yī gè yōu líng， zhù yì de yōu líng， zài 'ōu zhōu yóu dàng。 wèile duì zhè gè yōu líng jìn xíng shén shèng de wéi jiǎo， jiù 'ōu zhōu de yī qiē shì lì， jiào huáng hé shā huáng、 méi tè niè hé jī zuǒ、 fǎ guó de jī jìn pài hé dé guó de， dū lián hé qǐ lái liǎo。
yòu nǎ yī gè fǎn duì dǎng bù bèi tā de dāng zhèng de dí rén mà wéi ní？ yòu yòu nǎ yī gè fǎn duì dǎng bù ná zhù yì zhè gè zuì míng qù huí jìng gèng jìn bù de fǎn duì dǎng rén hé zì jǐ de fǎn dòng dí rén ní？
cóng zhè yī shì shí zhōng kě yǐ dé chū liǎng gè jié lùn：
zhù yì yǐ jīng bèi 'ōu zhōu de yī qiē shì lì gōng rèn wéi yī zhǒng shì lì；
xiàn zài shì rén xiàng quán shì jiè gōng kāi shuō míng zì jǐ de guān diǎn、 zì jǐ de mùdì、 zì jǐ de yì tú bìng qiě ná dǎng zì jǐ de xuān yán lái fǎn bó guān yú zhù yì yōu líng de shén huà de shí hòu liǎo。
wèile zhè gè mùdì， gè guó rén jí huì yú lún dūn， nǐ dìng liǎo rú xià de xuān yán， yòng yīng wén、 fǎ wén、 dé wén、 yì dà lì wén、 fú lā máng wén hé dān mài wén gōng bù yú shì。
Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as Communistic by its opponents in power? Where the Opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?
Two things result from this fact.
I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European Powers to be itself a Power.
II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself.
To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London, and sketched the following Manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.
yòu nǎ yī gè fǎn duì dǎng bù bèi tā de dāng zhèng de dí rén mà wéi ní？ yòu yòu nǎ yī gè fǎn duì dǎng bù ná zhù yì zhè gè zuì míng qù huí jìng gèng jìn bù de fǎn duì dǎng rén hé zì jǐ de fǎn dòng dí rén ní？
cóng zhè yī shì shí zhōng kě yǐ dé chū liǎng gè jié lùn：
zhù yì yǐ jīng bèi 'ōu zhōu de yī qiē shì lì gōng rèn wéi yī zhǒng shì lì；
xiàn zài shì rén xiàng quán shì jiè gōng kāi shuō míng zì jǐ de guān diǎn、 zì jǐ de mùdì、 zì jǐ de yì tú bìng qiě ná dǎng zì jǐ de xuān yán lái fǎn bó guān yú zhù yì yōu líng de shén huà de shí hòu liǎo。
wèile zhè gè mùdì， gè guó rén jí huì yú lún dūn， nǐ dìng liǎo rú xià de xuān yán， yòng yīng wén、 fǎ wén、 dé wén、 yì dà lì wén、 fú lā máng wén hé dān mài wén gōng bù yú shì。
Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as Communistic by its opponents in power? Where the Opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?
Two things result from this fact.
I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European Powers to be itself a Power.
II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself.
To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London, and sketched the following Manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.
zhì jīn yī qiē shè huì de lì shǐ dōushì jiē jí dǒu zhēng de lì shǐ。
zì yóu mín hé nú lì、 guì zú hé píng mín、 lǐng zhù hé nóng nú、 hánghuì shī fù hé bāng gōng， yī jù huà， yā pò zhě hé bèi yā pò zhě， shǐ zhōng chǔyú xiāng hù duì lì de dì wèi， jìn xíng bù duàn de、 yòu shí yǐn bì yòu shí gōng kāi de dǒu zhēng， ér měi yī cì dǒu zhēng de jié jú shì zhěng gè shè huì shòu dào gǎi zào huò zhě dǒu zhēng de gè jiē jí tóng guī yú jìn。
zài guò qù de gè gè lì shǐ shí dài， wǒ men jīhū dào chù dōukě yǐ kàn dào shè huì wán quán huàfēn wéi gè gè bù tóng de děng jí， kàn dào shè huì dì wèi fēn chéng de duō zhǒng duō yàng de céng cì。 zài gǔ luó mǎ， yòu guì zú、 qí shì、 píng mín、 nú lì， zài zhōng shì jì， yòu fēng jiàn zhù、 chén pú、 hánghuì shī fù、 bāng gōng、 nóng nú， ér qiě jīhū zài měi yī gè jiē jí nèi bù yòu yòu yī xiē tè shū de jiē céng。
cóng fēng jiàn shè huì de miè wáng zhōng chǎn shēng chū lái de xiàn dài zī chǎn jiē jí shè huì bìng méi yòu xiāo miè jiē jí duì lì。 tā zhǐ shì yòng xīn de jiē jí、 xīn de yā pò tiáo jiàn、 xīn de dǒu zhēng xíng shì dài tì liǎo jiù de。
dàn shì， wǒ men de shí dài， zī chǎn jiē jí shí dài， què yòu yī gè tè diǎn： tā shǐ jiē jí duì lì jiǎn dān huà liǎo。 zhěng gè shè huì rì yì fēn liè wéi liǎng dà dí duì de zhèn yíng， fēn liè wéi liǎng dà xiāng hù zhí jiē duì lì de jiē jí： zī chǎn jiē jí hé wú chǎn jiē jí。
cóng zhōng shì jì de nóng nú zhōng chǎn shēng liǎo chū qī chéng shì de chéng guān shì mín； cóng zhè gè shì mín děng jí zhōng fā zhǎn chū zuì chū de zī chǎn jiē jí fènzǐ。
měi zhōu de fā xiàn、 rào guò fēi zhōu de háng xíng， gěi xīn xīng de zī chǎn jiē jí kāipì liǎo xīn tiān dì。 dōng yìn dù hé zhōng guó de shì chǎng、 měi zhōu de zhí mín huà、 duì zhí mín dì de mào yì、 jiāo huàn shǒu duàn hé yī bān de shāng pǐn de zēng jiā， shǐ shāng yè、 háng hǎi yè hé gōng yè kōng qián gāo zhǎng， yīn 'ér shǐ zhèng zài bēng kuì de fēng jiàn shè huì nèi bù de yīn sù xùn sù fā zhǎn。
yǐ qián nà zhǒng fēng jiàn de huò hánghuì de gōng yè jīng yíng fāng shì yǐ jīng bù néng mǎn zú suí zhe xīn shì chǎng de chū xiàn 'ér zēng jiā de xū qiú liǎo。 gōng chǎng shǒu gōng yè dài tì liǎo zhè zhǒng jīng yíng fāng shì。 hánghuì shī fù bèi gōng yè de zhōng jiān děng jí pái jǐ diào liǎo； gè zhǒng hángyè zǔ zhì zhī jiān de fēn gōng suí zhe gè gè zuōfáng nèi bù de fēn gōng de chū xiàn 'ér xiāo shī liǎo。
dàn shì， shì chǎng zǒng shì zài kuò dà， xū qiú zǒng shì zài zēng jiā。 shèn zhì gōng chǎng shǒu gōng yè yě bù zài néng mǎn zú xū yào liǎo。 yú shì， zhēng qì hé jī qì yǐn qǐ liǎo gōng yè shēng chǎn de。 xiàn dài dà gōng yè huà tì liǎo gōng chǎng shǒu gōng yè； gōng yè zhōng de bǎi wàn fù wēng， yī zhī yī zhī chǎn yè dà jūn de shǒu lǐng， xiàn dài zī chǎn zhě， dài tì liǎo gōng yè de zhōng jiān děng jí。
dà gōng yè jiàn lì liǎo yóu měi zhōu de fā xiàn suǒ zhǔn bèi hǎo de shì jiè shì chǎng。 shì jiè shì chǎng shǐ shāng yè、 háng hǎi yè hé lù lù jiāo tōng dé dào liǎo jù dà de fā zhǎn。 zhè zhǒng fā zhǎn yòu fǎn guò lái cù jìn liǎo gōng yè de kuò zhǎn， tóng shí， suí zhe gōng yè、 shāng yè、 háng hǎi yè hé tiě lù de kuò zhǎn， zī chǎn jiē jí yě zài tóng yī chéng dù shàng dé dào fā zhǎn， zēng jiā zì jǐ de zī běn， bǎ zhōng shì jì yí liú xià lái de yī qiē jiē jí dū pái jǐ dào hòu miàn qù。
yóu cǐ kě jiàn， xiàn dài zī chǎn jiē jí běn shēn shì yī gè cháng qī fā zhǎn guò chéng de chǎn wù， shì shēng chǎn fāng shì hé jiāo huàn fāng shì de yī xì liè biàn gé de chǎn wù。
zī chǎn jiē jí de zhè zhǒng fā zhǎn de měi yī gè jiē duàn， dū bàn suí zhe xiāng yìng de shàng jìn zhǎn。 tā zài fēng jiàn zhù tǒng zhì xià shì bèi yā pò de děng jí， zài gōng shè lǐ shì wǔ zhuāng de hé zì zhì de tuán tǐ， zài yī xiē dì fāng zǔ chéng dú lì de chéng shì gòng hé guó， zài lìng yī xiē dì fāng zǔ chéng jūn zhù guó zhōng de nà shuì de dì sān děng jí； hòu lái， zài gōng chǎng shǒu gōng yè shí qī， tā shì děng jí zhì jūn zhù guó huò jūn zhù guó zhōng tóng guì zú kàng héng de shì lì， ér qiě shì dà jūn zhù guó de zhù yào jī chǔ； zuì hòu， cóng dà gōng yè hé shì jiè shì chǎng jiàn lì de shí hòu qǐ， tā zài xiàn dài de dài yì zhì guó jiā lǐ duó dé liǎo dú zhàn de tǒng zhì。 xiàn dài de guó jiā zhèng quán bù guò shì guǎn lǐ zhěng gè zī chǎn jiē jí de gòng tóng shì wù de wěi yuán huì bà liǎo。
zī chǎn jiē jí zài lì shǐ shàng céng jīng qǐ guò fēi cháng de zuò yòng。
zī chǎn jiē jí zài tā yǐ jīng qǔ dé liǎo tǒng zhì de dì fāng bǎ yī qiē fēng jiàn de、 zōng fǎ de hé tián yuán shī bān de guān xì dū pò huài liǎo。 tā wú qíng dì zhǎn duàn liǎo bǎ rén men shù fù yú tiān rán zūn cháng de xíng xíng sè sè de fēng jiàn jī bàn， tā shǐ rén hé rén zhī jiān chú liǎo chì luǒ luǒ de lì hài guān xì， chú liǎo lěng kù wú qíng de“ xiàn jīn jiāo yì”， jiù zài yě méi yòu rèn hé bié de lián xì liǎo。 tā bǎ zōng jiào qián chéng、 qí shì rè chén、 xiǎo shì mín shāng gǎn zhè xiē qíng gǎn de shén shèng fā zuò， yānmò zài lì jǐ zhù yì dǎ suàn de bīng shuǐ zhī zhōng。 tā bǎ rén de zūn yán biàn chéng liǎo jiāo huàn jià zhí， yòng yī zhǒng méi yòu liáng xīn de mào yì zì yóu dài tì liǎo wú shù tè xǔ de hé zì lì zhèng dé de zì yóu。 zǒng 'ér yán zhī， tā yòng gōng kāi de、 wú chǐ de、 zhí jiē de、 lù gǔ de bō xuē dài tì liǎo yóu zōng jiào huàn xiǎng hé huàn xiǎng yǎn gài zhe de bō xuē。
zī chǎn jiē jí mǒ qù liǎo yī qiē xiàng lái shòu rén zūn chóng hé lìng rén jìng wèi de zhí yè de shén shèng guāng huán。 tā bǎ yī shēng、 lǜ shī、 jiào shì、 shī rén hé xué zhě biàn chéng liǎo tā chū qián zhāo gù de gù yōng láo dòng zhě。
zī chǎn jiē jí sī xià liǎo zhào zài jiā tíng guān xì shàng de wēn qíng mòmò de miàn shā， bǎ zhè zhǒng guān xì biàn chéng liǎo chún cuì de jīn qián guān xì。
zī chǎn jiē jí jiē shì liǎo， zài zhōng shì jì shēn shòu fǎn dòng pài chēng xǔ de nà zhǒng rén lì de yě mán shǐ yòng， shì yǐ jí duān dài duò zuò wéi xiāng yìng bǔ chōng de。 tā dì yī gè zhèng míng liǎo， rén de huó dòng néng gòu qǔ dé shénme yàng de chéng jiù。 tā chuàng zào liǎo wán quán bù tóng yú 'āi jí jīn zì tǎ、 luó mǎ shuǐ dào hé gē tè shì jiào táng de qí jì； tā wán chéng liǎo wán quán bù tóng yú mín zú dà qiān xǐ hé shí zì jūn dōng zhēng de yuǎn zhēng。
zī chǎn jiē jí chú fēi duì shēng chǎn gōng jù， cóng 'ér duì shēng chǎn guān xì， cóng 'ér duì quán bù shè huì guān xì bù duàn dì jìn xíng， fǒu zé jiù bù néng shēng cún xià qù。 fǎn zhī， yuán fēng bù dòng dì bǎo chí jiù de shēng chǎn fāng shì， què shì guò qù de yī qiē gōng yè jiē jí shēng cún de shǒu yào tiáo jiàn。 shēng chǎn de bù duàn biàn gé， yī qiē shè huì zhuàng kuàng bù tíng de dòng dàng， yǒng yuǎn de bù 'ān dìng hé biàn dòng， zhè jiù shì zī chǎn jiē jí shí dài bù tóng yú guò qù yī qiē shí dài de dì fāng。 yī qiē gù dìng de jiāng huà de guān xì yǐ jí yǔ zhī xiāng shì yìng de sù bèi zūn chóng de guān niàn hé jiàn jiě dōubèi xiāo chú liǎo， yī qiē xīn xíng chéng de guān xì děng bù dào gù dìng xià lái jiù chén jiù liǎo。 yī qiē děng jí de hé gù dìng de dōng xī dū yān xiāo yún sàn liǎo， yī qiē shén shèng de dōng xī dōubèi xiè dòu liǎo。 rén men zhōng yú bù dé bù yòng lěng jìng de yǎn guāng lái kàn tā men de shēng huó dì wèi、 tā men de xiāng hù guān xì。
bù duàn kuò dà chǎn pǐn xiāo lù de xū yào， qū shǐ zī chǎn jiē jí bēn zǒu yú quán qiú gè dì。 tā bì xū dào chù luò hù， dào chù kāi fā， dào chù jiàn lì lián xì。
zī chǎn jiē jí， yóu yú kāi tuò liǎo shì jiè shì chǎng， shǐ yī qiē guó jiā de shēng chǎn hé xiāo fèi dōuchéng wéi shì jiè xìng de liǎo。 shǐ fǎn dòng pài dà wéi wǎn xī de shì， zī chǎn jiē jí wā diào liǎo gōng yè jiǎo xià de mín zú jī chǔ。 gǔ lǎo de mín zú gōng yè bèi xiāo miè liǎo， bìng qiě měi tiān dū hái zài bèi xiāo miè。 tā men bèi xīn de gōng yè pái jǐ diào liǎo， xīn de gōng yè de jiàn lì yǐ jīng chéng wéi yī qiē wén míng mín zú de shēng mìng yōu guān de wèn tí； zhè xiē gōng yè suǒ jiā gōng de， yǐ jīng bù shì běn dì de yuán liào， ér shì lái zì jí qí yáo yuǎn de dì qū de yuán liào； tā men de chǎn pǐn bù jǐn gōng běn guó xiāo fèi， ér qiě tóng shí gōng shì jiè gè dì xiāo fèi。 jiù de、 kào guó chǎn pǐn lái mǎn zú de xū yào， bèi xīn de、 yào kào jí qí yáo yuǎn de guó jiā hé dì dài de chǎn pǐn lái mǎn zú de xū yào suǒ dài tì liǎo。 guò qù nà zhǒng dì fāng de hé mín zú de zìjǐ zì zú hé bì guān zì shǒu zhuàng tài， bèi gè mín zú de gè fāng miàn de hù xiāng wǎng lái hé gè fāng miàn de hù xiāng yǐ lài suǒ dài tì liǎo。 wù zhì de shēng chǎn shì rú cǐ， jīng shén de shēng chǎn yě shì rú cǐ。 gè mín zú de jīng shén chǎn pǐn chéng liǎo gōng gòng de cái chǎn。 mín zú de piàn miàn xìng hé jú xiàn xìng rì yì chéng wéi bù kě néng， yú shì yóu xǔ duō zhòngmín zú de hé dì fāng de wén xué xíng chéng liǎo yī zhǒng shì jiè de wén xué。
zī chǎn jiē jí， yóu yú yī qiē shēng chǎn gōng jù de xùn sù gǎi jìn， yóu yú jiāo tōng de jí qí biàn lì， bǎ yī qiē mín zú shèn zhì zuì yě mán de mín zú dū juàn dào wén míng zhōng lái liǎo。 tā de shāng pǐn de dī lián jià gé， shì tā yòng lái cuī huǐ yī qiē wàn lǐ cháng chéng、 zhēng fú yě mán rén zuì wán qiáng de chóu wài xīn lǐ de zhòng pào。 tā pò shǐ yī qiē mín zú ---- rú guǒ tā men bù xiǎng miè wáng de huà ---- cǎi yòng zī chǎn jiē jí de shēng chǎn fāng shì； tā pò shǐ tā men zài zì jǐ nà lǐ tuī xíng suǒ wèi wén míng， jí biàn chéng zī chǎn zhě。 yī jù huà， tā 'àn zhào zì jǐ de miàn mào wéi zì jǐ chuàng zào chū yī gè shì jiè。
zī chǎn jiē jí shǐ nóng cūn qū fú yú chéng shì de tǒng zhì。 tā chuàng lì liǎo jù dà de chéng shì， shǐ chéng shì rén kǒu bǐ nóng cūn rén kǒu dà dà zēng jiā qǐ lái， yīn 'ér shǐ hěn dà yī bù fēn jū mín tuō lí liǎo nóng cūn shēng huó de yú mèi zhuàng tài。 zhèng xiàng tā shǐ nóng cūn cóng shǔ yú chéng shì yī yàng， tā shǐ wèi kāi huà hé bàn kāi huà de guó jiā cóng shǔ yú wén míng de guó jiā， shǐ nóng mín de mín zú cóng shǔ yú zī chǎn jiē jí de mín zú， shǐ dōng fāng cóng shǔ yú xī fāng。
zī chǎn jiē jí rì shèn yī rì dì xiāo miè shēng chǎn zī liào、 cái chǎn hé rén kǒu de fēn sàn zhuàng tài。 tā shǐ rén kǒu mì jí qǐ lái， shǐ shēng chǎn zī liào jí zhōng qǐ lái， shǐ cái chǎn jù jí zài shǎo shù rén de shǒu lǐ。 yóu cǐ bì rán chǎn shēng de jiēguǒ jiù shì de jí zhōng。 gè zì dú lì de、 jīhū zhǐ yòu tóng méng guān xì de、 gè yòu bù tóng lì yì、 bù tóng fǎ lǜ、 bù tóng zhèng fǔ、 bù tóng guān shuì de gè gè dì qū， xiàn zài yǐ jīng jié hé wéi yī gè yōng yòu tǒng yī de zhèng fǔ、 tǒng yī de fǎ lǜ、 tǒng yī de mín zú jiē jí lì yì hé tǒng yī de guān shuì de tǒng yī de mín zú。
zī chǎn jiē jí zài tā de bù dào yī bǎi nián de jiē jí tǒng zhì zhōng suǒ chuàng zào de shēng chǎn lì， bǐ guò qù yī qiē shì dài chuàng zào de quán bù shēng chǎn lì hái yào duō， hái yào dà。 zì rán lì de zhēng fú， jī qì de cǎi yòng， huà xué zài gōng yè hé nóng yè zhōng de yìng yòng， lún chuán de xíng shǐ， tiě lù de tōng xíng， diàn bào de shǐ yòng， zhěng gè zhěng gè dà lù de kāi kěn， hé chuān de tōng háng， fǎng fó yòng fǎ shù cóng dì xià hū huàn chū lái de dà liàng rén kǒu， ---- guò qù nǎ yī gè shì jì liào xiǎng dào zài shè huì láo dòng lǐ yùn cáng yòu zhè yàng de shēng chǎn lì ní？
yóu cǐ kě jiàn， zī chǎn jiē jí lài yǐ xíng chéng de shēng chǎn zī liào hé jiāo huàn shǒu duàn， shì zài fēng jiàn shè huì lǐ zào chéng de。 zài zhè xiē shēng chǎn zī liào hé jiāo huàn shǒu duàn fā zhǎn de yī dìng jiē duàn shàng， fēng jiàn shè huì de shēng chǎn hé jiāo huàn zài qí zhōng jìn xíng de guān xì， fēng jiàn de nóng yè hé gōng chǎng shǒu gōng yè zǔ zhì， yī jù huà， fēng jiàn de suǒ yòu zhì guān xì， jiù bù zài shì yìng yǐ jīng fā zhǎn de shēng chǎn lì liǎo。 zhè zhǒng guān xì yǐ jīng zài zǔ 'ài shēng chǎn 'ér bù shì cù jìn shēng chǎn liǎo。 tā biàn chéng liǎo shù fù shēng chǎn de zhì gù。 tā bì xū bèi zhà huǐ， ér qiě yǐ jīng bèi zhà huǐ liǎo。
qǐ 'ér dài zhī de shì zì yóu jìng zhēng yǐ jí yǔ zì yóu jìng zhēng xiāng shì yìng de shè huì zhì dù hé zhì dù、 zī chǎn jiē jí de jīng jì tǒng zhì hé tǒng zhì。
xiàn zài， wǒ men yǎn qián yòu jìn xíng zhe lèi sì de yùn dòng。 zī chǎn jiē jí de shēng chǎn guān xì hé jiāo huàn guān xì， zī chǎn jiē jí de suǒ yòu zhì guān xì， zhè gè céng jīng fǎng fó yòng fǎ shù chuàng zào liǎo rú cǐ páng dà de shēng chǎn zī liào hé jiāo huàn shǒu duàn de xiàn dài zī chǎn jiē jí shè huì， xiàn zài xiàng yī gè mó fǎ shī yī yàng bù néng zài zhī pèi zì jǐ yòng fǎ shù hū huàn chū lái de mó guǐ liǎo。 jǐ shí nián lái de gōng yè hé shāng yè de lì shǐ， zhǐ bù guò shì xiàn dài shēng chǎn lì fǎn kàng xiàn dài shēng chǎn guān xì、 fǎn kàng zuò wéi zī chǎn jiē jí jí qí tǒng zhì de cún zài tiáo jiàn de suǒ yòu zhì guān xì de lì shǐ。 zhǐ yào zhǐ chū zài zhōu qī xìng de chóngfù zhōng yuè lái yuè wēi jí zhěng gè zī chǎn jiē jí shè huì shēng cún de shāng yè wēi jī jiù gòu liǎo。 zài shāng yè wēi jī qī jiān， zǒng shì bù jǐn yòu hěn dà yī bù fēn zhì chéng de chǎn pǐn bèi huǐ miè diào， ér qiě yòu hěn dà yī bù fēn yǐ jīng zào chéng de shēng chǎn lì bèi huǐ miè diào。 zài wēi jī qī jiān， fā shēng yī zhǒng zài guò qù yī qiē shí dài kàn láidōu hǎo xiàng shì huāng táng xiàn xiàng de shè huì wēn yì， jí shēng chǎn guò shèng de wēn yì。 shè huì tū rán fā xiàn zì jǐ huí dào liǎo yī shí de yě mán zhuàng tài； fǎng fó shì yī cì jī huāng、 yīcháng pǔ biàn de huǐ miè xìng zhàn zhēng， shǐ shè huì shī qù liǎo quán bù shēng huó zī liào； fǎng fó shì gōng yè hé shāng yè quán bèi huǐ miè liǎo， ---- zhè shì shénme yuán gù ní？ yīn wéi shè huì shàng wén míng guò dù， shēng huó zī liào tài duō， gōng yè hé shāng yè tài fā dá。 shè huì suǒ yōng yòu de shēng chǎn lì yǐ jīng bù néng zài cù jìn zī chǎn jiē jí wén míng hé zī chǎn jiē jí suǒ yòu zhì guān xì de fā zhǎn； xiāng fǎn， shēng chǎn lì yǐ jīng qiáng dà dào zhè zhǒng guān xì suǒ bù néng shì yìng de dì bù， tā yǐ jīng shòu dào zhè zhǒng guān xì de zǔ 'ài； ér tā yī zhe shǒu kè fú zhè zhǒng zhàng 'ài， jiù shǐ zhěng gè zī chǎn jiē jí shè huì xiàn rù hùn luàn， jiù shǐ zī chǎn jiē jí suǒ yòu zhì de cún zài shòu dào wēi xié。 zī chǎn jiē jí de guān xì yǐ jīng tài xiá zhǎi liǎo， zài róng nà bù liǎo tā běn shēn suǒ zào chéng de cái fù liǎo。 ---- zī chǎn jiē jí yòng shénme bàn fǎ lái kè fú zhè zhǒng wēi jī ní？ yī fāng miàn bù dé bù xiāo miè dà liàng shēng chǎn lì， lìng yī fāng miàn duó qǔ xīn de shì chǎng， gèng jiā chè dǐ dì lì yòng jiù de shì chǎng。 zhè jiū jìng shì zěn yàng de yī zhǒng bàn fǎ ní？ zhè bù guò shì zī chǎn jiē jí zhǔn bèi gèng quán miàn gèng měng liè de wēi jī de bàn fǎ， bù guò shì shǐ fáng zhǐ wēi jī de shǒu duàn yuè lái yuè shǎo de bàn fǎ。
zī chǎn jiē jí yòng lái tuī fān fēng jiàn zhì dù de wǔ qì， xiàn zài què duì zhǔn zī chǎn jiē jí zì jǐ liǎo。
dàn shì， zī chǎn jiē jí bù jǐn duàn zào liǎo zhì zì shēn yú sǐ dì de wǔ qì； tā hái chǎn shēng liǎo jiāng yào yùn yòng zhè zhǒng wǔ qì de rén ---- xiàn dài de gōng rén， jí wú chǎn zhě。
suí zhe zī chǎn jiē jí jí zī běn de fā zhǎn， wú chǎn jiē jí jí xiàn dài gōng rén jiē jí yě zài tóng yī chéng dù shàng dé dào fā zhǎn； xiàn dài de gōng rén zhǐ yòu dāng tā men zhǎo dào gōng zuò de shí hòu cái néng shēng cún， ér qiě zhǐ yòu dāng tā men de láo dòng zēng zhí zī běn de shí hòu cái néng zhǎo dào gōng zuò。 zhè xiē bù dé bù bǎ zì jǐ líng xīng chū mài de gōng rén， xiàng qí tā rèn hé huò wù yī yàng， yě shì yī zhǒng shāng pǐn， suǒ yǐ tā men tóng yàng dì shòu dào jìng zhēng de yī qiē biàn huà、 shì chǎng de yī qiē bō dòng de yǐng xiǎng。
yóu yú jī qì de tuī guǎng hé fēn gōng， wú chǎn zhě de láo dòng yǐ jīng shī qù liǎo rèn hé dú lì de xìng zhì， yīn 'ér duì gōng rén yě shī qù liǎo rèn hé xī yǐn lì。 gōng rén biàn chéng liǎo jī qì de dān chún de fù shǔ pǐn， yào qiú tā zuò de zhǐ shì jí qí jiǎn dān、 jí qí dān diào hé jí róng yì xué huì de cāo zuò。 yīn cǐ， huā zài gōng rén shēn shàng de fèi yòng， jīhū zhǐ xiàn yú wéi chí gōng rén shēng huó hé yán xù gōng rén hòu dài suǒ bì xū de shēng huó zī liào。 dàn shì， shāng pǐn de jià gé， cóng 'ér láo dòng de jià gé， shì tóng tā de shēng chǎn fèi yòng xiāng děng de。 yīn cǐ， láo dòng yuè shǐ rén gǎn dào yàn 'è， gōng zī yě jiù yuè jiǎn shǎo。 bù jǐn rú cǐ， jī qì yuè tuī guǎng， fēn gōng yuè xì zhì， láo dòng liàng yě jiù yuè zēng jiā， zhè huò zhě shì yóu yú gōng zuò shí jiān de yán cháng， huò zhě shì yóu yú zài yī dìng shí jiān nèi suǒ yào qiú de láo dòng de zēng jiā， jī qì yùn zhuǎn de jiā sù， děng děng。
xiàn dài gōng yè yǐ jīng bǎ jiāzhǎng shì de shī fù de xiǎo zuōfáng biàn chéng liǎo gōng yè zī běn jiā de dà gōng chǎng。 jǐ zài gōng chǎng lǐ de gōng rén qún zhòng jiù xiàng shì bīng yī yàng bèi zǔ zhì qǐ lái。 tā men shì chǎn yè jūn de pǔ tōng shì bīng， shòu zhe gè jí jūn shì hé jūn guān de céng céng jiān shì。 tā men bù jǐn shì zī chǎn jiē jí de、 zī chǎn jiē jí guó jiā de nú lì， bìng qiě měi rì měi shí dū shòu jī qì、 shòu jiān gōng、 shǒu xiān shì shòu gè gè jīng yíng gōng chǎng de zī chǎn zhě běn rén de nú yì。 zhè zhǒng zhì dù yuè shì gōng kāi dì bǎ yíng lì xuān bù wéi zì jǐ de zuì zhōng mùdì， tā jiù yuè shì kě bǐ、 kě hèn hé kěwù。
shǒu de cāo zuò suǒ yào qiú de jì qiǎo hé qì lì yuè shǎo， huàn jù huà shuō， xiàn dài gōng yè yuè fā dá， nán gōng yě jiù yuè shòu dào nǚ gōng hé tóng gōng de pái jǐ。 duì gōng rén jiē jí lái shuō， xìng bié hé nián líng de chā bié zài méi yòu shénme shè huì yì yì liǎo。 tā mendōu zhǐ shì láo dòng gōng jù， bù guò yīn wéi nián líng hé xìng bié de bù tóng 'ér xū yào bù tóng de fèi yòng bà liǎo。
dāng chǎng zhù duì gōng rén de bō xuē gào yī duàn luò， gōng rén lǐng dào liǎo yòng xiàn qián zhī fù de gōng zī de shí hòu， mǎ shàng jiù yòu zī chǎn jiē jí zhōng de lìng yī bù fēn rén ---- fáng dōng、 xiǎo diàn zhù、 dàngpù lǎo bǎn děng děng xiàng tā men pū lái。
yǐ qián de zhōng jiān děng jí de xià céng， jí xiǎo gōng yè jiā、 xiǎo shāng rén hé xiǎo shí lì zhě， shǒu gōng yè zhě hé nóng mín ---- suǒ yòu zhè xiē jiē jí dū jiàng luò dào wú chǎn jiē jí de duì wǔ lǐ lái liǎo， yòu de shì yīn wéi tā men de xiǎo zī běn bù zú yǐ jīng yíng dà gōng yè， jīng bù qǐ jiào dà zī běn jiā de jìng zhēng； yòu de shì yīn wéi tā men de shǒu yì yǐ jīng bèi xīn de shēng chǎn fāng fǎ nòng dé bù zhí qián liǎo。 wú chǎn jiē jí de duì wǔ jiù shì zhè yàng cóng jū mín de suǒ yòu jiē jí zhōng dé dào bǔ chōng de。
wú chǎn jiē jí jīng lì liǎo gè gè bù tóng de fā zhǎn jiē duàn。 tā fǎn duì zī chǎn jiē jí de dǒu zhēng shì hé tā de cún zài tóng shí kāi shǐ de。
zuì chū shì dān gè de gōng rén， rán hòu shì mǒu yī gōng chǎng de gōng rén， rán hòu shì mǒu yī dì fāng de mǒu yī láo dòng bù mén de gōng rén， tóng zhí jiē bō xuē tā men de dān gè zī chǎn zhě zuò dǒu zhēng。 tā men bù jǐn jǐn gōng jī zī chǎn jiē jí de shēng chǎn guān xì， ér qiě gōng jī shēng chǎn gōng jù běn shēn； tā men huǐ huài nà xiē lái jìng zhēng de wài guó shāng pǐn， dǎo huǐ jī qì， shāo huǐ gōng chǎng， lì tú huī fù yǐ jīng shī qù de zhōng shì jì gōng rén de dì wèi。
zài zhè gè jiē duàn shàng， gōng rén men hái shì fēn sàn zài quán guó gè dì bìng wéi jìng zhēng suǒ fēn liè de qún zhòng。 gōng rén de dà guī mó jí jié， hái bù shì tā men zì jǐ lián hé de jiēguǒ， ér shì zī chǎn jiē jí lián hé de jiēguǒ， dāng shí zī chǎn jiē jí wèile dá dào zì jǐ de mùdì bì xū 'ér qiě zàn shí hái néng gòu bǎ zhěng gè wú chǎn jiē jí fā dòng qǐ lái。 yīn cǐ， zài zhè gè jiē duàn shàng， wú chǎn zhě bù shì tóng zì jǐ de dí rén zuò dǒu zhēng， ér shì tóng zì jǐ de dí rén de dí rén zuò dǒu zhēng， jí tóng jūn zhù zhì de cán yú、 dì zhù、 fēi gōng yè zī chǎn jiē jí hé xiǎo zī chǎn zhě zuò dǒu zhēng。 yīn cǐ， zhěng gè lì shǐ yùn dòng dū jí zhōng zài zī chǎn jiē jí shǒu lǐ； zài zhè zhǒng tiáo jiàn xià qǔ dé de měi yī gè shèng lì dōushì zī chǎn jiē jí de shèng lì。
dàn shì， suí zhe gōng yè de fā zhǎn， wú chǎn jiē jí bù jǐn rén shù zēng jiā liǎo， ér qiě tā jié hé chéng gèng dà de jí tǐ， tā de lì liàng rì yì zēngzhǎng， tā yuè lái yuè gǎn jué dào zì jǐ de lì liàng。 jī qì shǐ láo dòng de chā bié yuè lái yuè xiǎo， shǐ gōng zī jīhū dào chù dū jiàng dào tóng yàng dī de shuǐ píng， yīn 'ér wú chǎn jiē jí nèi bù de lì yì hé shēng huó zhuàng kuàng yě yuè lái yuè qū yú yī zhì。 zī chǎn zhě bǐ cǐ jiànrì yì jiā jù de jìng zhēng yǐ jí yóu cǐ yǐn qǐ de shāng yè wēi jī， shǐ gōng rén de gōng zī yuè lái yuè bù wěn dìng； jī qì de rì yì xùn sù de hé jì xù bù duàn de gǎi liáng， shǐ gōng rén de zhěng gè shēng huó dì wèi yuè lái yuè méi yòu bǎo zhàng； dān gè gōng rén hé dān gè zī chǎn zhě zhī jiān de chōng tū yuè lái yuè jù yòu liǎng gè jiē jí de chōng tū de xìng zhì。 gōng rén kāi shǐ chéng lì fǎn duì zī chǎn zhě de tóng méng； tā men lián hé qǐ lái bǎo wèi zì jǐ de gōng zī。 tā men shèn zhì jiàn lì liǎo jīng cháng xìng de tuán tǐ， yǐ biàn wéi kě néng fā shēng de fǎn kàng zhǔn bèi shí pǐn。 yòu xiē dì fāng， dǒu zhēng bào fā wéi qǐ yì。
gōng rén yòu shí yě dé dào shèng lì， dàn zhè zhǒng shèng lì zhǐ shì zàn shí de。 tā men dǒu zhēng de zhēn zhèng chéng guǒ bìng bù shì zhí jiē qǔ dé de chéng gōng， ér shì gōng rén de yuè lái yuè kuò dà de lián hé。 zhè zhǒng lián hé yóu yú dà gōng yè suǒ zào chéng de rì yì fā dá de jiāo tōng gōng jù 'ér dé dào fā zhǎn， zhè zhǒng jiāo tōng gōng jù bǎ gè dì de gōng rén bǐ cǐ lián xì qǐ lái。 zhǐ yào yòu liǎo zhè zhǒng lián xì， jiù néng bǎ xǔ duō xìng zhì xiāng tóng de dì fāng xìng de dǒu zhēng huì hé chéng quán guó xìng de dǒu zhēng， huì hé chéng jiē jí dǒu zhēng。 ér yī qiē jiē jí dǒu zhēng dōushì dǒu zhēng。 zhōng shì jì de shì mín kào xiāng jiān xiǎo dào xū yào jǐ bǎi nián cái néng dá dào de lián hé， xiàn dài de wú chǎn zhě lì yòng tiě lù zhǐ yào jǐ nián jiù kě yǐ dá dào liǎo。
wú chǎn zhě zǔ zhì chéng wéi jiē jí， cóng 'ér zǔ zhì chéng wéi zhèng dǎng zhè jiàn shì， bù duàn dì yóu yú gōng rén de zì xiāng jìng zhēng 'ér shòu dào pò huài。 dàn shì， zhè zhǒng zǔ zhì zǒng shì chóngxīn chǎn shēng， bìng qiě yī cì bǐ yī cì gèng qiáng dà， gèng jiān gù， gèng yòu lì。 tā lì yòng zī chǎn jiē jí nèi bù de fēn liè， pò shǐ tā men yòng fǎ lǜ xíng shì chéng rèn gōng rén de gè bié lì yì。 yīng guó de shí xiǎo shí gōng zuò rì fǎ 'àn jiù shì yī gè lì zǐ。
jiù shè huì nèi bù de suǒ yòu chōng tū zài xǔ duō fāng miàn dū cù jìn liǎo wú chǎn jiē jí de fā zhǎn。 zī chǎn jiē jí chǔyú bù duàn de dǒu zhēng zhōng： zuì chū fǎn duì guì zú： hòu lái fǎn duì tóng gōng yè jìn bù yòu lì hài chōng tū de nà bù fēn zī chǎn jiē jí； jīng cháng fǎn duì yī qiē wài guó de zī chǎn jiē jí。 zài zhè yī qiē dǒu zhēng zhōng， zī chǎn jiē jí dōubù dé bù xiàng wú chǎn jiē jí hūyù， yào qiú wú chǎn jiē jí yuán zhù， zhè yàng jiù bǎ wú chǎn jiē jí juàn jìn liǎo yùn dòng。 yú shì， zī chǎn jiē jí zì jǐ jiù bǎ zì jǐ de jiào yù yīn sù jí fǎn duì zì shēn de wǔ qì jǐyǔ liǎo wú chǎn jiē jí。
qí cì， wǒ men yǐ jīng kàn dào， gōng yè de jìn bù bǎ tǒng zhì jiē jí de zhěng pī chéng yuán pāo dào wú chǎn jiē jí duì wǔ lǐ qù， huò zhě zhì shǎo yě shǐ tā men de shēng huó tiáo jiàn shòu dào wēi xié。 tā men yě gěi wú chǎn jiē jí dài lái liǎo dà liàng de jiào yù yīn sù。
zuì hòu， zài jiē jí dǒu zhēng jiē jìn jué zhàn de shí qī， tǒng zhì jiē jí nèi bù de、 zhěng gè jiù shè huì nèi bù de wǎ jiě guò chéng， jiù dá dào fēi cháng qiáng liè、 fēi cháng jiān ruì de chéng dù， shèn zhì shǐ dé tǒng zhì jiē jí zhōng de yī xiǎo bù fēn rén tuō lí tǒng zhì jiē jí 'ér guī fù yú de jiē jí， jí zhǎng wò zhe wèi lái de jiē jí。 suǒ yǐ， zhèng xiàng guò qù guì zú zhōng yòu yī bù fēn rén zhuǎn dào zī chǎn jiē jí fāng miàn yī yàng， xiàn zài zī chǎn jiē jí zhōng yě yòu yī bù fēn rén， tè bié shì yǐ jīng tí gāo dào cóng lǐ lùn shàng rèn shí zhěng gè lì shǐ yùn dòng zhè yī shuǐ píng de yī bù fēn zī chǎn jiē jí sī xiǎng jiā， zhuǎn dào wú chǎn jiē jí fāng miàn lái liǎo。
zài dāng qián tóng zī chǎn jiē jí duì lì de yī qiē jiē jí zhōng， zhǐ yòu wú chǎn jiē jí shì zhēn zhèng de jiē jí。 qí yú de jiē jí dū suí zhe dà gōng yè de fā zhǎn 'ér rì qū mòluò hé miè wáng， wú chǎn jiē jí què shì dà gōng yè běn shēn de chǎn wù。
zhōng jiān děng jí， jí xiǎo gōng yè jiā、 xiǎo shāng rén、 shǒu gōng yè zhě、 nóng mín， tā men tóng zī chǎn jiē jí zuò dǒu zhēng， dōushì wèile wéi hù tā men zhè zhǒng zhōng jiān děng jí de shēng cún， yǐ miǎn yú miè wáng。 suǒ yǐ， tā men bù shì de， ér shì bǎo shǒu de。 bù jǐn rú cǐ， tā men shèn zhì shì fǎn dòng de， yīn wéi tā men lì tú shǐ lì shǐ de chē lún dàozhuǎn。 rú guǒ shuō tā men shì de， nà shì jiàn yú tā men xíng jiāng zhuǎn rù wú chǎn jiē jí de duì wǔ， zhè yàng， tā men jiù bù shì wéi hù tā men mù qián de lì yì， ér shì wéi hù tā men jiāng lái de lì yì， tā men jiù lí kāi zì jǐ yuán lái de lì chǎng， ér zhàn dào wú chǎn jiē jí de lì chǎng shàng lái。
liú máng wú chǎn jiē jí shì jiù shè huì zuì xià céng zhōng xiāo jí de fǔ huà de bù fēn， tā men zài yī xiē dì fāng yě bèi wú chǎn jiē jí juàn dào yùn dòng lǐ lái， dàn shì， yóu yú tā men de zhěng gè shēng huó zhuàng kuàng， tā men gèng gān xīn yú bèi rén shōu mǎi， qù gān fǎn dòng de gòu dāng。
zài wú chǎn jiē jí de shēng huó tiáo jiàn zhōng， jiù shè huì de shēng huó tiáo jiàn yǐ jīng bèi xiāo miè liǎo。 wú chǎn zhě shì méi yòu cái chǎn de； tā men hé qī zǐ 'ér nǚ de guān xì tóng zī chǎn jiē jí de jiā tíng guān xì zài méi yòu rèn hé gòng tóng zhī chù liǎo； xiàn dài de gōng yè láo dòng， xiàn dài de zī běn yā pò， wú lùn zài yīng guó huò fǎ guó， wú lùn zài měi guó huò dé guó， dōushì yī yàng de， dū shǐ wú chǎn zhě shī qù liǎo rèn hé mín zú xìng。 fǎ lǜ、 dào dé、 zōng jiào， zài tā men kàn lái quándōu shì zī chǎn jiē jí piān jiàn， yǐn cáng zài zhè xiē piān jiàn hòu miàn de quándōu shì zī chǎn jiē jí lì yì。
guò qù yī qiē jiē jí zài zhēng dé tǒng zhì zhī hòu， zǒng shì shǐ zhěng gè shè huì fú cóng yú tā men fā cái zhì fù de tiáo jiàn， qǐ tú yǐ cǐ lái gǒng gù tā men yǐ jīng huò dé de shēng huó dì wèi。 wú chǎn zhě zhǐ yòu fèi chú zì jǐ de xiàn cún de zhàn yòu fāng shì， cóng 'ér fèi chú quán bù xiàn cún de zhàn yòu fāng shì， cái néng qǔ dé shè huì shēng chǎn lì。 wú chǎn zhě méi yòu shénme zì jǐ de dōng xī bì xū jiā yǐ bǎo hù， tā men bì xū cuī huǐ zhì jīn bǎo hù hé bǎo zhàng sī yòu cái chǎn de yī qiē。
guò qù de yī qiē yùn dòng dōushì shǎo shù rén de huò zhě wéi shǎo shù rén móu lì yì de yùn dòng。 wú chǎn jiē jí de yùn dòng shì jué dà duō shù rén de、 wéi jué dà duō shù rén móu lì yì de dú lì de yùn dòng。 wú chǎn jiē jí， xiàn jīn shè huì de zuì xià céng， rú guǒ bù zhà huǐ gòu chéng guān fāng shè huì de zhěng gè shàng céng， jiù bù néng tái qǐ tóu lái， tǐng qǐ xiōng lái。
rú guǒ bù jiù nèi róng 'ér jiù xíng shì lái shuō， wú chǎn jiē jí fǎn duì zī chǎn jiē jí de dǒu zhēng shǒu xiān shì yī guó fàn wéi nèi de dǒu zhēng。 měi yī gè guó jiā de wú chǎn jiē jí dāng rán shǒu xiān yīnggāi běn guó de zī chǎn jiē jí。
zài xù shù wú chǎn jiē jí fā zhǎn de zuì yī bān de jiē duàn de shí hòu， wǒ men xún xù tàn tǎo liǎo xiàn cún shè huì nèi bù huò duō huò shǎo yǐn bì zhe de guó nèi zhàn zhēng， zhí dào zhè gè zhàn zhēng bào fā wéi gōng kāi de， wú chǎn jiē jí yòng bào lì tuī fān zī chǎn jiē jí 'ér jiàn lì zì jǐ de tǒng zhì。
wǒ men yǐ jīng kàn dào， zhì jīn de yī qiē shè huì dōushì jiàn lì zài yā pò jiē jí hé bèi yā pò jiē jí de duì lì zhī shàng de。 dàn shì， wèile yòu kě néng yā pò yī gè jiē jí， jiù bì xū bǎo zhèng zhè gè jiē jí zhì shǎo yòu néng gòu miǎnqiǎng wéi chí tā de nú lì bān de shēng cún de tiáo jiàn。 nóng nú céng jīng zài nóng nú zhì dù xià zhēngzhá dào gōng shè shè yuán de dì wèi， xiǎo zī chǎn zhě céng jīng zài fēng jiàn zhì dù de shù fù xià zhēngzhá dào zī chǎn zhě de dì wèi。 xiàn dài de gōng rén què xiāng fǎn， tā men bìng bù shì suí zhe gōng yè de jìn bù 'ér shàng shēng， ér shì yuè lái yuè jiàng dào běn jiē jí de shēng cún tiáo jiàn yǐ xià。 gōng rén biàn chéng chì pín zhě， pín kùn bǐ rén kǒu hé cái fù zēng cháng dé hái yào kuài。 yóu cǐ kě yǐ míng xiǎn dì kàn chū， zī chǎn jiē jí zài bù néng zuò shè huì de tǒng zhì jiē jí liǎo， zài bù néng bǎ zì jǐ jiē jí de shēng cún tiáo jiàn dàngzuò zhī pèi yī qiē de guī lǜ qiáng jiā yú shè huì liǎo。 zī chǎn jiē jí bù néng tǒng zhì xià qù liǎo， yīn wéi tā shèn zhì bù néng bǎo zhèng zì jǐ de nú lì wéi chí nú lì de shēng huó， yīn wéi tā bù dé bù ràng zì jǐ de nú lì luò dào bù néng yǎng huó tā fǎn 'ér yào tā lái yǎng huó de dì bù。 shè huì zài bù néng zài tā tǒng zhì xià shēng huó xià qù liǎo， jiù shì shuō， tā de cún zài bù zài tóng shè huì xiāng róng liǎo。
zī chǎn jiē jí shēng cún hé tǒng zhì de gēn běn tiáo jiàn， shì cái fù zài sī rén shǒu lǐ de jī lěi， shì zī běn de xíng chéng hé zēng zhí； zī běn de tiáo jiàn shì gù yōng láo dòng。 gù yōng láo dòng wán quán shì jiàn lì zài gōng rén de zì xiāng jìng zhēng zhī shàng de。 zī chǎn jiē jí wú yì zhōng zào chéng 'ér yòu wú lì dǐ kàng de gōng yè jìn bù， shǐ gōng rén tōng guò jié shè 'ér dá dào de lián hé dài tì liǎo tā men yóu yú jìng zhēng 'ér zào chéng de fēn sàn zhuàng tài。 yú shì， suí zhe dà gōng yè de fā zhǎn， zī chǎn jiē jí lài yǐ shēng chǎn hé zhàn yòu chǎn pǐn de jī chǔ běn shēn yě jiù cóng tā de jiǎo xià bèi wā diào liǎo。 tā shǒu xiān shēng chǎn de shì tā zì shēn de jué mù rén。 zī chǎn jiē jí de miè wáng hé wú chǎn jiē jí de shèng lì shì tóng yàng bù kě bì miǎn de。
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.
In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms: Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.
From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed.
The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development.
The feudal system of industry, under which industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place. The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the manufacturing middle class; division of labour between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labour in each single workshop.
Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising. Even manufacture no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionised industrial production. The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, Modern Industry, the place of the industrial middle class, by industrial millionaires, the leaders of whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois.
Modern industry has established the world-market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land. This development has, in its time, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages.
We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.
Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance of that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association in the mediaeval commune; here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany), there taxable "third estate" of the monarchy (as in France), afterwards, in the period of manufacture proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, corner-stone of the great monarchies in general, the bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world-market, conquered for itself, in the modern representative State, exclusive political sway. The executive of the modern State is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.
The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part.
The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his "natural superiors, " and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous "cash payment. " It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value. And in place of the numberless and feasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom -- Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.
The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage labourers.
The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation.
The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of vigour in the Middle Ages, which Reactionists so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful indolence. It has been the first to show what man's activity can bring about. It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses of nations and crusades.
The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionising the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society. Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionising of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses, his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.
The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere.
The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world-market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. To the great chagrin of Reactionists, it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilised nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the productions of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations. And as in material, so also in intellectual production. The intellectual creations of individual nations become common property. National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature.
The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilisation. The cheap prices of its commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all Chinese walls, with which it forces the barbarians' intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilisation into their midst, i. e. , to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its own image.
The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life. Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilised ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West.
The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of the means of production, and of property. It has agglomerated production, and has concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence of this was political centralisation. Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws, governments and systems of taxation, became lumped together into one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national class-interest, one frontier and one customs-tariff. The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of Nature's forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalisation of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground -- what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labour?
We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged, the feudal organisation of agriculture and manufacturing industry, in one word, the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder.
Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted to it, and by the economical and political sway of the bourgeois class.
A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. Modern bourgeois society with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer, who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells. For many a decade past the history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeoisie and of its rule. It is enough to mention the commercial crises that by their periodical return put on its trial, each time more threateningly, the existence of the entire bourgeois society. In these crises a great part not only of the existing products, but also of the previously created productive forces, are periodically destroyed. In these crises there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurdity -- the epidemic of over-production. Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed; and why? Because there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand inforced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.
The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself.
But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons -- the modern working class -- the proletarians.
In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i. e. , capital, is developed, in the same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working class, developed -- a class of labourers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labour increases capital. These labourers, who must sell themselves piece-meal, are a commodity, like every other article of commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all the fluctuations of the market.
Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of labour, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and consequently, all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him. Hence, the cost of production of a workman is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for his maintenance, and for the propagation of his race. But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of labour, is equal to its cost of production. In proportion therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases. Nay more, in proportion as the use of machinery and division of labour increases, in the same proportion the burden of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the working hours, by increase of the work exacted in a given time or by increased speed of the machinery, etc.
Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are organised like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is.
The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual labour, in other words, the more modern industry becomes developed, the more is the labour of men superseded by that of women. Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive social validity for the working class. All are instruments of labour, more or less expensive to use, according to their age and sex.
No sooner is the exploitation of the labourer by the manufacturer, so far at an end, that he receives his wages in cash, than he is set upon by the other portions of the bourgeoisie, the landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawnbroker, etc.
The lower strata of the middle class -- the small tradespeople, shopkeepers, retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and peasants -- all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which Modern Industry is carried on, and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists, partly because their specialized skill is rendered worthless by the new methods of production. Thus the proletariat is recruited from all classes of the population.
The proletariat goes through various stages of development. With its birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie. At first the contest is carried on by individual labourers, then by the workpeople of a factory, then by the operatives of one trade, in one locality, against the individual bourgeois who directly exploits them. They direct their attacks not against the bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments of production themselves; they destroy imported wares that compete with their labour, they smash to pieces machinery, they set factories ablaze, they seek to restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages.
At this stage the labourers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition. If anywhere they unite to form more compact bodies, this is not yet the consequence of their own active union, but of the union of the bourgeoisie, which class, in order to attain its own political ends, is compelled to set the whole proletariat in motion, and is moreover yet, for a time, able to do so. At this stage, therefore, the proletarians do not fight their enemies, but the enemies of their enemies, the remnants of absolute monarchy, the landowners, the non-industrial bourgeois, the petty bourgeoisie. Thus the whole historical movement is concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie; every victory so obtained is a victory for the bourgeoisie.
But with the development of industry the proletariat not only increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows, and it feels that strength more. The various interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the proletariat are more and more equalised, in proportion as machinery obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly everywhere reduces wages to the same low level. The growing competition among the bourgeois, and the resulting commercial crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating. The unceasing improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing, makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and more the character of collisions between two classes. Thereupon the workers begin to form combinations (Trades Unions) against the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the rate of wages; they found permanent associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional revolts. Here and there the contest breaks out into riots.
zì yóu mín hé nú lì、 guì zú hé píng mín、 lǐng zhù hé nóng nú、 hánghuì shī fù hé bāng gōng， yī jù huà， yā pò zhě hé bèi yā pò zhě， shǐ zhōng chǔyú xiāng hù duì lì de dì wèi， jìn xíng bù duàn de、 yòu shí yǐn bì yòu shí gōng kāi de dǒu zhēng， ér měi yī cì dǒu zhēng de jié jú shì zhěng gè shè huì shòu dào gǎi zào huò zhě dǒu zhēng de gè jiē jí tóng guī yú jìn。
zài guò qù de gè gè lì shǐ shí dài， wǒ men jīhū dào chù dōukě yǐ kàn dào shè huì wán quán huàfēn wéi gè gè bù tóng de děng jí， kàn dào shè huì dì wèi fēn chéng de duō zhǒng duō yàng de céng cì。 zài gǔ luó mǎ， yòu guì zú、 qí shì、 píng mín、 nú lì， zài zhōng shì jì， yòu fēng jiàn zhù、 chén pú、 hánghuì shī fù、 bāng gōng、 nóng nú， ér qiě jīhū zài měi yī gè jiē jí nèi bù yòu yòu yī xiē tè shū de jiē céng。
cóng fēng jiàn shè huì de miè wáng zhōng chǎn shēng chū lái de xiàn dài zī chǎn jiē jí shè huì bìng méi yòu xiāo miè jiē jí duì lì。 tā zhǐ shì yòng xīn de jiē jí、 xīn de yā pò tiáo jiàn、 xīn de dǒu zhēng xíng shì dài tì liǎo jiù de。
dàn shì， wǒ men de shí dài， zī chǎn jiē jí shí dài， què yòu yī gè tè diǎn： tā shǐ jiē jí duì lì jiǎn dān huà liǎo。 zhěng gè shè huì rì yì fēn liè wéi liǎng dà dí duì de zhèn yíng， fēn liè wéi liǎng dà xiāng hù zhí jiē duì lì de jiē jí： zī chǎn jiē jí hé wú chǎn jiē jí。
cóng zhōng shì jì de nóng nú zhōng chǎn shēng liǎo chū qī chéng shì de chéng guān shì mín； cóng zhè gè shì mín děng jí zhōng fā zhǎn chū zuì chū de zī chǎn jiē jí fènzǐ。
měi zhōu de fā xiàn、 rào guò fēi zhōu de háng xíng， gěi xīn xīng de zī chǎn jiē jí kāipì liǎo xīn tiān dì。 dōng yìn dù hé zhōng guó de shì chǎng、 měi zhōu de zhí mín huà、 duì zhí mín dì de mào yì、 jiāo huàn shǒu duàn hé yī bān de shāng pǐn de zēng jiā， shǐ shāng yè、 háng hǎi yè hé gōng yè kōng qián gāo zhǎng， yīn 'ér shǐ zhèng zài bēng kuì de fēng jiàn shè huì nèi bù de yīn sù xùn sù fā zhǎn。
yǐ qián nà zhǒng fēng jiàn de huò hánghuì de gōng yè jīng yíng fāng shì yǐ jīng bù néng mǎn zú suí zhe xīn shì chǎng de chū xiàn 'ér zēng jiā de xū qiú liǎo。 gōng chǎng shǒu gōng yè dài tì liǎo zhè zhǒng jīng yíng fāng shì。 hánghuì shī fù bèi gōng yè de zhōng jiān děng jí pái jǐ diào liǎo； gè zhǒng hángyè zǔ zhì zhī jiān de fēn gōng suí zhe gè gè zuōfáng nèi bù de fēn gōng de chū xiàn 'ér xiāo shī liǎo。
dàn shì， shì chǎng zǒng shì zài kuò dà， xū qiú zǒng shì zài zēng jiā。 shèn zhì gōng chǎng shǒu gōng yè yě bù zài néng mǎn zú xū yào liǎo。 yú shì， zhēng qì hé jī qì yǐn qǐ liǎo gōng yè shēng chǎn de。 xiàn dài dà gōng yè huà tì liǎo gōng chǎng shǒu gōng yè； gōng yè zhōng de bǎi wàn fù wēng， yī zhī yī zhī chǎn yè dà jūn de shǒu lǐng， xiàn dài zī chǎn zhě， dài tì liǎo gōng yè de zhōng jiān děng jí。
dà gōng yè jiàn lì liǎo yóu měi zhōu de fā xiàn suǒ zhǔn bèi hǎo de shì jiè shì chǎng。 shì jiè shì chǎng shǐ shāng yè、 háng hǎi yè hé lù lù jiāo tōng dé dào liǎo jù dà de fā zhǎn。 zhè zhǒng fā zhǎn yòu fǎn guò lái cù jìn liǎo gōng yè de kuò zhǎn， tóng shí， suí zhe gōng yè、 shāng yè、 háng hǎi yè hé tiě lù de kuò zhǎn， zī chǎn jiē jí yě zài tóng yī chéng dù shàng dé dào fā zhǎn， zēng jiā zì jǐ de zī běn， bǎ zhōng shì jì yí liú xià lái de yī qiē jiē jí dū pái jǐ dào hòu miàn qù。
yóu cǐ kě jiàn， xiàn dài zī chǎn jiē jí běn shēn shì yī gè cháng qī fā zhǎn guò chéng de chǎn wù， shì shēng chǎn fāng shì hé jiāo huàn fāng shì de yī xì liè biàn gé de chǎn wù。
zī chǎn jiē jí de zhè zhǒng fā zhǎn de měi yī gè jiē duàn， dū bàn suí zhe xiāng yìng de shàng jìn zhǎn。 tā zài fēng jiàn zhù tǒng zhì xià shì bèi yā pò de děng jí， zài gōng shè lǐ shì wǔ zhuāng de hé zì zhì de tuán tǐ， zài yī xiē dì fāng zǔ chéng dú lì de chéng shì gòng hé guó， zài lìng yī xiē dì fāng zǔ chéng jūn zhù guó zhōng de nà shuì de dì sān děng jí； hòu lái， zài gōng chǎng shǒu gōng yè shí qī， tā shì děng jí zhì jūn zhù guó huò jūn zhù guó zhōng tóng guì zú kàng héng de shì lì， ér qiě shì dà jūn zhù guó de zhù yào jī chǔ； zuì hòu， cóng dà gōng yè hé shì jiè shì chǎng jiàn lì de shí hòu qǐ， tā zài xiàn dài de dài yì zhì guó jiā lǐ duó dé liǎo dú zhàn de tǒng zhì。 xiàn dài de guó jiā zhèng quán bù guò shì guǎn lǐ zhěng gè zī chǎn jiē jí de gòng tóng shì wù de wěi yuán huì bà liǎo。
zī chǎn jiē jí zài lì shǐ shàng céng jīng qǐ guò fēi cháng de zuò yòng。
zī chǎn jiē jí zài tā yǐ jīng qǔ dé liǎo tǒng zhì de dì fāng bǎ yī qiē fēng jiàn de、 zōng fǎ de hé tián yuán shī bān de guān xì dū pò huài liǎo。 tā wú qíng dì zhǎn duàn liǎo bǎ rén men shù fù yú tiān rán zūn cháng de xíng xíng sè sè de fēng jiàn jī bàn， tā shǐ rén hé rén zhī jiān chú liǎo chì luǒ luǒ de lì hài guān xì， chú liǎo lěng kù wú qíng de“ xiàn jīn jiāo yì”， jiù zài yě méi yòu rèn hé bié de lián xì liǎo。 tā bǎ zōng jiào qián chéng、 qí shì rè chén、 xiǎo shì mín shāng gǎn zhè xiē qíng gǎn de shén shèng fā zuò， yānmò zài lì jǐ zhù yì dǎ suàn de bīng shuǐ zhī zhōng。 tā bǎ rén de zūn yán biàn chéng liǎo jiāo huàn jià zhí， yòng yī zhǒng méi yòu liáng xīn de mào yì zì yóu dài tì liǎo wú shù tè xǔ de hé zì lì zhèng dé de zì yóu。 zǒng 'ér yán zhī， tā yòng gōng kāi de、 wú chǐ de、 zhí jiē de、 lù gǔ de bō xuē dài tì liǎo yóu zōng jiào huàn xiǎng hé huàn xiǎng yǎn gài zhe de bō xuē。
zī chǎn jiē jí mǒ qù liǎo yī qiē xiàng lái shòu rén zūn chóng hé lìng rén jìng wèi de zhí yè de shén shèng guāng huán。 tā bǎ yī shēng、 lǜ shī、 jiào shì、 shī rén hé xué zhě biàn chéng liǎo tā chū qián zhāo gù de gù yōng láo dòng zhě。
zī chǎn jiē jí sī xià liǎo zhào zài jiā tíng guān xì shàng de wēn qíng mòmò de miàn shā， bǎ zhè zhǒng guān xì biàn chéng liǎo chún cuì de jīn qián guān xì。
zī chǎn jiē jí jiē shì liǎo， zài zhōng shì jì shēn shòu fǎn dòng pài chēng xǔ de nà zhǒng rén lì de yě mán shǐ yòng， shì yǐ jí duān dài duò zuò wéi xiāng yìng bǔ chōng de。 tā dì yī gè zhèng míng liǎo， rén de huó dòng néng gòu qǔ dé shénme yàng de chéng jiù。 tā chuàng zào liǎo wán quán bù tóng yú 'āi jí jīn zì tǎ、 luó mǎ shuǐ dào hé gē tè shì jiào táng de qí jì； tā wán chéng liǎo wán quán bù tóng yú mín zú dà qiān xǐ hé shí zì jūn dōng zhēng de yuǎn zhēng。
zī chǎn jiē jí chú fēi duì shēng chǎn gōng jù， cóng 'ér duì shēng chǎn guān xì， cóng 'ér duì quán bù shè huì guān xì bù duàn dì jìn xíng， fǒu zé jiù bù néng shēng cún xià qù。 fǎn zhī， yuán fēng bù dòng dì bǎo chí jiù de shēng chǎn fāng shì， què shì guò qù de yī qiē gōng yè jiē jí shēng cún de shǒu yào tiáo jiàn。 shēng chǎn de bù duàn biàn gé， yī qiē shè huì zhuàng kuàng bù tíng de dòng dàng， yǒng yuǎn de bù 'ān dìng hé biàn dòng， zhè jiù shì zī chǎn jiē jí shí dài bù tóng yú guò qù yī qiē shí dài de dì fāng。 yī qiē gù dìng de jiāng huà de guān xì yǐ jí yǔ zhī xiāng shì yìng de sù bèi zūn chóng de guān niàn hé jiàn jiě dōubèi xiāo chú liǎo， yī qiē xīn xíng chéng de guān xì děng bù dào gù dìng xià lái jiù chén jiù liǎo。 yī qiē děng jí de hé gù dìng de dōng xī dū yān xiāo yún sàn liǎo， yī qiē shén shèng de dōng xī dōubèi xiè dòu liǎo。 rén men zhōng yú bù dé bù yòng lěng jìng de yǎn guāng lái kàn tā men de shēng huó dì wèi、 tā men de xiāng hù guān xì。
bù duàn kuò dà chǎn pǐn xiāo lù de xū yào， qū shǐ zī chǎn jiē jí bēn zǒu yú quán qiú gè dì。 tā bì xū dào chù luò hù， dào chù kāi fā， dào chù jiàn lì lián xì。
zī chǎn jiē jí， yóu yú kāi tuò liǎo shì jiè shì chǎng， shǐ yī qiē guó jiā de shēng chǎn hé xiāo fèi dōuchéng wéi shì jiè xìng de liǎo。 shǐ fǎn dòng pài dà wéi wǎn xī de shì， zī chǎn jiē jí wā diào liǎo gōng yè jiǎo xià de mín zú jī chǔ。 gǔ lǎo de mín zú gōng yè bèi xiāo miè liǎo， bìng qiě měi tiān dū hái zài bèi xiāo miè。 tā men bèi xīn de gōng yè pái jǐ diào liǎo， xīn de gōng yè de jiàn lì yǐ jīng chéng wéi yī qiē wén míng mín zú de shēng mìng yōu guān de wèn tí； zhè xiē gōng yè suǒ jiā gōng de， yǐ jīng bù shì běn dì de yuán liào， ér shì lái zì jí qí yáo yuǎn de dì qū de yuán liào； tā men de chǎn pǐn bù jǐn gōng běn guó xiāo fèi， ér qiě tóng shí gōng shì jiè gè dì xiāo fèi。 jiù de、 kào guó chǎn pǐn lái mǎn zú de xū yào， bèi xīn de、 yào kào jí qí yáo yuǎn de guó jiā hé dì dài de chǎn pǐn lái mǎn zú de xū yào suǒ dài tì liǎo。 guò qù nà zhǒng dì fāng de hé mín zú de zìjǐ zì zú hé bì guān zì shǒu zhuàng tài， bèi gè mín zú de gè fāng miàn de hù xiāng wǎng lái hé gè fāng miàn de hù xiāng yǐ lài suǒ dài tì liǎo。 wù zhì de shēng chǎn shì rú cǐ， jīng shén de shēng chǎn yě shì rú cǐ。 gè mín zú de jīng shén chǎn pǐn chéng liǎo gōng gòng de cái chǎn。 mín zú de piàn miàn xìng hé jú xiàn xìng rì yì chéng wéi bù kě néng， yú shì yóu xǔ duō zhòngmín zú de hé dì fāng de wén xué xíng chéng liǎo yī zhǒng shì jiè de wén xué。
zī chǎn jiē jí， yóu yú yī qiē shēng chǎn gōng jù de xùn sù gǎi jìn， yóu yú jiāo tōng de jí qí biàn lì， bǎ yī qiē mín zú shèn zhì zuì yě mán de mín zú dū juàn dào wén míng zhōng lái liǎo。 tā de shāng pǐn de dī lián jià gé， shì tā yòng lái cuī huǐ yī qiē wàn lǐ cháng chéng、 zhēng fú yě mán rén zuì wán qiáng de chóu wài xīn lǐ de zhòng pào。 tā pò shǐ yī qiē mín zú ---- rú guǒ tā men bù xiǎng miè wáng de huà ---- cǎi yòng zī chǎn jiē jí de shēng chǎn fāng shì； tā pò shǐ tā men zài zì jǐ nà lǐ tuī xíng suǒ wèi wén míng， jí biàn chéng zī chǎn zhě。 yī jù huà， tā 'àn zhào zì jǐ de miàn mào wéi zì jǐ chuàng zào chū yī gè shì jiè。
zī chǎn jiē jí shǐ nóng cūn qū fú yú chéng shì de tǒng zhì。 tā chuàng lì liǎo jù dà de chéng shì， shǐ chéng shì rén kǒu bǐ nóng cūn rén kǒu dà dà zēng jiā qǐ lái， yīn 'ér shǐ hěn dà yī bù fēn jū mín tuō lí liǎo nóng cūn shēng huó de yú mèi zhuàng tài。 zhèng xiàng tā shǐ nóng cūn cóng shǔ yú chéng shì yī yàng， tā shǐ wèi kāi huà hé bàn kāi huà de guó jiā cóng shǔ yú wén míng de guó jiā， shǐ nóng mín de mín zú cóng shǔ yú zī chǎn jiē jí de mín zú， shǐ dōng fāng cóng shǔ yú xī fāng。
zī chǎn jiē jí rì shèn yī rì dì xiāo miè shēng chǎn zī liào、 cái chǎn hé rén kǒu de fēn sàn zhuàng tài。 tā shǐ rén kǒu mì jí qǐ lái， shǐ shēng chǎn zī liào jí zhōng qǐ lái， shǐ cái chǎn jù jí zài shǎo shù rén de shǒu lǐ。 yóu cǐ bì rán chǎn shēng de jiēguǒ jiù shì de jí zhōng。 gè zì dú lì de、 jīhū zhǐ yòu tóng méng guān xì de、 gè yòu bù tóng lì yì、 bù tóng fǎ lǜ、 bù tóng zhèng fǔ、 bù tóng guān shuì de gè gè dì qū， xiàn zài yǐ jīng jié hé wéi yī gè yōng yòu tǒng yī de zhèng fǔ、 tǒng yī de fǎ lǜ、 tǒng yī de mín zú jiē jí lì yì hé tǒng yī de guān shuì de tǒng yī de mín zú。
zī chǎn jiē jí zài tā de bù dào yī bǎi nián de jiē jí tǒng zhì zhōng suǒ chuàng zào de shēng chǎn lì， bǐ guò qù yī qiē shì dài chuàng zào de quán bù shēng chǎn lì hái yào duō， hái yào dà。 zì rán lì de zhēng fú， jī qì de cǎi yòng， huà xué zài gōng yè hé nóng yè zhōng de yìng yòng， lún chuán de xíng shǐ， tiě lù de tōng xíng， diàn bào de shǐ yòng， zhěng gè zhěng gè dà lù de kāi kěn， hé chuān de tōng háng， fǎng fó yòng fǎ shù cóng dì xià hū huàn chū lái de dà liàng rén kǒu， ---- guò qù nǎ yī gè shì jì liào xiǎng dào zài shè huì láo dòng lǐ yùn cáng yòu zhè yàng de shēng chǎn lì ní？
yóu cǐ kě jiàn， zī chǎn jiē jí lài yǐ xíng chéng de shēng chǎn zī liào hé jiāo huàn shǒu duàn， shì zài fēng jiàn shè huì lǐ zào chéng de。 zài zhè xiē shēng chǎn zī liào hé jiāo huàn shǒu duàn fā zhǎn de yī dìng jiē duàn shàng， fēng jiàn shè huì de shēng chǎn hé jiāo huàn zài qí zhōng jìn xíng de guān xì， fēng jiàn de nóng yè hé gōng chǎng shǒu gōng yè zǔ zhì， yī jù huà， fēng jiàn de suǒ yòu zhì guān xì， jiù bù zài shì yìng yǐ jīng fā zhǎn de shēng chǎn lì liǎo。 zhè zhǒng guān xì yǐ jīng zài zǔ 'ài shēng chǎn 'ér bù shì cù jìn shēng chǎn liǎo。 tā biàn chéng liǎo shù fù shēng chǎn de zhì gù。 tā bì xū bèi zhà huǐ， ér qiě yǐ jīng bèi zhà huǐ liǎo。
qǐ 'ér dài zhī de shì zì yóu jìng zhēng yǐ jí yǔ zì yóu jìng zhēng xiāng shì yìng de shè huì zhì dù hé zhì dù、 zī chǎn jiē jí de jīng jì tǒng zhì hé tǒng zhì。
xiàn zài， wǒ men yǎn qián yòu jìn xíng zhe lèi sì de yùn dòng。 zī chǎn jiē jí de shēng chǎn guān xì hé jiāo huàn guān xì， zī chǎn jiē jí de suǒ yòu zhì guān xì， zhè gè céng jīng fǎng fó yòng fǎ shù chuàng zào liǎo rú cǐ páng dà de shēng chǎn zī liào hé jiāo huàn shǒu duàn de xiàn dài zī chǎn jiē jí shè huì， xiàn zài xiàng yī gè mó fǎ shī yī yàng bù néng zài zhī pèi zì jǐ yòng fǎ shù hū huàn chū lái de mó guǐ liǎo。 jǐ shí nián lái de gōng yè hé shāng yè de lì shǐ， zhǐ bù guò shì xiàn dài shēng chǎn lì fǎn kàng xiàn dài shēng chǎn guān xì、 fǎn kàng zuò wéi zī chǎn jiē jí jí qí tǒng zhì de cún zài tiáo jiàn de suǒ yòu zhì guān xì de lì shǐ。 zhǐ yào zhǐ chū zài zhōu qī xìng de chóngfù zhōng yuè lái yuè wēi jí zhěng gè zī chǎn jiē jí shè huì shēng cún de shāng yè wēi jī jiù gòu liǎo。 zài shāng yè wēi jī qī jiān， zǒng shì bù jǐn yòu hěn dà yī bù fēn zhì chéng de chǎn pǐn bèi huǐ miè diào， ér qiě yòu hěn dà yī bù fēn yǐ jīng zào chéng de shēng chǎn lì bèi huǐ miè diào。 zài wēi jī qī jiān， fā shēng yī zhǒng zài guò qù yī qiē shí dài kàn láidōu hǎo xiàng shì huāng táng xiàn xiàng de shè huì wēn yì， jí shēng chǎn guò shèng de wēn yì。 shè huì tū rán fā xiàn zì jǐ huí dào liǎo yī shí de yě mán zhuàng tài； fǎng fó shì yī cì jī huāng、 yīcháng pǔ biàn de huǐ miè xìng zhàn zhēng， shǐ shè huì shī qù liǎo quán bù shēng huó zī liào； fǎng fó shì gōng yè hé shāng yè quán bèi huǐ miè liǎo， ---- zhè shì shénme yuán gù ní？ yīn wéi shè huì shàng wén míng guò dù， shēng huó zī liào tài duō， gōng yè hé shāng yè tài fā dá。 shè huì suǒ yōng yòu de shēng chǎn lì yǐ jīng bù néng zài cù jìn zī chǎn jiē jí wén míng hé zī chǎn jiē jí suǒ yòu zhì guān xì de fā zhǎn； xiāng fǎn， shēng chǎn lì yǐ jīng qiáng dà dào zhè zhǒng guān xì suǒ bù néng shì yìng de dì bù， tā yǐ jīng shòu dào zhè zhǒng guān xì de zǔ 'ài； ér tā yī zhe shǒu kè fú zhè zhǒng zhàng 'ài， jiù shǐ zhěng gè zī chǎn jiē jí shè huì xiàn rù hùn luàn， jiù shǐ zī chǎn jiē jí suǒ yòu zhì de cún zài shòu dào wēi xié。 zī chǎn jiē jí de guān xì yǐ jīng tài xiá zhǎi liǎo， zài róng nà bù liǎo tā běn shēn suǒ zào chéng de cái fù liǎo。 ---- zī chǎn jiē jí yòng shénme bàn fǎ lái kè fú zhè zhǒng wēi jī ní？ yī fāng miàn bù dé bù xiāo miè dà liàng shēng chǎn lì， lìng yī fāng miàn duó qǔ xīn de shì chǎng， gèng jiā chè dǐ dì lì yòng jiù de shì chǎng。 zhè jiū jìng shì zěn yàng de yī zhǒng bàn fǎ ní？ zhè bù guò shì zī chǎn jiē jí zhǔn bèi gèng quán miàn gèng měng liè de wēi jī de bàn fǎ， bù guò shì shǐ fáng zhǐ wēi jī de shǒu duàn yuè lái yuè shǎo de bàn fǎ。
zī chǎn jiē jí yòng lái tuī fān fēng jiàn zhì dù de wǔ qì， xiàn zài què duì zhǔn zī chǎn jiē jí zì jǐ liǎo。
dàn shì， zī chǎn jiē jí bù jǐn duàn zào liǎo zhì zì shēn yú sǐ dì de wǔ qì； tā hái chǎn shēng liǎo jiāng yào yùn yòng zhè zhǒng wǔ qì de rén ---- xiàn dài de gōng rén， jí wú chǎn zhě。
suí zhe zī chǎn jiē jí jí zī běn de fā zhǎn， wú chǎn jiē jí jí xiàn dài gōng rén jiē jí yě zài tóng yī chéng dù shàng dé dào fā zhǎn； xiàn dài de gōng rén zhǐ yòu dāng tā men zhǎo dào gōng zuò de shí hòu cái néng shēng cún， ér qiě zhǐ yòu dāng tā men de láo dòng zēng zhí zī běn de shí hòu cái néng zhǎo dào gōng zuò。 zhè xiē bù dé bù bǎ zì jǐ líng xīng chū mài de gōng rén， xiàng qí tā rèn hé huò wù yī yàng， yě shì yī zhǒng shāng pǐn， suǒ yǐ tā men tóng yàng dì shòu dào jìng zhēng de yī qiē biàn huà、 shì chǎng de yī qiē bō dòng de yǐng xiǎng。
yóu yú jī qì de tuī guǎng hé fēn gōng， wú chǎn zhě de láo dòng yǐ jīng shī qù liǎo rèn hé dú lì de xìng zhì， yīn 'ér duì gōng rén yě shī qù liǎo rèn hé xī yǐn lì。 gōng rén biàn chéng liǎo jī qì de dān chún de fù shǔ pǐn， yào qiú tā zuò de zhǐ shì jí qí jiǎn dān、 jí qí dān diào hé jí róng yì xué huì de cāo zuò。 yīn cǐ， huā zài gōng rén shēn shàng de fèi yòng， jīhū zhǐ xiàn yú wéi chí gōng rén shēng huó hé yán xù gōng rén hòu dài suǒ bì xū de shēng huó zī liào。 dàn shì， shāng pǐn de jià gé， cóng 'ér láo dòng de jià gé， shì tóng tā de shēng chǎn fèi yòng xiāng děng de。 yīn cǐ， láo dòng yuè shǐ rén gǎn dào yàn 'è， gōng zī yě jiù yuè jiǎn shǎo。 bù jǐn rú cǐ， jī qì yuè tuī guǎng， fēn gōng yuè xì zhì， láo dòng liàng yě jiù yuè zēng jiā， zhè huò zhě shì yóu yú gōng zuò shí jiān de yán cháng， huò zhě shì yóu yú zài yī dìng shí jiān nèi suǒ yào qiú de láo dòng de zēng jiā， jī qì yùn zhuǎn de jiā sù， děng děng。
xiàn dài gōng yè yǐ jīng bǎ jiāzhǎng shì de shī fù de xiǎo zuōfáng biàn chéng liǎo gōng yè zī běn jiā de dà gōng chǎng。 jǐ zài gōng chǎng lǐ de gōng rén qún zhòng jiù xiàng shì bīng yī yàng bèi zǔ zhì qǐ lái。 tā men shì chǎn yè jūn de pǔ tōng shì bīng， shòu zhe gè jí jūn shì hé jūn guān de céng céng jiān shì。 tā men bù jǐn shì zī chǎn jiē jí de、 zī chǎn jiē jí guó jiā de nú lì， bìng qiě měi rì měi shí dū shòu jī qì、 shòu jiān gōng、 shǒu xiān shì shòu gè gè jīng yíng gōng chǎng de zī chǎn zhě běn rén de nú yì。 zhè zhǒng zhì dù yuè shì gōng kāi dì bǎ yíng lì xuān bù wéi zì jǐ de zuì zhōng mùdì， tā jiù yuè shì kě bǐ、 kě hèn hé kěwù。
shǒu de cāo zuò suǒ yào qiú de jì qiǎo hé qì lì yuè shǎo， huàn jù huà shuō， xiàn dài gōng yè yuè fā dá， nán gōng yě jiù yuè shòu dào nǚ gōng hé tóng gōng de pái jǐ。 duì gōng rén jiē jí lái shuō， xìng bié hé nián líng de chā bié zài méi yòu shénme shè huì yì yì liǎo。 tā mendōu zhǐ shì láo dòng gōng jù， bù guò yīn wéi nián líng hé xìng bié de bù tóng 'ér xū yào bù tóng de fèi yòng bà liǎo。
dāng chǎng zhù duì gōng rén de bō xuē gào yī duàn luò， gōng rén lǐng dào liǎo yòng xiàn qián zhī fù de gōng zī de shí hòu， mǎ shàng jiù yòu zī chǎn jiē jí zhōng de lìng yī bù fēn rén ---- fáng dōng、 xiǎo diàn zhù、 dàngpù lǎo bǎn děng děng xiàng tā men pū lái。
yǐ qián de zhōng jiān děng jí de xià céng， jí xiǎo gōng yè jiā、 xiǎo shāng rén hé xiǎo shí lì zhě， shǒu gōng yè zhě hé nóng mín ---- suǒ yòu zhè xiē jiē jí dū jiàng luò dào wú chǎn jiē jí de duì wǔ lǐ lái liǎo， yòu de shì yīn wéi tā men de xiǎo zī běn bù zú yǐ jīng yíng dà gōng yè， jīng bù qǐ jiào dà zī běn jiā de jìng zhēng； yòu de shì yīn wéi tā men de shǒu yì yǐ jīng bèi xīn de shēng chǎn fāng fǎ nòng dé bù zhí qián liǎo。 wú chǎn jiē jí de duì wǔ jiù shì zhè yàng cóng jū mín de suǒ yòu jiē jí zhōng dé dào bǔ chōng de。
wú chǎn jiē jí jīng lì liǎo gè gè bù tóng de fā zhǎn jiē duàn。 tā fǎn duì zī chǎn jiē jí de dǒu zhēng shì hé tā de cún zài tóng shí kāi shǐ de。
zuì chū shì dān gè de gōng rén， rán hòu shì mǒu yī gōng chǎng de gōng rén， rán hòu shì mǒu yī dì fāng de mǒu yī láo dòng bù mén de gōng rén， tóng zhí jiē bō xuē tā men de dān gè zī chǎn zhě zuò dǒu zhēng。 tā men bù jǐn jǐn gōng jī zī chǎn jiē jí de shēng chǎn guān xì， ér qiě gōng jī shēng chǎn gōng jù běn shēn； tā men huǐ huài nà xiē lái jìng zhēng de wài guó shāng pǐn， dǎo huǐ jī qì， shāo huǐ gōng chǎng， lì tú huī fù yǐ jīng shī qù de zhōng shì jì gōng rén de dì wèi。
zài zhè gè jiē duàn shàng， gōng rén men hái shì fēn sàn zài quán guó gè dì bìng wéi jìng zhēng suǒ fēn liè de qún zhòng。 gōng rén de dà guī mó jí jié， hái bù shì tā men zì jǐ lián hé de jiēguǒ， ér shì zī chǎn jiē jí lián hé de jiēguǒ， dāng shí zī chǎn jiē jí wèile dá dào zì jǐ de mùdì bì xū 'ér qiě zàn shí hái néng gòu bǎ zhěng gè wú chǎn jiē jí fā dòng qǐ lái。 yīn cǐ， zài zhè gè jiē duàn shàng， wú chǎn zhě bù shì tóng zì jǐ de dí rén zuò dǒu zhēng， ér shì tóng zì jǐ de dí rén de dí rén zuò dǒu zhēng， jí tóng jūn zhù zhì de cán yú、 dì zhù、 fēi gōng yè zī chǎn jiē jí hé xiǎo zī chǎn zhě zuò dǒu zhēng。 yīn cǐ， zhěng gè lì shǐ yùn dòng dū jí zhōng zài zī chǎn jiē jí shǒu lǐ； zài zhè zhǒng tiáo jiàn xià qǔ dé de měi yī gè shèng lì dōushì zī chǎn jiē jí de shèng lì。
dàn shì， suí zhe gōng yè de fā zhǎn， wú chǎn jiē jí bù jǐn rén shù zēng jiā liǎo， ér qiě tā jié hé chéng gèng dà de jí tǐ， tā de lì liàng rì yì zēngzhǎng， tā yuè lái yuè gǎn jué dào zì jǐ de lì liàng。 jī qì shǐ láo dòng de chā bié yuè lái yuè xiǎo， shǐ gōng zī jīhū dào chù dū jiàng dào tóng yàng dī de shuǐ píng， yīn 'ér wú chǎn jiē jí nèi bù de lì yì hé shēng huó zhuàng kuàng yě yuè lái yuè qū yú yī zhì。 zī chǎn zhě bǐ cǐ jiànrì yì jiā jù de jìng zhēng yǐ jí yóu cǐ yǐn qǐ de shāng yè wēi jī， shǐ gōng rén de gōng zī yuè lái yuè bù wěn dìng； jī qì de rì yì xùn sù de hé jì xù bù duàn de gǎi liáng， shǐ gōng rén de zhěng gè shēng huó dì wèi yuè lái yuè méi yòu bǎo zhàng； dān gè gōng rén hé dān gè zī chǎn zhě zhī jiān de chōng tū yuè lái yuè jù yòu liǎng gè jiē jí de chōng tū de xìng zhì。 gōng rén kāi shǐ chéng lì fǎn duì zī chǎn zhě de tóng méng； tā men lián hé qǐ lái bǎo wèi zì jǐ de gōng zī。 tā men shèn zhì jiàn lì liǎo jīng cháng xìng de tuán tǐ， yǐ biàn wéi kě néng fā shēng de fǎn kàng zhǔn bèi shí pǐn。 yòu xiē dì fāng， dǒu zhēng bào fā wéi qǐ yì。
gōng rén yòu shí yě dé dào shèng lì， dàn zhè zhǒng shèng lì zhǐ shì zàn shí de。 tā men dǒu zhēng de zhēn zhèng chéng guǒ bìng bù shì zhí jiē qǔ dé de chéng gōng， ér shì gōng rén de yuè lái yuè kuò dà de lián hé。 zhè zhǒng lián hé yóu yú dà gōng yè suǒ zào chéng de rì yì fā dá de jiāo tōng gōng jù 'ér dé dào fā zhǎn， zhè zhǒng jiāo tōng gōng jù bǎ gè dì de gōng rén bǐ cǐ lián xì qǐ lái。 zhǐ yào yòu liǎo zhè zhǒng lián xì， jiù néng bǎ xǔ duō xìng zhì xiāng tóng de dì fāng xìng de dǒu zhēng huì hé chéng quán guó xìng de dǒu zhēng， huì hé chéng jiē jí dǒu zhēng。 ér yī qiē jiē jí dǒu zhēng dōushì dǒu zhēng。 zhōng shì jì de shì mín kào xiāng jiān xiǎo dào xū yào jǐ bǎi nián cái néng dá dào de lián hé， xiàn dài de wú chǎn zhě lì yòng tiě lù zhǐ yào jǐ nián jiù kě yǐ dá dào liǎo。
wú chǎn zhě zǔ zhì chéng wéi jiē jí， cóng 'ér zǔ zhì chéng wéi zhèng dǎng zhè jiàn shì， bù duàn dì yóu yú gōng rén de zì xiāng jìng zhēng 'ér shòu dào pò huài。 dàn shì， zhè zhǒng zǔ zhì zǒng shì chóngxīn chǎn shēng， bìng qiě yī cì bǐ yī cì gèng qiáng dà， gèng jiān gù， gèng yòu lì。 tā lì yòng zī chǎn jiē jí nèi bù de fēn liè， pò shǐ tā men yòng fǎ lǜ xíng shì chéng rèn gōng rén de gè bié lì yì。 yīng guó de shí xiǎo shí gōng zuò rì fǎ 'àn jiù shì yī gè lì zǐ。
jiù shè huì nèi bù de suǒ yòu chōng tū zài xǔ duō fāng miàn dū cù jìn liǎo wú chǎn jiē jí de fā zhǎn。 zī chǎn jiē jí chǔyú bù duàn de dǒu zhēng zhōng： zuì chū fǎn duì guì zú： hòu lái fǎn duì tóng gōng yè jìn bù yòu lì hài chōng tū de nà bù fēn zī chǎn jiē jí； jīng cháng fǎn duì yī qiē wài guó de zī chǎn jiē jí。 zài zhè yī qiē dǒu zhēng zhōng， zī chǎn jiē jí dōubù dé bù xiàng wú chǎn jiē jí hūyù， yào qiú wú chǎn jiē jí yuán zhù， zhè yàng jiù bǎ wú chǎn jiē jí juàn jìn liǎo yùn dòng。 yú shì， zī chǎn jiē jí zì jǐ jiù bǎ zì jǐ de jiào yù yīn sù jí fǎn duì zì shēn de wǔ qì jǐyǔ liǎo wú chǎn jiē jí。
qí cì， wǒ men yǐ jīng kàn dào， gōng yè de jìn bù bǎ tǒng zhì jiē jí de zhěng pī chéng yuán pāo dào wú chǎn jiē jí duì wǔ lǐ qù， huò zhě zhì shǎo yě shǐ tā men de shēng huó tiáo jiàn shòu dào wēi xié。 tā men yě gěi wú chǎn jiē jí dài lái liǎo dà liàng de jiào yù yīn sù。
zuì hòu， zài jiē jí dǒu zhēng jiē jìn jué zhàn de shí qī， tǒng zhì jiē jí nèi bù de、 zhěng gè jiù shè huì nèi bù de wǎ jiě guò chéng， jiù dá dào fēi cháng qiáng liè、 fēi cháng jiān ruì de chéng dù， shèn zhì shǐ dé tǒng zhì jiē jí zhōng de yī xiǎo bù fēn rén tuō lí tǒng zhì jiē jí 'ér guī fù yú de jiē jí， jí zhǎng wò zhe wèi lái de jiē jí。 suǒ yǐ， zhèng xiàng guò qù guì zú zhōng yòu yī bù fēn rén zhuǎn dào zī chǎn jiē jí fāng miàn yī yàng， xiàn zài zī chǎn jiē jí zhōng yě yòu yī bù fēn rén， tè bié shì yǐ jīng tí gāo dào cóng lǐ lùn shàng rèn shí zhěng gè lì shǐ yùn dòng zhè yī shuǐ píng de yī bù fēn zī chǎn jiē jí sī xiǎng jiā， zhuǎn dào wú chǎn jiē jí fāng miàn lái liǎo。
zài dāng qián tóng zī chǎn jiē jí duì lì de yī qiē jiē jí zhōng， zhǐ yòu wú chǎn jiē jí shì zhēn zhèng de jiē jí。 qí yú de jiē jí dū suí zhe dà gōng yè de fā zhǎn 'ér rì qū mòluò hé miè wáng， wú chǎn jiē jí què shì dà gōng yè běn shēn de chǎn wù。
zhōng jiān děng jí， jí xiǎo gōng yè jiā、 xiǎo shāng rén、 shǒu gōng yè zhě、 nóng mín， tā men tóng zī chǎn jiē jí zuò dǒu zhēng， dōushì wèile wéi hù tā men zhè zhǒng zhōng jiān děng jí de shēng cún， yǐ miǎn yú miè wáng。 suǒ yǐ， tā men bù shì de， ér shì bǎo shǒu de。 bù jǐn rú cǐ， tā men shèn zhì shì fǎn dòng de， yīn wéi tā men lì tú shǐ lì shǐ de chē lún dàozhuǎn。 rú guǒ shuō tā men shì de， nà shì jiàn yú tā men xíng jiāng zhuǎn rù wú chǎn jiē jí de duì wǔ， zhè yàng， tā men jiù bù shì wéi hù tā men mù qián de lì yì， ér shì wéi hù tā men jiāng lái de lì yì， tā men jiù lí kāi zì jǐ yuán lái de lì chǎng， ér zhàn dào wú chǎn jiē jí de lì chǎng shàng lái。
liú máng wú chǎn jiē jí shì jiù shè huì zuì xià céng zhōng xiāo jí de fǔ huà de bù fēn， tā men zài yī xiē dì fāng yě bèi wú chǎn jiē jí juàn dào yùn dòng lǐ lái， dàn shì， yóu yú tā men de zhěng gè shēng huó zhuàng kuàng， tā men gèng gān xīn yú bèi rén shōu mǎi， qù gān fǎn dòng de gòu dāng。
zài wú chǎn jiē jí de shēng huó tiáo jiàn zhōng， jiù shè huì de shēng huó tiáo jiàn yǐ jīng bèi xiāo miè liǎo。 wú chǎn zhě shì méi yòu cái chǎn de； tā men hé qī zǐ 'ér nǚ de guān xì tóng zī chǎn jiē jí de jiā tíng guān xì zài méi yòu rèn hé gòng tóng zhī chù liǎo； xiàn dài de gōng yè láo dòng， xiàn dài de zī běn yā pò， wú lùn zài yīng guó huò fǎ guó， wú lùn zài měi guó huò dé guó， dōushì yī yàng de， dū shǐ wú chǎn zhě shī qù liǎo rèn hé mín zú xìng。 fǎ lǜ、 dào dé、 zōng jiào， zài tā men kàn lái quándōu shì zī chǎn jiē jí piān jiàn， yǐn cáng zài zhè xiē piān jiàn hòu miàn de quándōu shì zī chǎn jiē jí lì yì。
guò qù yī qiē jiē jí zài zhēng dé tǒng zhì zhī hòu， zǒng shì shǐ zhěng gè shè huì fú cóng yú tā men fā cái zhì fù de tiáo jiàn， qǐ tú yǐ cǐ lái gǒng gù tā men yǐ jīng huò dé de shēng huó dì wèi。 wú chǎn zhě zhǐ yòu fèi chú zì jǐ de xiàn cún de zhàn yòu fāng shì， cóng 'ér fèi chú quán bù xiàn cún de zhàn yòu fāng shì， cái néng qǔ dé shè huì shēng chǎn lì。 wú chǎn zhě méi yòu shénme zì jǐ de dōng xī bì xū jiā yǐ bǎo hù， tā men bì xū cuī huǐ zhì jīn bǎo hù hé bǎo zhàng sī yòu cái chǎn de yī qiē。
guò qù de yī qiē yùn dòng dōushì shǎo shù rén de huò zhě wéi shǎo shù rén móu lì yì de yùn dòng。 wú chǎn jiē jí de yùn dòng shì jué dà duō shù rén de、 wéi jué dà duō shù rén móu lì yì de dú lì de yùn dòng。 wú chǎn jiē jí， xiàn jīn shè huì de zuì xià céng， rú guǒ bù zhà huǐ gòu chéng guān fāng shè huì de zhěng gè shàng céng， jiù bù néng tái qǐ tóu lái， tǐng qǐ xiōng lái。
rú guǒ bù jiù nèi róng 'ér jiù xíng shì lái shuō， wú chǎn jiē jí fǎn duì zī chǎn jiē jí de dǒu zhēng shǒu xiān shì yī guó fàn wéi nèi de dǒu zhēng。 měi yī gè guó jiā de wú chǎn jiē jí dāng rán shǒu xiān yīnggāi běn guó de zī chǎn jiē jí。
zài xù shù wú chǎn jiē jí fā zhǎn de zuì yī bān de jiē duàn de shí hòu， wǒ men xún xù tàn tǎo liǎo xiàn cún shè huì nèi bù huò duō huò shǎo yǐn bì zhe de guó nèi zhàn zhēng， zhí dào zhè gè zhàn zhēng bào fā wéi gōng kāi de， wú chǎn jiē jí yòng bào lì tuī fān zī chǎn jiē jí 'ér jiàn lì zì jǐ de tǒng zhì。
wǒ men yǐ jīng kàn dào， zhì jīn de yī qiē shè huì dōushì jiàn lì zài yā pò jiē jí hé bèi yā pò jiē jí de duì lì zhī shàng de。 dàn shì， wèile yòu kě néng yā pò yī gè jiē jí， jiù bì xū bǎo zhèng zhè gè jiē jí zhì shǎo yòu néng gòu miǎnqiǎng wéi chí tā de nú lì bān de shēng cún de tiáo jiàn。 nóng nú céng jīng zài nóng nú zhì dù xià zhēngzhá dào gōng shè shè yuán de dì wèi， xiǎo zī chǎn zhě céng jīng zài fēng jiàn zhì dù de shù fù xià zhēngzhá dào zī chǎn zhě de dì wèi。 xiàn dài de gōng rén què xiāng fǎn， tā men bìng bù shì suí zhe gōng yè de jìn bù 'ér shàng shēng， ér shì yuè lái yuè jiàng dào běn jiē jí de shēng cún tiáo jiàn yǐ xià。 gōng rén biàn chéng chì pín zhě， pín kùn bǐ rén kǒu hé cái fù zēng cháng dé hái yào kuài。 yóu cǐ kě yǐ míng xiǎn dì kàn chū， zī chǎn jiē jí zài bù néng zuò shè huì de tǒng zhì jiē jí liǎo， zài bù néng bǎ zì jǐ jiē jí de shēng cún tiáo jiàn dàngzuò zhī pèi yī qiē de guī lǜ qiáng jiā yú shè huì liǎo。 zī chǎn jiē jí bù néng tǒng zhì xià qù liǎo， yīn wéi tā shèn zhì bù néng bǎo zhèng zì jǐ de nú lì wéi chí nú lì de shēng huó， yīn wéi tā bù dé bù ràng zì jǐ de nú lì luò dào bù néng yǎng huó tā fǎn 'ér yào tā lái yǎng huó de dì bù。 shè huì zài bù néng zài tā tǒng zhì xià shēng huó xià qù liǎo， jiù shì shuō， tā de cún zài bù zài tóng shè huì xiāng róng liǎo。
zī chǎn jiē jí shēng cún hé tǒng zhì de gēn běn tiáo jiàn， shì cái fù zài sī rén shǒu lǐ de jī lěi， shì zī běn de xíng chéng hé zēng zhí； zī běn de tiáo jiàn shì gù yōng láo dòng。 gù yōng láo dòng wán quán shì jiàn lì zài gōng rén de zì xiāng jìng zhēng zhī shàng de。 zī chǎn jiē jí wú yì zhōng zào chéng 'ér yòu wú lì dǐ kàng de gōng yè jìn bù， shǐ gōng rén tōng guò jié shè 'ér dá dào de lián hé dài tì liǎo tā men yóu yú jìng zhēng 'ér zào chéng de fēn sàn zhuàng tài。 yú shì， suí zhe dà gōng yè de fā zhǎn， zī chǎn jiē jí lài yǐ shēng chǎn hé zhàn yòu chǎn pǐn de jī chǔ běn shēn yě jiù cóng tā de jiǎo xià bèi wā diào liǎo。 tā shǒu xiān shēng chǎn de shì tā zì shēn de jué mù rén。 zī chǎn jiē jí de miè wáng hé wú chǎn jiē jí de shèng lì shì tóng yàng bù kě bì miǎn de。
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.
In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms: Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.
From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed.
The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development.
The feudal system of industry, under which industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place. The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the manufacturing middle class; division of labour between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labour in each single workshop.
Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising. Even manufacture no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionised industrial production. The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, Modern Industry, the place of the industrial middle class, by industrial millionaires, the leaders of whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois.
Modern industry has established the world-market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land. This development has, in its time, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages.
We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.
Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance of that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association in the mediaeval commune; here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany), there taxable "third estate" of the monarchy (as in France), afterwards, in the period of manufacture proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, corner-stone of the great monarchies in general, the bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world-market, conquered for itself, in the modern representative State, exclusive political sway. The executive of the modern State is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.
The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part.
The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his "natural superiors, " and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous "cash payment. " It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value. And in place of the numberless and feasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom -- Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.
The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage labourers.
The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation.
The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of vigour in the Middle Ages, which Reactionists so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful indolence. It has been the first to show what man's activity can bring about. It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses of nations and crusades.
The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionising the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society. Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionising of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses, his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.
The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere.
The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world-market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. To the great chagrin of Reactionists, it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilised nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the productions of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations. And as in material, so also in intellectual production. The intellectual creations of individual nations become common property. National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature.
The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilisation. The cheap prices of its commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all Chinese walls, with which it forces the barbarians' intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilisation into their midst, i. e. , to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its own image.
The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life. Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilised ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West.
The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of the means of production, and of property. It has agglomerated production, and has concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence of this was political centralisation. Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws, governments and systems of taxation, became lumped together into one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national class-interest, one frontier and one customs-tariff. The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of Nature's forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalisation of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground -- what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labour?
We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged, the feudal organisation of agriculture and manufacturing industry, in one word, the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder.
Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted to it, and by the economical and political sway of the bourgeois class.
A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. Modern bourgeois society with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer, who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells. For many a decade past the history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeoisie and of its rule. It is enough to mention the commercial crises that by their periodical return put on its trial, each time more threateningly, the existence of the entire bourgeois society. In these crises a great part not only of the existing products, but also of the previously created productive forces, are periodically destroyed. In these crises there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurdity -- the epidemic of over-production. Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed; and why? Because there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand inforced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.
The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself.
But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons -- the modern working class -- the proletarians.
In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i. e. , capital, is developed, in the same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working class, developed -- a class of labourers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labour increases capital. These labourers, who must sell themselves piece-meal, are a commodity, like every other article of commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all the fluctuations of the market.
Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of labour, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and consequently, all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him. Hence, the cost of production of a workman is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for his maintenance, and for the propagation of his race. But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of labour, is equal to its cost of production. In proportion therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases. Nay more, in proportion as the use of machinery and division of labour increases, in the same proportion the burden of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the working hours, by increase of the work exacted in a given time or by increased speed of the machinery, etc.
Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are organised like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is.
The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual labour, in other words, the more modern industry becomes developed, the more is the labour of men superseded by that of women. Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive social validity for the working class. All are instruments of labour, more or less expensive to use, according to their age and sex.
No sooner is the exploitation of the labourer by the manufacturer, so far at an end, that he receives his wages in cash, than he is set upon by the other portions of the bourgeoisie, the landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawnbroker, etc.
The lower strata of the middle class -- the small tradespeople, shopkeepers, retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and peasants -- all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which Modern Industry is carried on, and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists, partly because their specialized skill is rendered worthless by the new methods of production. Thus the proletariat is recruited from all classes of the population.
The proletariat goes through various stages of development. With its birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie. At first the contest is carried on by individual labourers, then by the workpeople of a factory, then by the operatives of one trade, in one locality, against the individual bourgeois who directly exploits them. They direct their attacks not against the bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments of production themselves; they destroy imported wares that compete with their labour, they smash to pieces machinery, they set factories ablaze, they seek to restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages.
At this stage the labourers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition. If anywhere they unite to form more compact bodies, this is not yet the consequence of their own active union, but of the union of the bourgeoisie, which class, in order to attain its own political ends, is compelled to set the whole proletariat in motion, and is moreover yet, for a time, able to do so. At this stage, therefore, the proletarians do not fight their enemies, but the enemies of their enemies, the remnants of absolute monarchy, the landowners, the non-industrial bourgeois, the petty bourgeoisie. Thus the whole historical movement is concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie; every victory so obtained is a victory for the bourgeoisie.
But with the development of industry the proletariat not only increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows, and it feels that strength more. The various interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the proletariat are more and more equalised, in proportion as machinery obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly everywhere reduces wages to the same low level. The growing competition among the bourgeois, and the resulting commercial crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating. The unceasing improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing, makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and more the character of collisions between two classes. Thereupon the workers begin to form combinations (Trades Unions) against the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the rate of wages; they found permanent associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional revolts. Here and there the contest breaks out into riots.