日本 明治时代  (1886年2月20日～1912年4月13日)

Ishikawa Takuboku

石川一

白萍

 诗词： 《短歌（选二）》    阅读石川啄木 Takuboku Ishikawa在诗海的作品!!!

歌人、诗人、评论家。早期受明星派浪漫主义诗风的影响，继之又曾致力于自然主义小说的写作。以“大逆事件”为转折点，啄木趋向社会主义思想。 1905年发表第一部诗集《憧憬》，被誉为少年诗人。歌集《一握砂》(1910)和《可悲的玩具》(1912)，诗集《叫子和口哨》(1913)以及评论《时代闭塞的现状》(1910)是他的代表著作。啄木的歌集开创了日本短歌的新时代。在内容上他使短歌这一古老的文学形式与日本人民的现实生活相联系，冲破了传统的狭隘题材。他用现代口语来写短歌，在形式上也有创新，打破了三十一个音一行的传统形式，创造出二十一个音三行的独特格式。啄木一生坎坷，1912年，年仅26岁，即在贫病交加中与世长辞。

石川啄木（1886年2月20日－1912年4月13日），日本明治时代诗人、小说家与评论家，石川啄木是他的笔名，本名为石川一，别号白萍。

生平

石川啄木出生于日本岩手县南岩手郡日户村（现盛冈市日户），出身贫苦；曾任小学教师、新闻记者。早期诗歌带有浪漫主义色彩；后写小说，创作由浪漫主义转为自然主义；1911年因明治政府迫害进步人士，思想开始转变，逐渐倾向批判现实主义。1912年因肺结核于东京市小石川区（现文京区）病逝，得年26岁。

著作

他的主要作品有诗歌集《憧憬》、《叫子与口哨》、《可悲的玩具》和《一握之砂》；著有小说《病院的床》和《鸟影》等。并有评论《时代闭塞之现状》，对自然主义提出批判。他对日本的古典民族诗歌进行了革新，打破短歌一行诗的陈规，新创了一种散文式的短歌形式，为日本诗歌的发展作出了重要贡献。

1910年8月，日本与韩国合并，他写下“地图上，墨迹涂染朝鲜国，听着秋风。”（地図の上朝鮮国にくろぐろと墨を塗りつつ秋風を聴く）。

纪念

• 位于北海道函馆市大森滨有石川啄木铜像
• 岩手县盛冈市设有石川啄木纪念馆，展示石川啄木相关文物与生平介绍
• 岩手县盛冈市的盛冈车站东侧外墙有石川啄木以平假名所书的“もりおか”（盛冈）。
• 多个地方设有石川啄木的歌谣作品纪念碑

作品

• 《一握之砂》

石川啄木生前公开正式出版的唯一的短歌集，共收短歌五五一首，为一九○八年至一九一○之间的作品，分为〈爱我之歌〉、〈烟〉、〈秋风送爽〉、〈难忘的人〉、〈脱下手套时〉五个部分。这是石川啄木的一部重要的抒情诗集。写下了自己的生活回忆、怀念自己的故乡、少年时代的往事，背井离乡、颠沛流离生活，以及生命晚期受肺病与家庭困苦的磨难。诗集中并有风格的转变，可说是石川啄木的诗歌艺术的缩影。

• 《悲伤的玩具》

共收啄木一九一○年十一月末起，到二十六岁死前所写的一九四首短歌。于啄木死后当年六月出版。啄木曾形容，和歌已成为他“悲伤的玩具”，面临家中婆媳不和而妻子离家、幼子夭折、言论不自由、文学事业上又不得志，使他思想上产生了极大的苦闷，虽然生命极苦，也有过寻死的念头与放浪的逃避，但他始终坚信自己的理想，在他所熟悉的和歌中，寻找艺术的价值。

参见条目

• 日本文学
• 国际啄木学会

 

Takuboku Ishikawa (石川 啄木, Ishikawa Takuboku, February 20, 1886 – April 13, 1912) was a Japanese poet. He died of tuberculosis. Well known as both a tanka and "modern-style" (新体詩, shintaishi) or "free-style" (自由詩, jiyūshi) poet, he began as a member of the Myōjō group of naturalist poets but later joined the "socialistic" group of Japanese poets and renounced naturalism.

Major works

His major works were two volumes of tanka poems plus his diaries:

• Ichiaku no Suna (一握の砂) (A Handful of Sand) 1910
• Kanashiki gangu (Sad Toys) published posthumously in 1912

Diaries

Ishikawa wrote some of his diaries in the Latin script transliteration of Japanese so that his wife could not read them.

In popular culture

A fictionalised Ishikawa appears in the anime Woodpecker Detective's Office.

Ishikawa is summoned as a Pseudo-Servant in the body of Makidera Kaede in the Fate/Grand Order X Himuro's World crossover episode.

Timeline

• 1886 - Born at Joko Temple, Hinoto-mura (presently named Hinoto, Tamayama-mura), Minami-Iwate-gun, Iwate Prefecture, to Ittei, the father, who was the priest of the temple, and Katsu, his mother.
• 1887 - Moved to Shibutami-mura (presently named Shibutami, Tamayama-mura)
• 1891 - Attended Shibutami Elementary School (4 years)
• 1895 - Attended Morioka Upper Elementary School (2 years)
• 1898 - Attended Morioka Middle School
• 1899 - Published a literary booklet “Choji-kai”, printed by hand using a method called hectograph
• 1900 - Formed a self-study group, “Union Club”, to learn English. First and second issues of “Choji Magazine” were published. Fell in love with Setsuko Horiai, a student at Morioka Girls’ Middle School.
• 1901 - Published the third issue of “Mikazuki” (crescent moon), a magazine for circulating, and the first issue of “Nigitama”. His tankas appeared on Iwate Nippo (news paper) under the pen name of “Suiko”, the first public appearance of his works.
• 1902 - His tankas appeared in “Myōjō”, a literary magazine, under the pen name of “Hakuhin”. Dropped out of Morioka Middle School because of his aspiration for literature. Went to Tokyo and made the acquaintances of Tekkan and Akiko Yosano.
• 1903 - Went home to Shibutami. Serial articles “Ideas of Wagner” appeared in Iwate Nippo. Poem ”Shucho” (sorrowful melodies) appeared in “Myōjō”. The pen name of “Takuboku” was used for the first time. In November, he joined the circle of poets “Shinshisha”.
• 1904 - Serial articles “Senun Yoroku” (personal memorandum of war time) appeared in Iwate Nippo. This was right after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War.
• 1905 - The first collection of poems “Akogare” (admiration) was published by Odajima Shobo. Married Setsuko Horiai. Published the literary magazine “Sho-Tenchi” (small world).
• 1906 - Became a substitute teacher at Shibutami Upper Elementary School. Wrote the novel “Kumo wa Tensai dearu” (the clouds are geniuses), which was never published during his lifetime. His novel “Soretsu” (funeral procession) appeared in the literary magazine “Myōjō” (December issue of 1906).
• 1907 - Became a substitute teacher at Hakodate Yayoi Elementary School, and a freelance reporter at Hakodate Nichinichi Shinbun (newspaper). There at the Hakodate Yayoi Elementary School, he met Chieko Tachibana, and he was instantly awestruck by her beauty. Although Takuboku only encountered Chieko in person twice, she left a lasting impression on him, and 22 of the tanka written in "Wasuregataki-Hitobito" in "Ichiaku-no-Suna" were written about Chieko Tachibana. Later despite efforts to visit Chieko in her home in Sapporo, to pursue courtship, he had learned from her father that she had recently married. Because of the great fire in Hakodate, he lost both jobs and left Hakodate. Employed at places like Hokumon Shinpo or Otaru Nippo (publishers of news paper)
• 1908 - Employed at Kushiro Shinbun (news paper), wrote “Benifude-dayori”. Moved to Hongo, Tokyo in spring.
• 1909 - Employed at Asahi Shimbun as a proof reader. Issued literary magazine “Subaru” as a publisher.
• 1910 - First collection of tankas “Ichiaku-no-Suna” (a fistful of sand) was published by Shinonome-do Shoten.
• 1911 - Moved to Koishikawa because of health reasons.
• 1912 - In March, his mother Katsu died. He himself died of tuberculosis on April 13, being looked after by his friend Bokusui Wakayama and his wife Setsuko, at the age of 26. After his death, his second collection of tankas “Kanashiki Gangu” (grieving toys) was published by Shinonome-do Shoten.
• 1926 - In August, his grave was erected by both Miyazaki Ikuu, his brother-in-law, who was also a poet, and Okada Kenzo, the chief of Hakodate Library.
• 1988 - The main-belt asteroid 4672 Takuboku (1988 HB) is named in his honor.

References

• Ishikawa Takuboku, On Knowing Oneself Too Well, translated by Tamae K. Prindle, Syllabic Press, © 2010. ISBN 978-0-615-34562-8
• Ishikawa Takuboku, Romaji Diary and Sad Toys, translated by Sanford Goldstein and Seishi Shinoda. Rutland, Charles E. Tuttle Co. 1985.
• Ishikawa Takuboku, Takuboku: Poems to Eat, translated by Carl Sesar, Tokyo. Kodansha International, 1966.
• Ueda, Makoto, Modern Japanese Poets and the Nature of Literature, Stanford University Press © 1983 ISBN 0-8047-1166-6 [Ishikawa Takuboku is one of the eight poets profiled in the book, with forty two pages devoted to him. There are nine "free-style" poems and thirty one tanka included in the commentary.]

Further reading

Donald Keene, The First Modern Japanese: The Life of Ishikawa Takuboku. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.