安德鲁·马维尔（英語：Andrew Marvell 1621年3月31日－1678年8月16日）英国形而上诗人、讽刺作家、政治家，1659至1678年多次入选英国下院。英格兰联邦时期，是约翰·米尔顿的同事和朋友。

作品

马维尔创作不少政治讽刺诗和小品文，抨击政府的腐败和宗教迫害。同时，他以诗歌来阅读并解说“大自然的神秘书籍”。在《致他的娇羞的女友》一诗中，马维尔将激情和理智并置，用优美的语言表现“及时行乐”。《花园》诗文音韵优美，意在将田园诗的风格和玄学诗（Metaphysical Poetry）的特点融合在一起。

相关

• 安德鲁·马维尔作品列表
• 马维尔学院，以安德鲁·马维尔命名的学校。
• 安德鲁·马维尔号，一艘英国商船。

参考

1. ^ 李春宁主编. 高等教育与教学研究. 北京：兵器工业出版社. 2005.12: 195. ISBN 7-80172-611-1.
2. ^ 张广奎主编. 英美诗歌. 广州：中山大学出版社. 2016.01: 27. ISBN 978-7-306-05550-7.
3. ^ 张伯香，张文主编. 《英美文学简明教程》学习指南. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社. 2015.09: 32. ISBN 978-7-5680-1101-3.

安德鲁·马维尔(Andrew Marvell)英国诗人。曾受雇于托马斯·费尔法克斯和奥利弗·克伦威尔任家庭教师。后成为弥尔顿的助手，任政府拉丁文秘书。1659年入选为议员，直至去世。作有许多政治讽刺诗和小品文，抨击政府的腐败和宗教的迫害。大部分诗作都是在他死后发表的，其中最著名的作品有《致羞涩的情人》、《花园》和《哀叹幼鹿之死的仙女》等 。安德鲁·马维尔(Andrew Marvell, 1621―1678)是17世纪英国著名的玄学派诗人。玄学派诗人是英国17世纪早期的一组诗人，其主要成员包括约翰·多恩，乔治·赫伯特，安德鲁·马维尔等。玄学派诗歌的突出特征在于对一种新颖的意象和奇特比喻的运用，也就是我们通常所说的"奇思妙喻"(conceits)。 这些诗歌语言口语化，节奏和韵律有很大的灵活性，主题复杂，充满了智慧与创造力。而其中的那些奇异而新颖的意象尤其让人印象深刻。与其他玄学派诗人不同的是，马维尔被一些批评家看作是一位承前启后的诗人。他不但继承了伊丽莎白时代爱情诗中的浪漫主义传统，成为一位具有浪漫主义气质的诗人，而且开启了18世纪古典主义的"理性时代"。古典派诗人偏重意象的完整优美，喜以哲理入诗;浪漫派诗人则偏重情感的自然流露。二者各有偏重，前者重形式，而后者则重实质。在马维尔的诗中，常能体现二者的完美结合，理性令他的诗寓意深刻，浪漫则使他的诗情境优美。玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视，直到20世纪初，才从历史的尘封中重见天日。马维尔的诗集在出版之时并未引起公众注意，在艾略特给予玄学派诗人以高度评价之后，马维尔作为这派的一员才得以闻名。他的诗作并不多，其中脍炙人口的不过三四首早期诗作, 然而他的作品以简洁、警辟、生动、文雅而为人所称道。一提起他，人们通常会想到的是他的名作《致他的娇羞的女友》(To His Coy Mistress)，一首表现"及时行乐"(Carpe diem)主题的好诗。殊不知他的《花园》(The Garden)一诗亦有其独特的艺术魅力。该诗文字绮丽，音韵优美，意象生动，将田园诗的风格和玄理诗的特点融合在一起，形成了他特有的风格。读《花园》一诗，目睹那饱含诗人情感的花园美景，让人情不自禁地陶醉于那精心绘制出的色彩清淡、优美静谧、和谐融洽的田园风光之中，一股清新自然的气息不能不引发出一种深切的向往之情。风格在探讨什么样的世界才是人的理想世界时，作者不仅以情感人，而且以理服人。周珏良先生曾对全诗作过详尽的分析，本文着力于探讨马维尔所追求的花园境界及《花园》一诗所体现的他的独特诗风。想象奇特作为玄学派诗人，马维尔身上体现出许多玄学派诗人突出的特征。比如善于采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻。在《致他的娇羞的女友》中，他使用了"植物般的爱情"、"食肉的猛禽"、"受时间慢慢吞吞地咀嚼"、"把甜蜜的爱情揉成一球"、"生活的两扇铁门"、"我们的太阳"等奇思妙喻。在另一首诗《爱的定义》(The Definition of Love)中，诗的开始采用源自宇宙的意象来表达只有通过失望才能认识到无法满足的爱具有怎样巨大的力量，结尾则采用了平行线的意象加深这种有缘无份，爱不可得的失望。很显然，马维尔在诗中广泛借鉴其他学科诸如生物学、天文学、几何学的知识，而这一点正是典型的玄学派风格。《花园》一诗中的奇特想象就集中体现在诗人使用的奇思妙喻中。文艺复兴时期的诗人喜用宇宙意象，这在马维尔的诗中也有所体现。亚里士多德-托勒密宇宙论为当时的英国诗人提供了众多涉及宇宙的方方面面的意象，这些意象对当时的诗人产生了极其广泛的影响。按照亚里士多德-托勒密宇宙的构成，有形宇宙的主要特征是圆形。圆形是传统宇宙结构中占支配地位的形状。文艺复兴时期英国诗人大多是以圆形对世界的一切进行观察和思考的。《花园》中关于圆的意象可谓俯拾即是。葡萄、仙桃、玉桃、瓜、苹果等等，都隐含了"圆"的意象。圆形象征完美。马维尔多次使用圆形意象与他所向往的花园境界，也是想使它臻于完美。《花园》一诗结尾处还采用了"宇宙之舞"的意象:多才多艺的园丁用鲜花和碧草把一座新日晷勾划得多美好;在这儿，趋于温和的太阳从上空沿着芬芳的黄道十二宫追奔;还有那勤劳的蜜蜂，一面工作，一面像我们一样计算着它的时刻。如此甜美健康的时辰，只除用碧草与鲜花来计算，别无他途!(杨周翰译 以下同。但《花园》一诗我还是喜欢苏薇星教授的翻译。)"宇宙之舞"这个意象暗示宇宙的运动变化，它把天地万物组织起来，构成一种富有节奏的运动模式，"日晷"的意象暗示花园的圆形，"日晷"和"太阳"穿过"黄道十二宫"运行的意象，一方面说明宇宙是一个和谐的整体，它井然有序，不仅美丽，而且和谐，另一方面也暗示这座花园受到时间的制约，而受到时间制约的任何事物都是可朽的、短暂的、不完美的。因此，诗人实际上暗示，本诗前面描绘的所谓"花园"在现实世界中是没有的，只有通过沉思才能抵达。圆的意象和宇宙之舞的意象都说明花园虽是理想境界，但仍受时间的制约，是有限宇宙的象征。以理入诗马维尔的《致他的娇羞的女友》之所以能从众多同类主题的诗歌中脱颖而出，一个重要原因就是他在诗中使用了逻辑中的三段论的推理和说理方式，以故为新。以哲理入诗是玄学派诗歌的另一显著特点。"诗虽不是讨论哲学和宣传宗教的工具，但是它的后面如果没有哲学和宗教就不易达到深广的境界。"《花园》一诗难能可贵之处正在以哲理入诗。花园之景的意象美，不仅要用眼睛去欣赏，更需要我们以整个身心去感觉。因它不止是表面的形色，更有它蕴含的精神，也正因此，它才能勾起遐思，开拓胸怀，引发灵感，顿悟人生。在《花园》一诗中，诗人开篇就批评人们这种无端为功利名誉而烦恼的行为，认为在人世间为战功、高官、桂冠而辛苦经营是无谓的，那最终赢来的荣誉不过要用自然界中的树木(棕榈、橡树、月桂树)来象征。诗人不愿与世俗同流，极力向往自然和田园生活的愿望由此可见一斑。花园能给人带来世上的功名利禄所不能带来的那份恬静与安适。因此诗人悔恨自己"久入迷途"，提出只有进入花园隐居才能得到快乐。那么花园境界到底是什么样的呢?在下一节诗中，诗人以拟人化的笔调点出花园境界的两大特点:一为恬静，二为无邪。美好的"宁静"，我终于在此找到了你，还有"天真无邪"，你亲爱的女弟!我久入迷途，一直在忙忙碌碌的众人之中想和你们相遇。你们的神圣的草木，在这世界上，只能在草木丛中才能生长;和这甜美的"幽独"相比的话，人群只可说是粗鄙，不开化。"宁静"和"天真无邪"造就了这让人苦苦寻觅的花园境界，与之相比，诗人眼中的世俗世界则是庸俗喧嚣的。

Early life

Attributed to Sir Godfrey Kneller (who arrived in England in 1676), Trinity College, Cambridge

Andrew Marvell

Marvell was born in Winestead-in-Holderness, East Riding of Yorkshire, near the city of Kingston upon Hull, the son of a Church of England clergyman also named Andrew Marvell. The family moved to Hull when his father was appointed Lecturer at Holy Trinity Church there, and Marvell was educated at Hull Grammar School. A secondary school in the city, the Andrew Marvell Business and Enterprise College, is now named after him.

At the age of 13, Marvell attended Trinity College, Cambridge and eventually received a BA degree. A portrait of Marvell attributed to Godfrey Kneller hangs in Trinity College's collection.

Afterwards, from the middle of 1642 onwards, Marvell probably travelled in continental Europe. He may well have served as a tutor for an aristocrat on the Grand Tour, but the facts are not clear on this point. While England was embroiled in the civil war, Marvell seems to have remained on the continent until 1647. In Rome in 1645 he probably met the Villiers brothers, Lord Francis and the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, as well as Richard Flecknoe, about whom he would later on write a satirical poem. It is not known exactly where his travels took him except that Milton later reported that Marvell had mastered four languages, including French, Italian and Spanish.

First poems and Marvell's time at Nun Appleton

Marvell's first poems, which were written in Latin and Greek and published when he was still at Cambridge, lamented a visitation of the plague and celebrated the birth of a child to King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria. He only belatedly became sympathetic to the successive regimes during the Interregnum after Charles I's execution on 30 January 1649. His "Horatian Ode", a political poem dated to early 1650, responds with lament to the regicide even as it praises Oliver Cromwell's return from Ireland.

Circa 1650–52, Marvell served as tutor to the daughter of the Lord General Thomas Fairfax, who had recently relinquished command of the Parliamentary army to Cromwell. He lived during that time at Nun Appleton Hall, near York, where he continued to write poetry. One poem, "Upon Appleton House, To My Lord Fairfax", uses a description of the estate as a way of exploring Fairfax's and Marvell's own situation in a time of war and political change. Probably the best-known poem he wrote at this time is "To His Coy Mistress".

Anglo-Dutch War and employment as Latin secretary

During the period of increasing tensions leading up to the First Anglo-Dutch War of 1652, Marvell wrote the satirical "Character of Holland," repeating the then-current stereotype of the Dutch as "drunken and profane": "This indigested vomit of the Sea,/ Fell to the Dutch by Just Propriety."

He became a tutor to Cromwell's ward, William Dutton, in 1653, and moved to live with his pupil at the house of John Oxenbridge in Eton. Oxenbridge had made two trips to Bermuda, and it is thought that this inspired Marvell to write his poem Bermudas. He also wrote several poems in praise of Cromwell, who was by this time Lord Protector of England. In 1656 Marvell and Dutton travelled to France, to visit the Protestant Academy of Saumur.

In 1657, Marvell joined Milton, who by that time had lost his sight, in service as Latin secretary to Cromwell's Council of State at a salary of £200 a year, which represented financial security at that time. Oliver Cromwell died in 1658. He was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard. In 1659 Marvell was elected Member of Parliament for Kingston upon Hull in the Third Protectorate Parliament. He was paid a rate of 6 shillings, 8 pence per day during sittings of parliament, a financial support derived from the contributions of his constituency. He was re-elected MP for Hull in 1660 for the Convention Parliament.

After the Restoration

A statue of Andrew Marvell, located in the Marketplace, Kingston upon Hull, UK

The monarchy was restored to Charles II in 1660. Marvell avoided punishment for his own co-operation with republicanism, and he helped convince the government of Charles II not to execute John Milton for his antimonarchical writings and revolutionary activities. The closeness of the relationship between the two former colleagues is indicated by the fact that Marvell contributed an eloquent prefatory poem, entitled "On Mr. Milton's Paradise Lost", to the second edition of Milton's epic Paradise Lost. According to a biographer: "Skilled in the arts of self-preservation, he was not a toady."

In 1661 Marvell was re-elected MP for Hull in the Cavalier Parliament. He eventually came to write several long and bitterly satirical verses against the corruption of the court. Although circulated in manuscript form, some finding anonymous publication in print, they were too politically sensitive and thus dangerous to be published under his name until well after his death. Marvell took up opposition to the 'court party', and satirised them anonymously. In his longest verse satire, Last Instructions to a Painter, written in 1667, Marvell responded to the political corruption that had contributed to English failures during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The poem did not find print publication until after the Revolution of 1688–9. The poem instructs an imaginary painter how to picture the state without a proper navy to defend them, led by men without intelligence or courage, a corrupt and dissolute court, and dishonest officials. Of another such satire, Samuel Pepys, himself a government official, commented in his diary, "Here I met with a fourth Advice to a Painter upon the coming in of the Dutch and the End of the War, that made my heart ake to read, it being too sharp and so true."

From 1659 until his death in 1678, Marvell was serving as London agent for the Hull Trinity House, a shipmasters' guild.^{[citation needed]} He went on two missions to the continent, one to the Dutch Republic and the other encompassing Russia, Sweden, and Denmark.^{[citation needed]} He spent some time living in a cottage on Highgate Hill in north London, where his time in the area is recorded by a bronze plaque that bears the following inscription:

Four feet below this spot is the stone step, formerly the entrance to the cottage in which lived Andrew Marvell, poet, wit, and satirist; colleague with John Milton in the foreign or Latin secretaryship during the Commonwealth; and for about twenty years M.P. for Hull. Born at Winestead, Yorkshire, 31st March, 1621, died in London, 18th August, 1678, and buried in the church of St. Giles-in-the-Fields. This memorial is placed here by the London County Council, December, 1898.

A floral sundial in the nearby Lauderdale House bears an inscription quoting lines from his poem "The Garden". He died suddenly in 1678, while in attendance at a popular meeting of his old constituents at Hull. His health had previously been remarkably good; and it was supposed by many that he was poisoned by some of his political or clerical enemies. Marvell was buried in the church of St Giles in the Fields in central London. His monument, erected by his grateful constituency, bears the following inscription:

Near this place lyeth the body of Andrew Marvell, Esq., a man so endowed by Nature, so improved by Education, Study, and Travel, so consummated by Experience, that, joining the peculiar graces of Wit and Learning, with a singular penetration and strength of judgment; and exercising all these in the whole course of his life, with an unutterable steadiness in the ways of Virtue, he became the ornament and example of his age, beloved by good men, feared by bad, admired by all, though imitated by few; and scarce paralleled by any. But a Tombstone can neither contain his character, nor is Marble necessary to transmit it to posterity; it is engraved in the minds of this generation, and will be always legible in his inimitable writings, nevertheless. He having served twenty years successfully in Parliament, and that with such Wisdom, Dexterity, and Courage, as becomes a true Patriot, the town of Kingston-upon-Hull, from whence he was deputed to that Assembly, lamenting in his death the public loss, have erected this Monument of their Grief and their Gratitude, 1688.

Prose works

Marvell also wrote anonymous prose satires criticizing the monarchy and Roman Catholicism, defending Puritan dissenters, and denouncing censorship.

The Rehearsal Transpros'd, an attack on Samuel Parker, was published in two parts in 1672 and 1673.

In 1676, Mr. Smirke; or The Divine in Mode, a work critical of intolerance within the Church of England, was published together with a "Short Historical Essay, concerning General Councils, Creeds, and Impositions, in matters of Religion."

Marvell's pamphlet An Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government in England, published in late 1677, alleged that: "There has now for diverse Years, a design been carried on, to change the Lawfull Government of England into an Absolute Tyranny, and to convert the established Protestant Religion into down-right Popery". John Kenyon described it as "one of the most influential pamphlets of the decade" and G. M. Trevelyan called it: "A fine pamphlet, which throws light on causes provocative of the formation of the Whig party".

A 1678 work published anonymously ("by a Protestant") in defense of John Howe against the attack of his fellow-dissenter, the severe Calvinist Thomas Danson, is also probably by Marvell. Its full title is Remarks upon a late disingenuous discourse, writ by one T.D. under the pretence de causa Dei, and of answering Mr. John Howe's letter and postscript of God's prescience, &c., affirming, as the Protestant doctrine, that God doth by efficacious influence universally move and determine men to all their actions, even to those that are most wicked.

Views

Although Marvell became a Parliamentarian and was opposed to episcopacy, he was not a Puritan. Later in life especially, he seems to have been a conforming Anglican. Marvell positively identifies himself as "a Protestant" in pamphlets. He had flirted briefly with Catholicism as a youth, and was described in his thirties (on the Saumur visit) as "a notable English Italo-Machiavellian".

His strong Biblical influence is clear in poems such as "The Garden", the "Coronet" and "The Bermudas".

Vincent Palmieri noted that Marvell is sometimes known as the "British Aristides" for his incorruptible integrity in life and poverty at death. Many of his poems were not published until 1681, three years after his death, from a collection owned by Mary Palmer, his housekeeper. After Marvell's death she laid dubious claim to having been his wife, from the time of a secret marriage in 1667.

Marvell's poetic style

T. S. Eliot wrote of Marvell's style that 'It is more than a technical accomplishment, or the vocabulary and syntax of an epoch; it is, what we have designated tentatively as wit, a tough reasonableness beneath the slight lyric grace'. He also identified Marvell and the metaphysical school with the 'dissociation of sensibility' that occurred in 17th-century English literature; Eliot described this trend as 'something which... happened to the mind of England... it is the difference between the intellectual poet and the reflective poet'. Poets increasingly developed a self-conscious relationship to tradition, which took the form of a new emphasis on craftsmanship of expression and an idiosyncratic freedom in allusions to Classical and Biblical sources.

Marvell's most celebrated lyric, "To His Coy Mistress", combines an old poetic conceit (the persuasion of the speaker's lover by means of a carpe diem philosophy) with Marvell's typically vibrant imagery and easy command of rhyming couplets. Other works incorporate topical satire and religious themes.

In popular culture

His work is referenced in the 1997 British film The Serpent's Kiss and quoted in the 1946 British film A Matter of Life and Death. It is also referenced in Audrey Niffenegger's The Time Traveler's Wife and Emily Colin's The Memory Thief.

Several works of science fiction, fantasy, and mystery allude to "To His Coy Mistress".

In 2003, Christopher Peachment published "The Green and the Gold", a first-person fictional narrative following Marvell's life.

See also

• List of works by Andrew Marvell
• The Marvell College
• Andrew Marvel (1812 ship) - ship built at Kingston upon Hull that made some 24 voyages as a Greenland whaler

References

Further reading

• A. B. Chambers (1991). Andrew Marvell and Edmund Waller: Seventeenth-Century Praise and Restoration Satire. University Park, PA.
• Warren L. Chernaik (1983). The poet's time: politics and religion in the work of Andrew Marvell. Cambridge University Press.
• Will Davenport. The Painter. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-651460-X. This novel about Rembrandt features Andrew Marvell as a character.
• Kenneth R. Friedenreich (ed.) (1978). Tercentenary Essays in Honor of Andrew Marvell. Hamden, CT.
• Nicholas McDowell (2008). Poetry and Allegiance in the English Civil Wars: Marvell and the Cause of Wit. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Nigel Smith (2010). Andrew Marvell: The Chameleon. New Haven, CT. ISBN 978-0-300-11221-4.