Brian Mulroney

马丁·布赖恩·马尔罗尼（Martin Brian Mulroney）（1939年3月20日－），是第18任加拿大总理。他的任期从1984年9月17日到1993年6月25日。

历史学家诺曼·希尔默（Norman Hillmer）在1999年的《加拿大总理排名》中将马尔罗尼列为第八名。2006年，他参与推动了加拿大-美国酸雨条约，加拿大新建了八个国家公园。

简历

马尔罗尼出身于魁北克省贝科莫一个爱尔兰裔家庭，青年时期曾就读于圣弗朗西斯·格扎维埃大学。在那里他参加了保守党，并与当时的保守党领袖约翰·迪芬贝克建立了联系。大学毕业后，马尔罗尼进入魁北克城的拉瓦尔大学法学院，被迫重操法语，因而熟练掌握了加拿大的两种主要语言。他曾任魁北克北岸与拉布拉多铁路公司董事和总经理、联合省保险公司董事，并在加拿大帝国商业银行、汉纳煤炭公司、标准广播公司等企业任职。1965年马尔罗尼成为蒙特利尔市一位颇负盛名的律师。1973年他同比他小13岁，出身于南斯拉夫移民家庭的米拉结婚，婚后生育了3个子女。

1977年后，马尔罗尼历任加拿大铁矿公司总裁、董事兼总经理，加拿大帝国商业银行及其他12家公司董事等职。

总理（1984–1993）

第一任期（1984–1988）

1983年马尔罗尼复出从政，并当选为进步保守党新领袖，并通过补缺入选众议院。

在1984年9月的大选中，进步保守党获得211个议会席位，达到加拿大国会历史上的空前绝对多数，取得超过三分之二的席次，自由党议席大减至40席，结束自由党长达二十年的执政。1984年9月17日，45岁的马尔罗尼成为加拿大第18任总理。新的保守党政府强调民族和解，承认魁北克省的特殊性，于1987年6月与10省政府达成有关承认魁北克省特殊社会地位的米奇湖修宪协议 。

外交

马尔罗尼的政府反对南非的种族隔离政权，在他任职期间会见了该政权的许多反对派领导人。他的职位使他与美国和英国政府背道而驰。

马尔罗尼政府在干预尼加拉瓜的立场上与美国政府不同，尽管马尔罗尼与美国总统雷根保持了紧密的关系。

自由贸易

1988年1月2日马尔罗尼总理和罗纳德·雷根总统分别签署加、美自由贸易协定。根据该条约，两国间的所有关税到1998年将被取消。马尔罗尼支持北美自由贸易协议。

第二任期（1988-1993）

1988年10月1日马尔罗尼宣布解散议会。11月21日加拿大举行第三十四届联邦大选，马尔罗尼成功连任总理，但保守党总席次下降至169席。

辞职

1990年6月米奇湖修宪协议因未能在规定的3年内获得全部10省议会的批准而宣告夭折。魁北克省法裔的独立情绪随之再度高涨。马尔罗尼与10省2地区和土著人代表经过马拉松式的艰苦谈判，终于在1992年8月达成一项新的修宪协议。为保证该协议在联邦和各省议会顺利通过，马尔罗尼决定以全国公民投票方式对该决议进行表决，结果因55％的选民投票反对而遭否决。这是继1990年米奇湖协议夭折后，马尔罗尼政府在修宪问题上再次受挫。

随后的民意测验结果表明，马尔罗尼的选民支持率降至12％，远远落在自由党领袖的后面，保守党的选民支持率也只有19％。为使保守党在1993年秋天的大选中获胜，马尔罗尼于1993年2月宣布辞职。6月，加拿大国防部长金·坎贝尔在执政的保守党领袖选举的第二轮投票中获胜，当选为该党的新领袖，并接替前领袖马尔罗尼出任政府总理，成为加拿大第一位担当此任的女性。9月8日，坎贝尔宣布解散国会，定于10月25日举行联邦大选。由于坎贝尔无法亦没有足够时间挽回民望，选举结果进步保守党遭到史上最大的败绩，自由党大获全胜。 

Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (/mʊlˈruːni/; born March 20, 1939) is a Canadian politician who served as the 18th prime minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993. His tenure as prime minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal. He later ran for the Progressive Conservatives and won in a landslide in the 1984 Canadian federal election, defeating John Turner of the Liberals and Ed Broadbent of the NDP, not only winning every single province and territory but also capturing over 50% of the vote for the first time since 1958 and increasing his party's seats by 111, up to 211 seats, the highest amount of seats won by any party in Canadian history. The 6.3 million votes won by Mulroney also remained a record until the Liberals' victory in 2015.

Mulroney brought forth a constitutional reform, the Meech Lake Accord, in 1987, meant to persuade the government of Quebec to endorse the 1982 constitutional amendments. It was not ratified by the provincial governments of Manitoba and Newfoundland before the June ratification deadline, and thus met its demise in 1990. This loss led to another round of meetings in Charlottetown in 1991 and 1992. These negotiations culminated in Mulroney introducing the Charlottetown Accord, which would create extensive changes to the constitution, including recognition of Quebec as a distinct society. However, the agreement was defeated by a large margin in a national referendum in October 1992. The end of the Meech Lake Accord in 1990 created division in the country and sparked a revival of Quebec separatism, culminating in the creation and rise of the Bloc Québécois (BQ).

In foreign policy, Mulroney opposed the apartheid regime in South Africa and he met with many of the regime's opposition leaders throughout his tenure. His position put him at odds with the American and British governments, but also won him respect elsewhere. Mulroney's first term was marked by the Air India Flight 182 bombing in 1985, the largest mass killing in Canadian history. His response to the attack came under heavy criticism. The Mulroney government was also strongly against the U.S. intervention in Nicaragua under Reagan, and accepted refugees from El Salvador, Guatemala, and other countries with repressive regimes that were supported by the Reagan administration.

Mulroney made environmental protection a key focus of his government, and moved Canada to become the first industrialized country to ratify both the biodiversity convention and the climate change convention, which were agreed to at the United Nations Conference on the Environment. His government added significant new national parks (Bruce Peninsula, South Moresby, and Grasslands) and passed the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and the Canadian Environmental Protection Act.

In his second term, Mulroney proposed the introduction of a national sales tax, the Goods and Services Tax (GST), to replace the Manufacturers' Sales Tax (MST). The unpopularity of the GST and the controversy surrounding its passage in the Senate, combined with the early 1990s recession and the collapse of the Charlottetown Accord, caused a stark decline in Mulroney's popularity, which induced him to resign and hand over his power to Kim Campbell, who became the 19th Prime Minister of Canada on June 25, 1993.