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[转帖]完整和精粹
戴玨
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Joined: 03 Jan 2007
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PostPosted: 2007-08-07 07:54:07    Post subject: [转帖]完整和精粹 Reply with quote

作者:周振甫
Quote:
  钱塘洪昉思(升),久于新城①之门矣,与余友。一日,并在司寇②宅论诗。昉思嫉时俗之无章也,曰:“诗如龙然,首尾爪角鳞鬣一不具,非龙也。。司寇哂③之曰;“诗如神龙,见其首不见其尾,或云中露一爪一鳞而已,安得全体?是雕塑绘画者耳!”
  余曰:“神龙者屈伸变化,固无定体,恍惚望见者,第指其一鳞一爪,而龙之首尾完好,故宛然在也。若拘于所见,以为龙具在是,雕绘者反有辞矣。”昉思乃服。  (赵执信《谈龙录》)

①新城:清代诗人王士禛,新城人。  
②司寇:王士禛官至刑部尚书,清时俗称为大司寇。  
③哂(shěn审):笑。

  这里指出对诗歌的文艺性的三种看法:洪升要求完整,像画龙,要把整条龙画出来,连它的首尾鳞爪都不能忽略。王士禛反对这样求完整,要求精粹,认为神龙见首不见尾,有时只在云中露出一鳞一爪,就是只要把最精粹的部分写出来就行了,不必求完整。赵执信认为完整和精粹两者是不可分的,画出来的龙虽然见首不见尾,只有一鳞一爪,我们却可以从这里看到完整的龙。心目中有了完整的龙才可以画出一鳞一爪,才可以通过一鳞一爪来反映龙的全体;离开了完整的龙去画一鳞一爪是不成的。也就是精粹要从全体中来,离开了全体就谈不上精粹。这三种看法,赵执信的看法是最完整的。
  就诗歌说,写出来的精粹的诗是从丰富的生活中提炼出来的,也就是精粹从全体中来。但就诗的本身说,又要求完整。要写一鳞一爪而没有支离破碎之感,且能给人以完整的龙的感觉,这就要求作者的心目中先有一条完整的龙在。
  王士禛对雕塑绘画的龙露出轻视的口吻,是一种片面看法。作者要是写龙,那么通过一鳞一爪来反映龙的全体是够了;作者倘要写更其广阔的境界,那也可以通过龙的全体来反映,在更其广阔的境界里,龙的全体已经退处于一鳞一爪的地位,写龙的全体正是写一鳞一爪。比方同样反映由于媳妇不得婆婆欢心被赶走而造成的婚姻悲剧,有的只写自己的片段感受,如陆游的妻子唐琬被婆婆赶走,唐琬后来改嫁赵士程,一天,陆游唐琬在城南沈园重逢,相见凄然,不久,唐琬抑郁死去。陆游写了《沈园》诗:
Quote:
城上斜阳画角哀,沈园非复旧池台;
伤心桥下春波绿,曾是惊鸿照影来。

梦断香消四十年,沈园柳老不吹绵。
此身行作稽山土,犹吊遗踪一泫然。

  他写这两首诗的主旨不是在暴露封建礼教的罪恶,只是通过在沈园相会的片段印象,抒写他心头无限沉痛的感情,写出一生的遗恨,这样抒情,就不必把整个婚姻悲剧写出来,只需写这个悲剧的一鳞一爪。《古诗为焦仲卿妻作》的作者不这样,他是要通过婚姻悲剧来暴露封建礼教的罪恶,主题扩大了,那末写这个悲剧的一鳞一爪就嫌不够,需要把这个悲剧的全部过程写出来,写成叙事诗。在以暴露封建礼教为主题的叙事诗里,悲剧的全部过程已经退处于一鳞一爪的地位。这样看来,完整的龙还是可以画的,只要通过龙来反映更广阔的境界,使龙退处于一鳞一爪的地位就成。因此,说通过一鳞一爪来反映全体是对的,轻视雕塑绘画完整的龙,是一种片面的看法。
  再回到洪升、王士禛、赵执信三家的说法来看,洪升“嫉时俗之无章”,恨当时人写诗没有章法,不完整,要求像画龙那样,要画出首尾爪角鳞鬣来。洪升的这个要求,实际上是看到王士禛提倡的神韵派诗的流弊。神韵派诗,像画龙那样只在云中露出一爪一鳞。有的作者生活体验不够,没有看到整个的龙,只写一爪一鳞来掩饰生活的空虚,这样,神韵派诗的流弊就不免空疏。洪升要纠正这种空疏的毛病,主张要把整个龙画出来,就是要求先看到整个的龙再画,不要借一爪一鳞来掩饰。后来的翁方纲也要纠正神韵派诗的空疏,提倡肌理说,肌理是肌肉的纹理,要细致切实,跟洪升的说法相似。赵执信也是不满意神韵派诗的空疏的,所以主张先要有完整的龙,才可写一爪一鳞,洪升同意他的说法,可见洪升并不反对写一爪一鳞,只是反对神韵派诗的空疏而已。
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赵福治
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Joined: 30 May 2006
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PostPosted: 2007-08-09 07:28:39    Post subject: Reply with quote

最好发原创帖子.
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博弈
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Joined: 21 Dec 2006
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PostPosted: 2007-08-09 07:56:32    Post subject: Reply with quote

神韵派诗 is the unique poetry in Chinese poetry history,
it is the poetic worth modern poets to study more, poets in the past
have not poetically linked this school of thought yet;
daoism, zen are basics and derivative of it (different from buddism).

also, I think, when a real depiction of a dragon is made, it
still implies another thing (there is no dragon, it is still imaginary),
when applied to the theory of poetry, a camera
image can still be an analogy to another concpet with certain techniques, sometimes
that can even be a better way, it depends.

bottom line is, using a dragon to explain this concept is
not a good start, using some real thing that people can
visualize is a better explaination. reading this till now, one
may argue that using dragon as example is itself a representation
of 神韵 Laughing

sorry, no Chinese imput yet
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qinghe
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PostPosted: 2007-08-09 09:25:09    Post subject: lai le Reply with quote

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戴玨
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Joined: 03 Jan 2007
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PostPosted: 2007-08-11 05:06:55    Post subject: Reply with quote

赵福治 wrote:
最好发原创帖子.

本想發到古詩詞版供人閱讀,但想到寫現代詩的或許也能獲益,所以就發這兒了。
嚴格來講周先生這些文章也并非原創,主要是對歷代詩評的解說而已。
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戴玨
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PostPosted: 2007-08-11 05:09:27    Post subject: Reply with quote

既然博弈提到神韻說,那就轉篇同一作者寫的有關文章:
http://oson.ca/viewtopic.php?t=7355
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郝月
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PostPosted: 2007-08-12 00:22:36    Post subject: wenhao Reply with quote

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郝月
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PostPosted: 2007-08-12 00:23:12    Post subject: Reply with quote

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