shǒuyè>> >> 哲理小说>> Franz Kafka   Austria     (July 3, 1883 ADJune 3, 1924 AD)
biàn xíng The Metamorphosis
  《 biàn xíng 》( DieVerwandlung, yīng TheMetamorphosis) shì de duǎn piān xiǎo shuō dài biǎo zuò zhī , shì shì shù shàng de zuì gāo chéng jiùbèi rèn wéi shì 20 shì zuì wěi de xiǎo shuō zuò pǐn zhī zài fāng xiàn dài xiǎo shuō shǐ shàng zhàn yòu zhòng yào wèi . xiǎo shuō xiě rén biàn chéng dòng , shì shén 。《 biàn xíng zuò wéi fāng xiàn dài pài wén xué de diàn zhī zuò shì bèi gōng rèn wéi xiàn dài pài de de zhòng yào zuò pǐn zhī duì hòu lái de xiàn dài zhù zhǎn chǎn shēng liǎo shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng shuō 'èr zhàn hòu de 'ōu zhōu xīng de huāng dàn pài guó dexīn xiǎo shuō měi guó dehēi yōu xiǎo shuō shòu dào liǎo de zhù rén gōng gāo 'ěr shì xiǎo rén qīn chǎn qīn shēng bìngmèi mèi shàng xuéchén zhòng de jiā tíng dān qīn de zhài gāo 'ěr chuǎn guò lái pīn mìng gànhuó de shì hái qīng zhàigǎi shàn jiā tíng shēng huózài gōng shòu lǎo bǎn de zhǐ wàng hái qīng zhài hòu zhí shuōduì shì xiào duì mèi mèi shì hǎo duì gōng shì hǎo zhí yuánbiàn chéng jiá chóngshēn yuè lái yuè chā hái wéi hái qīng zhài dān yōuhái juàn liàn jiā rénshèn zhì wéi tǎo qīn huān xīn jiān nán guāi guāi huí shìzhè yàng shàn liángzhōng hòu 'ér yòu yòu rèn gǎn de rénzuì zhōng bèi qīn rén pāo gāo 'ěr de bēi shì lìng rén xīn suān de yòu fēng de shè huì nèi hán
  《 biàn xíng 》 - zuò zhě jiǎn jiè
  
   lán · lán ·
  
   lán · ( FranzKafka, 1883 nián 7 yuè 3 héng 1924 nián 6 yuè 3 ), ào xiǎo shuō jiā, 20 shì xiǎo shuō jiāwén míng jìng 'ér xiǎng xiàng guǐcháng cǎi yòng yán , bèi hòu de rén yán rén shūzàn huò yǒng dìng lùn
  
   shì wèi yòng xiě zuò de zuò jiā guó zuò jiā sài 'ěr · ài 'ěr lán zuò jiā zhān · qiáo bìng chēng wéi fāng xiàn dài zhù wén xué de xiān shī shēng qián wén fèn dǒusuí zhe shí jiān de liú shì de jià zhí cái zhú jiàn wéi rén men suǒ rèn shízuò pǐn yǐn liǎo shì jiè de zhèn dòngbìng zài shì jiè fàn wéi nèi xíng chéng jīng jiǔ shuāi
  
   hòu shì de píng jiāwǎng wǎng guòfèn qiáng diào zuò pǐn yīn 'àn de miàn shì míng lǎngfēng de fāng lán · kūn zàibèi bèi pàn de zhǔ》( Lestestamentstrahis) zhòngshì jiū zhèng zhè diǎn shí láo de huí huān zài péng yǒu miàn qián lǎng de zuò pǐn dào de duàn luò shí huì rěn jùn jìn xiào lái
  
   shēng de zuò pǐn bìng duōdàn duì hòu shì wén xué de yǐng xiǎng què shì wéi shēn yuǎn deměi guó shī rén 'ào dēng rèn wéi:“ men shí dài de guān zuì jìn dàn dīngsuō shì men shí dài de guān 。” de xiǎo shuō jiē shì liǎo zhǒng huāng dàn de chōng mǎn fēi xìng cǎi de jǐng xiàng rén shì deyōu de de qíng yùn yòng de shì xiàng zhēng shì de shǒu sān shí nián dài de chāo xiàn shí zhù dǎng shì zhī wéi tóng rén shí nián dài de huāng dàn pài zhī wéi xiān liù shí nián dài de měi guóhēi yōu fèng zhī wéi diǎn fàn
  
   1909 nián kāi shǐ biǎo zuò pǐn, 1915 nián yīn duǎn piān xiǎo shuō gōnghuò féng guó wén xué jiǎng jīn chuàng zuò qín fèndàn bìng biǎochéng míng wéi mùdìgōng zuò zhī de chuàng zuò shì tuō xiǎng gǎn qíng pái qiǎn yōu mèn de shǒu duàn duō zuò pǐn suí xiě láibìng jié wěi duì de zuò pǐn duō wéi mǎnlín zhōng qián ràng zhì yǒu luò quán shāo huǐ zuò pǐn luò chū yǒu chóng jìng zhī qíngwéi bèi liǎo yuànzhěng chū bǎn liǎo quán 》( 1950 héng 1980) gòng jiǔ juàn zhōng juàn zhōng de zuò pǐn shì shǒu kān chūyǐn wén tán hōng dòng
  《 biàn xíng 》 - nèi róng jiǎn jiè
  
  
   bèi jǐng
  
  1914 nián zhì 1918 nián de shì jiè zhànshǐ duō běn zhù guó jiā jīng xiāo tiáoshè huì dòng dàngrén mín shēng huó zài shuǐ shēn huǒ zhī zhōnghēi 'àn de xiàn shítòng de shēng huóshǐ rén men duì běn zhù shè huì shī xìn xīn fāng miàn xún qiú chū ruì gǎi fāng miàn yòu xiàn tuí fèijué wàng zhī zhōng。 19 shì zhì 20 shì chū xiē xiǎng mǐn ruì de shù jiā rèn wéi shì jiè shì hùn luàn dehuāng dàn de men zhù shū shuō pàn běn zhù de rén guān pàn cuī cán rén xìng de shè huì zhì shì jiè zhàn qián hòu 'èr shì jiè zhàn qián hòuxiàn dài zhù wén xué yìng yùn 'ér shēngxiàn dài zhù wén xué zuò pǐn fǎn yìng liǎo běn zhù shè huì de hēi 'ànrén rén zhī jiān guān de lěng rén duì shè huì de jué wàng shù shàng qiáng diào shǐ yòng kuā zhāng zhì guài dàn de biǎo xiàn shǒu miáo huì niǔ de rén xìngbiǎo xiàn rén de běn néng shí de zhù guān gǎn shòukāi jué rén de zhí juéběn néng shímèng huànbiàn tài xīn zhì bàn fēng kuángfēng kuáng de yán xíngxīn xiàn dài zhù de yōu xiù wén xué zuò pǐn tàn suǒ rén de xīn língwéi jiē shì rén de nèi xīn shì jiè gōng liǎo xīn de shù shǒu
  
   nèi róng
  
   xiǎo shuō xiě rén biàn chéng dòng , shì shén zàibiàn xíng zhōngzhí wéi tuī xiāo yuán de zhù rén wēng jué xǐng lái xiàn biàn chéng liǎo zhǐ de tiào zǎo
   tiān zǎo chén , gāo 'ěr cóng mèng zhōng xǐng lái shí xiàn tǎng zài chuáng shàng biàn chéng liǎo zhǐ de jiá chóng , quán shēn cháng chū liǎo duō zhǐ lián de xiǎo tuǐ , jiān yìng xiàng tiě jiá yàng de bèi tiē zhe chuáng 'ér yǎng zhe , néng fān shēn , xià liǎo chuáng . dàn lái yào jìng qiǎo qiǎo shòu rǎo chuáng , chuān , zuì yào jǐn de shì chī bǎo zǎo fàn , zài kǎo xià gāi zěn me bàn , yīn wéi fēi cháng míng bái , duǒ zài chuáng shàng xiā xiǎng shì xiǎng chū shénme míng táng de . hái guò shì yīn wéi shuì jué shì hǎo , tǎng zài chuáng shàng shí wǎng wǎng huì jué zhè 'ér 'ér yǐn yǐn zuò tòng , zhì lái , jiù zhī dào chún shǔ xīn zuò yòng , suǒ yīn qiē pàn wàng jīn tiān zǎo chén de huàn jué huì zhú jiàn xiāo shì gāo 'ěr , suī rán rén ' huà ' wéi chóng , dàn hái cún zài rén de wéi , hái yào xiàng zhèng cháng rén yàng shēng huó kǎo . yóu dān xīn gǎn shàng diǎn zhōng de huǒ chē . gāo 'ěr xīn qíng jiāo yòu kǒng huāng , yòu shēng gōng lái rén , zhè zhǒng miàn jiàn rén ! jié zhēngzhá gāo 'ěr màn màn tuī xiàng mén biān , jiē zhe biàn fàng kāi , zhuā zhù mén lái zhī chēng héng héng xiē tuǐ de jiǎo shàng dǎo shì yòu nián xìng de zài mén shàng kào liǎo huì 'ér , chuǎn guò kǒu lái . jiē zhe shǐ yòng zuǐ zhuàndòng chā zài suǒ kǒng de yàoshì . xìng de shì , bìng méi shénme chǐ yòng shénme lái yǎo zhù yàoshì yàoshì yào zhuàndòng shí , biàn yòng zuǐ xián zhù , rào zhe suǒ kǒng zhuǎn liǎo juàn , hǎo yàoshì niǔ guò , huò zhě shuō , shǐ yòng quán shēn de zhòng liàng shǐ zhuàndòng . zhōng de suǒ chū liǎo xiǎng liàng de shēng , shǐ gāo 'ěr wéi gāo xīng ······
  《 biàn xíng 》 - qíng jié zhù
  
  
  《 biàn xíng chuàng zuò 1912 nián biǎo 1915 niánxiǎo shuō fēn chéng sān fēnyòng èrsān biāo míng wén jié xuǎn liǎo yuán xiǎo shuō de bàn nèi róng
  
   fēn
   gāo 'ěr xiàn biàn chéng de jiá chóng”, jīng huāng 'ér yòu yōu qīn xiàn hòu gǎn huí de shì
   'èr fēn
   gāo 'ěr biàn liǎoyǎng chéng liǎo jiá chóng de shēng huó xìngquè bǎo liú liǎo rén de shí shī liǎoréng jiù guān xīn zěn yàng hái qīng qīn qiàn de zhài sòng mèi mèi shàng yīnyuè xué yuàn shì yuè hòu chéng liǎo quán jiā de léizhuì qīn qīnmèi mèi duì gǎi biàn liǎo tài
   sān fēn
   wèile shēng cúnjiā rén zhǐ gōng zhèng qiánrěn shòu liǎo gāo 'ěr zhè dānmèi mèi zhōng chū nòng zǒu gāo 'ěr yòu 'è yòu bìngxiàn jué wàng,“ huái zhe shēn qíng 'ài xiǎng de jiā rén”,“ rán hòu de tóu jiù chuí dǎo zài bǎn shàng de kǒng chū liǎo zuì hòu ”, liǎo qīn qīn mèi mèi kāi shǐ guò zhe yǎng huó de xīn shēng huó
  
   qíng jié de zhǎn yóu liǎng tiáo xiàn suǒ jiāo zhǎn kāi
   gāo 'ěrbiàn chéng jiá chóng héng héng chéng wéi léizhuì héng héng jué wàng 'ér
   jiā qīn rénjīng huāngtóng qíng héng héng zhú jiàn zēng hèn héng héng nòng zǒu
  
   gāo 'ěr shǐ zhì zhōng guān xīn jiā tínghuái liàn qīn rén shì qīn rén zuì zhōng pāo liǎo duì de dòng zhōngér qiě jué dìng jiāo yóu
  
   zuò zhě miáo xiě zhè zhǒng rén qíng fǎn chājiē shì liǎo dāng shí shè huì shēng huó duì rén de huàzhì shǐ qīn qíng dàn rén xìng niǔ 。《 biàn xíng de zhù yòu qiáng liè de pàn xìng chuàng zuò de wén xué zuò pǐn de zhù tóng de zhě cóng tóng de jiǎo huì yòu tóng de yàn jiěyòu rén rèn wéibiàn xíng de zhù shìbiǎo xiàn rén duì mìng yùn de néng wéi rén shī jiù chǔyú jué jìng yòu rén rèn wéi gāo 'ěr biàn chéng jiá chóng rén xíng wáng jiā rén chóngxīn gōng zuòzǒu xiàng xīn shēng huócún zài jiù shì shēng huó guī shì qíng de
  《 biàn xíng 》 - rén xīn miáo xiě
  
  
   zhù rén gōng gāo 'ěr shì xiǎo rén qīn chǎn qīn shēng bìngmèi mèi shàng xuéchén zhòng de jiā tíng
  《 biàn xíng 》《 biàn xíng
   dān qīn de zhài gāo 'ěr chuǎn guò lái pīn mìng gànhuó de shì hái qīng zhàigǎi shàn jiā tíng shēng huózài gōng shòu lǎo bǎn de zhǐ wàng hái qīng zhài hòu zhí shuōduì shì xiào duì mèi mèi shì hǎo duì gōng shì hǎo zhí yuánbiàn chéng jiá chóngshēn yuè lái yuè chā hái wéi hái qīng zhài dān yōuhái juàn liàn jiā rénshèn zhì wéi tǎo qīn huān xīn jiān nán guāi guāi huí shìzhè yàng shàn liángzhōng hòu 'ér yòu yòu rèn gǎn de rénzuì zhōng bèi qīn rén pāo gāo 'ěr de bēi shì lìng rén xīn suān de yòu fēng de shè huì nèi hán
  
   xiǎo shuō yòng xīn miáo xiě de fāng huà gāo 'ěr zhè rén gāo 'ěr guò de shēng huóbiàn jiá chóng hòu de xiǎng gǎn qíng xìng diǎndōushì tōng guò xīn miáo xiě biǎo xiàn chū lái de
  
   xiǎo shuō yòng duō xiě liǎo biàn xíng hòu gāo 'ěr bēi 'āi de nèi xīn shì jiè gāo 'ěr suī rán biàn chéng liǎo jiá chóngdàn de xīn shǐ zhōng bǎo chí zhe rén de zhuàng tài rán xiàn biàn chéng jiá chóng shí de jīng huāngyōu kǎo jiā tíng jīng zhuàng kuàng shí de jiāo zāo qīn rén yàn hòu de jué wàngtòng zhǎn shì liǎo shàn liángzhōng hòu yòu rèn gǎn de xiǎo rén wàng rén de jiě jiē shòu de xīn zhǐ shì zhè zhǒng yuàn wàng zhōng bèi chè de jué wàng suǒ dài màn zài rén xīn tóu de shì biān de lěng bēi liángyīnggāi shuō,《 biàn xíng de nèi zài zhù xiàn jiù shì gāo 'ěr biàn chéng jiá chóng hòu de xīn héng qíng gǎn liú dòng de guò chéngzhù rén gōng biàn chéng jiá chóng hòu de nèi xīn gǎn shòu xīn huó dòng shì xiǎo shuō de zhù xiǎo shuō yòng nèi xīn báihuí lián xiǎnghuàn xiǎng děng shǒu biǎo xiàn rén de xīn huó dòng duàn huí lián xiǎng guò jīn hòu de shì qíng shí yóu kǒng jiāo tòng jué wàng 'ér chǎn shēng huàn xiǎnghuàn juébìng qiě zài yóu lián xiǎng zhōng jīng cháng chū xiàn shí kōng dǎo cuòluó ji hùn luàn wéi tiào yuè děng yòu dìng de shí liú zhēng
  《 biàn xíng 》 - píng jià
  
  
   biǎo xiàn zhù
  
   de chuàng zuò wàng shèng zhèng zhí guó biǎo xiàn zhù wén xué yùn dòng de gāo cháo shí de duǎn piān xiǎo shuōbiàn xíng shuō shì biǎo xiàn zhù de diǎn xíng zhī zuò
   biǎo xiàn zhù de chuàng zuò zhù zhāng shì zūn xúnbiǎo xiàn lùnměi xué yuán 'ér chuán tǒng xiàn shí zhù de fǎng lùnyuán xiāng duì de fǎn duì zhì shì jiè”, guān shì de biǎo miàn xiàn xiàng zuò wéi zhēn shí de ér zhù zhāng píng rèn zhēnguān chá chóngxīn kǎo xiàn huò dòng chá bèi guān niàn yǎn gài zhe deér wéi bān rén suǒ zhù de zhēn shíwèicǐ jiù yào zhǒng shū de shù shǒu duàn miáo xiě de guān duì xiàng jiā shēng huàde chǔlǐ zào chéng shěn měi zhù bèi miáo xiě de zhī jiān de cóng 'ér yǐn de jīng shǐ cóng lìng jiǎo tàn tóng shì de běn zhìzhè zhǒng shù shǒu duàn tōng chēngjiān ”, zài lāi jiào zuò shēng huà xiào guǒ”。《 biàn xíng de biàn xíng shì zhǒng jiān huò shēng huà”) qiǎozuò zhě xiǎng jiè jiē shì rén rén zhī jiān héng héng bāo kuò lún cháng zhī jiān héng héng biǎo miàn qīn qīn nèi xīn què shì wéi shēng de shí zhìzhī suǒ qīn qīn yīn wéi xiāng yòu gòng tóng de hài guān wéi zhe dàn duàn zhè zhǒng guān zhǒng qīn de wài guān shàng jiù xiāo shī 'ér bào chū lěng lěng de zhēn xiāngzhèng 'ēn zàiyīng guó gōng rén jiē zhuàng kuàng wén zhōng suǒ jiē shì de:“ wéi jiā tíng de niǔ dài bìng shì jiā tíng de 'àiér shì yǐn cáng zài cái chǎn gòng yòu guān zhī hòu de rén 。” wèi zhēn jiàn xuè
  
   dāng gāo 'ěr shēn jiàn kāngměi yuè néng huí gōng gòngyǎng quán jiā de shí hòu shì zhè jiā tíng míng táng táng zhèng zhèng de 'ér qiě shòu rén zūn jìng de zhǎngzǐdàn dāng dàn huàn liǎo zhì zhī zhèngshī liǎo gōng de zhí yīn 'ér jiā tíng bǎo chí zhè zhǒng jīng lián de shí hòu zài jiā tíng de qiē zūn yán hěn kuài bèi duó gān jìngshèn zhì lián wéi chí shēng mìng de zhèng cháng yǐn shí dōuwú rén guò wèn biàn chéngfēi rén”, de chǔjìng dòng dāng rán ràng zhù rén gōng zhǒng zhì mìng de zhòng bìng huò zāo sàng shī láo dòng de zhòng cánrán hòu xiě bèi jiā rén yàn de guò chéngdàn zhè yàng de gòu shù xiào guǒ biàn xíng yàng qiáng lièyīn wéi zuò wéi bìng rén yòu kǒu huì shuō huàyòu yǎn jīng huì kàn rén néng dāng zhe de miàn biǎo xiàn chū duì de yàn juànhuò gěi sòng fàn chīér zhǐ jiá chóng huì shuō huà méi yòu biǎo qíng de gǎn jiù gèng jiā lìng rén gǎn dào rán liǎo héng héng shàng shì cóng shè huì xué guān diǎn kàn de
  
   guǒ cóng fāng liú xíng de huàguān niàn kànzhè piān xiǎo shuō shì xiě rén rén zhī jiānrén zhī jiān guān de piān jié zuòzài shí shēng huó zhōng zài jiā tíng qīn de guān què shí shì xié dedàn qīn guān shì zhèng cháng de sān mèi mèi bié yào hǎodàn què zài fēng xìn zhōng shuō:“ zài de jiā shēng rén hái yào shēng。” xiàn zài tōng guòbiàn xíng àn shì men shǐ xiàng de mèi mèi yàng 'ài zhe dàn dàn zhè wèi liǎo zhǒng zhì mìng de jué zhèngjiǔ 'ér jiǔ zhī huì xiàng xiǎo shuō zhōng de wèi láng yàng yàn dezhè xiě de shì zhǒng biàn de rén lèi shēng cún zhuàng kuàngrén de biàn xíng shì huàde zhǒng xiě zhàoyóu shì zhù rén gōng biàn chéng jiá chóng hòurén de xìng jiàn jiàn xiāo shīérchóng xìng zēng jiāfǎng gāo 'ěr huà chū rén de shì jiè hòudǎo shì zài dòng de shì jiè zhǎo dàochóngde liǎozhè yàng de xiě shì jué miào de
  
   zài rén rén zhī jiān hái méi yòu xié guān de shì jiè rén de biàn xíng shì zhǒng xiàng zhēng qiē dǎo méi rén de xiàng zhēngrén dàn zāo xìngsàng shī gōng zuò néng de bìngshāng cánzhèng zhì děng), jiù zài bèi shè huì chéng rèncóng 'ér shī zuò wéi rén de jià zhí de ”, chéng wéi děng dòng defēi rén”。
  
   zài xiàn dài shù chuàng zuò zhōngbiàn xíng shì zhǒng guài dàn de biǎo xiàn shǒu duànshì zhǒng chuàng zào huò shēng huàde qiǎoàn zhào měi guó měi xué jiā sāng de shuō guài dàn shì zhǒng chuàng zào wéi bèi guān shì de biǎo miàn zhēn shíquè bìng wéi bèi guān shì de nèi zài luó jiyīn jìn xiàn dài měi xué de fàn chóuchéng wéi biǎo xiàn zhù wén xué shù piān 'ài de zhǒng shǒu biǎo xiàn zhù wén xué chuàng zuò qiáng diào cóng zhù guān de nèi xīn gǎn shòu chū zuò pǐn wǎng wǎng yòu zhǒng rén de zhēn shí xìngzhè zài xià chéng xiàn wéi zìzhuàn cǎi jǐn zhù rén gōng de shēn fèngōng yuán xīn zuò wéi zhǎngzǐ jìn jiā tíng zuò zhě jìn rén qīn qīn mèi mèi jīhū dōukě de jiā tíng chéng yuán jìn xíng jiào
  
   nèi hán
  
  《 biàn xíng zhè shì biǎo miàn kàn lái huāng dàn jīngshí yùn hán liǎo fēng 'ér shēn de nèi róngzhù yào bāo kuò xià fāng miàn
  1、 shǒu xiān zhēn shí biǎo xiàn liǎo fāng xiàn dài běn zhù shè huì rén de huà . zài fāng xiàn dài běn zhù shè huì rén ( jīn qián , , chǎn pǐn , shēng chǎn fāng shì děng ) suǒ shǐsuǒ xié suǒ tǒng zhì 'ér néng zhù , chéng wéi de jìn 'ér shī rén de běn xìngbiàn wéi fēi rén .。《 biàn xíng zhù rén gōng gāo 'ěr de shì zhèng shì rén huà wéi fēi rén zhè zhé xué shēng cún xiàn zhuàng .。
  2、 zuò pǐn hái biǎo xiàn liǎo zài xiàn dài shè huì rén de zhǒng shēng cún kǒng rén biàn jiá chóngzài zhè xiàng zhēng zhe míng miào de zāinàn de jiàng línzhè zhǒng rén néng zhǎng mìng yùn de gǎn jué biǎo xiàn liǎo xiàn dài fāng rén de mǒu zhǒng jīng shén zhuàng tàiyóu shì jìn 20 shì hòuliǎng shì jiè zhàn de zāinànzhōu xìng de jīng wēi chāo guó de jūn bèi jìng sài zhàn zhēng de wēi xiéhuán jìng rǎn rán jiè shēng tài píng héng de huàizhè qiē shǐ rén men duì wèi lái de mìng yùn chǔyú zhǒng zhī de kǒng zhuàng tài zhī zhōng。《 biàn xíng zhōng gāo 'ěr de mìng yùn zhèng fǎn yìng liǎo zhè zhǒng jīng shén zhuàng tài běn zhì de dōng
  3、 zài ,《 biàn xíng hái biǎo xiàn liǎo xiàn dài shè huì zhōng rén rén zhī jiān de lěng guān xiǎo shuō xiáng de miáo xiě liǎo jiā rén duì cóng guān xīn dào yàn 'è dào zhì de guò chéngzhè guò chéng shí shàng shì wàng huī zuàn qián de néng dào chè jué wàng de guò chéngzhè shì wèijiā tíng fèng xiàn liǎo qiēquè yóu shī liǎo yuán yòu de jià zhí 'ér bèi jiā tíng pāo de xiǎo rén de bēi zhè lèi bēi zài rén qíng lěng de xiàn dài shè huì bìng hǎn jiàn
   zuò pǐn chuàng zào de shù shì jièhán gài xiǎng nèi róng shù xíng shì liǎng fāng miànshì nèi róng xíng shì de yòu tǒng jiù xiǎng 'ér yánjiào wéi zhé fǎn yìng liǎo běn zhù shè huì de zhǒng zhǒng duānjiāng huāng tángrén xìng huà kàn zhe dìng shǐ tiáo jiàn xià rén lèi shè huì miǎn de xiàn xiàng zuò pǐn nóng hòu de zhù bēi guān zhù qíng diào ; jiù shù 'ér yán , shàn yùn yòng guài dàn xiàng zhēng de biǎo xiàn shǒu bié shì yòng yòu biǎo xiàn de shǒu biǎo xiàn chōu xiàng de xiǎng gǎn qíng
   shòu cún zài zhù xué shuō de yǐng xiǎngzuò pǐn shēn fǎn yìng liǎo shì qíng biǎo xiàn liǎo rén de kǒng zhǎn shì zài rén men miàn qián de shì huāng dàn de shì jiè huà de zhù , xíng chéng liǎo chí de shì shù fēng xiǎng nèi róng bié shì duì biǎo xiàn zhù shǒu yùn yòng , dào dēng fēng zào zhī jìng jiè zuò pǐn wǎng wǎng huāng dàn zhēn shí zhī zhōngróng huàn xiǎng guài dàn huò miáo xiě rén fēi rénde rén yòu pèng zhuàng ; huò zhí zhù jīng shén céng miàn de yuèzhēn de xún qiúhuò xiàng zhēng xíng xiàng de zào lái zhǎn xiàn rén de tòng kùn huò děng děnggòu jiàn liǎo shì shù fēng de měi xué gài niàn
  
  
  《 biàn xíng 》 - shì rén xīn zhōng díkǎ biàn xíng
  
  
   shì xiàn dài zhù wén xué de kāi shān shī,《 biàn xíng shì de dài biǎo zuò pǐn zhī guǒ xiǎng liǎo jiě xiàn dài zhù wén xuézuì hǎo de bàn jiù shì cóng fǎn yuè biàn xíng kāi shǐ
  
   zài běn shū zhōng miáo shù liǎo xiǎo zhí yuán gāo 'ěr · shā rán biàn chéng zhǐ shǐ jiā réndōu yàn 'è de jiá chóng de huāng dàn qíng jiéjiè jiē shì rén rén zhī jiān -- bāo kuò lún cháng zhī jiān -- biǎo miàn shàng qīn qīn nèi xīn què wéi shēng de shí zhìshēng dòng 'ér shēn zài xiàn liǎo běn zhù shè huì zhōng rén rén zhī jiān de lěng zài huāng dàn de luó ji de shì jiè miáo huì " rén lèi shēng huó de qiē huó dòng zhēn de jié ", zhè zhèng shì zhù míng xiǎo shuō jiā de tiān zhī suǒ zài
  
   yuè biàn xíng 》, yòu zhǒng wéi de yòu zhǒng ruì zhì de gǎn jué xiǎng shàng de suǒ xiǎn rán duō xīn líng de shōu huònéng cóng de biàn xíng kuā zhāng huì dào shēng mìng de dòng chōng běn shū jiào wán zhěng dài biǎo liǎo de xiǎng shēn chuàng zào diǎnshì fāng xiàn dài zhù wén xué de jīng diǎn zuò pǐn zhī
  
  
   debiàn xíng men dài wǎng shú de lìng shì jièér shí lìng shì jiè yuán běn shǔ men de rén xìng zhī bāngzhǐ shì shì yòng lìng tào shù fāng shì qiǎo lái zhǎn shì men rén xìng nèi de hēi 'àn wáng guóyīn wéi men píng shí cháo kàn shàng yǎnchū jiàn zhī xiàcái huì gǎn dào shì de shēngguài nán jiě
  
  
   zài miáo xiě rén bèi huà de zuò pǐn zhōngào zhù míng de " xiàn dài shù de tàn xiǎn zhě " nián wán chéng de zhōng piān xiǎo shuōbiàn xíng 》, shì fāng xiàn dài pài wén xué zhōng miáo xiě rén bèi huà de jié zuò
  
  《 yǐng xiǎng shǐ jìn chéng de bǎi běn shū》:
   fāng wén tán tuī chóng " shì běn shì zuì jiā zuò jiā zhī ", bìng shuō " guǒ yào chū zuò jiā men shí dài de guān zuì jìn dàn dīngsuō shì men shí dài de guān me shì shǒu xiān huì xiǎng dào de míng "。 jìn guǎn zhè xiē zàn wèi miǎn yòu guò shèn zhī xiándàn biàn xíng wéi dài biǎo díkǎ de zuò pǐndíquè duì fāng xiàn dài pài wén xué chǎn shēng liǎo hěn shēn de yǐng xiǎng zhì xíng chéng liǎo mén zhuān mén yán jiū tǎo lùn zuò pǐn de " xué "。
  
  《 chuán》:
   guǒ shū shì wéi liǎo zhǎo gǎn shí máo debiàn xíng jué duì shì shì měi jiǔ jiā fēi de làng mànshū zhōng huāng dàn de tòng huì jiāng gāng gāng de jiǔ bēi qīng suì guǒ shì máng mùdì guān zhù zhě shū wèi jīng cǎi zhì fǎn yuè pǐn wèi
  
  
   shēng díkǎ
  
   shénme shì hǎo xiǎo shuō zhè shì yǒng yuǎn tán lùn què yòu yǒng yuǎn nán qiú jiě de wèn dàn hǎo xiǎo shuō dìng shì hǎo kàn de xiǎo shuō dìng shì zhòng zhě de yuè kǒu wèiyīn wéi hǎo xiǎo shuō dōushì xīn xiān de de zài chuán tǒng yuè guàn " duì kàng " guò chéng zhōng gōng liǎo xīn de shù yīn shǐ guàn chuán tǒng yuè de zhě xiàn nán jiě zhī de shēn yuānsuǒ wǎng wǎng gěi rén men liú xià liǎo zěn me hǎo kàn de yìn xiàngyuè debiàn xíng 》, duì zhě shì zhòngzhì qíng gǎn shàng de tiǎo zhànyīn wéi de zuò pǐn shì wén xué shàng de biàn shùhěn shēngyòng chuán tǒng de yuè fāng hěn nán jiě
  
  《 biàn xíng chāo yuè shí kōng de xiàn zhìduì shì jiàn de jiāo dài zhǐ míng de shí jiān diǎn bèi jǐngshèn zhì mǐn miè liǎo huàn xiàng cháng shēng huó zhī jiān de jiè xiàn huàn xiàn shí nán jiě nán fēn jié chéng zhěng liǎokàn lái debiàn xíng men dài wǎng shú de lìng shì jièér shí lìng shì jiè yuán běn shǔ men de rén xìng zhī bāngzhǐ shì shì yòng lìng tào shù fāng shì qiǎo lái zhǎn shì men rén xìng nèi de hēi 'àn wáng guóyīn wéi men píng shí cháo kàn shàng yǎnchū jiàn zhī xiàcái huì gǎn dào shì de shēngguài nán jiě
  
   jié zuò jiā lán · kūn zàixiǎo shuō de shùzhōng chēng xiǎo shuō jiā wéi " cún zài de kān tàn zhě ", ér xiǎo shuō de shǐ mìng què dìng wéi " tōng guò xiǎng xiàng de rén duì cún zài jìn xíng shēn ", " jiē shì cún zài bùwèi rén zhī de fāng miàn "。 debiàn xíng jiù shì tàn jiū cún zài zhī dedàn suǒ guān zhù de zhòng diǎn shì " shì de nèi xīn shēng huó "-- rén de nèi xīn tóng yàng zuò wéi xiàn shí de fēn 'ér cún zài debiàn xíng jiù shì shēn suì de xiàn rén lèi de mǒu zhǒng cháng cháng bèi wàng de cún zài zhuàng tài
  
   de xiǎo shuō shì " mèng zhēn shí de jué miào hùn yòu duì xiàn dài shì jiè zuì qīng xǐng de shěn shìyòu yòu zuì fēng kuáng de xiǎng xiàng "。 suǒ guǒ men lián xiǎng xià xiàn shí shēng huó zhōng lèi shìde shì qíngdāng men shēn de cún zài bèi xiē shuí liào táo de jìng kuàng suǒ jué dìng shíshēng huó de huāng dàn zhè shì de huāng dàn jiù yòu liǎo zhǒng de lián me bǎi zài men miàn qián de wèn jiù jiān ruì liǎodāng men rán dòng dànzài wán quán néng wéi sàng shī liǎo rén de qiē zhù xìng de qíng kuàng xià men yīnggāi zěn me bàn de xiǎo shuō dài chū liǎo men shēn shēn de wènxiǎn ránzài huāng dàn de biàn zhōng mǐn ruì jué chá dào xiàn shí shēng huó mǒu xiē dài běn zhì xìng de wèn cái yòng zhè zhǒng xiàng zhēngkuā zhāng shèn zhì huāng dàn de shǒu jiā biǎo xiàn
  
   lěng jùn de yǎn guāng jiāo de shì " zhēn "。 zài kàn lái, " zhēn " ruò yào xiànjiù jiè zhù " chǒu "。 shìbiàn xíng zhōng chū xiàn liǎo liàng de chǒu lòu de xiàng háo fàng zhú liǎo wén xué de shěn měi jià zhí jué chǒu jiù shì chǒushèn zhì gēn běn méi yào yòng měi zuò wéi xiǎo shuō jié shù zhī qián de diǎn 'ān wèisuǒ zhí dào xiǎo shuō de jié wěi méi yòu ràng zhè xiē chǒu lòu de xiàng cóng bèi miàn chū diǎn měi de guāng máng
  
   zuì hòu yǐn yòng wáng xiǎo de huà lái jié shù běn wén shuō: " zhèng děng dài zhe yòu tiān néng gòu kāi běn shū zài dài yòu zhǐ dài néng shòu dào jiào 。 "《 biàn xíng jiù shì běn zhè yàng de hǎo shū
   zài fāng wén xué zhōng xué dào liǎo zhè wèi zuò jiā de zuò pǐnduì shì hěn shú dàn zhū duō chéng guǒ zhōng de biàn xíng què ràng nán wàng huái
  
  《 biàn xíng wéi xiàn dài zhù wén xué de diàn zhī zuò shì xiàn dài zhù wén xué de xiān duì hòu lái xiàn dài zhù wén xué de zhǎn chǎn shēng liǎo shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng de chuàng zuò wàng shèng zhèng zhí guó biǎo xiàn zhù wén xué yùn dòng de gāo cháo shí de duǎn piān xiǎo shuōbiàn xíng shuō shì biǎo xiàn zhù de diǎn xíng zhī zuò。 1998 niányīng guó BBC guǎng diàn tái zuò liǎo liè jié huí 20 shì de shù jīng diǎnjiè shào 100 20 shì zuì yòu yǐng xiǎng de shù zuò pǐn jiù shì guān debiàn xíng 》。 biàn xíng zhí shì rén lèi de zhǒng xiǎng shì wén xuéyǐng shì zuò pǐn zhōng de jīng diǎn cái xiǎo shí biàn xiàn sūn kōng de shí 'èr biànjīn tiān de hái kàn zhe biàn xíng jīn gāng lèi de dòng huàpiān zhōng wēi fēng lǐn lǐn de biàn xíng dòng zuò xīng fèn ér qiě bǎi kàn yànbiàn xíng shì tóng huà de zhuān dàn debiàn xíng què shì wéi de gāo 'ěr biàn xíng liǎodàn biàn bìng qīng sōngràng men lái bìng jué xīng fèn jiū jìng xiǎng yào gào men shénme
  
  “ tiān zǎo chén gāo 'ěr shā cóng 'ān de shuì mèng zhōng xǐng lái xiàn tǎng zài chuáng shàng biàn chéng liǎo zhǐ de jiá chóng。”( xuǎn běi jīng yàn shān chū bǎn shè zhōng piān xiǎo shuō biàn xíng zhōng 86 zhè biàn shì shì de kāi piān běn wéi shì huàn xiǎo shuōshuí zhī dào shì yòng zhǒng jiè shēn lín jìng de báipíng jìng de biǎo zhe zhè jìn huāng dàn de shìdàn zài de xià huì yòu huāng dànyòu de zhǐ shì zhēn shíràng rén gǎn jué kǒng huāng de zhēn shí zhǒng xīn de xiě de dàn shēngràng hòu shì shǎo rén wéi zhī jīng chà,“ yuán lái wén xué zhè me xiě!”。 yòu wèi shī jiù zhè yàng héng kōng chū shì liǎo měi guó zuò jiā 'ào dēng shuō guòjiù zuò jiā chù de shí dài de guān 'ér lùndāng dài néng dàn dīngsuō shì hègē xiāng bìng lùn de rén shì
  
   biǎo xiàn zhù de chuàng zuò zhù zhāng shì zūn xúnbiǎo xiàn lùnměi xué yuán 'ér chuán tǒng xiàn shí zhù de fǎng lùnyuán xiāng duì de fǎn duì zhì shì jiè”, guān shì de biǎo miàn xiàn xiàng zuò wéi zhēn shí de ér zhù zhāng píng rèn zhēnguān chá chóngxīn kǎo xiàn huò dòng chá bèi guān niàn yǎn gài zhe deér wéi bān rén suǒ zhù de zhēn shíwèicǐ jiù yào zhǒng shū de shù shǒu duàn miáo xiě de guān duì xiàng jiā shēng huàde chǔlǐ zào chéng shěn měi zhù bèi miáo xiě de zhī jiān de cóng 'ér yǐn de jīng shǐ cóng lìng jiǎo tàn tóng shì de běn zhìzhè zhǒng shù shǒu duàn tōng chēngjiān ”, zài lāi jiào zuò shēng huà xiào guǒ”。《 biàn xíng de biàn xíng shì zhǒng jiān huò shēng huà”) qiǎozuò zhě xiǎng jiè jiē shì rén rén zhī jiān héng héng bāo kuò lún cháng zhī jiān héng héng biǎo miàn qīn qīn nèi xīn què shì wéi shēng de shí zhìzhī suǒ qīn qīn yīn wéi xiāng yòu gòng tóng de hài guān wéi zhe dàn duàn zhè zhǒng guān zhǒng qīn de wài guān shàng jiù xiāo shī 'ér bào chū lěng lěng de zhēn xiāngzhèng 'ēn zàiyīng guó gōng rén jiē zhuàng kuàng wén zhōng suǒ jiē shì de:“ wéi jiā tíng de niǔ dài bìng shì jiā tíng de 'àiér shì yǐn cáng zài cái chǎn gòng yòu guān zhī hòu de rén 。” wèi zhēn jiàn xuè kàndāng gāo 'ěr shēn jiàn kāngměi yuè néng huí gōng gòngyǎng quán jiā de shí hòu shì zhè jiā tíng míng táng táng zhèng zhèng de 'ér qiě shòu rén zūn jìng de zhǎngzǐ
  
   dàn dāng dàn huàn liǎo zhì zhī zhèngshī liǎo gōng de zhí yīn 'ér jiā tíng bǎo chí zhè zhǒng jīng lián de shí hòu zài jiā tíng de qiē zūn yán hěn kuài bèi duó gān jìngshèn zhì lián wéi chí shēng mìng de zhèng cháng yǐn shí dōuwú rén guò wèn
  
   biàn chéngfēi rén”, de chǔjìng dòng dāng rán ràng zhù rén gōng zhǒng zhì mìng de zhòng bìng huò zāo sàng shī láo dòng de zhòng cánrán hòu xiě bèi jiā rén yàn de guò chéngdàn zhè yàng de gòu shù xiào guǒ biàn xíng yàng qiáng lièyīn wéi zuò wéi bìng rén yòu kǒu huì shuō huàyòu yǎn jīng huì kàn rén néng dāng zhe de miàn biǎo xiàn chū duì de yàn juànhuò gěi sòng fàn chīér zhǐ jiá chóng huì shuō huà méi yòu biǎo qíng de gǎn jiù gèng jiā lìng rén gǎn dào rán liǎo
  
   guǒ cóng fāng liú xíng de huàguān niàn kànzhè piān xiǎo shuō shì xiě rén rén zhī jiānrén zhī jiān guān de piān jié zuòzài shí shēng huó zhōng zài jiā tíng qīn de guān què shí shì xié dedàn qīn guān shì zhèng cháng de sān mèi mèi bié yào hǎodàn què zài fēng xìn zhōng shuō:“ zài de jiā shēng rén hái yào shēng。” xiàn zài tōng guòbiàn xíng àn shì men shǐ xiàng de mèi mèi yàng 'ài zhe dàn dàn zhè wèi liǎo zhǒng zhì mìng de jué zhèngjiǔ 'ér jiǔ zhī huì xiàng xiǎo shuō zhōng de wèi láng yàng yàn dezhè xiě de shì zhǒng biàn de rén lèi shēng cún zhuàng kuàngrén de biàn xíng shì huàde zhǒng xiě zhàoyóu shì zhù rén gōng biàn chéng jiá chóng hòurén de xìng jiàn jiàn xiāo shīérchóng xìng
  
   zēng jiāfǎng gāo 'ěr huà chū rén de shì jiè hòudǎo shì zài dòng de shì jiè zhǎo dàochóngde liǎozhè yàng de xiě shì jué miào de
  
  “ gāo 'ěr de yǎn jīng jiē zhe yòu cháo chuāng kǒu wàng tiān kōng hěn yīn 'àn héng héng tīng dào diǎn zài chuāng jiàn shàng de shēng yīn héng héng de xīn qíng biàn de hěn yōu liǎo。”
   
  “ zhè shí hòu tiān gèng liàng liǎo qīng qīng chǔ chǔ kàn dào jiē duì miàn yīzhuàng cháng méi yòu jìn tóu de shēn huī de jiàn zhù héng héng zhè shì suǒ yuàn héng héng shàng miàn yǎn kāi zhe pái pái dāi bǎn de chuāng hái zài xià guò chéng wéi kàn qīng de liǎo。”( shàng jūn jié xuǎn biàn xíng 》)。
    
   shàng miàn de liǎng duàn dōushì duì chuāng wài jǐng de miáo xiě zài qīng zhī jiān biàn fēn xuàn rǎn de nóng zhòngwéi zhù xuán de shù yòu zēng jiā de wán zhěng de jié pāifǎng fāng miàn de zhēng dōushì wèile zhù de hōng tuōér zhù yòu háo hén de chéng xiàn chū fāng miàn de zhēngzhè zhǒng wán měi tǒng de lián guànshǐ wén zhāng ràng rén jué de hān chàng lín shì hǎo xiàng jiù zài de shēn biān shēngràng rén néng
  
  1911 nián chū xiàn debiàn xíng shì huì deshēn 'ào de shǐ zài jìn bǎi nián hòu de jīn tiānzhè wěi de yán yàng de xiǎo shuō wén běn bìng shì me róng jiě shǐ dǒng liǎo zhè yán bān de xiǎo shuōyòu gǎn zhī zhī suǒ bēi 'āi kuàng qiě hái yòu bēi 'āi gèng wéi shēn yuǎn de dōng bāo guǒ zài hòu


  The Metamorphosis (German: Die Verwandlung) is a novella by Franz Kafka, first published in 1915. It is often cited as one of the seminal works of short fiction of the 20th century and is widely studied in colleges and universities across the western world; Elias Canetti described it as "one of the few great and perfect works of the poetic imagination written during this century". The story begins with a traveling salesman, Gregor Samsa, waking to find himself transformed into a gigantic insect.
  
  Plot summary
  
  Gregor Samsa awakes one morning to find himself inexplicably transformed from a human into a monstrous insect. Rather than lament his transformation, Gregor worries about how he will get to his job as a traveling salesman; Gregor is the sole financial provider for his parents and sister, Grete, and their comfort is dependent on his ability to work. When Gregor's supervisor arrives at the house and demands Gregor come out of his room, Gregor manages to roll out of bed and unlock his door. His appearance horrifies his family and supervisor; his supervisor flees and Gregor attempts to chase after him, but his family shoos him back into his room. Grete attempts to care for her brother by providing him with milk and the stale, rotten food he now prefers. Gregor also develops the fears of an insect, being effectively shooed away by hissing voices and stamping feet. However, Gregor remains a devoted and loving son, and takes to hiding beneath a sofa whenever someone enters his room in order to shield them from his insect form. When alone, he amuses himself by looking out of his window and crawling up the walls and on the ceiling.
  
  No longer able to rely on Gregor's income, the other family members are forced to take on jobs and Grete's caretaking deteriorates. One day, when Gregor emerges from his room, his father chases him around the dining room table and pelts him with apples. One of the apples becomes embedded in his back, causing an infection. Due to his infection and his hunger, Gregor is soon barely able to move at all. Later, his parents take in lodgers and use Gregor's room as a dumping area for unwanted objects. Gregor becomes dirty, covered in dust and old bits of rotten food. One day, Gregor hears Grete playing her violin to entertain the lodgers. Gregor is attracted to the music, and slowly walks into the dining room despite himself, entertaining a fantasy of getting his beloved sister to join him in his room and play her violin for him. The lodgers see him and give notice, refusing to pay the rent they owe, even threatening to sue the family for harboring him while they stayed there. Grete determines that the monstrous insect is no longer Gregor, since Gregor would have left them out of love and taken their burden away, and claims that they must get rid of it. Gregor retreats to his room and collapses, finally succumbing to his wound.
  
  The point of view shifts as, upon discovery of his corpse, the family feels an enormous burden has been lifted from them, and start planning for the future again. The family discovers that they aren't doing financially bad at all, especially since, following Gregor's demise, they can take a smaller flat. The brief process of forgetting Gregor and shutting him from their lives is quickly completed. The tale concludes with the mother and father taking note of Grete's new womanhood and growth.
  Characters
  Gregor Samsa
  
  Gregor is the protagonist of the story. He works hard as a travelling salesman to provide for his sister and parents. He wakes up one morning as a monstrous insect. After the transformation, Gregor was unable to work, causing his father to work at a bank to provide for the family and pay owed debts.
  Grete Samsa
  
  Grete is Gregor's younger sister, who becomes his caretaker after the metamorphosis. At the beginning Grete and Gregor have a strong relationship but this relationship fades with time. While Grete originally volunteers to feed him and clean his room, throughout the story she grows more and more impatient with the task to the point of deliberately leaving messes in his room out of spite. She plays the violin and dreams of going to the conservatorium, a dream that Gregor was going to make come true. He was going to announce this on Christmas Eve. To help provide an income for the family after Gregor's transformation she starts working as a salesgirl in a shop.
  Mr Samsa
  
  Gregor's father owes a large debt to Gregor's boss, which is why Gregor can't quit his hated job. He is lazy and elderly, while Gregor works, but when, after the metamorphosis, Gregor is unable to provide for the family, he is shown to be an able-bodied worker. He also attempts to kill Gregor when he is discovered in his monstrous state.
  Mrs Samsa
  
  Mrs Samsa is the mother of Grete and Gregor. She is initially shocked at Gregor's transformation, however eventually decides she wants to enter his room. This seems too much for her to handle, and Gregor hides away from her in an attempt to protect her. Mrs Samsa is conflicted in her maternal concern and sympathy for Gregor, and her inherent fear of his new monstrous form.
  Chief Clerk
  
  The Chief Clerk is Gregor's boss and the person to whom Mr Samsa is in debt. He pressures Gregor to prepare for his workday with a urgency pertaining to the precarious position of his job.
  Tenants
  
  Three tenants are invited to live with the Samsas to supplement their income. The family shows great deference to these tenants throughout the length of their stay. They are fussy and cannot stand dirtiness, eventually leading to the point when they discover Gregor and threaten the family with a lawsuit, apparently believing he's just an extraordinarily large insect.
  Lost in translation
  
  The opening sentence of the novella is famous in English:
  
   "When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from uneasy dreams, he found himself changed in his bed into a monstrous insect."
   "Als Gregor Samsa eines Morgens aus unruhigen Träumen erwachte, fand er sich in seinem Bett zu einem ungeheueren Ungeziefer verwandelt."
  
  Kafka's sentences often deliver an unexpected impact just before the full stop—that being the finalizing meaning and focus. This is achieved due to the construction of sentences in German that require that the participle be positioned at the end of the sentence; in the above sentence, the equivalent of 'changed' is the final word, 'verwandelt'. Such constructions are not replicable in English, so it is up to the translator to provide the reader with the same effect found in the original text.
  
  English translators have often sought to render the word Ungeziefer as "insect", but this is not strictly accurate. In Middle German, Ungeziefer literally means "unclean animal not suitable for sacrifice" and is sometimes used colloquially to mean "bug" – a very general term, unlike the scientific sounding "insect". Kafka had no intention of labeling Gregor as any specific thing, but instead wanted to convey Gregor's disgust at his transformation. The phrasing used in the David Wyllie translation and Joachim Neugroschel is "transformed in his bed into a monstrous vermin".
  
  However, "vermin" denotes in English many animals (particularly mice, rats and foxes) and in Kafka's letter to his publisher of 25 October 1915, in which he discusses his concern about the cover illustration for the first edition, he uses the term "Insekt", saying "The insect itself is not to be drawn. It is not even to be seen from a distance." While this shows his concern not to give precise information about the type of creature Gregor becomes, the use of the general term "insect" can therefore be defended on the part of translators wishing to improve the readability of the end text.
  
  Ungeziefer has sometimes been translated as "cockroach", "dung beetle", "beetle", and other highly specific terms. The term "dung beetle" or Mistkäfer is in fact used in the novella by the cleaning lady near the end of the story, but it is not used in the narration. Ungeziefer also denotes a sense of separation between him and his environment: he is unclean and must therefore be excluded.
  
  Vladimir Nabokov, who was a lepidopterist as well as writer and literary critic, insisted that Gregor was not a cockroach, but a beetle with wings under his shell, and capable of flight — if only he had known it. Nabokov left a sketch annotated "just over three feet long" on the opening page of his (heavily corrected) English teaching copy. In his accompanying lecture notes, Nabokov discusses the type of vermin Gregor has been transformed into, concluding that Gregor "is not, technically, a dung beetle. He is merely a big beetle. (I must add that neither Gregor nor Kafka saw that beetle any too clearly.)"
  
  
  Adaptations to other media
  
  There are several film versions, including:
  
   * Metamorphosis (1987) at the Internet Movie Database
   * Die Verwandlung (1975) at the Internet Movie Database
   * Förvandlingen (1976/I) at the Internet Movie Database
   * The Metamorphosis of Mr. Samsa (1977) at the Internet Movie Database by Caroline Leaf
   * The Metamorphosis of Franz Kafka (1993) by Carlos Atanes.
   * Prevrashcheniye (2002) at the Internet Movie Database
   * Franz Kafka's Metamorphosis acoustical liberation from LibriVox.
   * Metamorfosis (2004) at the Internet Movie Database
   * A Metamorfose (2007) at the Internet Movie Database
   * Immersive Kafka: The Metamorphosis / Atvaltozas (2010) by Sandor Kardos, Barnabas Takacs.
  
  A stage adaptation was performed by Steven Berkoff in 1969. Berkoff's text was also used for the libretto to Brian Howard's 1983 opera Metamorphosis. Another stage adaptation was performed in 2006 by the Icelandic company Vesturport, showing at the Lyric Hammersmith, London. That adaptation is set to be performed in the Icelandic theater fall of 2008. Another stage adaptation was performed in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2005 by the Centre for Asian Theatre. That performance is still continuing in Bangladesh. The Lyric Theatre Company toured the UK in 2006 with its stage adaptation of Metamorphosis, accompanied by a unique soundtrack performed by Nick Cave and Warren Ellis. American comic artist Peter Kuper illustrated a graphic-novel version, first published by the Crown Publishing Group in 2003. Megan Rees is currently working on a new stage adaptation that should be published by 2010.
  Allusions/references from other works
   Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (February 2008)
  Stage
  
   * Philip Glass composed incidental music for two separate theater productions of the story. These two themes, along with two themes from the Errol Morris film The Thin Blue Line, were incorporated into a five-part piece of music for solo piano entitled Metamorphosis.
  
  Literature
  
  Jacob M. Appel's H. E. Francis Award-winning story, "The Vermin Episode," retells The Metamorphosis from the point-of-view of the Samsas' neighbors.
  Film
  
   * The 2005 film The Producers includes a scene where the two protagonists are searching for a sure flop. The opening for the play of Metamorphosis is read and rejected for being too good.
   * The 2008 film The Reader features Ralph Fiennes reading aloud from Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis.
   * In 2002 a Russian version titled Prevrashchenie was directed by Valery Fokin with Yevgeny Mironov as Gregor.
   * In 1995, the actor Peter Capaldi won an Oscar for his short-film Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life. The plot of the film has the author (played by Richard E. Grant) trying to write the opening line of Metamorphosis and experimenting with various things that Gregor might turn into, such as a banana or a kangaroo. The film is also notable for a number of Kafkaesque moments.
   * In 1993 Carlos Atanes directed The Metamorphosis of Franz Kafka, a controversial adaptation based on The Metamorphosis as well on biographical details from Kafka's family.
   * in Noah Baumbach's Squid and the Whale, Jeff Daniels and Jesse Eisenberg make several references to The Metamorphosis
  
  Animation
  
   * In The Venture Bros. episode "Mid-Life Chrysalis", Dr. Venture's transformation into a caterpillar slightly mirrors that of Gregor Samsa's transformation.
   * A reference appears in the 2006 Aardman Animations feature film Flushed Away when a refrigerator falls through the floor of the protagonist Rita's home and a giant cockroach appears reading a copy of The Metamorphosis.
   * In the short-lived TV animated series Extreme Ghostbusters, season 1, episode 11 ("The Crawler"), the bug monster (that resembles a giant insect) calls himself Gregor Samsa when trying to seduce Janine to be his queen in his human form.
   * Jack Feldstein created a tribute to Gregor Samsa and The Metamorphosis in his stream-of-consciousness neon animation "Shmetamorphosis" about a bug who hysterically bursts into therapist Bertold Krasenstein's office, begging to be saved.
   * In the first season of the anime Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei there is an episode titled "One Morning, When Gregor Samsa Awoke, He was Carrying a Mikoshi", an obvious parody of the first line of The Metamorphosis.
  
  Comics
  
   * American cartoonist Robert Crumb drew an illustrated adaptation of the novella which appears in the book Introducing Kafka.
   * In the comic book Johnny the Homicidal Maniac by Jhonen Vasquez, the eponymous Johnny is plagued by a roach that keeps appearing in his house no matter how many times he kills it (whether or not this roach is immortal or simply many different roaches is up to interpretation) and is affectionately named "Mr. Samsa".
   * In The Simpsons book Treehouse of Horror Spook-tacular, Matt Groening did a spoof on the metamorphosis, entitling it Metamorphosimpsons. In addition, in one of the episodes, Lisa attends a place called "Cafe Kafka", which is shown to be a popular place for college students, and features several posters of cockroaches in Bohemian-like poses.
   * Peter Kuper (illustrator of Kafka's Give It Up!) also adapted Kafka's Metamorphosis.
  
  Television
  
   * In the TV series Supernatural, the 4th episode of season 4 is named "Metamorphosis."
   * The TV series Smallville, which is a retelling of Superman's early years as a teenager, alludes to Kafka's story in the season one, episode "Metamorphosis" where the 'Freak of the Week' is transformed into a being with insect-like abilities after suffering from exposure to meteor-infected insects (Kryptonite-induced).
   * In the TV series Home Movies there is an entire episode based on Franz Kafka's Metamorphosis as a Rock Opera.
   * In the TV series The Venture Bros., in the 8th episode of season 1, Dr. Venture undergoes a metamorphosis and alludes to the story.
   * In the TV series The Ricky Gervais Show, in the 11th episode of season 1, named "Beetles," the characters discuss the potential of Karl Pilkingtons's metamorphosis.
  
  Music
  
   * Gregor Samsa is the name of an American post-rock band.
   * The Rolling Stones' 1975 album Metamorphosis features cover art of the band members with insect heads.
   * Showbread has a song named "Sampsa Meets Kafka". The misspelling of Samsa is intentional. Josh Dies the lead singer also lists Kafka as one of his biggest influences.
   * The name of the German darkwave/metal/neoclassical band Samsas Traum is inspired by the story.
  
  Video games
  
   * Bad Mojo is a 1996 computer game, the storyline of which is loosely based on The Metamorphosis.
   * Spore: Galactic Adventures made an adventure version of The Metamorphosis.
   * In the 2001 Wizardry 8, the first boss is a gigantic cockroach named "Gregor".
biàn xíng -1
   tiān zǎo chén gāo 'ěr . shā cóng 'ān de shuì mèng zhōng xǐng lái xiàn tǎng zài chuáng shàng biàn chéng liǎo zhǐ de jiá chóng yǎng zhe jiān yìng de xiàng tiě jiá bān de bèi tiē zhe chuáng shāo shāo tái liǎo tái tóubiàn kàn jiàn qióng dǐng shìde zōng fēn chéng liǎo hǎo duō kuài xíng de yìng piànbèi jīhū gài zhù jiān kuài huá xià lái liǎo ruò de shēn lái duō zhǐ tuǐ zhēn shì liándōuzài yǎn qián nài dòng zhe
  “ chū liǎo shénme shì ?” xiǎngzhè shì mèng de fáng jiānsuī shì xián xiǎo liǎo xiēdíquè shì tōng tōng rén zhù de fáng jiānréng rán 'ān jìng tǎng zài shú de qiáng dāng zhōngzài tān fàng zhe kāi de liào yàng pǐn shā shì xíng tuī xiāo yuán-- de zhuō shàng miànhái shì guà zhe huàzhè shì zuì jìn cóng běn huà bào shàng jiǎn xià lái zhuāng zài piào liàng de jīn jìng kuàng dehuà de shì wèi dài mào wéi wéi jīn de guì rén tǐng zhí shēn zuò zhe zhǐ tào méi liǎo zhěng qián de hòu zhòng de shǒu tǒng gěi kàn huà de rén
   gāo 'ěr de yǎn jīng jiē zhe yòu cháo chuāng kǒu wàng tiān kōng hěn yīn 'àn héng héng tīng dào diǎn qiāo zài chuāng jiàn shàng de shēng yīn héng héng de xīn qíng biàn yōu liǎo。“ yào shì zài shuì huì 'ér zhè qiē huì shì tǒng tǒng wàng diào gāi duō hǎo。” xiǎngdàn shì wán quán bàn dàopíng shí guàn xiàng yòu biān shuì shì zài qián de qíng kuàng xiàzài néng cǎi yàng de tài liǎo lùn zěn yàng yòng xiàng yòu zhuǎn réng jiù gǔn liǎo huí lái cháo tiān shì liǎo zhì shǎo bǎi hái shàng yǎn jīng miǎn kàn dào xiē pīn mìng zhēngzhá de tuǐdào hòu lái de yāo gǎn dào zhǒng cóng wèi wèi guò de yǐn tòngcái xiū
  “ ātiān ,” xiǎng,“ zěn me dān dān tiǎo shàng zhè me lěi rén de chāishi cháng nián lěi yuè dào chù bēn zuò bàn gōng shì xīn duō liǎozài jiā shàng hái yòu jīng cháng chū mén de fán nǎodān xīn huǒ chē de dǎo huàn dìng shí 'ér qiě liè de yǐn shíér píng shuǐ xiāng féng de rén zǒng shì xiē fàn fàn zhī jiāo néng yòu shēn hòu de jiāo qíngyǒng yuǎn huì biàn chéng zhī péng yǒuràng zhè qiēdōu jiàn guǐ !” jué shàng yòu diǎn 'ér yǎngjiù màn màn nuó dòng shēn kào jìn chuáng tóuhǎo ràng tóu tái lái gèng róng xiē kàn qīng liǎo yǎng de fāng 'ér mǎn zhe bái de xiǎo bān diǎn míng bái zhè shì zěn me huí shìxiǎng yòng tiáo tuǐ sāo sāo shì shàng yòu suō liǎo huí láiyīn wéi zhè pèng shǐ hún shēn liǎo zhèn hánzhàn
   yòu huá xià lái huī dào yuán lái de shì。“ chuáng zhè me zǎo,” xiǎng,“ huì shǐ rén biàn shǎ derén shì yào shuì jué debié de tuī xiāo yuán shēng huó xiàng guì rén yòu tiān shàng gǎn huí guǎn dēng huí dìng huò dān shíbié de rén cái zuò xià lái chī zǎo cān ruò shì gēn de lǎo bǎn lái zhè shǒuzhǔn dìng dāng chǎng jiù gěi kāi chú kāi chú liǎo dǎo gèng hǎo xiēshuí shuō zhǔn guǒ shì wèile qīn 'ér zǒng shì jǐn xiǎo shèn wēi zǎo jiù zhí bùgànliǎo zǎo jiù huì páo dào lǎo bǎn miàn qián de chū tòng kuài jiā huǒ zhǔn huì cóng xiě zhuō hòu miàn zhí bèng lái de gōng zuò fāng shì zhēn guàizǒng shì yàng gāo lín xià zuò zài zhuō shàng miàn duì zhí yuán hào shī lìngzài jiā shàng de 'ěr duǒ yòu piān piān zhòng tīng jiā zǒu dào gēn qián dàn shì shì qíng wèi háo zhuǎn zhǐ yào děng cuán gòu liǎo qián hái qīng liǎo qiàn de zhài héng héng hái liù nián héng héng shì dìng néng zuò dàodào shí jiù huì shí lái yùn zhuǎn liǎo guò yǎn xià hái shì chuáng wéi miàoyīn wéi huǒ chē diǎn zhōng jiù yào kāi liǎo。”
   kàn liǎo kàn guì shàng xiǎng zhe de nào zhōngtiān xiǎng dào jīng liù diǎn bàn liǎoér shí zhēn hái zài yōu yōu rán xiàng qián dònglián liù diǎn bàn guò liǎo shàng jiù yào diǎn chā liǎonào zhōng nán dào méi yòu xiǎng guò cóng chuáng shàng kàn dào nào zhōng míng míng shì dào diǎn zhōng dexiǎn rán jīng xiǎng guò liǎoshì de guò zài zhèn 'ěr lóng de xiǎng shēng nán dào zhēn de néng 'ān níng shuì zhe ǹg shuìde bìng 'ān níng shì què zhèng shuō míng shuìde huài me xiàn zài gāi gànshénme xià bān chē diǎn zhōng kāiyào zhè bān chē fēng shìde gǎn cái xíng shì de yàng pǐn hái méi yòu bāo hǎo jué de jīng shén shèn jiāér qiě shǐ gǎn shàng zhè bān chēhái shì táo guò shàng de dùn shēn chìyīn wéi gōng de tīngchāi dìng shì zài děng hòu diǎn zhōng bān huǒ chēzhè shí zǎo huí bào gào méi yòu gǎn shàng liǎo tīngchāi shì lǎo bǎn de xīn yòu chǔn kān meshuō bìng liǎo xíng xíng guò zhè jiāng shì zuì kuài de shìér qiě xiǎn hěn yīn wéi nián lái méi yòu hài guò bìnglǎo bǎn dìng huì qīn dài liǎo yào wèn lái dìng huì guài de zěn me yǎng chū zhè yàng lǎn duò de 'ér hái huì yǐn zhèng yào wèn de huà bào suǒ yòu de yóu diàozài kàn láishì jiè shàng chú liǎo jiàn kāng zhī zhì de jiǎ bìng hàozài méi yòu 'èr zhǒng rén liǎozài shuō jīn tiān zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng de huà shì shì zhēn de duì gāo 'ěr jué shēn tǐng cuòzhǐ chú liǎo yòu xiē kùn zhè zài cháng jiǔ de shuì mián hòu shí zài yòu xiē duō lìng wài shèn zhì jué bié 'è
   zhè qiēdōu fēi kuài zài nǎo shǎn guò hái shì méi yòu xià jué xīn chuáng héng héng nào zhōng qiāo liù diǎn sān liǎo héng héng zhè shí chuáng tóu hòu miàn de mén shàng chuán lái liǎo qīng qīng de xià kòu mén shēng。“ gāo 'ěr,” shēng yīn shuōhéng héng zhè shì qīn de shēng yīn héng héng jīng diǎn chā liǎo shì hái yào gǎn huǒ chē ?” hǎo wēn de shēng yīn gāo 'ěr tīng dào de huí shēng shí miǎn chī jīngméi cuòzhè fēn míng shì de shēng yīn shì què yòu lìng zhǒng de zhā zhā de jiān jiào shēng tóng shí liǎo chū láifǎng shì bàn yīn shìdeshǐ de huà zhǐ yòu zuì chū cái shì qīng qīng chǔ chǔ dejiē zhe shàng jiù shòu dào liǎo gān rǎonòng hán hùnshǐ rén jiā shuō shàng dào tīng qīng chǔ méi yòu gāo 'ěr běn xiǎng huí xiáng xiēhǎo qiē jiě shì qīng chǔ shì zài zhè yàng de qíng xíng xià zhǐ jiǎn dān shuō:“ shì deshì dexiè xiè zhè huì 'ér zhèng zài chuáng 。” zhe ménwài miàn dìng tīng dào gāo 'ěr shēng yīn de biàn huàyīn wéi qīn tīng dào zhè xiē huà mǎn liǎojiù tuō zhe zǒu liǎo kāi rán 'ér zhè chǎng jiǎn duǎn de duì huà shǐ jiā réndōu zhī dào gāo 'ěr hái zài zhè shì chū men liào zhī wài de shì zài biān de shàn mén shàng jiù xiǎng liǎo qīn de kòu mén shēnghěn qīng guò yòng de què shì quán tóu。“ gāo 'ěr gāo 'ěr,” hǎn dào,“ zěn me ?” guò liǎo xiǎo huì 'ér yòu yòng gèng chén de shēng yīn cuī dào:“ gāo 'ěr gāo 'ěr!” zài lìng de mén shàng de mèi mèi yòng qīng qīng de bēi 'āi de shēng yīn wèn:“ gāo 'ěr shū yào yào shénme dōng ?” tóng shí huí liǎo men liǎng rén:“ shàng jiù hǎo liǎo。” shēng yīn gèng qīng shuō wán guò huì 'ér cái shuō lìng jié shǐ de shēng yīn xiǎn zhèng cháng shì qīn zǒu huí chī de zǎo fàn liǎo mèi mèi què shēng shuō:“ gāo 'ěrkāi kāi mén qiú qiú 。” shì bìng xiǎng kāi ménsuǒ 'àn qìng xìng yóu shí cháng xíng yǎng chéng liǎo wǎn shàng suǒ zhù suǒ yòu mén de guàn shǐ huí dào jiā shì zhè yàng
   shǒu xiān yào jìng qiǎo qiǎo shòu rǎo chuángchuān hǎo zuì yào jǐn de shì chī bǎo zǎo fànzài kǎo xià gāi zěn me bànyīn wéi fēi cháng míng báitǎng zài chuáng shàng xiā xiǎng shì xiǎng chū shénme míng táng lái de hái guò shì yīn wéi shuì jué shì hǎotǎng zài chuáng shàng shí wǎng wǎng huì jué zhè 'ér 'ér yǐn yǐn zuò tòng zhì láijiù zhī dào chún shǔ xīn zuò yòngsuǒ yīn qiē pàn wàng jīn tiān zǎo chén de huàn jué huì zhú jiàn xiāo shì shēn xìn zhī suǒ biàn shēng yīn shì yīn wéi bié de 'ér jǐn jǐn shì zhòng gǎn mào de zhèn zhàozhè shì xíng tuī xiāo yuán de zhí bìng
   yào xiān diào bèi hěn róng zhǐ shēn shāo shāo tái bèi jiù huá xià lái liǎo shì xià dòng zuò jiù fēi cháng zhī kùn nán bié shì yīn wéi de shēn kuān chū yào yòu shǒu gēbei cái néng ràng zuò lái shì yòu de zhǐ shì shù xiǎo de tuǐ men tíng xiàng miàn fāng huī dòngér què wán quán kòng zhì xiǎng zhōng de tiáo tuǐ shì piān piān shēn zhíděng zhōng ràng tīng cóng de zhǐ huī shísuǒ yòu bié de tuǐ què míng miào luàn dòng 。“ zǒng shì dāi zài chuáng shàng yòu shénme 。” gāo 'ěr yán shuō
   xiǎngxiān xià dìng shǐ chuáng shì hái méi yòu jiàn guò denǎo gēn běn méi yòu gài niàn zhī dào yào dòng zhēn shì nán shàng jiā nánnuó dòng lái shì yàng de chí huǎnsuǒ dào zuì hòu fán liǎojiù yòng jìn quán mǎng shēn shuǎi liào fāng xiàng suàn cuòchóngchóng zhuàng zài chuáng jiǎo shàng zhèn chè de tòng chǔ shǐ míng bái jīn shēn shàng zuì mǐn gǎn de fāng zhèng shì de
   shì jiù suàn xiān ràng shàng shēn chuáng xiǎo xīn tóu diǎn diǎn nuó xiàng chuáng yánzhè què háo kùn nán de shēn suī rán yòu kuān yòu zhōng gēn zhe tóu dòng liǎo shìděng dào tóu zhōng xuán zài chuáng biān shàng yòu hài lái gǎn zài qián jìn liǎoyīn wéilǎo shí shuō guǒ jiù zhè yàng ràng diào xià shuāi huài nǎo dài cái guài xiàn zài zuì yào jǐn de shì bǎo chí qīng xǐng bié shì xiàn zài nìngyuàn dài zài chuáng shàng
   shì chóngfù liǎo biàn tóng yàng de hòu shēn shēn tàn liǎo kǒu hái shì huī liǎo yuán lái de shì tǎng zhe miàn qiáo xiē tuǐ zài nán zhì xìn gèng fēng kuáng zhēngzhá gāo 'ěr zhī dào cái néng bǎi tuō zhè zhǒng huāng táng de hùn luàn chǔjìng jiù zài gào dài zài chuáng shàng shì xíng dezuì zuì de zuò hái shì mào qiē wēi xiǎn lái shí xiàn chuáng zhè miǎo máng de wàng shì tóng shí méi yòu wàng xǐng lěng jìng lěng jìng kǎo dào zuì zuì wēi xiǎo de néng xìng hái shì qiē mán gān qiáng duōzhè shí jié jié zhōng yǎn guāng wàng xiàng chuāng wài shì xìng hěnzǎo chén de nóng xiá jiē duì miàn de fáng yědōu guǒ shàng liǎokàn lái tiān shí huì hǎo zhuǎnzhè jiù shǐ gèng jiā dào 'ān wèi。“ jīng diǎn zhōng liǎo,” nào zhōng zài qiāo xiǎng shí duì shuō,“ jīng diǎn zhōng liǎo shì hái zhè me zhòng。” yòu piàn gōng jìng jìng tǎng zheqīng qīng zhefǎng zhè yàng yǎng shén shénme huì huī zhèng cháng shìde
   shì jiē zhe yòu duì shuō:“ diǎn qián lùn fēi kāi chuáng dào shí dìng huì yòu rén cóng gōng lái zhǎo yīn wéi dào diǎn gōng jiù kāi mén liǎo。” shì kāi shǐ yòu jié zòu lái huí huàng dòng de zhěng shēn xiǎng shuǎi chū chuáng cháng ruò zhè yàng fān xià chuáng 'áng nǎo dàitóu zhì shòu shāng de bèi hěn yìngkàn lái diē zài tǎn shàng bìng jǐn zuì dān xīn de hái shì kòng zhì liǎo de xiǎng shēngzhè shēng yīn dìng huì zài suǒ yòu de fáng jiān yǐn jiāo shǐ shì kǒng shì hái shì mào zhè xiǎn
   dāng jīng bàn shēn tàn dào chuáng wài de shí hòu héng héng zhè xīn fāng shuō shì shì shuō shì yóu yīn wéi zhǐ lái huí huàng dòngzhú jiàn nuó guò jiù xíng liǎo héng héng rán xiǎng guǒ yòu rén bāng mángzhè jiàn shì gāi shì duō me jiǎn dānliǎng shēn qiáng zhuàng de rén héng héng xiǎng dào liǎo de qīn shǐ héng héng jiù gòu liǎo men zhǐ gēbei shēn dào yuán de bèi hòutái xià chuángfàng xià men de dānrán hòu nài xīn děng zài bǎn shàng fān guò shēn lái jiù xíng liǎo pèng dào bǎn de tuǐ rán huì huī zuò yòng de me qiě guǎn suǒ yòu de mén dōushì suǒ zhe de shì fǒu zhēn de yīnggāi jiào rén bāng máng jìn guǎn chǔjìng fēi cháng kùn nánxiǎng dào zhè céng què jìn zhù tòu chū wēi xiào
   shǐ jìn yáo dòng zheshēn jīng tàn chū shǎokuài yào shī píng héng liǎo fēi yǒng cǎi jué dìng xìng de zhòu liǎoyīn wéi zài guò fēn zhōng jiù shì diǎn héng héng zhèng zài zhè shíqián mén de mén líng xiǎng liǎo lái。“ shì gōng pài shénme rén lái liǎo。” zhè me xiǎngshēn jiù suí zhī 'ér jiāng shì xiē xiǎo de tuǐ què dòng dàn gèng kuài liǎo shí zhī jiān zhōu wéi piàn jìng 。“ men yuàn kāi mén。” gāo 'ěr huái zhe cháng qíng de wàng yán dào shì shǐ dāng rán hái shì gēn wǎng cháng yàng zhe chén zhòng de kāi mén liǎo gāo 'ěr tīng dào rén de shēng zhāo jiù shàng zhī dào zhè shì shuí héng héng shì shū zhù rèn qīn chū liǎozhēn zhī shēng jiù shénme mìngjìng luò dào gěi zhè yàng jiā gōng dāngchāizhǐ yào yòu diǎn xiǎo xiǎo de chā cuò shàng jiù huì zhāo lái zuì de huái zài zhè suǒ yòu de zhí yuán quán shì lài de gōng shì zhǐ yòu rén zhōng xīn gěng gěng zǎo chén zhǐ zhàn yòng gōng liǎng sān xiǎo shí shì jiù gěi liáng xīn zhé jīhū yào fēngzhēn de xià liǎo chuáng guǒ què yòu yào lái tīng chū liǎo shénme shìpài xué lái gòu liǎo héng héng nán dào shū zhù rèn fēi qīn chū biàn xiàng quán jiā rénwán quán de jiā rén biǎo shìzhè de qíng kuàng zhǐ yòu yàng de nèi xíng lái diào chá cái xíng shuō gāo 'ěr xià liǎo jué xīndǎo shuō yīn wéi xiǎng dào zhè xiē shì fēi cháng dòngyīn 'ér yòng jìn quán shuǎi chū liǎo chuáng wàipēng de shēng hěn xiǎngdàn zǒng suàn méi yòu xiǎng xià rén tǎn zhuì luò de shēng yīn jiǎn ruò liǎo fēn de bèi suǒ xiǎng xiàng de me háo tánxìngsuǒ shēng yīn hěn mèn jīng dòng rénzhǐ shì gòu xiǎo xīntóu qiáo gòu gāohái shì zài bǎn shàng zhuàng liǎo xià niǔ liǎo niǔ nǎo dàitòng 'ér fèn mèn tóu 'āi zài bǎn shàng cèng zhe
  “ yòu shénme dōng diào xià lái liǎo。” shū zhù rèn zài zuǒ miàn fáng jiān shuō gāo 'ěr shì shè xiǎngjīn tiān shēn shàng shēng de shì yòu tiān ràng shū zhù rèn pèng shàng liǎoshuí gǎn dān bǎo huì chū zhè yàng de shì shì fǎng gěi de shè xiǎng bào de huí shìde shū zhù rèn zài de fáng jiān jiān dìng zǒu liǎo xié chū liǎo de shēng yīncóng yòu miàn de fáng jiān mèi mèi yòng 'ěr xiàng tōng bào xiāo :“ gāo 'ěr shū zhù rèn lái liǎo。”“ zhī dào liǎo。” gāo 'ěr shēng nóng dàodàn shì méi yòu yǒng gāo sǎng mén ràng mèi mèi tīng dào de shēng yīn
  “ gāo 'ěr,” zhè shí hòu qīn zài zuǒ biān fáng jiān shuō huà liǎo,“ shū zhù rèn lái liǎo yào zhī dào wèishénme méi néng gǎn shàng zǎo chén de huǒ chē men zhī dào zěn me gēn shuōlìng wài hái yào qīn tán huàsuǒ qǐng kāi mén liàng duì fáng jiān de líng luàn huì jiàn guài de。”“ zǎo shàng hǎo shā xiān shēng,” tóng shí shū zhù rèn 'ǎi zhāo dào。“ shū ,” qīn duì rén shuōzhè shí qīn zhe mén zài shuō huà,“ shū xiān shēngxiāng xìn hái néng wèile shénme yuán yīn chē zhè hái zhǐ zhī dào cāo xīn gōng shì wǎn shàng cóng lái chū lián qiáo zhe dōuyào shēng liǎozhè tiān lái méi yòu chūchāi tiān tiān wǎn shàng shǒu zài jiā zhǐ shì 'ān 'ān jìng jìng zuò zài zhuō bàng biānkàn kàn bàohuò shì huǒ chē shí biǎo fān lái kàn wéi de xiāo qiǎn jiù shì zuò gōng huó 'ér shuō huā liǎo liǎng sān wǎn shàng liǎo xiǎo jìng kuàngnín kàn dào me piào liàng dìng huì gǎn dào jīng zhè jìng kuàng guà zài fáng jiān zài guò fēn zhōng děng gāo 'ěr kāi mén nín jiù huì kàn dào liǎonín de guāng lín zhēn jiào gāo xīngxiān shēng men zěn me méi shǐ kāi mén zhēn shì zhí gǎn shuō dìng shì bìng liǎosuī rán zǎo chén yìng shuō méi bìng。” héng héng shàng lái liǎo,” gāo 'ěr màn tūn tūn xiǎo xīn shuō shì què cùn méi yòu dòngshēng lòu guò men tán huà zhōng de měi 。“ xiǎng chū yòu shénme bié de yuán yīntài tài,” shū zhù rèn shuō,“ wàng shì shénme bìngsuī rán lìng fāng miàn shuō zhī gāi suàn hái shì huì men zhè xiē zuò mǎi mài de wǎng wǎng jiù zhè xiē xiǎo máo bìng dāng zuò huí shìyīn wéi mǎi mài zǒng shì yào zuò de。” héng héngwèi shū zhù rèn xiàn zài néng jìn lái liǎo ?” gāo 'ěr de qīn nài fán wènyòu qiāo mén lái liǎo。“ xíng。” gāo 'ěr huí zhè shēng jué hòuzài zuǒ miàn fáng jiān shì zhèn lìng rén tòng de jìngyòu miàn fáng jiān mèi mèi chuò lái liǎo
   mèi mèi wèishénme bié de rén zài shì gāng gāng chuánghái méi yòu chuān me wèishénme shì yīn wéi chuáng ràng shū zhù rèn jìn lái shì yīn wéi yòu diū diào chāishi de wēi xiǎn shì yīn wéi lǎo bǎn yòu yào kāi kǒu xiàng de tǎo hái jiù zhài zhè xiē xiǎn rán dōushì yǎn qián yòng dān xīn de shì qíng gāo 'ěr réng jiù zài jiā háo méi yòu jiā chū zǒu de niàn tóudíquè xiàn zài zàn shí hái tǎng zài tǎn shàngzhī dào de chǔjìng de rén dāng rán huì pàn wàng ràng shū zhù rèn zǒu jìn lái shì zhè diǎn xiǎo xiǎo de shī hòu jìn yòng piào liàng de lìng jiě shì guò gāo 'ěr jiàn shàng jiù gěi tuì gāo 'ěr jué jiù qián lái shuō men duì liú lèi 'āi qiúhái bié rǎo de hǎo shìdāng rán men de míng qíng kuàng shǐ men huò jiě shuō míng liǎo men wèishénme yòu zhè yàng de dòng
  “ shā xiān shēng,” shū zhù rèn xiàn zài gāo liǎo sǎng mén shuō,“ nín zhè shì zěn me huí shìnín zhè yàng guān zài fáng jiān guāng shì huí shì shì’, háo yào yǐn nín de yōu yòu yán zhòng shū liǎo héng héng zhè zhǐ guò shùn biàn héng héng shū liǎo gōng shì fāng miàn de zhí xiàn zài nín nín jīng de míng nín shuō huà zhèng shì yào qiú nín gěi míng què de jiě shì zhēn méi xiǎng dào zhēn méi xiǎng dào yuán lái hái rèn wéi nín shì 'ānfèn shǒu wěn tuǒ kào de rén nín xiàn zài què rán jué xīn xiǎng ràng diū chǒujīng jīn tiān zǎo chén hái duì 'àn shì nín lòumiàn de yuán yīn néng shì shénme héng héng dào liǎo zuì jìn jiāo gěi nín guǎn de xiàn kuǎn héng héng hái jīhū yào de míng xiàng dān bǎo zhè gēn běn néng shì xiàn zài cái zhī dào nín zhēn shì zhíniù cóng xiàn zài háo xiǎng tǎn nín liǎonín zài gōng de wèi bìng shì me wěn dezhè xiē huà běn lái xiǎng xià duì nín shuō de shì rán nín zhè yàng bái bái zāo de shí jiān jiù dǒng wèishénme nín de yìng gāi tīng dào zhè xiē huà liǎojìn lái nín de gōng zuò jiào rén hěn mǎn dāng rán qián mǎi mài bìng shì wàng zhè men chéng rèn shì nián zhěng zhěng diǎn 'ér mǎi mài zuòzhè shì xíng de shā xiān shēngzhè shì wán quán yīnggāi de。”
  “ shìxiān shēng,” gāo 'ěr hǎn dào kòng zhì zhù liǎo dòng wàng liǎo qiē,“ zhè huì 'ér zhèng yào lái kāi mén diǎn 'ér xiǎo xiǎo de shū zhèn tóuyūn shǐ liǎo chuáng xiàn zài hái tǎng zài chuáng shàng guò jīng hǎo liǎo xiàn zài zhèng yào xià chuángzài děng liǎng fēn zhōng xiàng suǒ xiǎng de yàng jiàn kāng guò jīng hǎo liǎozhēn dezhè zhǒng xiǎo máo bìng nán dào jiù néng kuǎ chéng zuó tiān wǎn shàng hái hǎohǎo 'ér dezhè qīn qīn gào nínyīnggāi shuō zuó tiān wǎn shàng jiù gǎn jué dào liǎo xiē zhào de yàng xiǎng jīng duì jìn liǎonín yào wèn wèishénme xiàng bàn gōng shì bào gào shì rén zǒng wéi diǎn diǎn shū dìng néng dǐng guò yòng zhe qǐng jiǎ zài jiā xiū òxiān shēngbié shāng de xīn nín gāng cái guài zuì de shìdōu shì méi yòu gēn decóng lái méi yòu shuí zhè yàng shuō guò nín hái méi yòu kàn dào zuì jìn dōu lái de dìng dān zhì shǎo hái néng gǎn shàng diǎn zhōng de huǒ chē xiū liǎo zhè zhōng diǎn jīng hǎo duō liǎoqiān wàn yào yīn wéi 'ér nín dān zài zhè 'érxiān shēng shàng jiù huì kāi shǐ gōng zuò dezhè yòu láo nín zhuǎn gào jīng zài miàn qián hái qǐng nín duō měi yán !”
   gāo 'ěr kǒu shuō zhe gǎo qīng chǔ shuō liǎo xiē shénme shì yīn wéi yòu liǎo chuáng shàng de xiē duàn liàn gāo 'ěr méi fèi duō jiù lái dào guì bàng biān suàn kào guì shǐ zhí lái de què shì xiǎng kāi méndíquè shì xiǎng chū shū zhù rèn tán huà de hěn xiǎng zhī dào jiā zhè me jiān chí hòukàn dào liǎo yòu huì shuō xiē shénmeyào shì mendōu chī jīng me rèn jiù zài zài shēn shàng dào 'ān jìng liǎo guǒ men wán quán zài me gēn běn 'ānzhǐ yào zhēn de gǎn jǐn shàng chē zhàn diǎn zhōng de chē jiù xíng liǎo xiān hǎo cóng guāng huá de guì miàn shàng huá xià lái shì zuì hòuzài shǐ jìn zhī hòu zhōng zhàn zhí liǎoxiàn zài guǎn téng xiàng huǒ shāo bān liǎojiē zhe ràng kào xiàng jìn zhāng de bèi yòng xiē xiǎo de tuǐ zhuā zhù liǎo bèi de biānzhè shǐ kòng zhì de shēn zài shuō huàyīn wéi zhè shí hòu tīng jiàn shū zhù rèn yòu kāi kǒu liǎo
  “ men tīng dǒng ?” shū zhù rèn wèn,“ jiàn zài kāi men de wán xiào ?”“ òtiān ,” qīn shēng lèi xià hǎn dào,“ bìng hài qīngdǎo shì men zài zhé lěi lěi !” jiē zhe rǎng dào。“ shénme shì ?” mèi mèi biān de fáng jiān hǎn dào men jiù zhè yàng zhe gāo 'ěr de fáng jiān duì rǎng lái。“ shàng qǐng shēng gāo 'ěr bìng liǎo qǐng shēngkuài diǎn 'ér méi tīng jiàn shuō huà de shēng yīn ?”“ zhè shì rén de shēng yīn。” shū zhù rèn shuōgēn qīn de jiān jiào shēng de sǎng yīn xiǎn wài chén。“ ān ān !” qīn cóng tīng xiàng chú fáng hǎn dào miàn hái pāi zhuóshǒu,“ shàng zhǎo suǒ jiàng lái!” shì liǎng niàn bēn páode qún sōu sōu xiǎng chuān guò liǎo tīng héng héng mèi mèi zěn néng zhè me kuài jiù chuān hǎo de héng héng jiē zhe yòu měng rán kāi liǎo qián ménméi yòu tīng jiàn mén chóngxīn guān shàng de shēng yīn men xiǎn rán tīng rèn dòng kāi zheshénme rén jiā chū liǎo xìng de shì qíng jiù zǒng shì zhè yàng
   gāo 'ěr xiàn zài dǎo zhèn jìng duō liǎoxiǎn rán chū lái de shēng yīn rén jiā zài tīng dǒng liǎosuī rán tīng lái hěn qīng chǔshèn zhì qián gèng qīng chǔzhè shì yīn wéi de 'ěr duǒ biàn néng shì yìng zhè zhǒng shēng yīn liǎo guò zhì shǎo xiàn zài jiā xiāng xìn yòu shénme fāng tài miào zhǔn bèi lái bāng zhù liǎozhè xiē chū cuò shī jiāng dài lái de xiào guǒ shǐ gǎn dào 'ān wèi jué yòu chóngxīn jìn rén lèi de juàn duì suǒ jiàng liǎo de wàngquè méi yòu zěn yàng fēn qīng liǎng zhě zhī jiān de biéwèile shǐ zài jiāng dào lái de zhòng yào tán huà zhōng shēng yīn jìn néng qīng xiē shāo wēi sòu liǎo sòu sǎng dāng rán jìn liàng shēng yīnyīn wéi jiù lián tīng láizhè shēng yīn xiàng rén de sòuzhè shí hòu fáng jiān piàn jìng de zhèng péi liǎo shū zhù rèn zuò zài zhuō bàngzài shēng shāng tán mendōu kào zài mén shàng tīng
   gāo 'ěr màn màn tuī xiàng mén biānjiē zhe biàn fàng kāi zhuā zhù liǎo mén lái zhī chēng -- xiē tuǐ de jiǎo shàng dǎo shì yòu nián xìng de-- zài mén shàng kào liǎo huì 'érchuǎn guò kǒu láijiē zhe kāi shǐ yòng zuǐ lái zhuàndòng chā zài suǒ kǒng de yàoshì xìng de shì bìng méi yòu shénme chǐ-- yòng shénme lái yǎo zhù yàoshì ?-- guò de xià 'è dǎo hǎo xiàng fēi cháng jiēshíkào zhe zhè xià 'è zǒng suàn zhuàndòng liǎo yàoshì zhǔn shì xiǎo xīn nòng shāng liǎo shénme fāngyīn wéi yòu zōng de cóng zuǐ liú chū láitǎng guò yàoshì dào shàng。“ men tīng,” mén hòu de shū zhù rèn shuō,“ zài zhuàndòng yàoshì liǎo。” zhè duì gāo 'ěr shì hěn de guò men yīnggāi dōulái gěi de qīn qīn yìng gāi hǎn:“ jiā yóu gāo 'ěr。” men yīnggāi shēng hǎn dào:“ jiān chí xià yǎo jǐn yàoshì!” xiāng xìn mendōu zài quán shén guàn zhù guān xīn de jiù zhōng quán mìng yǎo zhù yàoshìyàoshì yào zhuàndòng shí biàn yòng zuǐ xián zhe rào zhe suǒ kǒng zhuǎn liǎo juànhǎo yàoshì niǔ guò huò zhě shuōyòng quán shēn de zhòng liàng shǐ zhuàndòngzhōng de suǒ chū xiǎng liàng díkǎ shēngshǐ gāo 'ěr wéi gāo xīng shēn shēn shū liǎo kǒu duì shuō:“ zhè yàng lái jiù yòng suǒ jiàng liǎo。” jiē zhe jiù tóu zài mén bǐng shàngxiǎng mén zhěng kāimén shì xiàng zhè biān desuǒ suī rán jīng kāirén jiā hái shì qiáo jiàn màn màn cóng duì kāi de bàn shàn mén hòu miàn shēn nuó chū láiér qiě fēi cháng xiǎo xīn miǎn bèi zhí tǐng tǐng diē dǎo zài fáng jiān zhèng zài kùn nán nuó dòng shàng zuò rèn guān cháquè tīng dào shū zhù rènò!” de shēng jiào-- chū lái de shēng yīn xiàng měng fēng-- xiàn zài kàn jiàn rén liǎo zhàn kào jìn mén kǒu zhǐ shǒu zhē zài zhāng de zuǐ shàngmàn màn wǎng hòu tuì fǎng yòu shénme xíng de qiáng zài zhú shìde gāo 'ěr de qīn-- suī rán shū zhù rèn zài chǎng de tóu réng rán méi yòu shū hǎohái shì luàn zāo shù zhe-- xiān shì shuāng shǒu zhǎng qiáo qiáo qīnjiē zhe xiàng gāo 'ěr zǒu liǎo liǎng suí dǎo zài shàngqún tān liǎo kāi láiliǎn chuí dào xiōng qiánwán quán kàn jiàn liǎo qīn jǐn quán tóu 'è hěn hěn de yàng fǎng yào gāo 'ěr huí dào fáng jiān jiē zhe yòu yóu dìng xiàng zuò shì sǎo liǎo yǎnrán hòu shuāng shǒu zhē zhù yǎn jīng láilián kuān kuò de xiōng táng dōuzài dìng


  One morning, when Gregor Samsa woke from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a horrible vermin. He lay on his armour-like back, and if he lifted his head a little he could see his brown belly, slightly domed and divided by arches into stiff sections. The bedding was hardly able to cover it and seemed ready to slide off any moment. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with the size of the rest of him, waved about helplessly as he looked.
   "What's happened to me?" he thought. It wasn't a dream. His room, a proper human room although a little too small, lay peacefully between its four familiar walls. A collection of textile samples lay spread out on the table - Samsa was a travelling salesman - and above it there hung a picture that he had recently cut out of an illustrated magazine and housed in a nice, gilded frame. It showed a lady fitted out with a fur hat and fur boa who sat upright, raising a heavy fur muff that covered the whole of her lower arm towards the viewer.
   Gregor then turned to look out the window at the dull weather. Drops of rain could be heard hitting the pane, which made him feel quite sad. "How about if I sleep a little bit longer and forget all this nonsense", he thought, but that was something he was unable to do because he was used to sleeping on his right, and in his present state couldn't get into that position. However hard he threw himself onto his right, he always rolled back to where he was. He must have tried it a hundred times, shut his eyes so that he wouldn't have to look at the floundering legs, and only stopped when he began to feel a mild, dull pain there that he had never felt before.
   "Oh, God", he thought, "what a strenuous career it is that I've chosen! Travelling day in and day out. Doing business like this takes much more effort than doing your own business at home, and on top of that there's the curse of travelling, worries about making train connections, bad and irregular food, contact with different people all the time so that you can never get to know anyone or become friendly with them. It can all go to Hell!" He felt a slight itch up on his belly; pushed himself slowly up on his back towards the headboard so that he could lift his head better; found where the itch was, and saw that it was covered with lots of little white spots which he didn't know what to make of; and when he tried to feel the place with one of his legs he drew it quickly back because as soon as he touched it he was overcome by a cold shudder.
   He slid back into his former position. "Getting up early all the time", he thought, "it makes you stupid. You've got to get enough sleep. Other travelling salesmen live a life of luxury. For instance, whenever I go back to the guest house during the morning to copy out the contract, these gentlemen are always still sitting there eating their breakfasts. I ought to just try that with my boss; I'd get kicked out on the spot. But who knows, maybe that would be the best thing for me. If I didn't have my parents to think about I'd have given in my notice a long time ago, I'd have gone up to the boss and told him just what I think, tell him everything I would, let him know just what I feel. He'd fall right off his desk! And it's a funny sort of business to be sitting up there at your desk, talking down at your subordinates from up there, especially when you have to go right up close because the boss is hard of hearing. Well, there's still some hope; once I've got the money together to pay off my parents' debt to him - another five or six years I suppose - that's definitely what I'll do. That's when I'll make the big change. First of all though, I've got to get up, my train leaves at five. "
   And he looked over at the alarm clock, ticking on the chest of drawers. "God in Heaven!" he thought. It was half past six and the hands were quietly moving forwards, it was even later than half past, more like quarter to seven. Had the alarm clock not rung? He could see from the bed that it had been set for four o'clock as it should have been; it certainly must have rung. Yes, but was it possible to quietly sleep through that furniture-rattling noise? True, he had not slept peacefully, but probably all the more deeply because of that. What should he do now? The next train went at seven; if he were to catch that he would have to rush like mad and the collection of samples was still not packed, and he did not at all feel particularly fresh and lively. And even if he did catch the train he would not avoid his boss's anger as the office assistant would have been there to see the five o'clock train go, he would have put in his report about Gregor's not being there a long time ago. The office assistant was the boss's man, spineless, and with no understanding. What about if he reported sick? But that would be extremely strained and suspicious as in fifteen years of service Gregor had never once yet been ill. His boss would certainly come round with the doctor from the medical insurance company, accuse his parents of having a lazy son, and accept the doctor's recommendation not to make any claim as the doctor believed that no-one was ever ill but that many were workshy. And what's more, would he have been entirely wrong in this case? Gregor did in fact, apart from excessive sleepiness after sleeping for so long, feel completely well and even felt much hungrier than usual.
   He was still hurriedly thinking all this through, unable to decide to get out of the bed, when the clock struck quarter to seven. There was a cautious knock at the door near his head. "Gregor", somebody called - it was his mother - "it's quarter to seven. Didn't you want to go somewhere?" That gentle voice! Gregor was shocked when he heard his own voice answering, it could hardly be recognised as the voice he had had before. As if from deep inside him, there was a painful and uncontrollable squeaking mixed in with it, the words could be made out at first but then there was a sort of echo which made them unclear, leaving the hearer unsure whether he had heard properly or not. Gregor had wanted to give a full answer and explain everything, but in the circumstances contented himself with saying: "Yes, mother, yes, thank-you, I'm getting up now. " The change in Gregor's voice probably could not be noticed outside through the wooden door, as his mother was satisfied with this explanation and shuffled away. But this short conversation made the other members of the family aware that Gregor, against their expectations was still at home, and soon his father came knocking at one of the side doors, gently, but with his fist. "Gregor, Gregor", he called, "what's wrong?" And after a short while he called again with a warning deepness in his voice: "Gregor! Gregor!" At the other side door his sister came plaintively: "Gregor? Aren't you well? Do you need anything?"
   Gregor answered to both sides: "I'm ready, now", making an effort to remove all the strangeness from his voice by enunciating very carefully and putting long pauses between each, individual word. His father went back to his breakfast, but his sister whispered: "Gregor, open the door, I beg of you. " Gregor, however, had no thought of opening the door, and instead congratulated himself for his cautious habit, acquired from his travelling, of locking all doors at night even when he was at home.
   The first thing he wanted to do was to get up in peace without being disturbed, to get dressed, and most of all to have his breakfast. Only then would he consider what to do next, as he was well aware that he would not bring his thoughts to any sensible conclusions by lying in bed. He remembered that he had often felt a slight pain in bed, perhaps caused by lying awkwardly, but that had always turned out to be pure imagination and he wondered how his imaginings would slowly resolve themselves today. He did not have the slightest doubt that the change in his voice was nothing more than the first sign of a serious cold, which was an occupational hazard for travelling salesmen.
   It was a simple matter to throw off the covers; he only had to blow himself up a little and they fell off by themselves. But it became difficult after that, especially as he was so exceptionally broad. He would have used his arms and his hands to push himself up; but instead of them he only had all those little legs continuously moving in different directions, and which he was moreover unable to control. If he wanted to bend one of them, then that was the first one that would stretch itself out; and if he finally managed to do what he wanted with that leg, all the others seemed to be set free and would move about painfully. "This is something that can't be done in bed", Gregor said to himself, "so don't keep trying to do it".
   The first thing he wanted to do was get the lower part of his body out of the bed, but he had never seen this lower part, and could not imagine what it looked like; it turned out to be too hard to move; it went so slowly; and finally, almost in a frenzy, when he carelessly shoved himself forwards with all the force he could gather, he chose the wrong direction, hit hard against the lower bedpost, and learned from the burning pain he felt that the lower part of his body might well, at present, be the most sensitive.
   So then he tried to get the top part of his body out of the bed first, carefully turning his head to the side. This he managed quite easily, and despite its breadth and its weight, the bulk of his body eventually followed slowly in the direction of the head. But when he had at last got his head out of the bed and into the fresh air it occurred to him that if he let himself fall it would be a miracle if his head were not injured, so he became afraid to carry on pushing himself forward the same way. And he could not knock himself out now at any price; better to stay in bed than lose consciousness.
   It took just as much effort to get back to where he had been earlier, but when he lay there sighing, and was once more watching his legs as they struggled against each other even harder than before, if that was possible, he could think of no way of bringing peace and order to this chaos. He told himself once more that it was not possible for him to stay in bed and that the most sensible thing to do would be to get free of it in whatever way he could at whatever sacrifice. At the same time, though, he did not forget to remind himself that calm consideration was much better than rushing to desperate conclusions. At times like this he would direct his eyes to the window and look out as clearly as he could, but unfortunately, even the other side of the narrow street was enveloped in morning fog and the view had little confidence or cheer to offer him. "Seven o'clock, already", he said to himself when the clock struck again, "seven o'clock, and there's still a fog like this. " And he lay there quietly a while longer, breathing lightly as if he perhaps expected the total stillness to bring things back to their real and natural state.
   But then he said to himself: "Before it strikes quarter past seven I'll definitely have to have got properly out of bed. And by then somebody will have come round from work to ask what's happened to me as well, as they open up at work before seven o'clock. " And so he set himself to the task of swinging the entire length of his body out of the bed all at the same time. If he succeeded in falling out of bed in this way and kept his head raised as he did so he could probably avoid injuring it. His back seemed to be quite hard, and probably nothing would happen to it falling onto the carpet. His main concern was for the loud noise he was bound to make, and which even through all the doors would probably raise concern if not alarm. But it was something that had to be risked.
   When Gregor was already sticking half way out of the bed - the new method was more of a game than an effort, all he had to do was rock back and forth - it occurred to him how simple everything would be if somebody came to help him. Two strong people - he had his father and the maid in mind - would have been more than enough; they would only have to push their arms under the dome of his back, peel him away from the bed, bend down with the load and then be patient and careful as he swang over onto the floor, where, hopefully, the little legs would find a use. Should he really call for help though, even apart from the fact that all the doors were locked? Despite all the difficulty he was in, he could not suppress a smile at this thought.
   After a while he had already moved so far across that it would have been hard for him to keep his balance if he rocked too hard. The time was now ten past seven and he would have to make a final decision very soon. Then there was a ring at the door of the flat. "That'll be someone from work", he said to himself, and froze very still, although his little legs only became all the more lively as they danced around. For a moment everything remained quiet. "They're not opening the door", Gregor said to himself, caught in some nonsensical hope. But then of course, the maid's firm steps went to the door as ever and opened it. Gregor only needed to hear the visitor's first words of greeting and he knew who it was - the chief clerk himself. Why did Gregor have to be the only one condemned to work for a company where they immediately became highly suspicious at the slightest shortcoming? Were all employees, every one of them, louts, was there not one of them who was faithful and devoted who would go so mad with pangs of conscience that he couldn't get out of bed if he didn't spend at least a couple of hours in the morning on company business? Was it really not enough to let one of the trainees make enquiries - assuming enquiries were even necessary - did the chief clerk have to come himself, and did they have to show the whole, innocent family that this was so suspicious that only the chief clerk could be trusted to have the wisdom to investigate it? And more because these thoughts had made him upset than through any proper decision, he swang himself with all his force out of the bed. There was a loud thump, but it wasn't really a loud noise. His fall was softened a little by the carpet, and Gregor's back was also more elastic than he had thought, which made the sound muffled and not too noticeable. He had not held his head carefully enough, though, and hit it as he fell; annoyed and in pain, he turned it and rubbed it against the carpet.
   "Something's fallen down in there", said the chief clerk in the room on the left. Gregor tried to imagine whether something of the sort that had happened to him today could ever happen to the chief clerk too; you had to concede that it was possible. But as if in gruff reply to this question, the chief clerk's firm footsteps in his highly polished boots could now be heard in the adjoining room. From the room on his right, Gregor's sister whispered to him to let him know: "Gregor, the chief clerk is here. "
   "Yes, I know", said Gregor to himself; but without daring to raise his voice loud enough for his sister to hear him.
   "Gregor", said his father now from the room to his left, "the chief clerk has come round and wants to know why you didn't leave on the early train. We don't know what to say to him. And anyway, he wants to speak to you personally. So please open up this door. I'm sure he'll be good enough to forgive the untidiness of your room. "
   Then the chief clerk called "Good morning, Mr. Samsa".
   "He isn't well", said his mother to the chief clerk, while his father continued to speak through the door. "He isn't well, please believe me. Why else would Gregor have missed a train! The lad only ever thinks about the business. It nearly makes me cross the way he never goes out in the evenings; he's been in town for a week now but stayed home every evening. He sits with us in the kitchen and just reads the paper or studies train timetables. His idea of relaxation is working with his fretsaw. He's made a little frame, for instance, it only took him two or three evenings, you'll be amazed how nice it is; it's hanging up in his room; you'll see it as soon as Gregor opens the door. Anyway, I'm glad you're here; we wouldn't have been able to get Gregor to open the door by ourselves; he's so stubborn; and I'm sure he isn't well, he said this morning that he is, but he isn't. "
   "I'll be there in a moment", said Gregor slowly and thoughtfully, but without moving so that he would not miss any word of the conversation. "Well I can't think of any other way of explaining it, Mrs. Samsa", said the chief clerk, "I hope it's nothing serious. But on the other hand, I must say that if we people in commerce ever become slightly unwell then, fortunately or unfortunately as you like, we simply have to overcome it because of business considerations. " "Can the chief clerk come in to see you now then?", asked his father impatiently, knocking at the door again. "No", said Gregor. In the room on his right there followed a painful silence; in the room on his left his sister began to cry.
   So why did his sister not go and join the others? She had probably only just got up and had not even begun to get dressed. And why was she crying? Was it because he had not got up, and had not let the chief clerk in, because he was in danger of losing his job and if that happened his boss would once more pursue their parents with the same demands as before? There was no need to worry about things like that yet. Gregor was still there and had not the slightest intention of abandoning his family. For the time being he just lay there on the carpet, and no-one who knew the condition he was in would seriously have expected him to let the chief clerk in. It was only a minor discourtesy, and a suitable excuse could easily be found for it later on, it was not something for which Gregor could be sacked on the spot. And it seemed to Gregor much more sensible to leave him now in peace instead of disturbing him with talking at him and crying. But the others didn't know what was happening, they were worried, that would excuse their behaviour. The chief clerk now raised his voice, "Mr. Samsa", he called to him, "what is wrong? You barricade yourself in your room, give us no more than yes or no for an answer, you are causing serious and unnecessary concern to your parents and you fail - and I mention this just by the way - you fail to carry out your business duties in a way that is quite unheard of. I'm speaking here on behalf of your parents and of your employer, and really must request a clear and immediate explanation. I am astonished, quite astonished. I thought I knew you as a calm and sensible person, and now you suddenly seem to be showing off with peculiar whims. This morning, your employer did suggest a possible reason for your failure to appear, it's true - it had to do with the money that was recently entrusted to you - but I came near to giving him my word of honour that that could not be the right explanation. But now that I see your incomprehensible stubbornness I no longer feel any wish whatsoever to intercede on your behalf. And nor is your position all that secure. I had originally intended to say all this to you in private, but since you cause me to waste my time here for no good reason I don't see why your parents should not also learn of it. Your turnover has been very unsatisfactory of late; I grant you that it's not the time of year to do especially good business, we recognise that; but there simply is no time of year to do no business at all, Mr. Samsa, we cannot allow there to be. "
biàn xíng -2
   gāo 'ěr méi yòu jiē zhe wǎng zuò shì zǒu què kào zài bàn shàn guān jǐn de mén de hòu miànsuǒ zhǐ yòu bàn shēn zài wài miànhái zhe tàn zài wài miàn de tóu kàn bié rénzhè shí hòu tiān gèng liàng liǎo qīng qīng chǔ chǔ kàn dào jiē duì miàn yīzhuàng cháng méi yòu jìn tóu de shēn huī de jiàn zhù-- zhè shì suǒ yuàn-- shàng miàn yǎn kāi zhe pái pái dāi bǎn de chuāng hái zài xià guò chéng wéi kàn qīng de liǎo xiǎo xiǎo de zǎo cān pén dié bǎi liǎo zhuō duì gāo 'ěr de qīnzǎo cān shì tiān zuì zhòng yào de dùn fàn biān kàn shì yàng de bào zhǐ biān chīyào chī shàng hǎo zhōng tóuzài gāo 'ěr zhèng duì miàn de qiáng shàng guà zhe bīng shí de zhào piàndāng shí shì shàowèi de shǒu 'àn zài jiàn shàngliǎn shàng guà zhe yōu de xiào róngfēn míng yào rén jiā zūn jìng de jūn rén fēng qián tīng de mén kāi zhe mén kāi zhe zhí kàn dào zhù zhái qián de yuàn zuì xià miàn de lóu
  “ hǎo ,” gāo 'ěr shuō wán quán míng bái shì wéi duō shàobǎo chí zhe zhèn jìng de rén,“ chuān shàng děng bāo hǎo yàng pǐn jiù dòng shēnnín shì fǒu hái róng nín qiáoxiān shēng bìng shì míng wán huà de rén hěn yuàn gōng zuòchūchāi shì hěn xīn dedàn chūchāi jiù huó xià nín shàng 'ér xiān shēng bàn gōng shìshì zhè xiē qíng xíng nín néng shí fǎn yìng shàng rén zǒng yòu zàn shí néng shèng rèn gōng zuò de shí hòu guò zhè shí zhèng yào xiǎng guò de chéng ér qiě hái yào xiǎng dào hòu yòu huī liǎo gōng zuò néng de shí hòu dìng huì gānde gèng qín kěn gèng yòng xīn xīn xiǎng zhōng chéng wéi lǎo bǎn zuò shìzhè nín hěn qīng chǔ kuàng hái yào gòngyǎng de mèi mèi xiàn zài jǐng kuàng shí fēn kùn nán guò huì chóngxīn zhèng tuō chū lái deqǐng nín qiān wàn yào huǒ shàng jiā yóuzài gōng qǐng dìng bāng shuō hǎo huà xíng tuī xiāo yuán zài gōng tǎo rén huānzhè zhī dào jiā wéi men zuàn de shì qiánguò de shì xiāo yáo zài de zhè zhǒng chéng jiàn fàn zhe jiū zhèng shì nín xiān shēng gōng suǒ yòu de rén kàn quán miànshì deràng xià gào nínnín lǎo bǎn běn rén hái quán miàn shì dōng jiādāng rán píng de hàowù suí biàn huān zhí yuánnín zhī dào zuì qīng chǔ xíng tuī xiāo yuán jīhū cháng nián zài bàn gōng shì men rán hěn róng chéng wéi xián huàguài zuì fēi duǎn liú cháng de biāo què jīhū wán quán zhī dàosuǒ fáng shèng fángzhí dài jīng jié zhuǎn wán juàn huí dào jiā zhè cái qīn shēn yàn dào lián yuán yīn dōuwú zhǎo xún de 'è guǒ luò dào liǎo shēn shàngxiān shēngxiān shēngnín néng shuō hǎo huà jiù zǒu 'āqǐng biǎo míng nín jué zhì shǎo hái yòu fēn shì duì de !”
   shì gāo 'ěr cái shuō tóu shū zhù rèn jiù jīng liàngqiàng dàotuìzhǐ shì zhāng zhe zuǐ chún guò chàn dǒu de jiān bǎng zhí gòu gòu dèng zhe gāo 'ěr shuō huà shí piàn méi yòu zhàn dìngquè tōu tōu xiàng mén kǒu xué yǎn jīng shǐ zhōng dīng jǐn liǎo gāo 'ěrzhǐ shì měi zhǐ dòng cùnfǎng cún zài mǒu xiàng zhǔn kāi fáng jiān de jìn lìng bānhǎo róng tuì liǎo qián tīng zuì hòu kuà chū zuò shì shí dòng zuò hǎo měngzhēn xiàng shì de jiǎo gēn gāng gěi huǒ shāo zhe liǎo dào qián tīng jiù shēn chū yòu shǒu xiàng lóu páo hǎo biān yòu shénme shén de jiù xīng zài děng dài
   gāo 'ěr míng bái guǒ yào bǎo zhù zài gōng de zhí wèi xiǎng diào fàn wǎn jiù jué néng ràng shū zhù rèn bào zhe zhè yàng de xīn qíng huí de duì zhè diǎn tài liǎo ránduō nián lái men jīng shēn xìn gāo 'ěr zài zhè jiā gōng yào dài shàng bèi dezài shuō men de xīn jīng wán quán fàng zài dāng qián de xìng shì jiàn shànggēn běn kǎo jiāng lái de shì shì gāo 'ěr què kǎo dào liǎo dìng liú zhù shū xìn rènān wèi quàn gào zuì hòu hái yào shuō gāo 'ěr jiā rén de qián quán zài zhè shàng miàn zhǐ yào mèi mèi zài chǎng jiù hǎo liǎo hěn cōng míngdāng gāo 'ěr hái 'ān jìng yǎng zài chuáng shàng de shí hòu jiù jīng liǎozǒng shì me piān tǎn xìng de shū zhù rèn dìng huì guāi guāi tīng de huà huì guān shàng ménzài qián tīng shuō zài shì piān piān zài gāo 'ěr zhǐ lái yìng dāng qián de miàn méi yòu xiǎng dào de shēn jiū jìng yòu shénme huó dòng néng méi yòu xiǎng xiǎng de huà rén jiā réng jiù hěn néng tīng dǒngér qiě jiǎn zhí gēn běn tīng dǒngjiù fàng kāi liǎo shàn mén guò mén kǒumài xiàng shū zhù rèn zǒu ér hòu zhě zhèng xiào yòng liǎng zhǐ shǒu bào zhù lóu de lán gān gāo 'ěr gāng yào suǒ zhī chēng de dōng rán qīng qīng hǎn liǎo shēngshēn liǎo xià lái duō zhǐ tuǐ zhe liǎo hái méi děng quán luò de shēn jīng huò liǎo 'ān wěn de gǎn juécóng zǎo chén láizhè hái shì jiǎo xià xiàn zài shì jié jiēshí shí de bǎn liǎo gāo xīng zhù dào de tuǐ wán quán tīng zhòng zhǐ huī men shèn zhì cháo xīn suǒ xiǎng de rèn fāng xiàng dài jiǎn zhí yào xiāng xìn suǒ yòu de tòng zǒng jiě tuō de shí hòu zhōng kuài lái liǎo shì jiù zài zhè chà jiāndāng yáo yáo bǎi bǎi xīn xiǎng dòng dàn de shí hòudāng kāi qīn yuǎntǎng zài duì miàn bǎn shàng de shí hòuběn lái jīng wán quán tān huàn de qīnzhè shí què huò tiào liǎo láishēn zhí liǎng zhāng kāi liǎo suǒ yòu de shǒu zhǐhǎn dào:“ jiù mìng 'ālǎo tiān jiù mìng 'ā!” miàn yòu xià tóu láifǎng xiǎng gāo 'ěr kàn gèng qīng chǔ xiētóng shí yòu piān piān shēn yóu zhí wǎng hòu tuìgēn běn méi dào hòu miàn yòu zhāng bǎi mǎn liǎo shí de zhuō zhuàng shàng zhuō yòu shū zuò liǎo shàng quán rán méi yòu zhù bàng biān fēi jīng fān fēi liú dào liǎo tǎn shàng
  “ 。” gāo 'ěr shēng shuō dàotái tóu lái kàn zhe zhè shí hòu jīng wán quán shū zhù rèn piē zài nǎo hòu de zuǐ què rěn zhù láiyīn wéi kàn dào liǎo tǎng chū lái de fēizhè shǐ qīn zài jiān jiào lái cóng zhuō bàng biān táo kāidǎo zài máng lái de qīn de huái bào shì gāo 'ěr xiàn zài de shū zhù rèn jīng zài zǒu xià lóu liǎo de xià tàn zài lán gān shàng niǔ guò tóu lái zuì hòu huí liǎo yǎn gāo 'ěr zǒu xiǎng jìn néng zhuī shàng shì shū zhù rèn dìng shì kàn chū liǎo de yīn wéi wǎng xià bèng liǎo suí xiāo shī liǎo shì hái zài duàn jiào rǎngō!” huí shēng chuán biàn liǎo zhěng lóu xìng hěn shū zhù rèn de táo zǒu fǎng shǐ zhí jiào zhèn dìng de qīn huāng luàn wàn fēnyīn wéi fēi dàn zhuī gǎn rénhuò zhě zhì shǎo bié lán gāo 'ěr zhuī zhúfǎn 'ér yòu shǒu cāo shū zhù rèn lián tóng mào liú zài zhāng shàng de shǒu zhàngzuǒ shǒu cóng zhuō shàng zhuā zhāng bào zhǐ miàn dùn jiǎo miàn huī dòng shǒu zhàng bào zhǐyào gāo 'ěr gǎn huí dào fáng jiān gāo 'ěr de qǐng qiú quán rán xiàoshì shí shàng bié rén gēn běn jiě guǎn zěn yàng qiān gōng xià tóu qīn fǎn 'ér jiǎo dùn gèng xiǎnglìng biān qīn tiān hán lěng kāi liǎo shàn chuāng shuāng shǒu yǎn zhù liǎnjìn liàng shēn wǎng wài tàn zhèn jìngfēng cóng jiē shàng guā dào lóu chuāng lián xiān liǎo láizhuō shàng de bào zhǐ chuī pāi pāi luàn xiǎngyòu zhāng chuī luò zài bǎn shàng gāo 'ěr de qīn qíng wǎng hòu gǎn miàn shī shī jiào zhejiǎn zhí xiàng rén shì gāo 'ěr hái shú zěn me wǎng hòu tuìsuǒ zǒude hěn màn guǒ yòu huì diào guò tóu néng hěn kuài huí jìn fáng jiān dedàn shì zhuǎn shēn de chí huǎn huì shǐ qīn gèng jiā shēng qīn shǒu zhōng de shǒu zhàng suí shí huì zhào zhǔn de bèi shàng huò tóu shàng gěi hěn hěn de dedào hòu lái jìng zhī zěn me bàn cái hǎoyīn wéi jué wàng zhù dàodàotuì zhe zǒu lián fāng xiàng zhǎng liǎoyīn miàn shǐ zhōng 'ān guò tóu chǒu zhe qīn miàn kāi shǐ diào zhuǎn shēn xiǎng jìn liàng kuài xiēshì shí shàng què fēi cháng huǎn qīn xiàn liǎo de liáng hǎo yīn bìng gān shè zhǐ shì zài nuó dòng shí yuǎn yuǎn yòng shǒu zhàng jiān zhǐ yào qīn zài chū zhǒng rěn shòu de shī shī shēng jiù hǎo liǎozhè jiǎn zhí yào shǐ gāo 'ěr kuáng jīng wán quán zhuǎn guò liǎozhǐ shì yīn wéi gěi shī shēng nòng xīn fán luànshèn zhì zhuǎn guò liǎo tóuzuì hòu zǒng suàn duì zhǔn liǎo mén kǒu shì de shēn yòu piān qiǎo kuān guò dàn shì zài qián jīng shén zhuàng tài xià de qīndāng rán huì xiǎng dào kāi lìng wài bàn shàn mén hǎo ràng gāo 'ěr tōng guò qīn nǎo zhǐ yòu jiàn shìjìn kuài gāo 'ěr gǎn huí fáng jiānràng gāo 'ěr zhí lái shēn jìn fáng jiānjiù yào zuò duō fán de zhǔn bèi qīn shì jué huì dāyìng de xiàn zài chū de shēng yīn gèng jiā xiǎng liàng pīn mìng cuī gāo 'ěr wǎng qián zǒuhǎo xiàng qián miàn méi yòu shénme zhàng 'ài shìde gāo 'ěr tīng dào hòu miàn xiǎng zhe de shēng yīn zài xiàng shì qīn rén de liǎoxiàn zài gèng shì nào zhe wán de liǎosuǒ gāo 'ěr qiē hěn mìng xiàng mén kǒu shēn de biān gǒng liǎo láiqīng xié zài mén kǒuyāo shāng liǎozài jié bái de mén shàng liú xià liǎo zēng de bān diǎn huì 'ér jiù gěi jiā zhù liǎo guǎn zěn me zhēngzháhái shì háo dòng dàn biān de tuǐ zài kōng zhōng chàn dǒu dònglìng biān de tuǐ què zài shàng gěi shí fēn téng tòng-- zhè shí qīn cóng hòu miàn shǐ jìn tuī liǎo shí shàng zhè dǎo shì zhī yuánshǐ zhí diē jìn liǎo fáng jiān zhōng yāng liú zhe xuèzài hòu miànmén pēng de shēng yòng shǒu zhàng guān shàng liǎo zhōng huī liǎo jìng


  "But Sir", called Gregor, beside himself and forgetting all else in the excitement, "I'll open up immediately, just a moment. I'm slightly unwell, an attack of dizziness, I haven't been able to get up. I'm still in bed now. I'm quite fresh again now, though. I'm just getting out of bed. Just a moment. Be patient! It's not quite as easy as I'd thought. I'm quite alright now, though. It's shocking, what can suddenly happen to a person! I was quite alright last night, my parents know about it, perhaps better than me, I had a small symptom of it last night already. They must have noticed it. I don't know why I didn't let you know at work! But you always think you can get over an illness without staying at home. Please, don't make my parents suffer! There's no basis for any of the accusations you're making; nobody's ever said a word to me about any of these things. Maybe you haven't read the latest contracts I sent in. I'll set off with the eight o'clock train, as well, these few hours of rest have given me strength. You don't need to wait, sir; I'll be in the office soon after you, and please be so good as to tell that to the boss and recommend me to him!" And while Gregor gushed out these words, hardly knowing what he was saying, he made his way over to the chest of drawers - this was easily done, probably because of the practise he had already had in bed - where he now tried to get himself upright. He really did want to open the door, really did want to let them see him and to speak with the chief clerk; the others were being so insistent, and he was curious to learn what they would say when they caught sight of him. If they were shocked then it would no longer be Gregor's responsibility and he could rest. If, however, they took everything calmly he would still have no reason to be upset, and if he hurried he really could be at the station for eight o'clock. The first few times he tried to climb up on the smooth chest of drawers he just slid down again, but he finally gave himself one last swing and stood there upright; the lower part of his body was in serious pain but he no longer gave any attention to it. Now he let himself fall against the back of a nearby chair and held tightly to the edges of it with his little legs. By now he had also calmed down, and kept quiet so that he could listen to what the chief clerk was saying.
   "Did you understand a word of all that?" the chief clerk asked his parents, "surely he's not trying to make fools of us". "Oh, God!" called his mother, who was already in tears, "he could be seriously ill and we're making him suffer. Grete! Grete!" she then cried. "Mother?" his sister called from the other side. They communicated across Gregor's room. "You'll have to go for the doctor straight away. Gregor is ill. Quick, get the doctor. Did you hear the way Gregor spoke just now?" "That was the voice of an animal", said the chief clerk, with a calmness that was in contrast with his mother's screams. "Anna! Anna!" his father called into the kitchen through the entrance hall, clapping his hands, "get a locksmith here, now!" And the two girls, their skirts swishing, immediately ran out through the hall, wrenching open the front door of the flat as they went. How had his sister managed to get dressed so quickly? There was no sound of the door banging shut again; they must have left it open; people often do in homes where something awful has happened.
   Gregor, in contrast, had become much calmer. So they couldn't understand his words any more, although they seemed clear enough to him, clearer than before - perhaps his ears had become used to the sound. They had realised, though, that there was something wrong with him, and were ready to help. The first response to his situation had been confident and wise, and that made him feel better. He felt that he had been drawn back in among people, and from the doctor and the locksmith he expected great and surprising achievements - although he did not really distinguish one from the other. Whatever was said next would be crucial, so, in order to make his voice as clear as possible, he coughed a little, but taking care to do this not too loudly as even this might well sound different from the way that a human coughs and he was no longer sure he could judge this for himself. Meanwhile, it had become very quiet in the next room. Perhaps his parents were sat at the table whispering with the chief clerk, or perhaps they were all pressed against the door and listening.
   Gregor slowly pushed his way over to the door with the chair. Once there he let go of it and threw himself onto the door, holding himself upright against it using the adhesive on the tips of his legs. He rested there a little while to recover from the effort involved and then set himself to the task of turning the key in the lock with his mouth. He seemed, unfortunately, to have no proper teeth - how was he, then, to grasp the key? - but the lack of teeth was, of course, made up for with a very strong jaw; using the jaw, he really was able to start the key turning, ignoring the fact that he must have been causing some kind of damage as a brown fluid came from his mouth, flowed over the key and dripped onto the floor.
   "Listen", said the chief clerk in the next room, "he's turning the key. " Gregor was greatly encouraged by this; but they all should have been calling to him, his father and his mother too: "Well done, Gregor", they should have cried, "keep at it, keep hold of the lock!" And with the idea that they were all excitedly following his efforts, he bit on the key with all his strength, paying no attention to the pain he was causing himself. As the key turned round he turned around the lock with it, only holding himself upright with his mouth, and hung onto the key or pushed it down again with the whole weight of his body as needed. The clear sound of the lock as it snapped back was Gregor's sign that he could break his concentration, and as he regained his breath he said to himself: "So, I didn't need the locksmith after all". Then he lay his head on the handle of the door to open it completely.
   Because he had to open the door in this way, it was already wide open before he could be seen. He had first to slowly turn himself around one of the double doors, and he had to do it very carefully if he did not want to fall flat on his back before entering the room. He was still occupied with this difficult movement, unable to pay attention to anything else, when he heard the chief clerk exclaim a loud "Oh!", which sounded like the soughing of the wind. Now he also saw him - he was the nearest to the door - his hand pressed against his open mouth and slowly retreating as if driven by a steady and invisible force. Gregor's mother, her hair still dishevelled from bed despite the chief clerk's being there, looked at his father. Then she unfolded her arms, took two steps forward towards Gregor and sank down onto the floor into her skirts that spread themselves out around her as her head disappeared down onto her breast. His father looked hostile, and clenched his fists as if wanting to knock Gregor back into his room. Then he looked uncertainly round the living room, covered his eyes with his hands and wept so that his powerful chest shook.
   So Gregor did not go into the room, but leant against the inside of the other door which was still held bolted in place. In this way only half of his body could be seen, along with his head above it which he leant over to one side as he peered out at the others. Meanwhile the day had become much lighter; part of the endless, grey-black building on the other side of the street - which was a hospital - could be seen quite clearly with the austere and regular line of windows piercing its facade; the rain was still falling, now throwing down large, individual droplets which hit the ground one at a time. The washing up from breakfast lay on the table; there was so much of it because, for Gregor's father, breakfast was the most important meal of the day and he would stretch it out for several hours as he sat reading a number of different newspapers. On the wall exactly opposite there was photograph of Gregor when he was a lieutenant in the army, his sword in his hand and a carefree smile on his face as he called forth respect for his uniform and bearing. The door to the entrance hall was open and as the front door of the flat was also open he could see onto the landing and the stairs where they began their way down below.
   "Now, then", said Gregor, well aware that he was the only one to have kept calm, "I'll get dressed straight away now, pack up my samples and set off. Will you please just let me leave? You can see", he said to the chief clerk, "that I'm not stubborn and like I like to do my job; being a commercial traveller is arduous but without travelling I couldn't earn my living. So where are you going, in to the office? Yes? Will you report everything accurately, then? It's quite possible for someone to be temporarily unable to work, but that's just the right time to remember what's been achieved in the past and consider that later on, once the difficulty has been removed, he will certainly work with all the more diligence and concentration. You're well aware that I'm seriously in debt to our employer as well as having to look after my parents and my sister, so that I'm trapped in a difficult situation, but I will work my way out of it again. Please don't make things any harder for me than they are already, and don't take sides against me at the office. I know that nobody likes the travellers. They think we earn an enormous wage as well as having a soft time of it. That's just prejudice but they have no particular reason to think better it. But you, sir, you have a better overview than the rest of the staff, in fact, if I can say this in confidence, a better overview than the boss himself - it's very easy for a businessman like him to make mistakes about his employees and judge them more harshly than he should. And you're also well aware that we travellers spend almost the whole year away from the office, so that we can very easily fall victim to gossip and chance and groundless complaints, and it's almost impossible to defend yourself from that sort of thing, we don't usually even hear about them, or if at all it's when we arrive back home exhausted from a trip, and that's when we feel the harmful effects of what's been going on without even knowing what caused them. Please, don't go away, at least first say something to show that you grant that I'm at least partly right!"
   But the chief clerk had turned away as soon as Gregor had started to speak, and, with protruding lips, only stared back at him over his trembling shoulders as he left. He did not keep still for a moment while Gregor was speaking, but moved steadily towards the door without taking his eyes off him. He moved very gradually, as if there had been some secret prohibition on leaving the room. It was only when he had reached the entrance hall that he made a sudden movement, drew his foot from the living room, and rushed forward in a panic. In the hall, he stretched his right hand far out towards the stairway as if out there, there were some supernatural force waiting to save him.
   Gregor realised that it was out of the question to let the chief clerk go away in this mood if his position in the firm was not to be put into extreme danger. That was something his parents did not understand very well; over the years, they had become convinced that this job would provide for Gregor for his entire life, and besides, they had so much to worry about at present that they had lost sight of any thought for the future. Gregor, though, did think about the future. The chief clerk had to be held back, calmed down, convinced and finally won over; the future of Gregor and his family depended on it! If only his sister were here! She was clever; she was already in tears while Gregor was still lying peacefully on his back. And the chief clerk was a lover of women, surely she could persuade him; she would close the front door in the entrance hall and talk him out of his shocked state. But his sister was not there, Gregor would have to do the job himself.
   And without considering that he still was not familiar with how well he could move about in his present state, or that his speech still might not - or probably would not - be understood, he let go of the door; pushed himself through the opening; tried to reach the chief clerk on the landing who, ridiculously, was holding on to the banister with both hands; but Gregor fell immediately over and, with a little scream as he sought something to hold onto, landed on his numerous little legs. Hardly had that happened than, for the first time that day, he began to feel alright with his body; the little legs had the solid ground under them; to his pleasure, they did exactly as he told them; they were even making the effort to carry him where he wanted to go; and he was soon believing that all his sorrows would soon be finally at an end. He held back the urge to move but swayed from side to side as he crouched there on the floor. His mother was not far away in front of him and seemed, at first, quite engrossed in herself, but then she suddenly jumped up with her arms outstretched and her fingers spread shouting: "Help, for pity's sake, Help!" The way she held her head suggested she wanted to see Gregor better, but the unthinking way she was hurrying backwards showed that she did not; she had forgotten that the table was behind her with all the breakfast things on it; when she reached the table she sat quickly down on it without knowing what she was doing; without even seeming to notice that the coffee pot had been knocked over and a gush of coffee was pouring down onto the carpet.
   "Mother, mother", said Gregor gently, looking up at her. He had completely forgotten the chief clerk for the moment, but could not help himself snapping in the air with his jaws at the sight of the flow of coffee. That set his mother screaming anew, she fled from the table and into the arms of his father as he rushed towards her. Gregor, though, had no time to spare for his parents now; the chief clerk had already reached the stairs; with his chin on the banister, he looked back for the last time. Gregor made a run for him; he wanted to be sure of reaching him; the chief clerk must have expected something, as he leapt down several steps at once and disappeared; his shouts resounding all around the staircase. The flight of the chief clerk seemed, unfortunately, to put Gregor's father into a panic as well. Until then he had been relatively self controlled, but now, instead of running after the chief clerk himself, or at least not impeding Gregor as he ran after him, Gregor's father seized the chief clerk's stick in his right hand (the chief clerk had left it behind on a chair, along with his hat and overcoat), picked up a large newspaper from the table with his left, and used them to drive Gregor back into his room, stamping his foot at him as he went. Gregor's appeals to his father were of no help, his appeals were simply not understood, however much he humbly turned his head his father merely stamped his foot all the harder.
   Across the room, despite the chilly weather, Gregor's mother had pulled open a window, leant far out of it and pressed her hands to her face. A strong draught of air flew in from the street towards the stairway, the curtains flew up, the newspapers on the table fluttered and some of them were blown onto the floor. Nothing would stop Gregor's father as he drove him back, making hissing noises at him like a wild man. Gregor had never had any practice in moving backwards and was only able to go very slowly. If Gregor had only been allowed to turn round he would have been back in his room straight away, but he was afraid that if he took the time to do that his father would become impatient, and there was the threat of a lethal blow to his back or head from the stick in his father's hand any moment. Eventually, though, Gregor realised that he had no choice as he saw, to his disgust, that he was quite incapable of going backwards in a straight line; so he began, as quickly as possible and with frequent anxious glances at his father, to turn himself round. It went very slowly, but perhaps his father was able to see his good intentions as he did nothing to hinder him, in fact now and then he used the tip of his stick to give directions from a distance as to which way to turn.
   If only his father would stop that unbearable hissing! It was making Gregor quite confused. When he had nearly finished turning round, still listening to that hissing, he made a mistake and turned himself back a little the way he had just come. He was pleased when he finally had his head in front of the doorway, but then saw that it was too narrow, and his body was too broad to get through it without further difficulty. In his present mood, it obviously did not occur to his father to open the other of the double doors so that Gregor would have enough space to get through. He was merely fixed on the idea that Gregor should be got back into his room as quickly as possible. Nor would he ever have allowed Gregor the time to get himself upright as preparation for getting through the doorway. What he did, making more noise than ever, was to drive Gregor forwards all the harder as if there had been nothing in the way; it sounded to Gregor as if there was now more than one father behind him; it was not a pleasant experience, and Gregor pushed himself into the doorway without regard for what might happen. One side of his body lifted itself, he lay at an angle in the doorway, one flank scraped on the white door and was painfully injured, leaving vile brown flecks on it, soon he was stuck fast and would not have been able to move at all by himself, the little legs along one side hung quivering in the air while those on the other side were pressed painfully against the ground. Then his father gave him a hefty shove from behind which released him from where he was held and sent him flying, and heavily bleeding, deep into his room. The door was slammed shut with the stick, then, finally, all was quiet.
shǒuyè>> >> 哲理小说>> Franz Kafka   Austria     (July 3, 1883 ADJune 3, 1924 AD)