阅读纪伯伦 Kahlil Gibran在诗海的作品!!! | |||
纪伯伦纪伯伦青年时代以创作小说为主，定居美国后逐渐转为以写散文诗为主。他的小说几乎都用阿拉伯文写成，有短篇小说集《草原新娘》（1905）、《叛逆的灵魂》和长篇小说《折断的翅膀》（1911）等。《折断的翅膀》写东方妇女的悲惨命运和她们与命运的苦斗，谴责贪婪、欺诈和屈从，歌颂自尊、意志和力量。他的小说以主人公充满哲学意味的独白、对话和叙述，特别是被压迫被损害者充满激情的倾诉取胜。他用阿拉伯文发表的作品还有散文《音乐短章》（1905），散文诗集《泪与笑》（1913）、《暴风雨》（1920），诗集《行列圣歌》（1918），以及《珍闻与趣谈》（1923）、《与灵魂私语》（1927）等。他用英文写的第一部作品是散文集《疯人》（1918）。此后陆继发表散文诗集《先驱者》（1920）、《先知》（1923）《沙与沫》（1926）、《人之子耶稣》（1928）、《先知园》（1931）、《流浪者》等，以及诗剧《大地诸神》、《拉撒路和他的情人》等。《先知》被认为是他的代表作，作者以智者临别赠言的方式，论述爱与美、生与死、婚姻与家庭、劳作与安乐、法律与自由、理智与热情、善恶与宗教等一系列人生和社会问题，充满比喻和哲理，具有东方色彩。纪伯伦并自绘充满浪漫情调和深刻寓意的插图。
纪伯伦认为诗人的职责是唱出“母亲心里的歌”。他的作品多以“爱”和“美”为主题，通过大胆的想象和象征的手法，表达深沉的感情和高远的理想。他的思想受尼采哲学影响较大。他的作品常常流露出愤世嫉俗的态度或表现某种神秘的力量。他是阿拉伯近代文学史上第一个使用散文诗体的作家，并组织领导过阿拉伯著名的海外文学团体“笔会”，为发展阿拉伯新文学做出过重大贡献。他的作品已译成世界多种文字，受到各国读者的欢迎。他的作品最先介绍到中国来的是《先知》（冰心译，1931）。从50年代起，他的其他作品也逐渐为中国读者所了解。
在短暂而辉煌的生命之旅中，纪伯伦饱经颠沛流离、痛失亲人、爱情波折、债务缠身与疾病煎熬之苦。他出生在黎巴嫩北部山区的一个农家。故乡的奇兀群山与秀美风光赋予他艺术的灵感。12岁时，因不堪忍受奥斯曼帝国的残暴统治，他随母亲去美国，在波士顿唐人街过着清贫的生活。1898年，15岁的纪伯伦只身返回祖国学习民族历史文化，了解阿拉伯社会。1902年返美后仅一年多的时间，病魔先后夺去了他母亲等三位亲人。他以写文卖画为生，与为人剪裁缝衣的妹妹一起挣扎在金元帝国的底层。1908年，他有幸得到友人的资助赴巴黎学画，并得到罗丹等艺术大师的亲授与指点。1911年他再次返美后长期客居纽约，从事文学与绘画创作，并领导阿拉伯侨民文化潮流。当他感到死神将临，决心让自己的生命之火燃烧得更加光耀，遂不顾病痛，终日伏案，直到48岁英年早逝。
纪伯伦是位热爱祖国、热爱全人类的艺术家。在生命的最后岁月，他写下了传遍阿拉伯世界的诗篇《朦胧中的祖国》，他讴歌毕生苦恋的祖国：“您在我们的灵魂中——是火，是光；您在我的胸膛里——是我悸动的心脏。”爱与美是纪伯伦作品的主旋律。他曾说：“整个地球都是我的祖国，全部人类都是我的乡亲。”他反对愚昧和陈腐，他热爱自由，崇尚正义，敢于向暴虐的权力、虚伪的圣徒宣战；他不怕被骂作“疯人”，呼吁埋葬一切不随时代前进的“活尸”；他反对无病呻吟，夸夸其谈；主张以“血”写出人民的心声。
文学与绘画是纪伯艺术生命双翼。纪伯伦的前期创作以小说为主，后期创作则以散文诗为主。此外还有诗歌、诗剧、文学评论、书信等。《先知》是纪伯伦步入世界文坛的顶峰之作，曾被译成二十多种文字在世界各地出版。
纪伯伦的画风和诗风一样，都受英国诗人威廉•布莱克（1757—1827）的影响，所以，文坛称他为“20世纪的布莱克”。1908年—1910在巴黎艺术学院学习绘画艺术期间，罗丹曾肯定而自信地评价纪伯伦：“这个阿拉伯青年将成为伟大的艺术家。”纪伯伦的绘画具有浓重的浪漫主义和象征主义色彩，在纪念馆收藏。
在东方文学史上，纪伯伦的艺术风格独树一帜。他的作品既有理性思考的严肃与冷峻，又有咏叹调式的浪漫与抒情。他善于在平易中发掘隽永，在美妙的比喻中启示深刻的哲理。另一方面，纪伯伦风格还见诸于他极有个性的语言。他是一个能用阿拉伯文和英文写作的双语作家，而且每种语言都运用得清丽流畅，其作品的语言风格征服了一代又一代的东西方读者。美国人曾称誉纪伯伦“象从东方吹来横扫西方的风暴”，而他带有强烈东方意识的作品被视为“东方赠给西方的最好礼物”。
早在1923年，纪伯伦的五篇散文诗就先由茅盾先生介绍到中国。1931冰心女士翻译了《先知》，为中国读者进一步了解纪伯伦开阔了文学的窗扉。近十多年来，我国又陆续出版了一些纪伯伦作品。这位黎巴嫩文坛骄子在中国有越来越多的知音。
评价：
他是位热爱祖国、热爱全人类的艺术家。在诗《朦胧中的祖国》中，讴歌毕生苦恋的祖国：“您在我们的灵魂中——是火，是光；您在我的胸膛里——是我悸动的心脏。”他曾说：“整个地球都是我的祖国，全部人类都是我的乡亲。”
爱与美是纪伯伦作品的主旋律，文学与绘画是他艺术生命的双翼。
他的作品既有理性思考的严肃与冷峻，又有咏叹调式的浪漫与抒情。他善于在平易中发掘隽永，在美妙的比喻中启示深刻的哲理。他清丽流畅的语言征服了一代代世界读者。
著作：
短篇小说集《草原新娘》《叛逆的灵魂》
长篇小说《折断的翅膀》
散文《音乐短章》
散文诗集《泪与笑》《暴风雨》《先驱者》 《先知》（被认为是他的代表作） 《沙与沫》《人之子耶稣》《先知园》《流浪者》
诗集《行列圣歌》
《珍闻与趣谈》《与灵魂私语》
散文集《疯人》
诗剧《大地诸神》《拉撒路和他的情人》
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1.阿拉伯画坛占有独特的地位。他毕生创作了约七百幅绘画精品，其中的大部分被美国艺术馆和黎巴嫩纪伯伦
2.《音乐》 《纳哈万德》 《伊斯法罕》 《萨巴》 《莱斯德》 《先知》 《船的到来》 《论爱》《论婚姻》 《论孩子》 《论施舍》 《论饮食》 《论劳作》 《论悲欢》均为纪伯伦的一部分作品
In Lebanon
Gibran was born in the Christian Maronite town of Bsharri in today's northern Lebanon - at the time, part of the Ottoman Empire. He grew up in the region of Bsharri. His maternal grandfather was a Maronite Catholic priest[2]. His mother Kamila was thirty when Gibran was born; his father, also named Khalil, was her third husband.[3] As a result of his family's poverty, Gibran did not receive any formal schooling during his youth in Lebanon. However, priests visited him regularly and taught him about the Bible, as well as the Syriac and Arabic languages.
After Gibran's father, a tax collector, went to prison for alleged embezzlement,[1] Ottoman authorities confiscated his family's property. Authorities released Gibran's father in 1894, but the family had by then lost their home. Gibran's mother decided to follow her brother, Gibran's uncle, and emigrated to the United States. Gibran's father remained in Lebanon. Gibran's mother, along with Khalil, his younger sisters Mariana and Sultana, and his half-brother Peter left for New York on June 25, 1895.
In the United States
Khalil Gibran, Photograph by Fred Holland Day, c. 1898The Gibrans settled in Boston's South End, at the time the second largest Lebanese-American community in the United States. His mother began working as a pack peddler, selling lace and linens that she carried from door to door. Gibran started school on September 30, 1895. He had had no formal schooling in Lebanon, and school officials placed him in a special class for immigrants to learn English. Gibran's English teacher suggested that he Anglicise the spelling of his name in order to make it more acceptable to American society. Kahlil Gibran was the result.
Gibran also enrolled in an art school at a nearby settlement house. Through his teachers there, he was introduced to the avant-garde Boston artist, photographer, and publisher Fred Holland Day,[1] who encouraged and supported Gibran in his creative endeavors. A publisher used some of Gibran's drawings for book covers in 1898.
At 15, Gibran went back to Lebanon to study at a Maronite-run preparatory school and higher-education institute in Beirut. He started a student literary magazine with a classmate, and was elected "college poet". He stayed there for several years before returning to Boston in 1902. Two weeks before he got back, his sister, Sultana, age 14, died of tuberculosis. The next year, his brother Bhutros died of the same disease, and his mother died of cancer. His sister Marianna then supported Gibran and herself, working at a dressmaker's shop.[1]
Art and poetry
Gibran held his first art exhibition, of drawings, in 1904 in Boston, at Day's studio.[1] During this exhibition, Gibran met Mary Elizabeth Haskell, a respected headmistress ten years his senior. The two formed an important friendship that lasted the rest of Gibran's life. Though publicly discreet, their correspondence reveals an exalted intimacy. Haskell influenced not only Gibran's personal life, but also his career. In 1908, Gibran went to study art with Auguste Rodin in Paris for two years. This is where he met his art study partner and lifelong friend Youssef Howayek. He later studied art in Boston.
While most of Gibran's early writings were in Arabic, most of his work published after 1918 was in English. His first book for the publishing company Alfred Knopf, in 1918, was The Madman, a slim volume of aphorisms and parables written in biblical cadence somewhere between poetry and prose. Gibran also took part in the New York Pen League, also known as the "immigrant poets" (al-mahjar), alongside important Lebanese American authors such as Ameen Rihani ("the father of Lebanese American literature"), Elia Abu Madi and Mikhail Naimy, a close friend and distinguished master of Arabic literature, whose descendants Gibran declared to be his own children, and whose nephew, Samir, is a godson of Gibran.
Much of Gibran's writings deal with Christianity, especially on the topic of spiritual love. His poetry is notable for its use of formal language, as well as insights on topics of life using spiritual terms. Gibran's best-known work is The Prophet, a book composed of 26 poetic essays. This, the author's magnum opus, became especially popular during the 1960s with the American counterculture and New Age movements. Since it was first published in 1923, The Prophet has never been out of print and remains world-renowned to this day. Having been translated into more than 20 languages, it was the bestselling book of the twentieth century in the United States, second only to the Bible.
One of his most notable lines of poetry in the English speaking world is from 'Sand and Foam' (1926), which reads: 'Half of what I say is meaningless, but I say it so that the other half may reach you'. This was taken by John Lennon and placed, though in a slightly altered form, into the song Julia from The Beatles' 1968 album The Beatles (a.k.a. The White Album).
Juliet Thompson, one of Khalil Gibran's acquaintances, said that Gibran told her that he thought of `Abdu'l-Bahá, the leader of the Bahá'í Faith in his lifetime, all the way through writing The Prophet. `Abdu'l-Bahá's personage also influenced Jesus, The Son of Man, another book by Gibran. It is certain that Gibran did two portraits of him during this period.[4]
Political Thought
Gibran was a prominent Syrian nationalist. In a political statement he drafted in 1911,[5] he expresses his loyality to Greater Syria and to the safeguarding of Syria's national territorial integrity. He also calls for the adoption of Arabic as a national language of Syria and the application of Arabic at all school levels.
When the Ottomans were finally driven out of Syria during the first world war, Gibran's exhilaration was manifested in a sketch called "Free Syria" which appeared on the front page of al-Sa'ih's special "victory" edition. Moreover, in a draft of a play, still kept among his papers, Gibran expressed great hope for national independence and progress. This play, according to Kahlil Hawi,[6] "defines Gibran's belief in Syrian nationalism with great clarity, distinguishing it from both Lebanese and Arab nationalism, and showing us that nationalism lived in his mind, even at this late stage, side by side with internationalism."[7]
Death and legacy
Khalil Gibran memorial in Washington, D.C.
The Gibran Museum and Gibran's final resting place, located in Bsharri, LebanonGibran died in New York City on April 10, 1931: the cause was determined to be cirrhosis of the liver and tuberculosis. Before his death, Gibran expressed the wish that he be buried in Lebanon. This wish was fulfilled in 1932, when Mary Haskell and his sister Mariana purchased the Mar Sarkis Monastery in Lebanon.
Gibran willed the contents of his studio to Mary Haskell. There she discovered her letters to him spanning 23 years. She initially agreed to burn them because of their intimacy, but recognizing their historical value she saved them. She gave them, along with his letters to her which she had also saved, to the University of North Carolina Library before she died in 1964. Excerpts of the over six hundred letters were published in "Beloved Prophet" in 1972.
Mary Haskell Minis (she wed Jacob Florance Minis after moving to Savannah, Georgia in 1923) donated her personal collection of nearly one hundred original works of art by Gibran to the Telfair Museum of Art in Savannah in 1950. Haskell had been thinking of placing her collection at the Telfair as early as 1914. In a letter to Gibran, she explained, "...I am thinking of other museums...the unique little Telfair Gallery in Savannah, Ga., that Gari Melchers chooses pictures for. There when I was a visiting child, form burst upon my astonished little soul." Haskell's extraordinary gift to the Telfair is the largest public collection of Kahlil Gibran’s visual art in the country, consisting of five oils and numerous works on paper rendered in the artist’s lyrical style, which reflects the influence of symbolism. The future American royalties to his books were willed to his hometown of Bsharri, to be "used for good causes", however, this led to years of controversy and violence over the distribution of the money[8]; eventually, the Lebanese government became the overseer.
In Arabic:
Nubthah fi Fan Al-Musiqa (1905)
Ara'is al-Muruj (Nymphs of the Valley, also translated as Spirit Brides, 1906)
al-Arwah al-Mutamarrida (Spirits Rebellious, 1908)
al-Ajniha al-Mutakassira (Broken Wings, 1912)
Dam'a wa Ibtisama (A Tear and A Smile, 1914)
al-Mawakib (The Processions, 1919)
al-‘Awāsif (The Tempests, 1920)
al-Bada'i' waal-Tara'if (The New and the Marvellous,1923)
In English, prior to his death:
The Madman (1918) (downloadable free version)
Twenty Drawings (1919)
The Forerunner (1920)
The Prophet, (1923)
Sand and Foam (1926)
Kingdom Of The Imagination (1927)
Jesus, The Son of Man (1928)
The Earth Gods (1931)
Posthumous, in English:
The Wanderer (1932)
The Garden of the Prophet(1933)
Lazarus and his Beloved (1933)
Prose and Poems (1934)
A Self-Portrait (1959)
Thought and Meditations (1960)
Spiritual sayings (1962)
Voice of the master (1963)
Mirrors of the Soul (1965)
Death Of The Prophet (1979)
The Vision (1994)
Eye of the Prophet (1995)
Other:
Beloved Prophet, The love letters of Kahlil Gibran and Mary Haskell, and her private journal (1972, edited by Virginia Hilu)
Memorials and honors
Gibran Khalil Gibran Garden, Beirut, Lebanon
Gibran Khalil Gibran Skiing Piste, The Cedars Ski Resort, Lebanon
Kahlil Gibran Memorial Garden in Washington, D.C.[9], dedicated in 1990[10]
Gibran Memorial Plaque in Copley Square, Boston, Massachusetts
Khalil Gibran International Academy, a public high school in Brooklyn, NY
Khalil Gibran Park (Parcul Khalil Gibran) in Bucharest, Romania
Mentions in popular culture
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. (May 2008)
Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles.
Movies
The Prophet is seen in the Johnny Cash biopic Walk the Line when June Carter hands it to J.R to read in the motel.
Music
Jazz saxophonist Jackie McLean's "Kahlil the Prophet" is on his album Destination...Out! (1963) (Blue Note BLP 4165)
Jason Mraz's song "God moves through you" on the album Selections For Friends features words from the poem "The Prophet"
The lyrics to David Bowie's "The Width of a Circle", off his album The Man Who Sold the World (1970), relates a surrealist scene in which the narrator and his doppelgänger seek the help of a blackbird, who just "laughed insane and quipped 'Kahlil Gibran'".
Michigan experimental screamo outfit Men As Trees quote Gibran in the liner notes to their 2008 album, Weltschmerz: "We wanderers, ever seeking the lonelier way, begin no day where we have ended another day; and no sunrise finds us where sunset has left us."
Tyrannosaurus Rex's second album, Prophets, Seers & Sages – The Angels of the Ages, released in October 1968, was dedicated in Gibran's memory.
Guitarist Derek Trucks named his son Charles Khalil Trucks for saxophonist Charlie Parker, guitarist Charlie Christian, and Khalil Gibran.
His book The Prophet is mentioned in the Mad Season's song, "River of deceit". "My pain is self-chosen. At least, so The Prophet says".
The Chicago-based metal band Minsk's second album The Ritual Fires of Abandonment's lyrics are inspired by Kahlil Gibran, who also is credited as an author of the lyrics in the CD booklet.
Other
In the popular video game Deus Ex, one of the three possible ending quotes is Gibran's quote: "Yesterday we obeyed kings and bent our necks before emperors. But today we kneel only to truth..." The western spelling of his name, Kahlil Gibran, was used to credit him.
Khalil Gibran is referenced briefly in the episode Wingmen of the show The Boondocks. When Huey (the central character) is asked by his grandfather to say something "deep", he recites part of the poem "On Pain" from The Prophet.
In the hit TV show "One Tree Hill", Lucas Scott (Chad Michael Murray) quotes Gibran.
San Diego Padres shortstop Kahlil Greene was named after Gibran.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Khalil Gibran^ a b c d e Acocella, Joan. "Prophet Motive", The New Yorker, January 7, 2008
^ Jagadisan, S. "Called by Life", The Hindu, January 5, 2003, accessed July 11, 2007
^ "Khalil Gibran (1883-1931)", biography at Cornell University library on-line site, retrieved February 4, 2008
^ "Khalil Gibran and the Bahá'í Faith", excerpts from World Order, A Baha'i Magazine, Vol. 12, Number 4, Summer, 1978, pages 29-31
^ Hawi, Kahlil Gibran: His Background, Character and Works, 1972, p155
^ Hawi, Kahlil Gibran: His Background, Character and Works, 1972, p219
^ Gibran and the national idea
^ [1]
^ Gibran Memorial in Washington, DC
^ Elmaz Abinader, Children of Al-Mahjar: Arab American Literature Spans a Century", U.S. Society & Values, February 2000