Maple Review Home
   Chinese Literature Society of North America | Maple Review | Immigrants in Canada | Angel Studio | The Driftwood Artist Society | Ocean of Poetry | Island of Music
"HuaHe Cup" 2007 Chinese Mainland and Oversea Poetry Competition and Non-governmental Magazines and Newspapers Joint Exhibition starts on the first day of 2007.
  
 FAQFAQ   SearchSearch   MemberlistMemberlist   UsergroupsUsergroups   RegisterRegister  ProfileProfile    Log in to check your private messagesLog in to check your private messages   Sign inSign in   BlogsBlogs    Weblogs NewsWeblogs News   AlbumAlbum 
English Home Bilingual Home Chinese Home
Dictionary Check Poems' Rules & Forms Search for Chinese Poems Poetry & Music

Maple Review Home -> 谈古论今 Post new topic   Reply to topic
六出祁山与偷渡阴平
qinghongh
榜眼


Joined: 14 Oct 2007
Posts: 4110

qinghonghCollection
PostPosted: 2012-07-17 07:56:53    Post subject: 六出祁山与偷渡阴平 Reply with quote

六出祁山与偷渡阴平

祁山位于甘肃礼县东、西汉水北侧,吸气北岈(今平泉大堡子山),东至卤城(今盐官镇),绵延约50华里。连山秀举,罗峰兢峙,被誉为“九州”之名阻,天下之奇峻,地扼蜀陇咽喉;势控攻守要冲,所以成为三国时魏蜀必争之地。

诸葛亮为了报答刘备“三顾茅庐”的知遇之恩,立志匡扶汉室消灭曹魏。在“七擒孟获”平定南方之后,六出祁山北伐曹魏。演出了“鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已”的悲壮历史剧。虽然诸葛亮竭尽全力但最后终归劳而无功,自己也积劳成疾,累死在五丈原军中。令后人无限感慨。

从军事及历史的角度来看,诸葛亮的六出祁山北伐曹魏在用兵方略上虽然符合兵法,但太过于循规蹈矩。诸葛亮动员蜀汉举国兵力伐魏以弱耗强,与军事,后勤及国力都比蜀汉强大的魏军正面直接交锋实非明智之举。军事战略上讲究出其不意攻其不备。楚汉时期的韩信“明修栈道,暗渡陈仓”就明显比诸葛亮高明。韩信以“明修栈道”麻痹镇守关中的三秦(章邯、司馬欣、董翳),背后调军“暗渡陈仓”。结果出其不意一举夺取关中,为刘邦赢得东出潼关与项羽争夺天下的关键根据地。

诸葛亮死后姜维继承诸葛亮北伐中原的宏愿,先后九次出兵北伐攻魏。也和诸葛亮一样次次无功而返。其作为也是以弱耗强,与强大的魏军正面交锋而损耗蜀汉实力。姜维甚至在祁山以前己方用过的旧营地屯军扎营而被魏军统帅邓艾掘地道预埋伏兵偷袭得手。姜维因循守旧到如此地步,如何能在军事上取胜?

阴平古道起于阴平都,即今甘肃文县的鹄衣坝(文县老城所在地),途径文县县城,翻越青川县境的摩天岭,经唐家河、阴平山、马转关、靖军山,到达平武县的江油关(今南坝乡),全长265公里。与《三国志》所记的七百里阴平道完全一致,因当时是以360步为一里。照此推算,今天的一华里约等于三国时的1.33里,正好相符。

三国后期曹魏名将邓艾的偷渡阴平灭蜀汉也比诸葛亮有胆略。邓艾利用魏军攻蜀主将钟会在剑门关牵制姜维蜀军主力的良机,亲率少数精锐魏军翻山越岭长途跋涉,放弃后援及辎重马匹,偷渡阴平,孤军深入蜀汉后方,一路破关夺隘,直达成都,从而灭掉蜀汉。虽然在军事上太过冒险,但出人意料地收到了奇兵之效并获得成功。

在魏强蜀弱的对决中蜀汉并非绝对没有取胜的机会。比如蜀汉大将魏延就曾在诸葛亮北伐时建议由诸葛亮率蜀军主力正面牵制魏军主力,由魏延领精兵出子午谷奔袭长安。魏延的战略建议非常类似后来邓艾的偷渡阴平之计。如果诸葛亮采用魏延的建议,当时的胜算要高于后来邓艾的灭蜀计划,因为当时诸葛亮的强劲对手司马懿已经遭贬并未领军,魏军主帅是愚笨的夏侯楙。非常可惜的是诸葛亮轻易拒绝了魏延的奔袭长安的战略计划,终于坐失胜魏良机。古往今来在军事对决中,有时天赐良机,稍纵即逝。诸葛亮拒绝魏延的原因一是他一直对魏延抱有偏见,不肯信任魏延;二是诸葛亮用兵一直过于谨慎,不肯冒险。他担心长途奔袭的精兵会遭到伏击。但没有风险,哪有回报?古今中外著名的军事将领有谁没有过军事冒险的经历?诸葛亮六次北伐,走老路布旧阵,而司马懿则以逸待劳以静制动,即使不战而固守,诸葛亮如何等得胜机来?
Back to top
View user's profile Send private message
Display posts from previous:   
Emoticons
Very Happy Smile Sad Surprised
Shocked Confused Cool Laughing
Mad Razz Embarassed Crying or Very sad
Evil or Very Mad Twisted Evil Rolling Eyes Wink
Exclamation Question Idea Arrow
View more Emoticons
Page 1 of 1           View previous topic View next topic    
Maple Review Home -> 谈古论今    Post new topic   Reply to topic
Jump to:  


Once you post your works here, that means you submits them to the magazine of Maple Review (North American Maple, or BeiMeiFeng), a bilingual journal published by Chinese Literature Society of North America. The magazine holds the right to translate them into Chinese, and publish them in both languages. You need to be responsible for the copyright issues of your own files uploaded.
Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2005 phpBB Group
phpBB Chinese interface was translated by iCy-fLaME