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新诗创作法 - 从闻一多〈死水〉看新诗的衬托
魏鵬展
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Location: Hong Kong 香港
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PostPosted: 2013-10-18 10:53:02    Post subject: 新诗创作法 - 从闻一多〈死水〉看新诗的衬托 Reply with quote

从闻一多〈死水〉看新诗的衬托 魏鹏展

上中学美术课时,老师提到菜市场有很多很聪明的小贩,他们把红色的辣椒放在青菜旁边,这样就能令青菜看起来更青绿,更新鲜。后来学校印制了一本校园植物图册。每张植物相片的构图都是一个一元硬币放在植物旁边。我初时不明白原因,后来才知道这样可令植物的体积大小更具体,更形象。念小学时,有些同学很早熟,暑假一回来就长高了很多。初看时,我觉得他很高,但以为只是长高了一点。后来,他站在老师身边,原来他已长得比老师高呢﹗很多概念在没有比较下,很难具体明白当中的实际情况,把两种事物放在一起,所有特点就一目了然了。菜市场小贩放红椒在青菜的道理不就是古人所说的「万绿丛中一点红」。树丛中只需一朵小红花,四周的绿叶就被衬托得更鲜绿,红花也更鲜红,这种手法用在语文的修辞手法上叫做衬托。衬托与对比的不同在于对比不分主次,但衬托则分主次。例如小贩放红椒在青菜上,主体当然是青菜,红椒只是用作衬托青菜的衬体。

闻一多的新诗〈死水〉就是用美丽的比喻来反衬肮脏的死水。

也许铜的要绿成翡翠,
铁罐上锈出几瓣桃花;
再让油腻织一层罗绮,
霉菌给他蒸出些云霞。

让死水酵成一沟绿酒,
漂满了珍珠似的白沫;
小珠笑一声变成大珠,
又被偷酒的花蚊咬破。(闻一多〈死水〉)

铜的锈斑是绿色的。诗人把铜锈比喻为美丽的翡翠;铁罐的锈斑又比喻为艳丽的桃花;死水上浮着的油污则被比喻为美丽的罗绮;霉菌发酵的东西又变成云霞;污水竟又会变成绿酒;死水上的白沫又比喻为珍珠。这些都是在坑渠发臭的污水里的东西,诗人把它美化成美丽的事物,这就令本来丑恶的东西更丑恶。

但同学们可能会觉得这首诗写了很多不美丽的东西,例如「铜锈」、「铁锈」、「霉菌」、「死水」、「花蚊」等。这些不美丽的东西混在美丽的事物上,令我们不觉得这些东西美丽。这样以美写丑的讽刺效果就差了很多。如果要改善诗的表达效果,可以直接删去这些不美丽事物,把明喻改为借喻,例如「让死水酵成一沟绿酒」改为「这是一沟新酿的绿酒」;「铁罐上锈出几瓣桃花」改为「铁罐上开了桃花」。借喻句隐去了丑恶的事物,如「死水」、「铁锈」,一方面可深化以美写丑的讽刺效果,另一方面也使诗意更耐人寻味。

2013年9月20日 深夜
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香港文學報《小說與詩》投稿方法+稿約、稿例、最新一期目錄:
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_60b7bcff01018dcp.html

魏鵬展是香港詩人、《小說與詩》主編、中文教師;微信(WeChat): npcjeffrey
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山城子
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Joined: 23 May 2007
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PostPosted: 2013-10-23 15:14:36    Post subject: Reply with quote

学习!!
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诗是人生的雅伴儿。
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魏鵬展
秀才


Joined: 14 Apr 2009
Posts: 606
Location: Hong Kong 香港
魏鵬展Collection
PostPosted: 2013-10-23 20:59:00    Post subject: Reply with quote

山城子 wrote:
学习!!




謝謝﹗
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香港文學報《小說與詩》投稿方法+稿約、稿例、最新一期目錄:
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_60b7bcff01018dcp.html

魏鵬展是香港詩人、《小說與詩》主編、中文教師;微信(WeChat): npcjeffrey
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