yuèdòuyuē sè fū · xióng bǐ tè Joseph Schumpeterzài百家争鸣dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
约瑟夫·熊彼特1883 nián， xióng bǐ tè chū shēng yú 'ào xiōng dì guó mó lā wéi yà shěng（ jīn jié kè jìng nèi， gù yòu rén yòu bǎ xióng bǐ tè kàn zuò měi jí jié kè rén） tè lì xī zhèn de yī gè zhì bù chǎng zhù de jiā tíng。 tā yòu nián jiù xué yú wéi yě nà de yī gè guì zú zhōng xué；
1901 － 1906 nián yì yè yú wéi yě nà dà xué， gōng dú fǎ lǜ hé jīng jì， nǎi 'ào dì lì xué pài zhù yào dài biǎo rén wù páng bā wéi kè de jí mén dì zǐ。 dāng shí tā de tóng xué hǎo yǒu zhōng yòu hòu lái chéng wéi 'ào dì lì shè huì mín zhù dǎng lǐng dǎo rén wù de 'ào tuō · bào wēi 'ěr， yǐ jí hòu lái chéng wéi dé guó shè huì mín zhù dǎng rén、 dì 'èr guó jì shǒu lǐng zhī yī de xī fǎ tíng。 dài hòu tā yóu xué lún dūn， jiù jiào yú mǎ xiē 'ěr； zhōng shēng tā gāo dù tuī chóng luò sāng xué pài de wǎ 'ěr lā sī。 dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn qián hòu， xióng bǐ tè céng zhí jiào yú 'ào guó de jǐ gè dà xué。
yuē sè fū · xióng bǐ tè hā fó dà xué
1918 nián， tā céng yī dù chū rèn kǎo cí jī、 xī fǎ tíng děng rén lǐng dǎo de dé guó shè huì mín zhù dǎng“ shè huì huà wěi yuán huì” de gù wèn；
1919 nián， tā yòu duǎn qī chū rèn yóu 'ào tuō · bào wēi 'ěr děng rén wéi shǒu de 'ào dì lì shè huì mín zhù dǎng cān jiā zǔ chéng de 'ào guó hùn hé nèi gé de cái zhèng bù cháng。
1921 nián， tā qì shì cóng shāng， rèn sī yíng bǐ dé màn yínháng xíng cháng， 1924 nián yínháng pò chǎn， tā de sī rén jī xù bù dé bù shòu qiān lián 'ér yòng yú cháng zhài。
1925 nián， xióng bǐ tè yòu huí dào xué shù jiè， xiān yìng yāo nǐ fù rì běn rèn dà xué kè zuò jiào shòu， dàn bù jiǔ gǎi fù dé guó rèn bō 'ēn dà xué jiào shòu， zhí dào 1931 nián yòu duǎn qī fǎng rì jiǎng xué。
1932 nián qiān jū měi guó， rèn hā fó dà xué jīng jì xué jiào shòu， zhí dào 1950 nián chū shì shì。 xióng bǐ tè qiān měi hòu， jìn guǎn shēn jū jiǎn chū， dàn réng jī jí cóng shì xué shù huó dòng；
1937 héng héng 1941 nián rèn“ jīng jì jìliáng xué huì” huì cháng；
1948－ 1949 nián rèn“ měi guó jīng jì xué huì” huì cháng； rú guǒ bù shì guò zǎo qù shì， tā hái huì dān rèn yù xiān shāng dìng de jí jiāng chéng lì de“ guó jì jīng jì xué huì” dì yī jiè huì cháng。
yuē sè fū · xióng bǐ tè - xué shuō zhù zhāng
“ jǐng qì xún huán” - yě chēng“ shāng yè zhōu qī” (Businesscycle) zhè shì xióng bǐ tè zuì cháng wéi hòu rén yǐn yòng de jīng jì xué zhù zhāng。 gēn jù qí shuō fǎ， lèi sì“ jǐng qì xún huán” de zhù zhāng zǎo zài 19 shì jì de 1830 nián dài jiù bèi yīng guó jīng jì xué jiā tú kè (ThomasTooke) cǎi yòng qí shí dài de jīng jì xué shù yǔ tí chū guò liǎo， hòu lái zài zhòng yào de jīng jì xué jiā zhù zuò zhōng yědōu yuē lüè dì tí dào guò zhè gè gài niàn， bǐ rú zài lǐ jiā tú、 mǎ xiē 'ěr、 páng bā wéi kè gēn mǎ kè sī .... děng rén de zhù zuò zhōng。 xióng bǐ tè rèn wéi zì jǐ zhǐ bù guò shì jiāng jǐng qì xún huán de dìng yì yǔ zuò yòng gěi míng què dì zhǎn shì chū lái zhī rén 'ér yǐ。
yuē sè fū · xióng bǐ tè xióng pí tè jīng jì wēi jī lǐ lùn
“ chuàng xīn” (Innovation)- jiāng yuán shǐ shēng chǎn yào sù chóngxīn pái liè zǔ hé wéi xīn de shēng chǎn fāng shì， yǐ qiú tí gāo xiàolǜ、 jiàng dī chéng běn de yī gè jīng jì guò chéng。 zài xióng bǐ tè jīng jì mó xíng zhōng， néng gòu chéng gōng“ chuàng xīn” de rén biàn néng gòu bǎi tuō lì rùn dì jiǎn de kùn jìng 'ér shēng cún xià lái， nà xiē bù néng gòu chéng gōng dì chóngxīn zǔ hé shēng chǎn yào sù zhī rén huì zuì xiān bèi shì chǎng táo tài。
“ zī běn zhù yì de chuàng zào xìng pò huài” (Thecreativedestructionofcapitalism)- dāng jǐng qì xún huán dào gǔ dǐ de tóng shí， yě shì mǒu xiē qǐ yè jiā bù dé bù kǎo lǜ tuì chū shì chǎng huò shì lìng yī xiē qǐ yè jiā bì xū yào“ chuàng xīn” yǐ qiú shēng cún de shí hòu。 zhǐ yào jiāng duō yú de jìng zhēng zhě shāi chú huò shì yòu yī xiē chéng gōng de“ chuàng xīn” chǎn shēng， biàn huì shǐ jǐng qì tí shēng、 shēng chǎn xiàolǜ tí gāo， dàn shì dāng mǒu yī chǎn yè yòu chóngxīn shì yòu lì kě tú de shí hòu， tā yòu huì xī yǐn xīn de jìng zhēng zhě tóu rù， rán hòu yòu shì yī cì lì rùn dì jiǎn de guò chéng， huí dào zhī qián de zhuàng tài ....。 suǒ yǐ shuō měi yī cì de xiāo tiáo dū bāo kuò zhù yī cì jì shù gé xīn de kě néng， zhè jù huà yě kě yǐ fǎn guò lái chén shù wéi： jì shù gé xīn de jiēguǒ biàn shì kě yù qī de xià yī cì xiāo tiáo。 zài xióng bǐ tè kàn lái， zī běn zhù yì de chuàng zào xìng yǔ huǐ miè xìng yīn cǐ shì tóng yuán de。 dàn xióng bǐ tè bìng bù rèn wéi zī běn zhù yì de yōu yuè xìng biàn shì yóu yú qí zì jǐ chǎn shēng de dòng lì jiāng 'ér bù tíng dì tuī dòng zì shēn fā zhǎn， tā xiāng xìn zī běn zhù yì jīng jì zuì zhōng jiāng yīn wéi wú fǎ chéng shòu qí kuài sù péng zhàng dài lái de néng liàng 'ér bēng kuì yú qí zì shēn de guī mó。
“ jīng yīng mín zhù lǐ lùn” - huò chēng wéi“ jīng yīng jìng zhēng shì mín zhù lǐ lùn”。 zài qí dài biǎo zuò《 zī běn zhù yì、 shè huì zhù yì yǔ mín zhù》 yī shū zhōng， xióng bǐ tè cǎi yòng tā nà dé guó lì shǐ xué pài de lǎo chéng yǔ diào tí chū liǎo tā duì yú mín zhù lǐ lùn de guān chá。 tā zhù zhāng： xī fāng liǎng bǎi nián jiān zhù yào de mín zhù lǐ lùn jiē jiàn lì zài bù zhēn shí de qián tí zhī shàng， bǐ rú shuō zhè xiē mín zhù lǐ lùn bù jīng kǎo chá tóu piào rén shì fǒu jù yòu duì tóu piào nèi róng de zhuān yè rèn shí biàn yǐ wéi duō shù de yì jiàn yōu yú shǎo shù de yì jiàn。 tā rèn wéi zhè yàng de mín zhù xué shuō jǐn jǐn shì kōng xiǎng， yǔ shì shí wán quán tuō jié， gèng méi yòu zhēn shí dì chǎn shù zhèng fǔ quán lì de lái yuán。 xióng bǐ tè rèn wéi tā de kàn fǎ cái shì fú hé rén lèi lì shǐ jīng yàn de： mín zhù jǐn shì chǎn shēng zhì lǐ zhě de yī gè guò chéng， ér qiě hái bù shì yī gè bì yào guò chéng， wú lùn rén mín cānyù mín zhù de chéng dù yòu duō shǎo， zhèng zhì quán lì shǐ zhōng dōushì zài jīng yīng jiē céng dāng zhōng zhuǎn ràng。 yǔ qí zhù zhāng zī běn zhù yì jí jiāng bēng tā shí yī yàng， zhè liǎng gè zhù zhāng dōubèi rèn wéi shì lì shǐ zhù yì zhě de bēi guān lùn diǎn。 wú lùn rú hé， xióng bǐ tè de“ jīng yīng jìng zhēng shì mín zhù lǐ lùn” yǐn qǐ liǎo zhèng zhì xué zhě de guān zhù， qí zhōng yǐ fǎn bó zhě jū duō， lìng wài yòu rén jiāng xióng bǐ tè de xué shuō yǔ yì dà lì shè huì xué jiā bā liè tú de“ jīng yīng xún huán” shuō bìng liè wéi jīng yīng zhèng zhì xué shuō de liǎng dà jīng diǎn。
yuē sè fū · xióng bǐ tè - chuàng xīn lǐ lùn
yī、 qǐ yè jiā de běn zhì shì chuàng xīn
yuē sè fū · xióng bǐ tè jì shù chuàng xīn
xióng bǐ tè rèn wéi， chuàng xīn jiù shì jiàn lì yī zhǒng xīn de shēng chǎn hán shù， yě jiù shì shuō， bǎ yī zhǒng cóng lái méi yòu guò de guān yú shēng chǎn yào sù hé shēng chǎn tiáo jiàn de“ xīn zǔ hé” yǐn rén shēng chǎn tǐ xì。 zhè zhǒng xīn zǔ hé bāo kuò 5 zhǒng qíng kuàng： (1) cǎi yòng yī zhǒng xīn chǎn pǐn huò yī zhǒng chǎn pǐn de xīn tè zhēng； (2) cǎi yòng yī zhǒng xīn de shēng chǎn fāng fǎ； (3) kāipì yī gè xīn shì chǎng； (4) lüè qǔ huò kòng zhì yuán cái liào huò bàn zhì chéng pǐn de yī zhǒng xīn de gōng yìng lái yuán； (5) shí xiàn rèn hé yī zhǒng gōng yè de xīn de zǔ zhì。 yīn cǐ“ chuàng xīn” bù shì yī gè jì shù gài niàn， ér shì yī gè jīng jì gài niàn： tā yán gé qū bié yú jì shù fā míng， ér shì bǎ xiàn chéng de jì shù gé xīn yǐn rù jīng jì zǔ zhì， xíng chéng xīn de jīng jì néng lì。
xióng bǐ tè bǎ xīn zǔ hé de shí xiàn chēng wéi qǐ yè， bǎ yǐ shí xiàn xīn zǔ hé wéi jī běn zhí néng de rén men chēng wéi qǐ yè jiā。 àn zhe tā de dìng yì， qǐ yè jiā bǐ rén men yuán lái suǒ zhǐ de qǐ yè jiā zài nèi hán hé wài yán shàng jì yào zhǎi yòu yào kuān。“ guǎng yī xiē， shì yīn wéi shǒu yào dì， rén men suǒ jiào zuò de qǐ yè jiā， bù jǐn bāo kuò zài jiāo huàn jīng jì zhōng tōng cháng suǒ chēng de ‘ dú lì de ’ shēng yì rén， ér qiě yě bāo kuò suǒ yòu de shí jì shàng wán chéng rén men yòng lái gěi zhè gè gài niàn xià dìng yì de nà zhǒng zhí néng de rén， jìn guǎn tā men shì（ xiàn zài zhú jiàn biàn chéng tōng lì） yī jiā gōng sī de‘ yǐ fù de’ gù yōng rén yuán， lì rú jīng lǐ、 dǒng shì huì chéng yuán děng děng： huò zhě jìn guǎn tā men wán chéng qǐ yè jiā de zhí néng de shí jì quán lì jù yòu qí tā de jī chǔ， lì rú kòng zhì dà bù fēn de gǔ quán。 yóu yú shì shí xiàn xīn zǔ hé cái gòu chéng yī gè qǐ yè jiā， suǒ yǐ tā bù yī dìng yào tóng mǒu gè bié chǎng shāng yòu yǒng jiǔ de lián xì： xǔ duō de‘ jīn róng jiā’、‘ fā qǐ rén’ děng děng jiù bù shì tóng mǒu xiē jù tǐ chǎng shāng yòu yǒng jiǔ de lián xì， dàn tā men réng rán kě yǐ shì rén men suǒ shuō de qǐ yè jiā。 lìng yī fāng miàn， rén men de gài niàn bǐ chuán tǒng de gài niàn yào xiá yī xiē， tā bìng bù bāo kuò gè gè chǎng shāng de suǒ yòu de tóu mù men huò jīng lǐ men huò gōng yè jiā men， tā men zhǐ shì jīng yíng yǐ jīng jiàn lì qǐ lái de qǐ yè， ér zhǐ shì bāo kuò shí jì lǚ xíng nà zhǒng zhí néng de rén men。” rén men yuán lái rèn wéi de qǐ yè jiā， bìng bù shì xióng bǐ tè yì yì shàng de qǐ yè jiā， ér yuán lái bù bèi dāng zuò qǐ yè jiā de， zé shǔ yú xióng bǐ tè yì yì shàng de qǐ yè jiā。 yī gè rén zhǐ yòu dāng tā shí jì shàng shí xiàn“ xīn zǔ hé” shí cái shì yī gè qǐ yè jiā。
xióng bǐ tè hái rèn wéi， chōng dāng yī gè qǐ yè jiā bìng bù shì yī zhǒng zhí yè， yī bān shuō yě bù shì yī zhǒng chí jiǔ de zhuàng kuàng， suǒ yǐ qǐ yè jiā bìng bù xíng chéng yī gè zhuān mén yì yì shàng jiǎng de jiē jí。 tā shuō：“ yī dàn dāng tā jiàn lì qǐ tā de qǐ yè yǐ hòu， yě jiù shì dāng tā 'ān dìng xià lái jīng yíng zhè gè qǐ yè， jiù xiàng qí tā de rén jīng yíng tā men de qǐ yè yī yàng de shí hòu， tā jiù shī qù liǎo zhè zhǒng zī gé。” yīn cǐ， yī gè rén zài qí yī shēn zhōng hěn shǎo néng zǒng shì yī gè qǐ yè jiā， qiě qǐ yè jiā de zhí néng běn shēn shì bù néng jì chéng de。
èr、 qǐ yè jiā shì tuī dòng jīng jì fā zhǎn de zhù tǐ
xióng bǐ tè rèn wéi， zài méi yòu chuàng xīn de qíng kuàng xià， jīng jì zhǐ néng chǔyú yī zhǒng tā suǒ chēng wèi de“ xún huán liú zhuǎn” de jūn héng zhuàng tài， jīng jì zēngzhǎng zhǐ shì shù liàng de biàn huà， zhè zhǒng shù liàng guān xì wú lùn rú hé jī lěi， běn shēn bìng bù néng chuàng zào chū jù yòu zhì de fēi yuè de“ jīng jì fā zhǎn”。“ zài lì xíng shì wù de biān jiè yǐ wài， měi xíng yī bù dōuyòu kùn nán， dū bāo hán yī gè xīn de yào sù。 zhèng shì zhè gè yào sù。 gòu chéng lǐng dǎo zhè yī xiàn xiàng。” zhè lǐ de lǐng dǎo， jiù shì shuài xiān chuàng xīn de qǐ yè jiā。 zhǐ yòu qǐ yè jiā shí xiàn chuàng xīn，“ chuàng zào xìng de pò huài” jīng jì xún huán de guàn xíng guǐ dào， tuī dòng jīng jì jié gòu cóng nèi bù jìn xíng gé mìng xìng de pò huài， cái yòu jīng jì fā zhǎn。
xióng bǐ tè hái rèn wéi， chuàng xīn yǐn qǐ mó fǎng， mó fǎng dǎ pò lǒng duàn， cì jī liǎo dà guī mó de tóu zī， yǐn qǐ jīng jì fán róng， dāng chuàng xīn kuò zhǎn dào xiāng dāng duō de qǐ yè zhī hòu， yíng lì jī huì qū yú xiāo shī， jīng jì kāi shǐ shuāi tuì， qī dài xīn de chuàng xīn xíng wéi chū xiàn。 zhěng gè jīng jì tǐ xì jiāng zài fán róng、 shuāi tuì、 xiāo tiáo hé fù sū sì gè jiē duàn gòu chéng de zhōu qī xìng yùn dòng guò chéng zhōng qián jìn。 tā shǒu xiān yòng“ chún mó shì” lái jiě shì jīng jì zhōu qī de liǎng gè zhù yào jiē duàn héng héng fán róng hé shuāi tuì héng héng de jiāo tì： chuàng xīn héng ( wéi chuàng xīn zhě ) dài lái chāo 'é lì rùn héng yǐn qǐ qí tā qǐ yè fǎng xiào héng dì yī cì chuàng xīn làng cháo héng duì yínháng xìn yòng hé zī běn pǐn de xū qiú héng jīng jì bù rù fán róng； chuàng xīn de pǔ jí héng chāo 'é lì rùn xiāo shī héng duì yínháng xìn yòng hé zī běn pǐn de xū qiú héng jīng jì shōu suō， yóu fán róng bù rù shuāi tuì。
duì jīng jì zhōu qī de sì jiē duàn： fán róng、 shuāi tuì、 xiāo tiáo、 fù sū， xióng bǐ tè yòng chuàng xīn yǐn qǐ de“ dì 'èr cì làng cháo” lái jiě shì zhī。 dì yī chuàng xīn làng cháo héng duì yínháng xìn yòng hé zī běn pǐn de xū qiú ↑ héng shēng chǎn zī běn pǐn de bù mén kuò zhāng héng shēng chǎn xiāo fèi pǐn de bù mén kuò zhāng héng dì 'èr cì làng cháo héng wù jià， tóu zī jī huì↑， tóu jī xiàn xiàng chū xiàn。 suí zhe chuàng xīn de pǔ jí， chāo 'é lì rùn xiāo shī， jīng jì jìn rù shuāi tuì qī。 dì 'èr cì làng cháo yǔ dì yī cì làng cháo yòu zhòng dà de chā bié。 dì 'èr cì làng cháo zhōng xǔ duō tóu zī jī huì yǔ běn bù mén de chuàng xīn wú guān。 zhè yàng， dì 'èr cì làng cháo zhōng bù jǐn bāo hán liǎo chún mó shì bù cún zài de shī wù hé guò dù tóu zī xíng wéi， ér qiě tā bù jù yòu zì xíng tiáozhěng zǒu xiàng xīn jūn héng de néng lì。 yīn cǐ， zài chún mó shì zhōng， xīn de chuàng xīn yǐn qǐ jīng jì zì dòng dì cóng shuāi tuì zǒu xiàng fán róng， ér xiàn zài yóu yú dì 'èr cì làng cháo zuò yòng， jīng jì cóng shuāi tuì zǒu xiàng xiāo tiáo。 xiāo tiáo fā shēng hòu， dì 'èr cì làng cháo de fǎn yìng zhú jiàn xiāo chú， jīng jì zhuànxiàng fù sū。 yào shǐ jīng jì cóng fù sū jìn rù fán róng， zé bì xū zài cì chū xiàn chuàng xīn。
xióng bǐ tè yòng sān duì xiāng yìng de máo dùn zuò wéi tè zhēng lái miáo shù liǎo“ xún huán liú zhuǎn” guò chéng yǔ“ fā zhǎn” guò chéng de qū bié， dì yī， liǎng gè zhēn shí guò chéng de duì lì： yī fāng miàn， yòu xún huán liú zhuǎn huò zǒu xiàng jūn héng de qū shì， lìng yī fāng miàn yòu lì xíng jīng jì shì wù qú dào zhōng de biàn huà， huò yǐ zhì dù nèi bù chǎn shēng de jīng jì shù jù zhōng de zì fā de biàn huà； dì 'èr， liǎng gè lǐ lùn gōng jù de duì lì： jìng tài de hé dòng tài de， dì sān， liǎng lèi xíng dòng de duì lì： gēn jù xiàn shí， rén men kě yǐ jiāng qí miáo huì wéi liǎng zhǒng lèi xíng de rén wù， dān chún de jīng lǐ hé qǐ yè jiā。
sān、 chuàng xīn de zhù dòng lì lái zì yú qǐ yè jiā jīng shén
xióng bǐ tè rèn wéi， duì qǐ yè jiā cóng shì“ chuàng xīn xìng de pò huài” gōng zuò de dòng jī， gù rán shì yǐ wā jué qián zài lì rùn wéi zhí jiē mùdì， dàn bù yī dìng chū zì gè rén fā cái zhì fù de yù wàng。 tā zhǐ chū， qǐ yè jiā yǔ zhǐ xiǎng zuàn qián de pǔ tōng shāng rén huò tóu jī zhě bù tóng， gè rén zhì fù chōng qí liàng jǐn shì tā bù fēn mùdì， ér zuì tū chū de dòng jī lái yú“ gè rén shí xiàn” de xīn lǐ， jí“ qǐ yè jiā jīng shén”。 xióng bǐ tè rèn wéi“ qǐ yè jiā jīng shén” bāo kuò：
1、 jiàn lì sī rén wáng guó。 qǐ yè jiā jīng cháng“ cún zài yòu yī zhǒng mèng xiǎng hé yì zhì， yào qù zhǎo dào yī gè sī rén wáng guó， cháng cháng yě shì yī gè wáng cháo。” duì yú méi yòu qí tā jī huì huò dé shè huì míng wàng de rén lái shuō， tā de yǐn yòu lì shì tè bié qiáng liè de。
2、 duì shèng lì de rè qíng。 qǐ yè jiā“ cún zài yòu zhēng fú de yì zhì； zhàn dǒu de chōng dòng， zhèng míng zì jǐ bǐ bié rén yōu yuè de chōng dòng， tā qiú dé chéng gōng bù jǐn shì wèile chéng gōng de guǒ shí， ér shì wèile chéng gōng běn shēn。” lì rùn hé jīn qián shì cì yào de kǎo lǜ， ér shì“ zuò wéi chéng gōng de zhǐ biāo hé shèng lì de xiàng zhēng cái shòu dào shì”。
3、 chuàng zào de xǐ yuè。 qǐ yè jiā“ cún zài yòu chuàng zào de huān lè， bǎ shì qíng zuò chéng de huān lè， huò zhě zhǐ shì shī zhǎn gè rén néng lì hé zhì móu de huān lè。 zhè lèi sì yú yī gè wú suǒ bù zài de dòng jī ⋯⋯ rén men lèi xíng de rén xún zhǎo kùn nán， wéi gǎi gé 'ér gǎi gé， yǐ mào xiǎn wéi lè shì。” qǐ yè jiā shì diǎn xíng de fǎn xiǎng lè zhù yì zhě。
4、 jiān qiáng de yì zhì。 qǐ yè jiā“ zài zì jǐ shú xī de xún huán liú zhuǎn zhōng shì shùn zhe cháo liú yóu yǒng， rú guǒ tā xiǎng yào gǎi biàn zhè zhǒng xún huán liú zhuǎn de qú dào， tā jiù shì nì cháo liú yóu yǒng。 cóng qián de zhù lì xiàn zài biàn chéng liǎo zǔ lì， guò qù shú xī de shù jù， xiàn zài biàn chéng liǎo wèi zhī shù。”“ xū yào yòu xīn de hé lìng yī zhǒng yì zhì shàng de nǔ lì，⋯⋯ qù wéi shè xiǎng hé nǐ dìng chū xīn de zǔ hé 'ér bó dǒu， bìng shè fǎ shǐ zì jǐ bǎ tā kàn zuò shì yī zhǒng zhēn zhèng de kě néng xìng， ér bù zhǐ shì yīcháng bái rì mèng。”
sì、 chéng gōng de chuàng xīn qǔ jué yú qǐ yè jiā de sù zhì
yuē sè fū · xióng bǐ tè xióng pí tè lǐ lùn
xióng bǐ tè rèn wéi qǐ yè jiā de gōng zuò shì“ chuàng zào xìng de pò huài”。 ér zǔ 'ài chuàng xīn de yīn sù yòu： dì yī， shì xìn xī bù chōng fēn tiáo jiàn xià xǔ duō shì qíng chǔyú bù kě zhī de zhuàng tài。“ shí xiàn yī gè xīn jìhuà， hé gēn jù yī gè xí guàn de jìhuà qù xíng dòng， shì liǎng jiàn bù tóng de shì qíng， jiù xiàng jiàn zào yī tiáo gōng lù hé yán zhe gōng lǐ xíng zǒu shì liǎng jiàn bù tóng de shì qíng yī yàng。” dì 'èr， shì rén de duò xìng。“ zuò wéi yī zhǒng xīn de shì qíng， bù jǐn zài kè guān shàng bǐ zuò yǐ jīng shú xī de hé yǐ jīng yóu jīng yàn jiǎn dìng de shì qíng gèng jiā kùn nán， ér qiě gè rén huì gǎn dào bù yuàn yì qù zuò tā， jí shǐ kè guān shàng de kùn nán bìng bù cún zài， yě hái shì gǎn dào bù yuàn yì。” dì sān， shì shè huì huán jìng de fǎn zuò yòng。 zhè zhǒng fǎn zuò yòng shǒu xiān zài fǎ lǜ shàng huò zhèng zhì shàng cún zài zhàng 'ài 'ér biǎo xiàn chū lái， qí cì zài shòu dào chuàng xīn wēi xié de gè gè jí tuán zhōng biǎo xiàn chū lái， zài cì zài yú nán yú zhǎo dào bì yào de hé zuò shàng biǎo xiàn chū lái， zuì hòu shì zài nán yǐ yíng dé xiāo fèi zhě shàng biǎo xiàn chū lái。
xióng bǐ tè rèn wéi qǐ yè jiā yào jìn xíng chuàng xīn shǒu xiān yào jìn xíng guān niàn gēngxīn。 zhè shì yīn wéi“ yī qiē zhī shí hé xí guàn yī dàn huò dé yǐ hòu， jiù láo gù dì zhí gēn yú rén men zhī zhōng， jiù xiàng yī tiáo tiě lù de lù dī zhí gēn yú dì miàn shàng yī yàng。 tā bù yào qiú bèi jì xù bù duàn dì gēngxīn hé zì jué dì zài dù shēng chǎn， ér shì shēn shēn chén luò zài xià yì shí de dǐ céng zhōng。 tā tōng cháng tōng guò yí chuán， jiào yù， péi yǎng hé huán jìng yā lì， jīhū shì méi yòu mó cā dì chuán dì xià qù。”
qí cì， qǐ yè jiā bì xū jù bèi yī dìng de néng lì。 zhè xiē néng lì bāo kuò： 1、 yù cè néng lì。 qǐ yè jiā yìng jù yòu“ jìn guǎn zài dāng shí bù néng kěn dìng 'ér yǐ hòu zé zhèng míng wéi zhèng què de fāng shì qù guān chá shì qíng de néng lì， yǐ jí jìn guǎn bù néng shuō míng zhè yàng zuò suǒ gēn jù de yuán zé， ér què néng zhǎng wò zhù yào de shì shí、 pāo qì fēi zhù yào de shì shí de néng lì，” néng zhuā zhù yǎn qián jī huì， wā jué shì chǎng zhōng cún zài de qián zài lì rùn。 2、 zǔ zhì néng lì。 qǐ yè jiā“ bù jǐn zài yú zhǎo dào huò chuàng zào xīn de shì wù， ér zài yú yòng tā qù shì shè huì jí tuán liú xià shēn kè de yìn xiàng， cóng 'ér dài dòng shè huì jí tuán gēn zài tā hòu miàn zǒu。” shàn yú dòng yuán hé zǔ zhì shè huì zī yuán jìn xíng bìng shí xiàn shēng chǎn yào sù xīn zǔ hé。 3、 shuō fú néng lì。 qǐ yè jiā shàn yú shuō fú rén men， shǐ tā men xiāng xìn zhí xíng tā de jìhuà de kě néng xìng； zhù zhòng qǔ dé xìn rèn， yǐ shuō fú yínháng jiā tí gōng zī běn， shí xiàn shēng chǎn fāng shì xīn zǔ hé。
dāng rán， zài xióng bǐ tè kàn lái， qǐ yè jiā shì bù chéng dān fēng xiǎn de。 zhè shì yīn wéi qǐ yè jiā jìn xíng chuàng xīn huó dòng suǒ xū yào de zī běn shì yóu nà xiē chéng gōng de qǐ yè jiā suǒ xíng chéng de zī běn jiā jiē céng tí gōng de， jí zī běn shì chǎng tí gōng de。 qǐ yè jiā kě yǐ cóng zī běn shì chǎng huò qǔ tā men xū yào de rèn yì shù liàng de zī běn， yīn 'ér zī běn bìng bù gòu chéng qí chéng wéi qǐ yè jiā de yuē shù tiáo jiàn。 yǔ cǐ xiāng duì yìng， yóu yú zī běn de wài lái xìng， fēng xiǎn yě yóu zī běn suǒ yòu zhě chéng dān， qǐ yè jiā bìng bù chéng dān fēng xiǎn。
wǔ、 xìn yòng zhì dù shì qǐ yè jiā shí xiàn chuàng xīn de jīng jì tiáo jiàn
yóu yú chuàng xīn lái zì yú tǐ xì nèi bù， xīn zǔ hé de shí xiàn， jiù yì wèi zhe duì jīng jì tǐ xì zhōng xiàn yòu shēng chǎn shǒu duàn de gōng yìng zuò bù tóng de shǐ yòng。 zhī pèi shēng chǎn shǒu duàn duì yú zhí xíng xīn zǔ hé shì bì yào de。 yínháng jiā tōng guò tí gōng xìn yòng， xiàng qǐ yè jiā dài kuǎn， zhèng hǎo jiù bǎ zī yuán fàng zài qǐ yè jiā shǒu zhōng gōng qí yùn yòng， zhè jiù shì yínháng jiā suǒ qǐ de gàng gān hé qiáo liáng zuò yòng。 ér tí gōng xìn dài de rén biàn shì“ zī běn jiā” nà yī lèi rén de zhí néng。 zài xióng bǐ tè kàn lái， suǒ wèi zī běn， jiù shì qǐ yè jiā wèile shí xiàn“ xīn zǔ hé”， yòng yǐ“ bǎ shēng chǎn zhǐ wǎng xīn fāng xiàng”、“ bǎ gè xiàng shēng chǎn yào sù hé zī yuán yǐn xiàng xīn yòng tú” de yī zhǒng gàng gān hé kòng zhì shǒu duàn。 zī běn bù shì jù tǐ shāng pǐn de zǒng hé， ér shì kě gōng qǐ yè jiā suí shí tí yòng de zhī fù shǒu duàn， shì qǐ yè jiā hé shāng pǐn shì jiè de“ qiáo liáng”， qí zhí néng zài yú wéi qǐ yè jiā jìn xíng chuàng xīn 'ér tí gōng bì yào de tiáo jiàn。 yóu cǐ kě jiàn， xióng bǐ tè suǒ wèi de xìn yòng， zhǐ de jiù shì qǐ yè jiā néng gòu 'àn zhào zì jǐ de yì zhì suí shí shǐ yòng de zhī fù shǒu duàn。 huàn jù huà shuō， xìn yòng jiù shì zhuān wéi yǐ shí xiàn chuàng xīn wéi mù de de qǐ yè jiā 'ér chuàng shè de huò bì zī běn。 xìn yòng shǐ dé gè rén néng gòu zài mǒu zhǒng chéng dù shàng bù yǐ kào jì chéng de cái chǎn 'ér dú lì xíng shì。 yīn cǐ， xìn yòng duì yú xīn de zǔ hé shì shǒu yào de。 ér zhè zhǐ yòu zài zī běn zhù yì shè huì cái jù yòu。 xióng bǐ tè jìn yī bù fēn xī zhǐ chū， dāng zī běn zhù yì jīng jì jìn rù xiāng duì fā dá jiē duàn zhī hòu， zī běn shì chǎng de jiàn lì hé liáng hǎo yùn zhuǎn chéng wéi shí xiàn chuàng xīn de jī chǔ。
yuē sè fū · xióng bǐ tè - shēn hòu yǐng xiǎng
bèi yù wéi“ xiàn dài qǐ yè guǎn lǐ xué zhī fù” de bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè (PeterDrucker) yī xiàng chéng rèn qí shēn shòu xióng bǐ tè de yǐng xiǎng。
yuē sè fū · xióng bǐ tè xióng pí tè yǐng xiǎng
tā yǔ xióng bǐ tè tóng yàng qiáng diào qǐ yè jiā zài“ fán róng” zhè gè mùdì shàng suǒ bàn yǎn de juésè bǐ zī běn jiā gèng wéi guān jiàn， bìng qiě gǎi liáng liǎo xióng bǐ tè duì yú jīng yīng de kàn fǎ， gèng duō yú qiáng diào jīng yīng fèn zǐ de shè huì zé rèn。 lìng wài tā yě tóng yì“ chuàng xīn” biàn shì shēng chǎn yào sù de chóngxīn pái liè， qiě gēngshēn rù de pōu xī liǎo chuàng xīn de jià zhí。 cǐ wài zài tā duì yú“ pào mò jīng jì” de guān chá zhōng yě kě kàn chū hěn míng xiǎn de xióng bǐ tè xué shuō yǐng xiǎng。
1931 nián xióng bǐ tè fǎng wèn rì běn bìng zuò liǎo sān chǎng duì jīng jì xì xué shēng de yǎn shuō， cǐ xíng hòu duì rì běn wén míng liú xià fēi cháng měi hǎo de yìn xiàng。 zhè sān chǎng yǎn shuō hòu lái zhèng shí wéi xióng bǐ tè zài rì běn qīng nián jīng jì xué zhě xīn zhōng liú xià liǎo jí shēn kè de yìn xiàng， yòu jǐ wèi dāng shí zuò zài tái xià de xué shēng hòu lái chéng wéi xióng bǐ tè xué shuō zài rì běn de xuān chuán rén。 huí dào měi guó hòu de xióng bǐ tè yě duì yú hā fó dà xué jīng jì xué xì zhōng jǐ wèi lái zì rì běn de liú xué shēng tè bié guān 'ài。 qí zhōng shēng dōuhěn xīn shǎng rì běn wén huà。 jiù shì yīn wéi qí duì rì běn wén huà de yǒu shàn tài dù bìng zhè jǐ wèi xué shēng bì shēng duì lǎo shī de tuī chóng， shǐ dé xióng bǐ tè zài rì běn de zhī míng dù gāo guò qí zài yà zhōu qí tā guó jiā。 zhè jǐ wèi xióng bǐ tè zài rì běn de tuī chóng zhě shì zhōng shān yī zhī láng ( bō 'áng dà xué shí qī xué shēng )、 dōng tián jīng yī ( tóng qián )、 dū liú zhòng rén ( hā fó dà xué shí qī xué shēng )、 gāo tián bǎo mǎ ( tīng jiǎng shí yǐ shì jīng jì xué zhě )。 zhè xiē rén yòu yǐng xiǎng liǎo hòu yī dài de jīng jì xué jiā rú yán yě gǔ yòu yī yǔ gēn jǐng yǎ hóng， qí zhōng yán yě gǔ yòu yī shì mù qián rì běn gōng rèn de xióng bǐ tè yán jiū quán wēi。
yuē sè fū · xióng bǐ tè - zhù zuò shū mù
《 jīng jì fā zhǎn lǐ lùn》 1911 nián fā biǎo dé wén bǎn 1912 nián yīng wén bǎn wèn shì
《 jīng jì fā zhǎn lǐ lùn》 dì 'èr bǎn， 1926 nián。 yòu zuò dà fú xiū gǎi， jiā shàng fù biāo“ qǐ yè zhě de lì rùn、 zī běn、 xìn dài、 lì xī jí jǐng qì xún huán”
《 jǐng qì xún huán lùn》 1939 nián chū bǎn
《 zī běn zhù yì、 shè huì zhù yì yǔ mín zhù》 1942 nián chū bǎn
《 jīng jì fēn xī shǐ》 1954 nián niǔ yuē chū bǎn。 xióng bǐ tè sǐ hòu yóu yí shuāng zhěng lǐ fā biǎo。
Life
Born in Třešť, Moravia (now Czech Republic, then part of Austria-Hungary) in 1883 to Catholic ethnic German parents, Schumpeter began his career studying law at the University of Vienna under the Austrian capital theorist Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, taking his PhD in 1906. In 1909, after some study trips, he became a professor of economics and government at the University of Czernowitz. In 1911 he joined the University of Graz, where he remained until World War I. In 1919-1920, he served as the Austrian Minister of Finance, with some success, and in 1920-1924, as president of the private Biedermann Bank. That bank, along with a great part of that regional economy, collapsed in 1924 leaving Schumpeter bankrupt.
From 1925-1932, he held a chair at the University of Bonn, Germany. He lectured at Harvard in 1927-1928 and 1930. Because of the rise of Nazism in Germany he moved to the United States where he would teach from 1932 until his death in 1950.
During his Harvard years he was not generally considered a good classroom teacher, but he acquired a school of loyal followers. His prestige among colleagues was likewise not very high because his views seemed outdated and not in synch with the then-fashionable Keynesianism. This period of his life was characterized by hard work but little recognition of his core ideas.
Although Schumpeter encouraged some young mathematical economists and was even the president of the Econometric Society (1940–41), Schumpeter was not a mathematician but rather an economist and tried instead to integrate sociological understanding into his economic theories. From current thought it has been argued that Schumpeter's ideas on business cycles and economic development could not be captured in the mathematics of his day - they need the language of non-linear dynamical systems to be partially formalized.
Schumpeter claimed that he had set himself three goals in life: to be the greatest economist in the world, to be the best horseman in all of Austria and the greatest lover in all of Vienna. He said he had reached two of his goals, but he never said which two. Although, he is reported to have said that there were too many fine horseman in Austria for him to succeed in all his aspirations! (P.A. Samuelson and W.D. Nordhaus, Economics (1998, p. 178)
Most important work
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Evolutionary economic
Main article: Evolutionary economic
History of Economic Analysi
Schumpeter's scholarship is apparent in his posthumous History of Economic Analysis, although some of his judgments seem idiosyncratic and sometimes cavalier. For instance, Schumpeter thought that the greatest 18th century economist was Turgot, not Adam Smith, as many consider, and he considered Léon Walras to be the "greatest of all economists", beside whom other economists' theories were "like inadequate attempts to catch some particular aspects of Walrasian truth". Schumpeter criticized John Maynard Keynes and David Ricardo for the "Ricardian vice." According to Schumpeter, Ricardo and Keynes reasoned in terms of abstract models, where they would freeze all but a few variables. Then they could argue that one caused the other in a simple monotonic fashion. This led to the belief that one could easily deduce policy conclusions directly from a highly abstract theoretical model.
Business cycle
Schumpeter's relationships with the ideas of other economists were quite complex in his most important contributions to economic analysis - the theory of business cycles and development. Following neither Walras nor Keynes, Schumpeter starts in The Theory of Economic Development with a treatise of circular flow which, excluding any innovations and innovative activities, leads to a stationary state. The stationary state is, according to Schumpeter, described by Walrasian equilibrium. The hero of his story, though, is, in fine Austrian fashion, the entrepreneur.
Economic Waves serie
(see Business cycles)
Cycle/Wave Name Year
Kitchin inventory 3–5
Juglar fixed investment 7–11
Kuznets infrastructural investment 15–25
Kondratiev wave 45–60
The entrepreneur disturbs this equilibrium and is the prime cause of economic development, which proceeds in cyclic fashion along several time scales. In fashioning this theory connecting innovations, cycles, and development, Schumpeter kept alive the Russian Nikolai Kondratiev's ideas on 50-year cycles, Kondratiev waves.
Schumpeter suggested a model in which the four main cycles, Kondratiev (54 years), Kuznets (18 years), Juglar (9 years) and Kitchin (about 4 years) can be added together to form a composite waveform. (Actually there was considerable professional rivalry between Schumpeter and Kuznets. The wave form suggested here did not include the Kuznets Cycle simply because Schumpeter did not recognize it as a valid cycle[clarification needed]. See "Business Cycle" for further information.) A Kondratiev wave could consist of three lower degree Kuznets waves. Each Kuznets wave could, itself, be made up of two Juglar waves. Similarly two (or three) Kitchin waves could form a higher degree Juglar wave. If each of these were in phase, more importantly if the downward arc of each was simultaneous so that the nadir of each was coincident it would explain disastrous slumps and consequent depressions. (As far as the segmentation of the Kondratiev Wave, Schumpeter never proposed such a fixed model. He saw these cycles varying in time - although in a tight time frame by coincidence - and for each to serve a specific purpose)
Schumpeter and Keynesianism
Unlike Keynes, in Schumpeter's theory, Walrasian equilibrium is not adequate to capture the key mechanisms of economic development. Schumpeter also thought that the institution enabling the entrepreneur to purchase the resources needed to realize his or her vision was a well-developed capitalist financial system, including a whole range of institutions for granting credit. One could divide economists among (1) those who emphasized "real" analysis and regarded money as merely a "veil" and (2) those who thought monetary institutions are important and money could be a separate driving force. Both Schumpeter and Keynes were among the latter. Nevertheless, Schumpeter rejected Keynesianism.
Schumpeter and capitalism's demise
Schumpeter's most popular book in English is probably Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. This book opens with a treatment of Karl Marx. While he is sympathetic to Marx's theory that capitalism will collapse and will be replaced by socialism, Schumpeter concludes that this will not come about in the way Marx predicted. To describe it he borrowed the phrase "creative destruction", and made it famous by using it to describe a process in which the old ways of doing things are endogenously destroyed and replaced by new ways.
Schumpeter's theory is that the success of capitalism will lead to a form of corporatism and a fostering of values hostile to capitalism, especially among intellectuals. The intellectual and social climate needed to allow entrepreneurship to thrive will not exist in advanced capitalism; it will be replaced by socialism in some form. There will not be a revolution, but merely a trend in parliaments to elect social democratic parties of one stripe or another. He argued that capitalism's collapse from within will come about as democratic majorities vote for restrictions upon entrepreneurship that will burden and destroy the capitalist structure, but also emphasizes non-political, evolutionary processes in society where "liberal capitalism" was evolving into democratic socialism because of the growth of workers' self-management, industrial democracy and regulatory institutions. Schumpeter emphasizes throughout this book that he is analyzing trends, not engaging in political advocacy. In his vision, the intellectual class will play an important role in capitalism's demise. The term "intellectuals" denotes a class of persons in a position to develop critiques of societal matters for which they are not directly responsible and able to stand up for the interests of strata to which they themselves do not belong. One of the great advantages of capitalism, he argues, is that as compared with pre-capitalist periods, when education was a privilege of the few, more and more people acquire (higher) education. The availability of fulfilling work is however limited and this, coupled with the experience of unemployment, produces discontent. The intellectual class is then able to organize protest and develop critical ideas.
Schumpeter and democratic theory
In the same book, Schumpeter expounded a theory of democracy which sought to challenge what he called the "classical doctrine". He disputed the idea that democracy was a process by which the electorate identified the common good, and politicians carried this out for them. He argued this was unrealistic, and that people's ignorance and superficiality meant that in fact they were largely manipulated by politicians, who set the agenda. This made a 'rule by the people' concept both unlikely and undesirable. Instead he advocated a minimalist model, much influenced by Max Weber, whereby democracy is the mechanism for competition between leaders, much like a market structure. Although periodic votes by the general public legitimize governments and keep them accountable, the policy program is very much seen as their own and not that of the people, and the participatory role for individuals is usually severely limited.
Schumpeter and entrepreneurship
The research of entrepreneurship owes a lot to his contributions. He was probably the first scholar to develop its theories. He gave two theories, sometimes called Mark I and Mark II. In the first one, the early one, Schumpeter argued that the innovation and technological change of a nation comes from the entrepreneurs, or wild spirits. He coined the word Unternehmergeist, German for entrepreneur-spirit. He believed that these individuals are the ones who make things work in the economy of the country. In Mark II, expanded as professor at Harvard, he asserted that the actors that drive innovation and the economy are big companies which have the resources and capital to invest in research and development. Both arguments might be complementary today.
The English literature uses the term entrepreneurship, from the French "entreprise". When studying entrepreneurship and Schumpeter, it is helpful to keep in mind he used the German term (Unternehmergeist), acknowledging these "fiery souls" or "spirits".
Schumpeter and Innovation
Schumpeter identified innovation as the critical dimension of economic change. He argued that economic change revolves around innovation, entrepreneurial activities and market power and sought to prove that innovation-originated market power could provide better results than the invisible hand & price competition. He argues that technological innovation often creates temporary monopolies, allowing abnormal profits that would soon be competed away by rivals and imitators. He said that these temporary monopolies were necessary to provide the incentive necessary for firms to develop new products and processes.
Schumpeter and the Gold Standard
Joseph Schumpeter recognized the implication of a gold monetary standard compared to a fiat monetary standard. In History of Economic Analysis he stated the following:
An ‘automatic’ gold currency is part and parcel of a laissez-faire and free-trade economy. It links every nation’s money rates and price levels with the money-rates and price levels of all the other nations that are ‘on gold.’ It is extremely sensitive to government expenditure and even to attitudes or policies that do not involve expenditure directly, for example, to foreign policy, to certain policies of taxation, and, in general, to precisely all those policies that violate the principles of [classical] liberalism. This is the reason why gold is so unpopular now and also why it was so popular in a bourgeois era. It imposes restrictions upon governments or bureaucracies that are much more powerful than is parliamentary criticism. It is both the badge and the guarantee of bourgeois freedom—of freedom not simply of the bourgeois interest, but of freedom in the bourgeois sense. From this standpoint a man may quite rationally fight for it, even if fully convinced of the validity of all that has ever been urged against it on economic grounds. From the standpoint of etatisme and planning, a man may not less rationally condemn it, even if fully convinced of the validity of all that has ever been urged for it on economic grounds.
—Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysi
His legacy
For some time after his death, Schumpeter's views were most influential among various heterodox economists, especially European, who were interested in industrial organization, evolutionary theory, and economic development, and who tended to be on the other end of the political spectrum from Schumpeter and were also often influenced by Keynes, Karl Marx, and Thorstein Veblen. Robert Heilbroner was one of Schumpeter's most renowned pupils, who wrote extensively about him in The Worldly Philosophers. In the journal Monthly Review John Bellamy Foster wrote of that journal's founder Paul Sweezy, one of the leading Marxist economists in the United States and a graduate assistant of Schumpeter's at Harvard, that Schumpeter "played a formative role in his development as a thinker". Other outstanding students of Schumpeter's include the economists Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Hyman Minsky and former chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan. Robert Solow, Nobel Prize in Economics, was his student at Harvard, and he expanded on Schumpeter's theory.
Today, Schumpeter has a following outside of standard textbook economics, in areas such as in economic policy, management studies, industrial policy, and the study of innovation. Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to develop theories about entrepreneurship. For instance, the European Union's innovation program, and its main development plan, the Lisbon Strategy, are influenced by Schumpeter. The International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society awards the Schumpeter Prize.
On 17 September 2009, The Economist inaugurated a column on business and management named "Schumpeter." The publication has a history of naming columns after significant figures or symbols in the covered field, including naming its British affairs column after former editor Walter Bagehot and its European affairs column after Charlemagne. The initial Schumpeter column praised him as a "champion of innovation and entrepreneurship" whose writing showed an understanding of the benefits and dangers of business that proved far ahead of its time.
Major work
* "Über die mathematische Methode der theoretischen Ökonomie", 1906, ZfVSV.
* "Das Rentenprinzip in der Verteilungslehre", 1907, Schmollers Jahrbuch
* Wesen und Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie (transl. The Nature and Essence of Theoretical Economics), 1908.
* "Methodological Individualism", 1908,
* "On the Concept of Social Value", 1909, QJE
* Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft, 1910 (transl. by J.Z. Muller, "How to Study Social Science", Society, 2003)
* "Marie Esprit Leon Walras", 1910, ZfVSV.
* "Über das Wesen der Wirtschaftskrisen", 1910, ZfVSV
* Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung (transl. 1934, The Theory of Economic Development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle) 1911.
* Economic Doctrine and Method: An historical sketch, 1914.
* "Das wissenschaftliche Lebenswerk Eugen von Böhm-Bawerks", 1914, ZfVSV.
* Vergangenkeit und Zukunft der Sozialwissenschaft, 1915.
* The Crisis of the Tax State, 1918.
* "The Sociology of Imperialisms", 1919, Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik
* "Max Weber's Work", 1920, Der österreichische Volkswirt
* "Carl Menger", 1921, ZfVS.
* "The Explanation of the Business Cycle", 1927, Economica
* "Social Classes in an Ethnically Homogeneous Environment", 1927, Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik.
* "The Instability of Capitalism", 1928, EJ
* Das deutsche Finanzproblem, 1928.
* "Mitchell's Business Cycles", 1930, QJE
* "The Present World Depression: A tentative diagnosis", 1931, AER.
* "The Common Sense of Econometrics", 1933, Econometrica
* "Depressions: Can we learn from past experience?", 1934, in Economics of the Recovery Program
* "The Nature and Necessity of a Price System", 1934, Economic Reconstruction.
* "Review of Robinson's Economics of Imperfect Competition", 1934, JPE
* "The Analysis of Economic Change", 1935, REStat.
* "Professor Taussig on Wages and Capital", 1936, Explorations in Economics.
* "Review of Keynes's General Theory", 1936, JASA
* Business Cycles: A theoretical, historical and statistical analysis of the Capitalist process, 1939.
* "The Influence of Protective Tariffs on the Industrial Development of the United States", 1940, Proceedings of AAPS
* "Alfred Marshall's Principles: A semi-centennial appraisal", 1941, AER.
* "Frank William Taussig", 1941, QJE.
* Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 1942.
* "Capitalism in the Postwar World", 1943, Postwar Economic Problems.
* "John Maynard Keynes", 1946, AER.
* "The Future of Private Enterprise in the Face of Modern Socialistic Tendencies", 1946, Comment sauvegarder l'entreprise privée
* Rudimentary Mathematics for Economists and Statisticians, with W.L.Crum, 1946.
* "Capitalism", 1946, Encyclopædia Britannica.
* "The Decade of the Twenties", 1946, AER
* "The Creative Response in Economic History", 1947, JEH
* "Theoretical Problems of Economic Growth", 1947, JEH
* "Irving Fisher's Econometrics", 1948, Econometrica.
* "There is Still Time to Stop Inflation", 1948, Nation's Business.
* "Science and Ideology", 1949, AER.
* "Vilfredo Pareto", 1949, QJE.
* "Economic Theory and Entrepreneurial History", 1949, Change and the Entrepreneur
* "The Communist Manifesto in Sociology and Economics", 1949, JPE
* "English Economists and the State-Managed Economy", 1949, JPE
* "The Historical Approach to the Analysis of Business Cycles", 1949, NBER Conference on Business Cycle Research.
* "Wesley Clair Mitchell", 1950, QJE.
* "March into Socialism", 1950, AER.
* Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes, 1951.
* Imperialism and Social Classes, 1951 (reprints of 1919, 1927)
* Essays on Economic Topics, 1951.
* "Review of the Troops", 1951, QJE.
* History of Economic Analysis, (published posthumously, ed. Elisabeth Boody Schumpeter), 1954.
* "American Institutions and Economic Progress", 1983, Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Staatswissenschaft
* "The Meaning of Rationality in the Social Sciences", 1984, Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Staatswissenschaft
* "Money and Currency", 1991, Social Research.
* Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, 1991.