Home>> Travel>> 心理学小说>> Nathaniel Hawthorne   United States   美国内战时期   (July 4, 1804 ADMay 19, 1864 AD)
The Scarlet Letter
  The Scarlet Letter (1850) is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, considered to be his masterpiece and most famous work. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores themes of legalism, sin, and guilt.
  
  Plot summary
  
  The novel takes place during the summer in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts in a Puritan village. A young woman, named Hester Prynne, has been led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and on the breast of her gown "a rag of scarlet cloth" that "assumed the shape of a letter." It was the uppercase letter "A". The Scarlet Letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin—a badge of shame—for all to see. A man, who was elderly and a stranger to the town, enters the crowd and asks another onlooker what's happening. He responds by explaining that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she, and whose real name is unknown, has sent her ahead to America whilst settling affairs in Europe. However, her husband does not arrive in Boston, and the consensus is that he has been lost at sea. It is apparent that, while waiting for her husband, Hester has had an affair, leading to the birth of her daughter. She will not reveal her lover's identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her subsequent public shaming, is the punishment for her sin and secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child's father.
  
  The elderly onlooker is Hester's missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and her daughter Pearl grows into a willful, impish child—in Hawthorne's work, Pearl is more of a symbol than an actual character—and is said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister's torments and Hester's secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.
  The Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas may have been made with Hawthorne's advice.
  
  Dimmesdale's psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester's charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl's request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red "A" in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning adultery. Hester can see that the minister's condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale's self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his true identity to Dimmesdale.
  
  Later in the story, while walking through the forest, the sun would not shine on Hester, although Pearl could bask in it. They then encounter Dimmesdale, as he is taking a walk in the woods that day. Hester informs Dimmesdale of the true identity of Chillingworth and the former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived with.
  
  The day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday put on in honor of an election and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.
  
  Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resumes her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married a European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", for Hester and Dimmesdale.
  Major themes
  Nathaniel Hawthorne
  Sin
  
  The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge—specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as "her passport into regions where other women dared not tread", leading her to "speculate" about her society and herself more "boldly" than anyone else in New England.
  
  As for Dimmesdale, the "cheating minister" of his sin gives him "sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his chest vibrate[s] in unison with theirs." His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy. The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.
  
  The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it—as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be–is held out in part as an invitation to find "some sweet moral blossom" in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that "the deep heart of nature" (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child than her Puritan neighbors do. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.
  
  Chillingworth's misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the anger in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.
  
  Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.
  Past and present
  
  The clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be "the soul and spirit of New England hardihood". Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with "no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities", who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.
  
  Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as "dim and dusky", "grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned", "bitter persecutors" whose "better deeds" would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne's disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors' disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. "A writer of story books!" But even as he disagrees with his ancestors' viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a "sense of place" in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.
  Publication history
  
  Hawthorne originally planned The Scarlet Letter to be a shorter novelette which was part of a collection to be named Old Time Legends. His publisher, James Thomas Fields, convinced him to expand the novelette to a full-length novel. Hawthorne's wife Sophia later disputed that Fields had a larger role than this, complaining that "he has made the absurd boast that he was the sole cause of the Scarlet Letter being published!" She noted that her husband's friend Edwin Percy Whipple, a critic, approached Fields to consider its publication.
  
  The Scarlet Letter was published as a novel in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period. When he delivered the final pages to Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular. In fact, the book was an instant best-seller though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500. Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".
  
  The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days, and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 USD.
  Critical response
  
  On its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne's, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them". Orestes Brownson complained that Hawthorne did not understand Christianity, confession, and remorse. A review in the Church Review and Ecclesiastical Register concluded the author "perpetrates bad morals."
  
  On the other hand, 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter. Henry James once said of the novel, "It is beautiful, admirable, extraordinary; it has in the highest degree that merit which I have spoken of as the mark of Hawthorne's best things--an indefinable purity and lightness of conception...One can often return to it; it supports familiarity and has the inexhaustible charm and mystery of great works of art."
  
  The book's immediate and lasting success are due to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint.[citation needed] In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.
  Allusions
  
   * Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591–1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.
   * Martin Luther (1483–1545) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
   * Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.
   * John Winthrop (1588–1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
   * King's Chapel Burying Ground in the final paragraph exists; the Elizabeth Pain gravestone is traditionally considered an inspiration for the protagonists' grave.
译本序
  纳撒尼尔·霍桑(NathanieI Hawthorne,1804一1864)出生于新英格兰一名门望族,他 家世代都是虔诚的加尔文教信徒。他的两代先祖曾是马萨诸塞殖民地政教合一的权力机构中 的要人,参与过一六九二年萨菜姆驱巫案及其后的教友派的活动。霍桑一家后来以航海 为业,从事东印度地区的贸易,到他父亲这一代,家境已经大不如前。小纳撒尼尔四岁时, 做船长的父亲使病死在外,全靠才貌双全的母亲把他和两个姐妹抚养成人。家庭和社会环境 中浓重的加尔文教气氛,深深地影响了霍桑,使他自幼性格阴郁,耽于思考;而祖先在追害 异端中的那种狂热,测使他产生了负罪感,以致人大学后在自己的姓氏中加了一个 “W”.表示有别于祖先。从他十二岁以来的日记判断,他在观察及写作上,都是早熟的。
   霍桑十四岁时,到祖父的庄园土住了一年。那附近有个色巴果湖,霍桑经常到那里打 猎、钓鱼、读书,充分领略自然风光。据他晚年回忆,他的一生以这段时间最为自由愉快, 而他的孤癖个性和诗人气质。也是在这里形成的。
   霍桑在波多因大学读书时,深为同学所推重。他在这里结识了后来成为著名诗人的朗费 罗,当了总统的皮尔斯和投身海军的布里奇。这几位学友都对他后来的生活和创作产生过影 响。
   一八二五年霍桑大学毕业后,回到萨菜姆故居一住就是十二年,把时间全都用在了思 考.读书和写作上。由于不满意自己的作品,他最初的几篇短篇小说都是匿名发表的,他甚 至还焚毁了一些原稿。经过长时间的磨炼,霍桑终于在一八三七年出版了第一个短篇小说集 《重讲一遍的故事》,从此以善于写短篇小说而著称。
   一八四二年婚后,霍桑便迁到康考德居住。这里不但是爱默生的家乡,而且是梭罗“返 回自然”的基地,堪称是那一代超验主义文人苔革的大本营。可想而知,霍桑后半生多在此 地居留,与那里的哲学和文学氛围大有关系。
   正是翟桑的身世和经历,形成了他的复杂的世界规和独特的创作思想及手法。
   《红字》是霍桑的第一部长篇小说,一八五O年该书问世后,霍桑一举成名,成为当时 公认的最重要的作家。
   《红字》故事的背景,是一六五O年前后的波士顿,当时的居民是一六二O至一六三O 年间来此定居的第一代移民。他们都是在英格兰故土受詹姆斯一世而抱着创建人间乐土 的理想来新大陆的请教(即加尔文教)徒,史称“朝圣的教父”。清教徒在英国最初是反抗罗 马教皇、反对社会风气的,他们注重理智,排斥感情,推崇理想,禁绝欲望;后来 却发展到极端,不但异端。甚至连妇女在街上微笑都要处以监禁,儿童嬉戏也要加以鞭 打。
   霍桑熟谙新英格兰的历史,他的大部分作品都是写的这类故事。读者在《红字》中所看 到的情节和人物,在他的一些短篇中都可见端倪。少《教长的面纱》中牧师和少女的隐情, 《思狄柯特与红十字》中胸佩红字示众的美妇,《年轻小伙子布朗》中人们倔偷到黑暗的森 林里与魔鬼密约,《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》(故事假托在意大利)中那位学识渊博、医术精湛 但灭绝人性的医生,等等。作者大概为了说明《红字》故事有根有据,居然在正文前面难脱 流俗地写了一个楔子。这个楔子在英文原文各版本中都有,约三万七千余汉字,名为《海 关》,主要是叙述作者在一八四六至一八四九年间任海关督察时的一些较事,文笔幽默流 畅。因与本书关系不大,放各中译本均略去不译;但其中有一部分涉及本书的源起,或许读 者会感兴趣,现摘译如下:
   一个雨天,我阔来无密,却有幸发现了一些有趣的东两。我在圈阅堆在角落里的废弃文 献时,我的注意力披一个神秘的包裹所吸引。那包裹是一块红色细布所做,已经磨损褪色, 上面依稀尚有众线刺绣的浪迹,侗己朽得不见原样,看不出光泽了。显而易见,那是极其美 妙的引线活,那种针港手艺现在已经失传。仔细湃认,便可看出这块猩红的破布片呈字母 “A”测。精确量米,每个笔划险好是三又四分之……英寸长。毫无疑问,原先是用作衣裙 上的装饰品的;至于当年怎样佩戴,或长表示什么等级、效件和薄严,我却无从猜测。但它 却奇怪地引起我的兴趣,使我目不转睛地盯视不已。诚然,其中必有深意,颇值琢磨。
   我边看边思,或许这字母是白人设计出来饰在身上以引起印第实人注目的,便拿起在胸 前一试。当时找似乎感到——读者尽可以发笑,但务必不要怀疑我的话——既下完全是又几 乎就是肉体上的一阵烧灼,似乎那字母不是红布做的,而是一块滚烫的烙铁。我一惊之下便 不自主地松手把它掉在了地上。
   由于我专心注意那红字,却忽略了红布包着的几小张烂纸。次时我打开—看,竟满意地 发现上面是老督察普先生的笔迹,相当详尽地记述了事情的始末。其中有着一位名叫海丝 特·白兰的妇女的言行,她在我们先辈的心目中是个令人颇为瞩目的人物。她生活的年代约 在马萨诺塞初创至十七世纪末叶之间。普督察所记的是一些老人的口述,他们小时候曾经见 过她:虽然上了年纪,但并非老态龙钟,而是外貌端庄。她惯于在乡间四处助人,象是一个 志愿看护,……再往下读,我还发现了有关这一奇特女性的其它愤况和所遭苦难的记载,读 着自会从本书中一一读到。请大家牢记,本书所写的主要事实均证据确凿,自有普督察的文 献足资证明。原件及红字本身,仍存于我手,可供对本书感兴趣的读者随意验看……
   这一番声明原是作者故弄玄虚,实在不足为凭。不过,一六五八年普利茅斯殖民当局制 定的法律中确实有这样一款:凡犯有奸淫罪者,“当于袖上及背部佩戴布制AD二大写字 母,本政府治下若发现其未佩此二字母者,立即予以逮捕并当众施以鞭打。”可见,当年受 此羞辱者会大有人在,霍桑并非杜撰。而书中的贝灵汉总各和威尔逊牧师也是实有其人,作 者本想用来增添作品的真实气氛,却引起一些人去考证丁梅斯代尔牧师是否影射约翰·科顿 ①,这恐怕违背了作者的初哀。
   象《红字》这样题材的故事,如果由一个平庸之才去写,很容易流于儿女私情的浅薄传 奇,充其量也只能写成主人公抗争逆境之类的通俗作品。但霍桑毕竟是个勤于思考、长于挖 掘的大手笔。他一方面深受清教主义的影响,摆脱不掉“原罪”“赎罪”及“命定论”之类 的宗教迷信,但又从家族的负罪感出发,反过来对清教的统治痛心疚首;他一方面接受 了爱默生的超验主义哲学观,相信客观的物质世界只是某种隐蔽的神秘力量的象征,但又受 个人的宗教意识的左右,去探寻固有的、独象的“恶”。因此,他在作品中加意描绘荒谬可 怖的现象,竭力挖掘阴暗怪诞的心理。然而,正因为这种晦涩的神秘主义倾向,反面使他的 作品产生了一种曲径通幽的意境和余音绕梁的效果,引导我们透过种种象征去探究人物深藏 的心理和主题背后的哲理。
   为了表达深篷的主题,霍桑在位自称为“心理罗曼司”的小说中,极尽讽示隐喻和象征 比拟之能事。
   《红字》的故事一开篇,映入读者眼帘的,昔先是“新殖民地的开拓者们”在万事草创 之时忘不了与墓地同时修建的监狱,这株“文明社会的黑花“从来不曾经历过自己的青春韶 华”,因为它“与罪恶二字息息相关”,它那狰狞阴森的外貌,连同门前草地上“过于繁茂 地簇生着的不堪入目的杂革”,都增加了晦暗凄楚的色调,然而在这一片灰黑之中,却傲然 挺立着一丛玫魂,“盛开着宝石船的花朵”,象征着人类的道德……接下来,便出观了女主 人公海丝特·白兰,怀抱初生的珠儿,“她焕发的美丽,竟把笼尽着她的不幸和耻辱凝成一 轮光环”,令人联想起“圣母的形象”。这样一段胡胡如生的文字,不但为我们展现了人物 活动的舞台背景,而且启发读者去思考作品的主题。
   这种用略带神秘色彩的自然景象烘托环境、渣染气氛和映衬人物心理的手法俯拾皆是, 最突出的便是丁梅斯代尔牧师和海丝特及珠儿在夜晚和密林中的两次会见:由红字连系在一 起的几个主要人物的同时出场,如同戏剧中迭起的,把全书紧织在一个严密的结构之中。
   作者还把这种手法用于刻画人物液他的笔下次要人物的是非善恶和他们之间的思恩怨怨 写得十分含蓄,而几个主要人物则通过个别的心理挖掘、成双的组合的冲突和同时出场亮相 的交汇,交待出各人与红字相关的象征。
   全书写到的人物不过十多个,其中有姓名的不超过十个。值得注意的是贝灵汉总督、威 尔逊牧师、西宾斯老夫人和那位最年轻而唯一有同情心的姑娘这四个次要人物,他们分别是 珠儿、丁梅斯代尔牧师、罗杰·齐灵握斯和海丝特这四个主要人物的反衬或影子。而四名主 要人物又形成两对,使他们的个性在相得益彰之中予以酣畅淋漓的表现。
   海丝特·白兰是有形的红字。她出身没落的世家,父母贫穷而正直。她的不幸的婚姻, 加之两年中丈夫音讯皆无.谣传他已葬身海底,这个孤苦夫依的与才貌相当的丁梅斯代 尔的爱情便显得合情合理。事情败露后,她终身佩戴红字,为了爱人的名声,她独自承 担了全部罪责与耻辱。出于对他的眷恋之情,她不但在他生前不肯远离他所在的教区,就是 在他死后,仍然放弃了与女儿共享天伦之乐的优越生活,重返埋有他尸骨的故地,重新戴上 红字,直到死后葬在他身边,以便永远守护、偎依着他。这个勇敢的女性还精心刺绣那红 字,着意打扮她的小珠儿,不仅出面捍卫自己教养她的权利,而且尊重孩子狂野的天性,努 力培养她成人。在作者的笔下,海丝特远不只是个争取个性解放的女人,她还汲取了“比红 字烙印所代表的罪恶还要致命”的精神,把矛头指向了“与古代准则密切相关的古代偏见的 完整体系——这是那些王室贵胄真正的藏身之地”,称得起是一位向愚昧的传统宣战的斗士 了。这样的高度,是很多文学作品中的妇女形象所难以企及的。她的这种精神境界尽管没有 为她的那些请教徒乡亲和愚不可及的长官们所理解(否则,不分要和来何等横祸),但无论如 何,由于她的合辛茹苦、助人为乐等种两美德,使她胸前的红字不再是“通奸”(入dult “y)的耻辱徽记,面成了“能干”(Able),甚至“值得尊敬”(AdmiraLIe)的标志了。
   丁梅斯代尔是无形的红字。与海丝特相比,他显得怯懦,但这是他受宗教束缚弥重的结 果。他并非不想公开仟悔自己的“罪孽”,但他的这种愿望过多地同“赎罪”‘内省”等宗 教意识纠缠在一起,因此行动上也只能处处受其局绊。他既要受内心的谴责,又要防外界的 窥测;他明明有自己的爱,却偏偏要把这种感情视同邪魔。他在痛苦中挣扎了七年,最终虽 然以袒露胸膛上的“罪恶”烙印,完成了道德的净化与灵魂的飞升,但他始终没再气承认自 己爱的正当,更谈不到与旧的精神体系彻底决裂,与海丝特相比,似乎更加映衬出后者的高 大。
   齐灵握斯是红字的制造音。他那丑陋的外貌和畸形的躯体,正是他丑陋和畸形的灵魂的 写照。他选择了让丁梅斯代尔话着受煎熬的复仇手段,实际上成了阻止他赎罪的恶魔。他和 海丝特的结合虽然出于他追求家庭温暖和个人幸福的一已之私,但毕竟是一种爱,原也无可 厚非;但当这种爱转变成恨,把复仇作为生活目标,不惜抛弃“博爱”的精神,以啮噬 他人的灵魂为乐之后,反倒由被害者堕落成“最坏的罪人”,不但在失去复仇这一生活目标 时结束了自己的生命,而且死后也不会得到新生。
   小珠儿则是活的红字,“是另一种形式的红字,是被赋予了生命的红字!”这个私生的 小精灵和她母亲胸前的红字交相辉映,既是“罪恶”的产物又是爱情的结晶。海丝特把红字 用金色丝线装饰得十分华美,小珠儿也给打扮得鲜丽异常。她的美勃齐灵漫斯的丑形成强烈 对比:一方面体观了作者的浪漫主义观点一老医生的博学多识使他成为深受文咖亏染的社会 人面小女孩肆元忌惮的狂野则仍保持着自然人的纯真;另方面又表明了作者的宗教意识—— 齐灵涯斯既然是撤旦,小珠儿便是“天使”(Angel),“A”字在她身上,从而具备了更积极 的合义。恰拾是在这个含义上,寄托了作者美好的理想,也体现了他对宗教的幻想,
   霍桑是一位世界观相当复杂的作家,他选择爱情悲剧作为《红字》的主题,使自己深深 陷入难解的矛盾之中。爱情本是人类的天性,但按照教义。亚当和夏娃偷吃了伊甸园的 智慧之果,懂得了男欢女爱,不再靠上帝创造而由自已繁衍人类,这本身正是“原罪”,至 于私情,更触犯了教的第七戒。霍桑虽深受教会影响,但自从欧洲文艺复兴以来,爱情 早已成了文艺作品永恒的主题,时时受到歌颂,他即使再保守,也不会不认为这是天经地义 的了。于是,书中便处处可见作者难言的苦衷:他虽然谴责不合理的婚姻,甚至把男女主人 公的爱情说成是“神圣的贡献”,但不敢肯定不合“法”的感情,更不肯使有情人终成眷 属。他只能让齐灵渥斯在死前“良心发现”,把遗产全部留给珠儿。
   实际上,霍桑在《红字》中要表达的,是社会现状和人类命运,并借以进一步探讨他所 关心的“善”与“恶”的哲理。
   那座构成《红字》故事中心场景的示众刑台,时面被描述成“象是教堂的附属建筑”, 似是要把社会的丑恶及不人道归咎于宗教,但继而又被写作“如同法国大时期恐怖党人 的断头台”,表明了他对社会变革的不解与疑惧。从这一例证中我们不难看出,作家以敏锐 的目光洞悉了社会的种种弊端,但并不知道应该何去何从。他从人道主义出发,把社会的不 合理现状和人类的悲惨命运,归结为“善”与“恶”之争,但他的善恶观又深受宗教教条的 浸染,成了缠夹不清的空泛议论,说什么“爱总要比恨来得容易,这正是人类本性之所 在。……恨甚至会通过悄悄渐进的过程变成爱。”还提出“恨和爱,归根结底是不是同一的 东西……”;而书中那种浓重的阴郁色彩,也给人压抑多于振奋。
   然而,我们在阅读和欣赏文学名著时,既不应苛求作家,也不该围于他的局限。的确, 霍桑本人有保守思想和神秘主义倾向.他的《红字》也并非的教科书。但如果我们读了 这部作品后,能够看到旧制度的黑暗,并唤起变革社会的理想,愿意为更美好的人类命运去 奋争,不也是积极的吗?诚如作者在与全书开篇遥相呼应的结尾宁所写:“这传说实在阴 惨,只有一点比阴影还要幽暗的永恒的光斑稍稍给人一点宽慰:‘一片墨黑的土地.一个血 红的A字。”霍桑作品的一大长处是引人深思、发人联想;让我们就从这一“永恒的光斑” 和“血红的A字”出发,去浮想联翩吧,“A”字又何尝不可以代表“前进”(Advance)呢!
   作为十九世纪后期美国浪漫主义作家的杰出代表,霍桑的文学作品及其艺术成就对当时 与后世都有重大影响。
   在当年英国作家威廉。朗格伦的《农夫彼尔斯》(1362)和约斡.班扬的《天路历程》 (1678—84)这类宗教小说中,就曾把七大罪恶或人的品德变成具体人物登场。这种把抽象概 念人格化并用来直接给人物命名的写法显然比脸谱化更为原始和粗糙。霍桑所采用的象征比 拟笔法则是在此基础上的创新,当时即为麦尔维尔所师法,经过爱伦·坡的评论,转而为法 国的波德菜尔所效仿,并开创了现代派文学的象征主义流派。
   至于霍桑那种造染气氛、深挖心理的手法,更为后世所推崇,亨利·詹姆斯、威廉·福 克纳,直至犹太作家索尔·贝委和艾萨克·辛格,黑人女作家托妮·莫瑞森等,无不予以运 用。单就这一点而论,霍桑对世界文坛的贡献也是巨大的。他的代表作《红字》无愧于不朽 巨著。
   《红字》于一八五O年出版后,翌年便有了德译本,三年后又有了法译本。在它流传的 一百四十年间已被译成多种语言,并被改编成戏剧和歌剧。我国自三十年代以来亦有多种译 本问世。这次重译也是在前辈劳动基础上的新尝试,但愿能将原著的风貌忠实地奉献给读者。
   译者谨识
   一九年十月,北京
   ①科顿(1584一1652),生手英国1632年移居场萨诸塞,遂成为波士顿有权势的清教牧师, 以善写训戒文著称,后卷入驱逐安妮·哈钦逊及罗东·威廉斯的事件。
一 狱门
  一群身穿黯色长袍、头戴灰色尖顶高帽.蓄着胡须的男人,混杂着一些蒙着兜头帽或光 着脑袋的女人,聚在一所木头大扇子前面。房门是用厚实的橡木做的,上面密密麻麻地钉满 大铁钉。
   新殖民地的开拓者们,不管他们的头脑中起初有什么关于人类品德和幸福的美妙理想, 总要在各种实际需要的草创之中,忘不了划出一片未开垦的处女地充当墓地,再则出另一片 土地来修建监狱。根据这一惯例,我们可以有把握地推断:波士顿的先民们在谷山一带的某 处地方修建第一座监狱,同在艾萨克.约朝逊①地段标出头一块垄地几乎是在同一时期。后 来便以他的坟茔为核心,扩展成王家教堂的那一片累累墓群的古老墓地。可以确定无疑地 说,早在镇子建立十五年或二十年之际,那座木造监狱就已经因风吹日晒雨淋和岁月的流逝 而为它那狰狞和阴森的门面增加了几分晦暗凄楚的景象,使它那橡木大门上沉重的铁活的斑 斑锈痕显得比新大陆的任何陈迹都益发古老。象一切与罪恶二字息息相关的事物一样,这座 监狱似乎从来不曾经历过自己的青春韶华。从这座丑陋的大房子门前,一直到轧着车辙的街 道,有一片草地,上面过于繁茂地簇生着牛蒡、茨藜、毒莠等等这类不堪入目的杂草,这些 杂草显然在这块土地上找到了共通的东西,因为正是在这块土地上早早便诞生了文明社会的 那栋黑花——监狱。然而,在大门的一侧,几乎就在门限处,有一丛野玫瑰挺然而立,在这 六月的时分,盛开着精致的宝石般的花朵,这会使人想象,它们是在向步入牢门的囚犯或跨 出阴暗的刑徒奉献着自己的芬芳和妩媚,借以表示在大自然的深深的心扉中,对他们仍存着 一丝怜悯和仁慈。
   由于某种奇异的机缘,这一丛野玫瑰得以历劫而永生;至于这丛野玫瑰,是否仅仅因为 原先严严实实地遮藏着它的巨松和伟橡早巳倒落,才得以在古老面苛刻的原野中侥幸存活, 抑或如为人深信不疑的确凿证据所说,当年圣徒安妮.哈钦逊②踏进狱门时,它便从她脚下 破士而出,我们不必费神去确定。既然我们要讲述的故事要从这一不样的门口开篇,而拾恰 在门限处一眼便可望见这丛野玫瑰,我们怎能不摘下一朵玫瑰花,将其呈献给读者呢!但愿 这株玫瑰花,在叙述这篇人性脆弱和人生悲哀的故事的进程中,能够象征道德之花的馥郁, 而在读完故事阴晦凄惨的结局时,仍可以得到一些慰藉。
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   ①文萨克.约翰逊,北共马萨诸塞英国殖民地的创始人。
   ②安妮.哈钦逊(1591一1643),出生于英国的英国教士,她认为灵魂的拯救只有通过个 人对上帝感化的直觉,而不是依靠善行。此主张触怒马萨诺塞宗教界,并引起论战和分裂。 1637遣审汛并被逐出,她和家人迁居罗得岛,后在纽约州被印第安人杀死。
Home>> Travel>> 心理学小说>> Nathaniel Hawthorne   United States   美国内战时期   (July 4, 1804 ADMay 19, 1864 AD)