * 2008: Folio Alice's Adventures Under Ground facsimile edition (limited to 3,750 copies, boxed with The Original Alice pamphlet).
   * 2009: Alys in Pow an Anethow is published in Cornish translation by Nicholas Williams.
   * 2009: Children’s book collector and former American football player Pat McInally reportedly sold Alice Liddell’s own copy at auction for $115,000.
  
  Synopsis
  The White Rabbit in a hurry
  
  Chapter 1-Down the Rabbit Hole: Alice is bored sitting on the riverbank with her sister, when she sees a talking, clothed White Rabbit with a watch run past. She follows it down a rabbit hole when suddenly she falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes. She finds a small key to a door too small for her to fit, but through which she sees an attractive garden. She then discovers a bottle labelled "DRINK ME", the contents of which cause her to shrink too small to reach the key. A cake with "EAT ME" on it causes her to grow to such a tremendous size her head hits the ceiling.
  
  Chapter 2-The Pool of Tears: Alice is unhappy and cries and her tears flood the hallway. After shrinking down again due to a fan she had picked up, Alice swims through her own tears and meets a Mouse, who is swimming as well. She tries to make small talk with him but all she can think of talking about is her cat, which offends the mouse.
  
  Chapter 3-The Caucus Race and a Long Tale: The sea of tears becomes crowded with other animals and birds that have been swept away. Alice and the other animals convene on the bank and the question among them is how to get dry again. The mouse gives them a very dry lecture on William the Conqueror. A Dodo decides that the best thing to dry them off would be a Caucus-Race, which consists of everyone running in a circle with no clear winner. Alice eventually frightens all the animals away, unwittingly, by talking about her cat.
  
  Chapter 4-The Rabbit Sends a Little Bill: The White Rabbit appears again in search of the Duchess's gloves and fan. He orders Alice to go into the house and retrieve them, but once she gets inside she starts growing. The horrified Rabbit orders his gardener, Bill the Lizard, to climb on the roof and go down the chimney. Outside, Alice hears the voices of animals that have gathered to gawk at her giant arm. The crowd hurls pebbles at her, which turn into little cakes, which, when Alice eats them, reduce her again in size.
  
  Chapter 5-Advice from a Caterpillar: Alice comes upon a mushroom and sitting on it is a blue Caterpillar smoking a hookah. The Caterpillar questions Alice and she admits to her current identity crisis, compounded by her inability to remember a poem. Before crawling away, the caterpillar tells Alice that one side of the mushroom will make her taller and the other side will make her shorter. She breaks off two pieces from the mushroom. One side makes her shrink smaller than ever, while another causes her neck to grow high into the trees, where a pigeon mistakes her for a serpent. With some effort, Alice brings herself back to her usual height. She stumbles upon a small estate and uses the mushroom to reach a more appropriate height.
  
  Chapter 6-Pig and Pepper: A Fish-Footman has an invitation for the Duchess of the house, which he delivers to a Frog-Footman. Alice observes this transaction and, after a perplexing conversation with the frog, lets herself into the house. The Duchess's Cook is throwing dishes and making a soup that has too much pepper, which causes Alice, the Duchess and her baby (but not the cook or her grinning Cheshire Cat) to sneeze violently. Alice is given the baby by the Duchess and to her surprise, the baby turns into a pig.
  
  Chapter 7-A Mad Tea Party: The Cheshire Cat appears in a tree, directing her to the March Hare's house. He disappears but his grin remains behind to float on its own in the air prompting Alice to remark that she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat. Alice becomes a guest at a "mad" tea party along with the Hatter (now more commonly known as the Mad Hatter), the March Hare, and a sleeping Dormouse who remains asleep for most of the chapter. The other characters give Alice many riddles and stories. The Mad Hatter reveals that they have tea all day because time has punished him by eternally standing still at 6 pm (tea time). Alice becomes insulted and tired of being bombarded with riddles and she leaves claiming that it was the stupidest tea party that she had ever been to.
  
  
  Alice trying to play croquet with a flamingo
  The grinning Cheshire Cat
  
  Chapter 8-The Queen's Croquet Ground: Alice leaves the tea party and enters the garden where she comes upon three living playing cards painting the white roses on a rose tree red because the Queen of Hearts hates white roses. A procession of more cards, kings and queens and even the White Rabbit enters the garden. Alice then meets the King and Queen. The Queen, a figure difficult to please, introduces her trademark phrase "Off with his head!" which she utters at the slightest dissatisfaction with a subject.
  
  Alice is invited (or some might say ordered) to play a game of croquet with the Queen and the rest of her subjects but the game quickly descends into chaos. Live flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls and Alice once again meets the Cheshire Cat. The Queen of Hearts then orders the Cat to be beheaded, only to have her executioner complain that this is impossible since the head is all that can be seen of him. Because the cat belongs to the Duchess, the Queen is prompted to release the Duchess from prison to resolve the matter.
  
  Chapter 9-The Mock Turtle's Story: The Duchess is brought to the croquet ground at Alice's request. She ruminates on finding morals in everything around her. The Queen of Hearts dismisses her on the threat of execution and she introduces Alice to the Gryphon, who takes her to the Mock Turtle. The Mock Turtle is very sad, even though he has no sorrow. He tries to tell his story about how he used to be a real turtle in school, which The Gryphon interrupts so they can play a game.
  
  Chapter 10-Lobster Quadrille: The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon dance to the Lobster Quadrille, while Alice recites (rather incorrectly) "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster". The Mock Turtle sings them "Beautiful Soup" during which the Gryphon drags Alice away for an impending trial.
  
  Chapter 11-Who Stole the Tarts?: Alice attends a trial whereby the Knave of Hearts is accused of stealing the Queen's tarts. The jury is composed of various animals, including Bill the Lizard, the White Rabbit is the court's trumpeter, and the judge is the King of Hearts. During the proceedings, Alice finds that she is steadily growing larger. The dormouse scolds Alice and tells her she has no right to grow at such a rapid pace and take up all the air. Alice scoffs and calls the dormouse's accusation ridiculous because everyone grows and she can't help it. Meanwhile witnesses at the trial include the Mad Hatter, who displeases and frustrates the King through his indirect answers to the questioning, and the Duchess's cook.
  
  Chapter 12-Alice's Evidence: Alice is then called up as a witness. She accidentally knocks over the jury box with the animals inside them and the King orders the animals be placed back into their seats before the trial continues. The King and Queen order Alice to be gone, citing Rule 42 ("All persons more than a mile high to leave the court"), but Alice disputes their judgement and refuses to leave. She argues with the King and Queen of Hearts over the ridiculous proceedings, eventually refusing to hold her tongue. The Queen shouts her familiar "Off with her head!" but Alice is unafraid, calling them out as just a pack of cards. Alice's sister wakes her up for tea, brushing what turns out to be some leaves and not a shower of playing cards from Alice's face. Alice leaves her sister on the bank to imagine all the curious happenings for herself.
  Characters
  Peter Newell's illustration of Alice surrounded by the characters of Wonderland. (1890)
  
   * Alice
   * The White Rabbit
   * The Mouse
   * The Dodo
   * The Lory
   * The Eaglet
   * The Duck
   * Pat
   * Bill the Lizard
   * The Caterpillar
   * The Duchess
   * The Cheshire Cat
   * The Hatter
   * The March Hare
   * The Dormouse
   * The Queen of Hearts
   * The Knave of Hearts
   * The King of Hearts
   * The Gryphon
   * The Mock Turtle
  
  Misconceptions about characters
  
  Although the Jabberwock is often thought to be a character in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, it actually only appears in the sequel, Through the Looking-Glass. It is, however, often included in film versions, which are usually simply called "Alice in Wonderland", causing the confusion. The Queen of Hearts is commonly mistaken for the Red Queen who appears in the story's sequel, Through the Looking-Glass, but shares none of her characteristics other than being a queen. The Queen of Hearts is part of the deck of card imagery present in the first book, while the Red Queen is representative of a red chess piece, as chess is the theme present in the sequel. Many adaptations have mixed the characters, causing much confusion.
  Character allusions
  
  The members of the boating party that first heard Carroll's tale all show up in Chapter 3 ("A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale") in one form or another. There is, of course, Alice Liddell herself, while Carroll, or Charles Dodgson, is caricatured as the Dodo. Carroll is known as the Dodo because Dodgson stuttered when he spoke, thus if he spoke his last name it would be Do-Do-Dodgson.[citation needed] The Duck refers to Canon Duckworth, the Lory to Lorina Liddell, and the Eaglet to Edith Liddell (Alice Liddell's sisters).
  
  Bill the Lizard may be a play on the name of Benjamin Disraeli. One of Tenniel's illustrations in Through the Looking-Glass depicts the character referred to as the "Man in White Paper" (whom Alice meets as a fellow passenger riding on the train with her), as a caricature of Disraeli, wearing a paper hat. The illustrations of the Lion and the Unicorn also bear a striking resemblance to Tenniel's Punch illustrations of Gladstone and Disraeli.
  
  The Hatter is most likely a reference to Theophilus Carter, a furniture dealer known in Oxford for his unorthodox inventions. Tenniel apparently drew the Hatter to resemble Carter, on a suggestion of Carroll's. The Dormouse tells a story about three little sisters named Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie. These are the Liddell sisters: Elsie is L.C. (Lorina Charlotte), Tillie is Edith (her family nickname is Matilda), and Lacie is an anagram of Alice.
  
  The Mock Turtle speaks of a Drawling-master, "an old conger eel", that used to come once a week to teach "Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils". This is a reference to the art critic John Ruskin, who came once a week to the Liddell house to teach the children drawing, sketching, and painting in oils. (The children did, in fact, learn well; Alice Liddell, for one, produced a number of skilled watercolours.)
  
  The Mock Turtle also sings "Beautiful Soup". This is a parody of a song called "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star", which was performed as a trio by Lorina, Alice and Edith Liddell for Lewis Carroll in the Liddell home during the same summer in which he first told the story of Alice's Adventures Under Ground.
  Contents
  Poems and songs
  
   * "All in the golden afternoon..." — the prefatory verse, an original poem by Carroll that recalls the rowing expedition on which he first told the story of Alice's adventures underground
   * "How Doth the Little Crocodile" — a parody of Isaac Watts' nursery rhyme, "Against Idleness And Mischief"
   * "The Mouse's Tale" — an example of concrete poetry
   * "You Are Old, Father William" — a parody of Robert Southey's "The Old Man's Comforts and How He Gained Them"
   * The Duchess's lullaby, "Speak roughly to your little boy..." — a parody of David Bates' "Speak Gently"
   * "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat" — a parody of "Twinkle twinkle little star"
   * The Lobster Quadrille — a parody of Mary Botham Howitt's "The Spider and the Fly"
   * "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster" — a parody of "The Sluggard"
   * "Beautiful Soup" — a parody of James M. Sayles's "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star"
   * "The Queen of Hearts" — an actual nursery rhyme
   * "They told me you had been to her..." — the White Rabbit's evidence
  
  Tenniel's illustrations
  
  John Tenniel's illustrations of Alice do not portray the real Alice Liddell, who had dark hair and a short fringe. There is a persistent legend that Carroll sent Tenniel a photograph of Mary Hilton Babcock, another child-friend, but no evidence for this has yet come to light, and whether Tenniel actually used Babcock as his model is open to dispute.
  Famous lines and expressions
  
  The term "Wonderland", from the title, has entered the language and refers to a marvelous imaginary place, or else a real-world place that one perceives to have dream-like qualities. It, like much of the Alice work, is widely referred to in popular culture.
  Illustration of Alice with the White Rabbit by Arthur Rackham
  
  "Down the Rabbit-Hole", the Chapter 1 title, has become a popular term for going on an adventure into the unknown. In drug culture, "going down the rabbit hole" is a metaphor for taking hallucinogenic drugs, as Carroll's novel appears similar in form to a drug trip.
  
  In Chapter 6, the Cheshire Cat's disappearance prompts Alice to say one of her most memorable lines: "...a grin without a cat! It's the most curious thing I ever saw in all my life!"
  
  In Chapter 7, the Hatter gives his famous riddle without an answer: "Why is a raven like a writing desk?" When asked by Alice what the answer was, he responds with, "I haven't the slightest idea." Although Carroll intended the riddle to have no solution, in a new preface to the 1896 edition of Alice, he proposes several answers: "Because it can produce a few notes, though they are very flat; and it is nevar put with the wrong end in front!" (Note the spelling of "never" as "nevar"—turning it into "raven" when inverted. This reverse spelling, however, was "corrected" in later editions to "never" and Carroll's pun was lost.) Puzzle expert Sam Loyd offered the following solutions:
  
   * Because the notes for which they are noted are not noted for being musical notes
   * Poe wrote on both
   * They both have inky quills
   * Bills and tales ("tails") are among their characteristics
   * Because they both stand on their legs, conceal their steels ("steals"), and ought to be made to shut up.
   * Occult: Marquis Andras, the raven from The Lesser Key of Solomon, riding a wolf with a sword.
  
  Cyril Pearson proposed:
  
   * Because they both slope with a flap.
  
  Many other answers are listed in The Annotated Alice. In Frank Beddor's novel Seeing Redd, the main antagonist, Queen Redd (a megalomaniac parody of the Queen of Hearts) meets Lewis Carroll and declares that the answer to the riddle is "Because I say so". Carroll is too terrified to contradict her.
  
  Other answers include “because there is a B in both and an N in neither,” (an answer which was meant to highlight the absurdity of the original question), "Neither one is made of cheese", and "it isn't."
  
  Arguably the most famous quote is used when the Queen of Hearts screams "Off with her head!" at Alice (and everyone else she feels slightly annoyed with). Possibly Carroll here was echoing a scene in Shakespeare's Richard III (III, iv, 76) where Richard demands the execution of Lord Hastings, crying "Off with his head!"
  
  When Alice is growing taller after eating the cake labeled "Eat me" she says, "curiouser and curiouser", a famous line that is still used today to describe an event with extraordinary wonder. The Cheshire Cat confirms to Alice "We're all mad here", a line that has been repeated for years as a result.
  Symbolism in the text
  Oxford Locations
  
  Most of the book's adventures may have been based on and influenced by people, situations and buildings in Oxford and at Christ Church, e.g., the "Rabbit Hole," which symbolized the actual stairs in the back of the main hall in Christ Church. A carving of a griffon and rabbit, as seen in Ripon Cathedral, where Carroll's father was a canon, may have provided inspiration for the tale.
  Mathematics
  
  Since Carroll was a mathematician at Christ Church, it has been suggested that there are many references and mathematical concepts in both this story and also in Through the Looking-Glass; examples include:
  
   * In chapter 1, "Down the Rabbit-Hole", in the midst of shrinking, Alice waxes philosophic concerning what final size she will end up as, perhaps "going out altogether, like a candle."; this pondering reflects the concept of a limit.
   * In chapter 2, "The Pool of Tears", Alice tries to perform multiplication but produces some odd results: "Let me see: four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is—oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that rate!" This explores the representation of numbers using different bases and positional numeral systems: 4 x 5 = 12 in base 18 notation, 4 x 6 = 13 in base 21 notation, and 4 x 7 could be 14 in base 24 notation. Continuing this sequence, going up three bases each time, the result will continue to be less than 20 in the corresponding base notation. (After 19 the product would be 1A, then 1B, 1C, 1D, and so on.)
   * In chapter 5, "Advice from a Caterpillar", the Pigeon asserts that little girls are some kind of serpent, for both little girls and serpents eat eggs. This general concept of abstraction occurs widely in many fields of science; an example in mathematics of employing this reasoning would be in the substitution of variables.
   * In chapter 7, "A Mad Tea-Party", the March Hare, the Mad Hatter, and the Dormouse give several examples in which the semantic value of a sentence A is not the same value of the converse of A (for example, "Why, you might just as well say that 'I see what I eat' is the same thing as 'I eat what I see'!"); in logic and mathematics, this is discussing an inverse relationship.
   * Also in chapter 7, Alice ponders what it means when the changing of seats around the circular table places them back at the beginning. This is an observation of addition on a ring of the integers modulo N.
   * The Cheshire cat fades until it disappears entirely, leaving only its wide grin, suspended in the air, leading Alice to marvel and note that she has seen a cat without a grin, but never a grin without a cat. Deep abstraction of concepts (non-Euclidean geometry, abstract algebra, the beginnings of mathematical logic...) was taking over mathematics at the time Dodgson was writing. Dodgson's delineation of the relationship between cat and grin can be taken to represent the very concept of mathematics and number itself. For example, instead of considering two or three apples, one may easily consider the concept of 'apple', upon which the concepts of 'two' and 'three' may seem to depend. However, a far more sophisticated jump is to consider the concepts of 'two' and 'three' by themselves, just like a grin, originally seemingly dependent on the cat, separated conceptually from its physical object.
  
  Mathematician Keith Devlin asserted in the journal of The Mathematical Association of America that Dodgson wrote Alice in Wonderland in its final form as a scathing satire on new modern mathematics that were emerging in the mid-1800s.
  The French language
  
  It has been suggested by several people, including Martin Gardner and Selwyn Goodacre, that Dodgson had an interest in the French language, choosing to make references and puns about it in the story. It is most likely that these are references to French lessons—a common feature of a Victorian middle-class girl's upbringing. For example, in the second chapter, Alice posits that the mouse may be French and chooses to speak the first sentence of her French lesson-book to it: "Où est ma chatte?" ("Where is my cat?"). In Henri Bué's French translation, Alice posits that the mouse may be Italian and speaks Italian to it.
  
  Pat's "Digging for apples" could be a cross-language pun, as pomme de terre means potato and pomme means apple, which little English girls studying French would easily guess.
  Classical languages
  
  In the second chapter, Alice initially addresses the mouse as "O Mouse", based on her vague memory of the noun declensions in her brother's textbook: "A mouse (nominative)— of a mouse (genitive)— to a mouse (dative)— a mouse (accusative)— O mouse! (vocative)." This corresponds to the traditional order that was established by Byzantine grammarians (and is still in standard use, except in the United Kingdom and some countries in Western Europe) for the five cases of Classical Greek; because of the absence of the ablative case, which Greek does not have but is found in Latin, the reference is apparently not to the latter as some have supposed.
  
  At the Mad Tea Party, Alice is astonished not to have jam served because the rule is: "Jam yesterday, jam tomorrow but never jam today." This is a reference to the rule in Latin that the word iam or jam meaning now in the sense of already or at that time cannot be used to describe now in the present, which is nunc in Latin. Jam is therefore never available today.
第一章 掉进兔子洞
  爱丽丝靠着姐姐坐在河岸边很久了,由于没有什么事情可做,她开始感到厌倦,她一次又—次地瞧瞧姐姐正在读的那本书,可是书里没有图画,也没有对话,爱丽丝想:“要是一本书里没有图画和对话,那还有什么意思呢?”
   天热得她非常困,甚至迷糊了,但是爱丽丝还是认真地盘算着,做一只雏菊花环的乐趣,能不能抵得上摘雏菊的麻烦呢?就在这时,突然一只粉红眼睛的白兔,贴着她身边跑过去了。
   爱丽丝并没有感到奇怪,甚至于听到兔子自言自语地说:“哦,亲爱的,哦,亲爱的,我太迟了。”爱丽丝也没有感到离奇,虽然过后,她认为这事应该奇怪,可当时她的确感到很自然,但是兔于竟然从背心口袋里袭里掏出一块怀表看看,然后又匆匆忙忙跑了。这时,爱丽丝跳了起来,她突然想到:从来没有见过穿着有口袋背心的兔子,更没有见到过兔子还能从口袋里拿出—块表来,她好奇地穿过田野,紧紧地追赶那只兔子,刚好看见兔子跳进了矮树下面的一个大洞。
   爱丽丝也紧跟着跳了进去,根本没考虑怎么再出来。
   这个兔子洞开始像走廊,笔直地向前,后来就突然向下了,爱丽丝还没有来得及站住,就掉进了—个深井里。
   也许是井太深了,也许是她自己感到下沉得太慢,因此,她有足够的时间去东张西望,而且去猜测下一步会发生什么事,首先,她往下看,想知道会掉到什么地方。但是下面太黑了,什么都看不见,于是,她就看四周的井壁,只见井壁上排满了碗橱和书架,以及挂在钉子上的地图和图画,她从一个架子上拿了一个罐头,罐头上写着“桔子酱”,却是空的,她很失望,她不敢把空罐头扔下去,怕砸着下面的人,因此,在继续往下掉的时候,她就把空罐头放到另一个碗橱里去了。
   “好啊,”爱丽丝想,“经过了这次锻炼,我从楼梯上滚下来就不算回事。家里的人都会说我多么勇敢啊,嘿,就是从屋顶上掉下来也没什么了不起,”——这点倒很可能是真的,屋顶上摔下来,会摔得说不出话的。
   掉啊,掉啊,掉啊,难道永远掉不到底了吗?爱丽丝大声说:“我很知道掉了多少英里了,我一定已经靠近地球中心的一个地方啦!让我想想:这就是说已经掉了大约四千英里了,我想……”(你瞧,爱丽丝在学校里已经学到了一点这类东西,虽然现在不是显示知识的时机,因为没一个人在听她说话,但是这仍然是个很好的练习。)“……是的,大概就是这个距离。那么,我现在究竟到了什么经度和纬度了呢?”(爱丽丝不明白经度和纬度是什么意思,可她认为这是挺时髦的字眼,说起来怪好听的。)
   不一会儿,她又说话了:“我想知道我会不会穿过地球,到那些头朝下走路的人们那里,这该多么滑稽呀!我想这叫做‘对称人’(19世纪中学地理教科书上流行个名洞,叫“对跖人”,意思是说地球直径两端的人,脚心对着脚心。爱丽丝对“地球对面的人”的概念模糊,以为他们是“头朝下”走路的,而且把“对跖人”错念成“对称人”了。)吧?”这次她很高兴没人听她说话,因为“对称人”这个名词似乎不十分正确。“我想我应该问他们这个国家叫什么名称:太太,请问您知道这是新西兰,还是澳大利亚?”(她说这话时,还试着行个屈膝礼,可是不成。你想想看,在空中掉下来时行这样的屈膝礼,行吗,)“如果我这样问,人们一定会认为我是一个无知的小姑娘哩。不,永远不能这样问,也许我会看到它写在哪儿的吧!”
   掉啊,掉啊,掉啊,除此之外,没别的事可干了。因此,过一会儿爱丽丝又说话了:“我敢肯定,黛娜今晚一定非常想念我。”(黛娜是只猫)“我希望他们别忘了午茶时给她准备一碟牛奶。黛娜,我亲爱的,我多么希望你也掉到这里来,同我在一起呀,我怕空中没有你吃的小老鼠,不过你可能捉到一只蝙蝠,你要知道,它很像老鼠。可是猫吃不吃蝙蝠呢?”这时,爱丽丝开始瞌睡了,她困得迷迷糊糊时还在说:“猫吃蝙蝠吗?猫吃蝙蝠吗?”有时又说成:“蝙蝠吃猫吗?”这两个问题她哪个也回答不出来,所以,她怎么问都没关系,这时候,她已经睡着了,开始做起梦来了。她梦见正同黛娜手拉着手走着,并且很认真地问:“黛娜,告诉我,你吃过蝙蝠吗?,就在这时,突然“砰”地一声,她掉到了一堆枯枝败叶上了,总算掉到了底了!
   爱丽丝一点儿也没摔坏,她立即站起来,向上看看,黑洞洞的。朝前一看,是个很长的走廊,她又看见了那只白兔正急急忙忙地朝前跑。这回可别错过时机,爱丽丝像一阵风似地追了过去。她听到兔子在拐弯时说:“哎呀,我的耳朵和胡子呀,现在太迟了!”这时爱丽丝已经离兔子很近了,但是当她也赶到拐角,兔子却不见了。她发现自己是在一个很长很低的大厅里,屋顶上悬挂着一串灯,把大厅照亮了。
   大厅四周都是门,全都锁着,爱丽丝从这边走到那边,推一推,拉一拉,每扇门都打不开,她伤心地走到大厅中间,琢磨着该怎么出去。
   突然,她发现了一张三条腿的小桌,桌子是玻璃做的。桌上除了一把很小的金钥匙,什么也没有,爱丽丝一下就想到这钥匙可能是哪个门上的。可是,哎呀,要么就是锁太大了,要么就是钥匙太小了,哪个门也用不上。不过,在她绕第二圈时,突然发现刚才没注意到的一个低帐幕后面,有一扇约十五英寸高的小门。她用这个小金钥匙往小门的锁眼里一插,太高兴了,正合适。
   爱丽丝打开了门,发现门外是一条小走廊,比老鼠洞还小,她跪下来,顺着走廊望出去,见到一个从没见过的美丽花园。她多想离开这个黑暗的大厅,到那些美丽的花圃和清凉的喷泉中去玩呀!可是那门框连脑袋都过不去,可怜的爱丽丝想:“哎,就算头能过去,肩膀不跟着过去也没用,我多么希望缩成望远镜里的小人呀(爱丽丝常常把望远镜倒着看,一切东西都变得又远又小,所以她认为望远镜可以把人放大或缩小。),我想自己能变小的,只要知道变的方法就行了。”你看,一连串稀奇古怪的事,使得爱丽丝认为没有什么事是不可能的了。看来,守在小门旁没意思了,于是,她回到桌子边,希望还能再找到一把钥匙,至少也得找到一本教人变成望远镜里小人的书,可这次,她发现桌上有一只小瓶。爱丽丝说:“这小瓶刚才确实不在这里。”瓶口上系着一张小纸条,上面印着两个很漂亮的大字:“喝我”。
   说“喝我”倒不错,可是聪明的小爱丽丝不会忙着去喝的。她说:“不行,我得先看看,上面有没有写着‘毒药’两个字。”因为她听过一些很精彩的小故事,关于孩子们怎样被烧伤、被野兽吃掉,以及其它一些令人不愉快的事情,所有这些,都是因为这些孩子们没有记住大人的话,例如:握拨火棍时间太久就会把手烧坏;小刀割手指就会出血,等等。爱丽丝知道喝了写着“毒药”瓶里的药水,迟早会受害的。
   然而瓶子上没有“毒药”字样,所以爱丽丝冒险地尝了尝,感到非常好吃,它混合着樱桃馅饼、奶油蛋糕、菠萝、烤火鸡、牛奶糖、热奶油面包的味道。爱丽丝一口气就把一瓶喝光了。
   “多么奇怪的感觉呀!”爱丽丝说,“我一定变成望远镜里的小人了。”
   的确是这样,她高兴得眉飞色舞,现在她只有十英寸高了,已经可以到那个可爱的花园里去了。不过,她又等了几分钟,看看会不会继续缩小下去。想到这点,她有点不安了。“究竟会怎么收场呢?”爱丽丝对自己说,“或许会像蜡烛的火苗那样,全部缩没了。那么我会怎么样呢?”她又努力试着想象蜡烛灭了后的火焰会是个什么样几。因为她从来没有见过那样的东西。
   过了一小会,好像不会再发生什么事情了,她决定立刻到花园去。可是,哎哟!可怜的爱丽丝!她走到门口,发觉忘拿了那把小金钥匙。在回到桌子前准备再拿的时候,却发现自己已经够不着钥匙,她只能通过玻璃桌面清楚地看到它,她尽力攀着桌腿向上爬,可是桌腿太滑了,她一次又一次地溜了下来,弄得她精疲力竭。于是,这个可怜的小家伙坐在地上哭了起来。
   “起来,哭是没用的!”爱丽丝严厉地对自己说,“限你—,分钟内就停止哭!”她经常爱给自己下个命令(虽然她很少听从这种命令),有时甚至把自己骂哭了。记得有一次她同自己比赛槌球,由于她骗了自己,她就打了自己一记耳光,这个小孩很喜欢装成两个人,“但是现在还装什么两个人呢?”可怜的小爱丽丝想,“唉!现在我小得连做一个像样的人都不够了。”
   不一会儿,她的眼光落在桌子下面的一个小玻璃盒子上。打开一看,里面有块很小的点心,点心上用葡萄干精致地嵌着“吃我”两个字,“好,我就吃它,”爱丽丝说,“如果它使我变大,我就能够着钥匙了;如果它使我变得更小,我就可以从门缝下面爬过去,反正不管怎样,我都可以到那个花园里去了。因此无论怎么变,我都不在乎。”
   她只吃了一小口,就焦急地问自己:“是哪一种,变大还是变小?”她用手摸摸头顶,想知道变成哪种样子。可是非常奇怪,一点没变,说实话,这本来是吃点心的正常现象,可是爱丽丝已经习惯了稀奇古怪的事了,生活中的正常事情倒显得难以理解了。
   于是,她又吃开了,很块就把一块点心吃完了。


  Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, `and what is the use of a book,' thought Alice `without pictures or conversation?'
   So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her.
   There was nothing so VERY remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so VERY much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, `Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!' (when she thought it over afterwards, it occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually TOOK A WATCH OUT OF ITS WAISTCOAT- POCKET, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge.
   In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how in the world she was to get out again.
   The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think about stopping herself before she found herself falling down a very deep well.
   Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had plenty of time as she went down to look about her and to wonder what was going to happen next. First, she tried to look down and make out what she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; then she looked at the sides of the well, and noticed that they were filled with cupboards and book-shelves; here and there she saw maps and pictures hung upon pegs. She took down a jar from one of the shelves as she passed; it was labelled `ORANGE MARMALADE', but to her great disappointment it was empty: she did not like to drop the jar for fear of killing somebody, so managed to put it into one of the cupboards as she fell past it.
   `Well!' thought Alice to herself, `after such a fall as this, I shall think nothing of tumbling down stairs! How brave they'll all think me at home! Why, I wouldn't say anything about it, even if I fell off the top of the house!' (Which was very likely true.)
   Down, down, down. Would the fall NEVER come to an end! `I wonder how many miles I've fallen by this time?' she said aloud. `I must be getting somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would be four thousand miles down, I think--' (for, you see, Alice had learnt several things of this sort in her lessons in the schoolroom, and though this was not a VERY good opportunity for showing off her knowledge, as there was no one to listen to her, still it was good practice to say it over) `--yes, that's about the right distance--but then I wonder what Latitude or Longitude I've got to?' (Alice had no idea what Latitude was, or Longitude either, but thought they were nice grand words to say.)
   Presently she began again. `I wonder if I shall fall right THROUGH the earth! How funny it'll seem to come out among the people that walk with their heads downward! The Antipathies, I think--' (she was rather glad there WAS no one listening, this time, as it didn't sound at all the right word) `--but I shall have to ask them what the name of the country is, you know. Please, Ma'am, is this New Zealand or Australia?' (and she tried to curtsey as she spoke--fancy CURTSEYING as you're falling through the air! Do you think you could manage it?) `And what an ignorant little girl she'll think me for asking! No, it'll never do to ask: perhaps I shall see it written up somewhere.'
   Down, down, down. There was nothing else to do, so Alice soon began talking again. `Dinah'll miss me very much to-night, I should think!' (Dinah was the cat.) `I hope they'll remember her saucer of milk at tea-time. Dinah my dear! I wish you were down here with me! There are no mice in the air, I'm afraid, but you might catch a bat, and that's very like a mouse, you know. But do cats eat bats, I wonder?' And here Alice began to get rather sleepy, and went on saying to herself, in a dreamy sort of way, `Do cats eat bats? Do cats eat bats?' and sometimes, `Do bats eat cats?' for, you see, as she couldn't answer either question, it didn't much matter which way she put it. She felt that she was dozing off, and had just begun to dream that she was walking hand in hand with Dinah, and saying to her very earnestly, `Now, Dinah, tell me the truth: did you ever eat a bat?' when suddenly, thump! thump! down she came upon a heap of sticks and dry leaves, and the fall was over.
   Alice was not a bit hurt, and she jumped up on to her feet in a moment: she looked up, but it was all dark overhead; before her was another long passage, and the White Rabbit was still in sight, hurrying down it. There was not a moment to be lost: away went Alice like the wind, and was just in time to hear it say, as it turned a corner, `Oh my ears and whiskers, how late it's getting!' She was close behind it when she turned the corner, but the Rabbit was no longer to be seen: she found herself in a long, low hall, which was lit up by a row of lamps hanging from the roof.
   There were doors all round the hall, but they were all locked; and when Alice had been all the way down one side and up the other, trying every door, she walked sadly down the middle, wondering how she was ever to get out again.
   Suddenly she came upon a little three-legged table, all made of solid glass; there was nothing on it except a tiny golden key, and Alice's first thought was that it might belong to one of the doors of the hall; but, alas! either the locks were too large, or the key was too small, but at any rate it would not open any of them. However, on the second time round, she came upon a low curtain she had not noticed before, and behind it was a little door about fifteen inches high: she tried the little golden key in the lock, and to her great delight it fitted!
   Alice opened the door and found that it led into a small passage, not much larger than a rat-hole: she knelt down and looked along the passage into the loveliest garden you ever saw. How she longed to get out of that dark hall, and wander about among those beds of bright flowers and those cool fountains, but she could not even get her head though the doorway; `and even if my head would go through,' thought poor Alice, `it would be of very little use without my shoulders. Oh, how I wish I could shut up like a telescope! I think I could, if I only know how to begin.' For, you see, so many out-of-the-way things had happened lately, that Alice had begun to think that very few things indeed were really impossible.
   There seemed to be no use in waiting by the little door, so she went back to the table, half hoping she might find another key on it, or at any rate a book of rules for shutting people up like telescopes: this time she found a little bottle on it, (`which certainly was not here before,' said Alice,) and round the neck of the bottle was a paper label, with the words `DRINK ME' beautifully printed on it in large letters.
   It was all very well to say `Drink me,' but the wise little Alice was not going to do THAT in a hurry. `No, I'll look first,' she said, `and see whether it's marked "poison" or not'; for she had read several nice little histories about children who had got burnt, and eaten up by wild beasts and other unpleasant things, all because they WOULD not remember the simple rules their friends had taught them: such as, that a red-hot poker will burn you if you hold it too long; and that if you cut your finger VERY deeply with a knife, it usually bleeds; and she had never forgotten that, if you drink much from a bottle marked `poison,' it is almost certain to disagree with you, sooner or later.
   However, this bottle was NOT marked `poison,' so Alice ventured to taste it, and finding it very nice, (it had, in fact, a sort of mixed flavour of cherry-tart, custard, pine-apple, roast turkey, toffee, and hot buttered toast,) she very soon finished it off.
   * * * * * * *
   * * * * * *
   * * * * * * *
   `What a curious feeling!' said Alice; `I must be shutting up like a telescope.'
   And so it was indeed: she was now only ten inches high, and her face brightened up at the thought that she was now the right size for going through the little door into that lovely garden. First, however, she waited for a few minutes to see if she was going to shrink any further: she felt a little nervous about this; `for it might end, you know,' said Alice to herself, `in my going out altogether, like a candle. I wonder what I should be like then?' And she tried to fancy what the flame of a candle is like after the candle is blown out, for she could not remember ever having seen such a thing.
   After a while, finding that nothing more happened, she decided on going into the garden at once; but, alas for poor Alice! when she got to the door, she found she had forgotten the little golden key, and when she went back to the table for it, she found she could not possibly reach it: she could see it quite plainly through the glass, and she tried her best to climb up one of the legs of the table, but it was too slippery; and when she had tired herself out with trying, the poor little thing sat down and cried.
   `Come, there's no use in crying like that!' said Alice to herself, rather sharply; `I advise you to leave off this minute!' She generally gave herself very good advice, (though she very seldom followed it), and sometimes she scolded herself so severely as to bring tears into her eyes; and once she remembered trying to box her own ears for having cheated herself in a game of croquet she was playing against herself, for this curious child was very fond of pretending to be two people. `But it's no use now,' thought poor Alice, `to pretend to be two people! Why, there's hardly enough of me left to make ONE respectable person!'
   Soon her eye fell on a little glass box that was lying under the table: she opened it, and found in it a very small cake, on which the words `EAT ME' were beautifully marked in currants. `Well, I'll eat it,' said Alice, `and if it makes me grow larger, I can reach the key; and if it makes me grow smaller, I can creep under the door; so either way I'll get into the garden, and I don't care which happens!'
   She ate a little bit, and said anxiously to herself, `Which way? Which way?', holding her hand on the top of her head to feel which way it was growing, and she was quite surprised to find that she remained the same size: to be sure, this generally happens when one eats cake, but Alice had got so much into the way of expecting nothing but out-of-the-way things to happen, that it seemed quite dull and stupid for life to go on in the common way.
   So she set to work, and very soon finished off the cake.
第二章 眼泪的池塘
  “奇怪啊奇怪,”爱丽丝喊道,她那么惊奇,霎时,竟说不成话了,“现在我一定变成最大的望远镜里的人了。再见了,我的双脚!”她俯视自己的脚,远得快看不见了。“哦,我的可怜的小脚哟!谁再给你们穿鞋和系鞋带呢,亲爱的,我可不能了,我离你们太远了,没法再照顾你们了,以后你们只好自己照顾自己吧!……但是我必须对它们好一些,”爱丽丝又想道,“否则它们会不愿走到我想去的地方的,对啦,每次圣诞节我一定要送它们一双新的长统靴。”
   她继续盘算该怎么送礼:“我得把礼物打成包裹寄给它们,”她想,“呀,多滑稽,给自己的脚寄礼物鼠这地址写起来可太离奇了:
   壁炉边搁脚拦杆上
   爱丽丝的右脚收
   爱丽丝寄
   “哦,亲爱的,我说的什么废话呀!”就在这一刹那,她的头撞到了大厅的屋顶上。她现在至少有九英尺高了,她急忙拿起小金钥匙向小花园的门跑去。
   可怜的爱丽丝!现在最多只能侧身躺在地下,用一只眼睛往花园里望,更没有可能进去了,于是她又哭了。
   “你不害澡吗?”爱丽丝对自己说,“像你这么大的姑娘(说得很对),还要哭。马上停止,我命令你!”但她还不停地哭,足足掉了一桶眼泪。她还继续哭,直到身边成了个大池塘,有四英尺深,半个大厅都变成池塘了。
   过了一会儿,她听到远处轻微的脚步声,她急忙擦干眼泪,看看谁来了。原来那只小白兔又回来了,打扮得漂漂亮亮的,一只手里本着一双白羊羔皮手套,另一只手里拿着一把大扇子,正急急忙忙地小跑着过来。小白兔一边走.一边喃喃自语地说:“哦,公爵夫人,公爵夫人!唉!假如我害她久等了,她可别生气呵!”爱丽丝很希望来个人帮助自己,因此见到小白兔很失望。但是在小白兔走近时,她还是怯生生地小声说:“劳驾,先生……”这可把兔子吓了一跳,扔掉了白羔皮手套和扇子,拼命地跑进暗处去了。
   爱丽丝拾起了扇子和手套。这时屋里很热,她就一边搧着扇子,一边自言自语地说:“亲爱的,亲爱的,今天可净是怪事,昨天还是那么正常,是不是夜里发生的变化?让我想想:我早晨起来时是不是还是我自己,我想起来了,早晨就觉得有点不对头。但是,要是我不是自己的话,那么我能是谁呢,唉!这可真是个谜啊!”于是她就挨个儿地去想和她相同年龄的女孩子,她是变成了她们中的哪一个了?
   “我敢说,我不是爱达,”爱丽丝说,“因为她是长长的卷发,而我的根本不卷。我肯定不是玛贝尔,因为我知道各种各祥的事情,而她,哼!她什么也不知道。而且,她是她,我是我,哎哟!亲爱的,把我迷惑住了,真叫人伤脑筋。我试试看,还记得不自己得过去知道的事情。让我想一想四乘五是十二,四乘六是十三,四乘七……唉,这样背下去永远到不了二十;况且乘法表也没大意思。让我试试地理知识看:伦敦是巴黎的首都,而巴黎是罗马的首都,罗马是……不,不,全错了。我一定,一定已经变成了玛贝尔了。让我再试试背《小鳄鱼怎样……》。”于是她把手交叉地放在膝盖上,就像背课文那样,一本正经地背起来了。她的声音嘶哑、古怪,吐字也和平时不一样:
   小鳄鱼怎样保养
   它闪亮的尾巴,
   把尼罗河水灌进
   每一片金色的鳞甲。
   它笑得多么快乐,
   伸开爪子的姿势多么文雅,
   它在欢迎那些小鱼
   游进它温柔微笑着的嘴巴。
   “我相信背错了。”可怜的爱丽丝一边说着,一边又掉下了眼泪:“我一定真的成了玛贝尔了,我得住在破房子里,什么玩具也没有,还得学那么多的功课。不行!我拿定主意了,如果我是玛贝尔,我就呆在这井下,他们把头伸到井口说:‘上来吧!亲爱的!”我只往上问他们:‘你们先得告诉我,我是谁,如果变成我喜欢的人,我就上来,如果不是,我就一直呆在这里,除非我再变成什么人’……可是,亲爱的!”爱丽丝突然哭起来:“我真想让他们来叫我上去呀!实在不愿意孤零零地呆在这儿了。”
   她说话时,无意中看了一下自己的手,见到一只手上戴了小白兔的白羊羔皮手套,她奇怪极了,“这怎么搞的?”她想,“我一定又变小了,”她起来步到桌子边,量一量自己,正像她猜测的那样,她现在大约只有二英寸高了,而且还在迅速地缩下去,她很快发现是拿着的那把扇子在作怪,于是她赶紧扔掉扇子,总算快,要不就缩得没有了。
   “好险呀!”爱丽丝说。她真的吓坏了,但总算自己还存在,因此很高兴,“现在,该去花园了!”她飞快地跪到小门那儿,但是,哎哟,小门又锁上了,小金钥匙像从前一样仍在玻璃桌子上。“现在更糟糕了,”可怜的小爱丽丝想,“因为我还没有这样小过,从来没有重我该说这太糟了!太糟了!”
   她说话时,突然滑倒了,“扑通”一声,咸咸的水已经淹到她的下巴了。她第一个念头是掉进海里了。她对自己说:“那么我可以坐火车回去了,”——爱丽丝到海边去过,看到海滨有许多车,孩子们在沙滩上用木铲挖洞玩。还有一排出租的住房,住房后面是个火车站——然而不久,她就明白了,自己是在一个眼泪的池塘里,这是她九英尺高的时候流出来的眼泪。
   “但愿我刚才没哭得这么厉害!”爱丽丝说话时来回游着,想找条路游出去,现在我受报应了,我的眼沼快要把自己淹死啦!这又是桩怪事,说真的,今天尽是怪事!”
   就在这时,她听到不远的地方有划水声,就向前游去,想看看是什么,起初,她以为这一定是只海象或者河马。然而,她一想起自己是多么小的时候,就立即明白了,这不过是只老鼠,是像自己一样滑进水里来的。
   “它来有什么用处呢?”爱丽丝想,“同一只老鼠讲话吗?这井底下的事情都是那么奇怪,也许它会说话的,不管怎样,试试也没害处,”于是,爱丽丝就说,“喂,老鼠!你知道从池塘里出去的路吗?我已经游得很累了。喂,老鼠!”爱丽丝认为这是同老鼠谈话的方式,以前,她没有做过这种事,可她记得哥哥的《拉丁文语法》中有:“一只老鼠……一只老鼠……喂,老鼠!”现在这老鼠狐疑地看着她,好像还把一只小眼睛向她眨了眨,但没说话。
   “也许它不懂英语,”爱丽丝想,“她是同征服者威廉(威廉(1027或1028-1087)原为诺曼第(现法国的诺曼第半岛)公爵,后来征服并统一了英国)一起来的,”(尽管爱丽丝有些历史知识,可搞不清这些事情已经多久了。)于是,她又用法语说:“我的猫在哪里,”这是她的法文课本的第一句话。老鼠一听这话,突然跳出水面,吓得浑身发抖,爱丽丝怕伤害了这个可怜的小动物的感情,赶快说:“请原谅我!我忘了你不喜欢猫。”
   “不喜欢猫!”老鼠激动而尖声地喊着,“假如你是我的话,你喜欢猫吗?”
   “也许不,”爱丽丝抚慰着说,“别生我的气了。可是我还是希望你能够看到我的猫——,黛娜,只要你看到她,就会喜欢猫了,她是一个多么可爱而又安静的小东西呀。”爱丽丝一面懒散地游着,一面自言自语地继续说,“她坐在火炉边打起呼噜来真好玩,还不时舔舔爪子,洗洗脸,摸起来绵软得可爱。还有,她抓起老鼠来真是个好样的……,哦,请原谅我。”这次真把老鼠气坏了。爱丽丝又喊道:“如果你不高兴的话,咱们就不说她了。”
   “还说‘咱们’呢!”老鼠喊着,连尾巴梢都发抖了,“好像我愿意说似的!我们家族都仇恨猫,这种可恶的、下贱的、粗鄙的东西!再别让我听到这个名字了!”
   “我不说了,真的!”爱丽丝说着,急忙改变了话题,“你……喜欢……喜欢……狗吗?”老鼠没回答,于是,爱丽丝热心地说了下去,“告诉你,我家不远有一只小狗,—只眼晴明亮的小猎狗,你知道,它长着那么长的棕色卷毛。它还会接住你扔的东西,又会坐起来讨吃的,还会玩各式各样的把戏,它是一个农民的,你可知道,那个农民说它真顶用,要值一百英镑哪!说它还能杀掉所有的老鼠……哦,亲爱的!”爱丽丝伤心地说,“我怕又惹你生气了。”老鼠已经拼命游远了,它游开时,还弄得池塘的水一阵波动。
   爱丽丝跟在老鼠的后面柔声细气地招呼它:“老鼠啊,亲爱的,你还是回来吧,你不喜欢的话,咱们再也不谈猫和狗了!”老鼠听了这话,就转过身慢慢地向她游来,它脸色苍白(爱丽丝想一定是气成这样的),用低而颤抖的声音说:“让我们上岸去吧,然后我将把我的历史告诉你,这样你就会明白我为什么也恨猫和狗了。”
   真是该走了,因为池塘里已经有了一大群鸟兽,有一只鸭子、—只渡渡鸟(一种现已绝种的鸟,原产非洲毛里求斯。)、一只鹦鹉,一只小鹰和一些稀奇古怪的动物。爱丽丝领着路,和这群鸟兽一起自岸边游去。


  `Curiouser and curiouser!' cried Alice (she was so much surprised, that for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English); `now I'm opening out like the largest telescope that ever was! Good-bye, feet!' (for when she looked down at her feet, they seemed to be almost out of sight, they were getting so far off). `Oh, my poor little feet, I wonder who will put on your shoes and stockings for you now, dears? I'm sure _I_ shan't be able! I shall be a great deal too far off to trouble myself about you: you must manage the best way you can; --but I must be kind to them,' thought Alice, `or perhaps they won't walk the way I want to go! Let me see: I'll give them a new pair of boots every Christmas.'
   And she went on planning to herself how she would manage it. `They must go by the carrier,' she thought; `and how funny it'll seem, sending presents to one's own feet! And how odd the directions will look!
   ALICE'S RIGHT FOOT, ESQ. HEARTHRUG, NEAR THE FENDER, (WITH ALICE'S LOVE).
   Oh dear, what nonsense I'm talking!'
   Just then her head struck against the roof of the hall: in fact she was now more than nine feet high, and she at once took up the little golden key and hurried off to the garden door.
   Poor Alice! It was as much as she could do, lying down on one side, to look through into the garden with one eye; but to get through was more hopeless than ever: she sat down and began to cry again.
   `You ought to be ashamed of yourself,' said Alice, `a great girl like you,' (she might well say this), `to go on crying in this way! Stop this moment, I tell you!' But she went on all the same, shedding gallons of tears, until there was a large pool all round her, about four inches deep and reaching half down the hall.
   After a time she heard a little pattering of feet in the distance, and she hastily dried her eyes to see what was coming. It was the White Rabbit returning, splendidly dressed, with a pair of white kid gloves in one hand and a large fan in the other: he came trotting along in a great hurry, muttering to himself as he came, `Oh! the Duchess, the Duchess! Oh! won't she be savage if I've kept her waiting!' Alice felt so desperate that she was ready to ask help of any one; so, when the Rabbit came near her, she began, in a low, timid voice, `If you please, sir--' The Rabbit started violently, dropped the white kid gloves and the fan, and skurried away into the darkness as hard as he could go.
   Alice took up the fan and gloves, and, as the hall was very hot, she kept fanning herself all the time she went on talking: `Dear, dear! How queer everything is to-day! And yesterday things went on just as usual. I wonder if I've been changed in the night? Let me think: was I the same when I got up this morning? I almost think I can remember feeling a little different. But if I'm not the same, the next question is, Who in the world am I? Ah, THAT'S the great puzzle!' And she began thinking over all the children she knew that were of the same age as herself, to see if she could have been changed for any of them.
   `I'm sure I'm not Ada,' she said, `for her hair goes in such long ringlets, and mine doesn't go in ringlets at all; and I'm sure I can't be Mabel, for I know all sorts of things, and she, oh! she knows such a very little! Besides, SHE'S she, and I'm I, and--oh dear, how puzzling it all is! I'll try if I know all the things I used to know. Let me see: four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is--oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that rate! However, the Multiplication Table doesn't signify: let's try Geography. London is the capital of Paris, and Paris is the capital of Rome, and Rome--no, THAT'S all wrong, I'm certain! I must have been changed for Mabel! I'll try and say "How doth the little--"' and she crossed her hands on her lap as if she were saying lessons, and began to repeat it, but her voice sounded hoarse and strange, and the words did not come the same as they used to do:--
   `How doth the little crocodile Improve his shining tail, And pour the waters of the Nile On every golden scale!
   `How cheerfully he seems to grin, How neatly spread his claws, And welcome little fishes in With gently smiling jaws!'
   `I'm sure those are not the right words,' said poor Alice, and her eyes filled with tears again as she went on, `I must be Mabel after all, and I shall have to go and live in that poky little house, and have next to no toys to play with, and oh! ever so many lessons to learn! No, I've made up my mind about it; if I'm Mabel, I'll stay down here! It'll be no use their putting their heads down and saying "Come up again, dear!" I shall only look up and say "Who am I then? Tell me that first, and then, if I like being that person, I'll come up: if not, I'll stay down here till I'm somebody else"--but, oh dear!' cried Alice, with a sudden burst of tears, `I do wish they WOULD put their heads down! I am so VERY tired of being all alone here!'
   As she said this she looked down at her hands, and was surprised to see that she had put on one of the Rabbit's little white kid gloves while she was talking. `How CAN I have done that?' she thought. `I must be growing small again.' She got up and went to the table to measure herself by it, and found that, as nearly as she could guess, she was now about two feet high, and was going on shrinking rapidly: she soon found out that the cause of this was the fan she was holding, and she dropped it hastily, just in time to avoid shrinking away altogether.
   `That WAS a narrow escape!' said Alice, a good deal frightened at the sudden change, but very glad to find herself still in existence; `and now for the garden!' and she ran with all speed back to the little door: but, alas! the little door was shut again, and the little golden key was lying on the glass table as before, `and things are worse than ever,' thought the poor child, `for I never was so small as this before, never! And I declare it's too bad, that it is!'
   As she said these words her foot slipped, and in another moment, splash! she was up to her chin in salt water. Her first idea was that she had somehow fallen into the sea, `and in that case I can go back by railway,' she said to herself. (Alice had been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general conclusion, that wherever you go to on the English coast you find a number of bathing machines in the sea, some children digging in the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and behind them a railway station.) However, she soon made out that she was in the pool of tears which she had wept when she was nine feet high.
   `I wish I hadn't cried so much!' said Alice, as she swam about, trying to find her way out. `I shall be punished for it now, I suppose, by being drowned in my own tears! That WILL be a queer thing, to be sure! However, everything is queer to-day.'
   Just then she heard something splashing about in the pool a little way off, and she swam nearer to make out what it was: at first she thought it must be a walrus or hippopotamus, but then she remembered how small she was now, and she soon made out that it was only a mouse that had slipped in like herself.
   `Would it be of any use, now,' thought Alice, `to speak to this mouse? Everything is so out-of-the-way down here, that I should think very likely it can talk: at any rate, there's no harm in trying.' So she began: `O Mouse, do you know the way out of this pool? I am very tired of swimming about here, O Mouse!' (Alice thought this must be the right way of speaking to a mouse: she had never done such a thing before, but she remembered having seen in her brother's Latin Grammar, `A mouse--of a mouse--to a mouse--a mouse--O mouse!' The Mouse looked at her rather inquisitively, and seemed to her to wink with one of its little eyes, but it said nothing.
   `Perhaps it doesn't understand English,' thought Alice; `I daresay it's a French mouse, come over with William the Conqueror.' (For, with all her knowledge of history, Alice had no very clear notion how long ago anything had happened.) So she began again: `Ou est ma chatte?' which was the first sentence in her French lesson-book. The Mouse gave a sudden leap out of the water, and seemed to quiver all over with fright. `Oh, I beg your pardon!' cried Alice hastily, afraid that she had hurt the poor animal's feelings. `I quite forgot you didn't like cats.'
   `Not like cats!' cried the Mouse, in a shrill, passionate voice. `Would YOU like cats if you were me?'
   `Well, perhaps not,' said Alice in a soothing tone: `don't be angry about it. And yet I wish I could show you our cat Dinah: I think you'd take a fancy to cats if you could only see her. She is such a dear quiet thing,' Alice went on, half to herself, as she swam lazily about in the pool, `and she sits purring so nicely by the fire, licking her paws and washing her face--and she is such a nice soft thing to nurse--and she's such a capital one for catching mice--oh, I beg your pardon!' cried Alice again, for this time the Mouse was bristling all over, and she felt certain it must be really offended. `We won't talk about her any more if you'd rather not.'
   `We indeed!' cried the Mouse, who was trembling down to the end of his tail. `As if I would talk on such a subject! Our family always HATED cats: nasty, low, vulgar things! Don't let me hear the name again!'
   `I won't indeed!' said Alice, in a great hurry to change the subject of conversation. `Are you--are you fond--of--of dogs?' The Mouse did not answer, so Alice went on eagerly: `There is such a nice little dog near our house I should like to show you! A little bright-eyed terrier, you know, with oh, such long curly brown hair! And it'll fetch things when you throw them, and it'll sit up and beg for its dinner, and all sorts of things--I can't remember half of them--and it belongs to a farmer, you know, and he says it's so useful, it's worth a hundred pounds! He says it kills all the rats and--oh dear!' cried Alice in a sorrowful tone, `I'm afraid I've offended it again!' For the Mouse was swimming away from her as hard as it could go, and making quite a commotion in the pool as it went.
   So she called softly after it, `Mouse dear! Do come back again, and we won't talk about cats or dogs either, if you don't like them!' When the Mouse heard this, it turned round and swam slowly back to her: its face was quite pale (with passion, Alice thought), and it said in a low trembling voice, `Let us get to the shore, and then I'll tell you my history, and you'll understand why it is I hate cats and dogs.'
   It was high time to go, for the pool was getting quite crowded with the birds and animals that had fallen into it: there were a Duck and a Dodo, a Lory and an Eaglet, and several other curious creatures. Alice led the way, and the whole party swam to the shore.
首页>> 旅游天下>> 童话>> 刘易斯·卡罗尔 Lewis Carroll   英国 United Kingdom   汉诺威王朝   (1832年1月27日1898年1月14日)