měi guó zuòzhělièbiǎo
· ào Barack Hussein Obama 'ěr · lín dùn William Jefferson Clinton
qiáo zhì · huá shèng dùn George Washingtonyuē hàn · dāng John Adams
tuō · jié fěi xùn Thomas Jeffersonzhān shì · mài xùn James Madison
zhān · mén luó James Monroeyuē hàn · kūn · dāng John Quincy Adams
ān · jié sēn Andrew Jackson dīng · fàn lún Martin Van Buren
wēi lián · hēng · sēn William Henry Harrisonyuē hàn · tài John Tyler
zhān · nuò · 'ěr James Knox Polkzhā · tài Zachary Taylor
· fěi 'ěr 'ěr Millard Fillmore lán lín · 'ěr Franklin Pierce
zhān · kǎn nán James Buchanan hǎn · lín kěn Abraham Lincoln
ān · yuē hàn xùn Andrew Johnsonyóu · xīn sēn · lán Ulysses Simpson Grant
· chá · hǎi Rutherford B. Hayeszhān · ài · jiā fěi 'ěr James Abram Garfield
qiē · ài lún · ā Chester Alan Arthurshǐ fēn · luó · lán Stephen Grover Cleveland
běn jié míng · sēn Benjamin Harrisonwēi lián · mài jīn lāi William McKinley
'ào duō · luó Theodore Rooseveltwēi lián · huò huá · tuō William Howard Taft
tuō · luó · wēi 'ěr xùn Thomas Woodrow Wilson lún · gài 'ěr · dìng Warren Gamaliel Harding
xiǎo yuē hàn · 'ěr wén · zhī John Calvin Coolidge,Jr. · · Herbert Clark Hoover
lán lín · nuò · luó Franklin Delano Roosevelt ·S· mén Harry S. Truman
huái · wèi · ài sēn háo wēi 'ěr Dwight David Eisenhoweryuē hàn · fěi jié · kěn John Fitzgerald Kennedy
lín dēng · bèi 'ēn · yuē hàn xùn Lyndon Baines Johnson chá · 'ěr háo · sōng Richard Milhous Nixon
jié 'ěr · dào · Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr.zhān · è 'ěr · James Earl Carter, Jr
luó · gēn Ronald Reaganqiáo zhì · · · shí George Herbert Walker Bush
qiáo zhì · · shí George Walker Bushtáng · yuē hàn · lǎng Donald John Trump
qiáo · bài dēng Joe Biden
hǎn · lín kěn Abraham Lincoln
měi guó měi guó nèi zhàn shí   (1809niánèryuè12rì1865niánsìyuè15rì)
kāiduānzhōngjié
zàiwèi1861nián1865nián

   hǎn · lín kěn( AbrahamLincoln, 1809 nián 2 yuè 12 1865 nián 4 yuè 15 ), měi guó zhèng zhì jiā 16 rèn zǒng tǒngrèn : 1861 nián 3 yuè 4 - 1865 nián 4 yuè 15 ), shì shǒu wèi gòng dǎng zǒng tǒngshēn gāo 6 chǐ 4 dòu( 193 ), shì měi guó rèn zǒng tǒng zhōng zuì gāo dezài zǒng tǒng rèn nèiměi guó bào nèi zhànshǐ chēng nán běi zhàn zhēnglín kěn fèi chú liǎo nán fāng zhōu de zhì dàn nán běi zhàn zhēng zhī hòu běi fāng yòu zhī chí lián bāng zhèng de zhōu què réng bèi lín kěn yǔn bǎo yòu zhì lín kěn bài liǎo nán fāng fēn shì wéi liǎo guó jiā de tǒng nèi zhàn jié shù hòu jiǔlín kěn shēn wáng shì zāo dào shā de měi guó zǒng tǒng
  
   zǎo nián shēng
  
   lín kěn 1809 nián 2 yuè 12 chū shēng zài měi guó de kěn zhōu shì méi yòu shòu guò jiào de nóng mínshǔ fǎn duì zhì de jiào huìzài nián yòu shí shòu dào liǎo zhè zhǒng qíng de yǐng xiǎnglín kěn de qīn yòng liǎng gòu mǎi liǎo dàn shì zài xiāng guān de sòng zhōng shī bài 'ér bèi fàng suǒ yòu quánbìng 1815 nián yìn 'ān zhōuzhè jīng liǎo lín kěn hòu xué cèliángbìng qiě chéng wéi shī
  
   lín kěn jiǔ suì shí sàng , 1830 nián jiā qiān nuò zhōulín kěn jǐn shòu guò shí yuè de fēi zhèng guī jiào dàn lín kěn de duì lín kěn fēi cháng zhào shì ruò chūtōng guò qín fèn de xuézài 1836 nián chéng wéi shīlín kěn céng shuō ruò de biàn jīn de lín kěn
  
   lín kěn nián qīng shí dài de shēng huó bìng fān fēng shùncéng jīng shí bèi zhù tuìliǎng shēng shī bàilín kěn de chàbù xiāng chùràng lín kěn wéi nǎo
  
   jìn zhèng tán
  
  1832 niánlín kěn 23 suì shí kāi shǐ shè zhèng tándāng xuǎn wéi zhōu yuántóng shí shì zhōu mín bīng lián de shàng wèi
  
  1841 nián rén huǒ de shī shì suǒ zài nuò zhōu shǒu lín fěi 'ěr kāi zhāng。 1850 nián dàitiě yùn gōng zhī jiān bào sònglín kěn dài biǎo tiě gōng zài zhōu zuì gāo yuàn yíng liǎo guān 。 1858 nián de yīcháng móu shā 'àn sòng zhōngkòng fāng zhèng rén shēng chēng zài yuè guāng xià kàn dào bèi gào miàn kǒngzuò wéi biàn fāng shīlín kěn shǐ yòng gōng gào fāng shì héng héng shēng huó cháng shí zuò wéi zhèng 'ér gōng rén zhèng zhèngchéng gōng zhèng míng liǎozài zhèng rén shēng chēng de shí gēn yuè liàng gāng chū xiàn zài píng xiàn shàngzhèng rén néng yòng yuè guāng fēn biàn chū rén de miàn kǒngyīn kòng fāng zhèng bèi tuī fānzhè zhǒng biàn fāng shì zài dāng shí shèn wéi hǎn jiànlín kěn suì 'àn wén míng quán guó
  
  1847 nián- 1849 nián lín kěn rèn lián bāng zhòng yuán jièduì wèn dāng shí měi guó cún zài liǎng zhǒng zhì héng héng nán fāng mián huāyān cǎo zhòngzhí wéi jīng zhī zhù de zhōu ér běi fāng zhōu jìn zhǐ meduì jiā lián bāng de xīn lǐng zhì de wèi cún zài liǎng zhǒng guān diǎn。 1854 nián lián bāng cān yuàn zhōng de zhòng liàng yuán nuò zhōu mín zhù dǎng rén fēn · dào tuī chūkān nèi jiā 'àn》, mín zhù zhì xià de rén mín yòu quán duì zhì de xìng jìn xíng juédàn shì lín kěn de zhù zhāng shìxīn de lǐng shì yóu zhī bāngwèicǐ biǎo liǎo zhù míng defēn liè zhī jiā》( HouseDividedSpeech) yǎn shuō
  “ fēn liè de jiā tíng néng chí jiǔ bàn bàn yóu de zhèng jué néng chí jiǔ wàng lián méng jiě zhèng wàng jiā tíng kuǎ diàosuǒ díquè wàng zài fēn lièguó jiā jiāng cǎi zhì fēi 。 ”
  
  
   lín kěn fǎn duì dàn shì hái wán quán shì fèi zhù zhěshì shí shàng lín kěn céng zài xìn zhōng xiě shuō ruò néng wéi měi guó lián bāng tǒng wéi chí zhì tóng nán běi zhàn zhēng qián lín kěn gòng dǎng dāng shí fǎn duì yóu mào bìng yào qiú gāo duì 'ōu zhōu gōng chǎn pǐn de guān shuì lái bǎo měi guó běi fāng gāng zhǎn jiǔ de gōng měi guó nán fāng de nóng zhōu shēng chǎn liàng nóng chǎn xiāo wǎng 'ōu zhōudān xīn měi guó gāo duì 'ōu zhōu chǎn pǐn de guān shuì jiāng shǐ 'ōu zhōu guó duì měi guó wài xiāo 'ōu zhōu de nóng chǎn pǐn gāo guān shuì lái bào nán fāng zhōu jiān jué fǎn duì měi guó zhèng gāo guān shuì ( shāng píng lùn ,2009 nián 4 yuè hào )。
  
  1860 nián zǒng tǒng jìng xuǎn
  
  1854 nián běi fāng zhōu zhù zhāng fèi chú xiàn zhì zhì de rén shì chéng liǎo gòng dǎng。 1860 nián lín kěn dài biǎo gòng dǎng jìng xuǎn zǒng tǒng dào běi fāng zhōu de dǐng zhī chídàn shì de míng gēn běn jiù wèi céng chū xiàn zài nán fāng jiǔ zhōu de xuǎn piào shàng。 1860 nián 11 yuè 6 lín kěn bài mín zhù dǎng hòu xuǎn rén fēn · dào dāng xuǎn wéi měi guó shí liù rèn zǒng tǒng de shèng chéng wéi kuǎ nán fāng de zuì hòu gēn dào cǎodào luò xuǎn hòubēn zǒu zhōuhūyù rén mín zhī chí lín kěnwéi lián bāng de tǒng
  
   nán běi zhàn zhēng
  
   zài 1860 nián de zǒng tǒng xuǎn guò chéng zhōngsuí zhe lín kěn dāng xuǎn de néng xìng yuè lái yuè nán de fēn zhù zhě kāi shǐ móu qiú tuō lián bāng。 1860 nián dōngnán chǎn mián zhōu nán luó lái zuǒ zhì ā 'ān tòu guò gōng mín tóu piào tóng xuān chéng měi jiān lián méng guó (ConfederateStatesofAmerica)( huò chēngbāng lián”), dàn shì zhān · kǎn nán zǒng tǒng dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng lín kěn jūn jué chéng rèn bāng liándāng lín kěn xuān shì jiù zhí shíbāng lián shì chéng shì shífēn zhōu jué rèn tiáo jiàn fǎn huí lián bāng
  
  1861 nián 4 yuènán luó lái jūn duì jìn gōng lián bāng jūn duì zài běn zhōu zhù zhā de sāng yào sài xiǎng liǎo nán běi zhàn zhēng de qiānglín kěn zhào liǎo zhōu cháng huì pài qiǎn 75,000 rén de duì shōu yào sàisuí hòuyuán bǎo chí zhōng de wéi zhēn běi luó lái tián ā kěn dǎo xiàng bāng lián
  
  1862 nián 7 yuèguó huì tōng guò shì fàng suǒ yòu de 'èr chōng gōng 'àn》 (SecondConfiscationAct), dàn bìng wèi cóng xiàn shàng fèi chú zhì gāi 'àn de de shì zhù kòng zhì de pàn luàn zhōulín kěn fǎn duì zhì rèn wéi zài dào shàng shì xié 'è de xuān yánzhōngrén shēng 'ér píng děngde yuán xiāng máo dùnzài nán fāng bāng lián zhōu tuō zhī qiánlín kěn zhǐ shì fǎn duì jiāng zhì kuò zhǎn dào xīn lián bāng de jiāng zhè shì zài lián bāng gòu quán fàn wéi zhī nèi de shì dàn guó huì bìng méi yòu xiàn de shòu quán fèi chú zài nán fāng zhōu cún zài de zhì yīn zài 1861 dào 1862 nián jiānlín kěn shēng chēng běi fāng shì wéi wéi lián bāng 'ér zhànfèi zhù zhě duì de chǎng chí píng tài
  
  1862 nián 9 yuè 22 lín kěn bān jiě fàng hēi xuān yán》 (EmancipationProclamation), zài fèi chú zhì de dào shàng mài liǎo zhí jiē cuī shēng liǎo měi guó xiàn shí sān xiū zhèng 'ànzhè xuān yán zhàn zhēng de biāo míng què dìng zài fèi chú zhì hòu lái shuō:“ zài shēng zhōng què xìn wèi zuò guò qiān shǔ xuān yán gèng jiā zhèng què de jué dìng。”
  
   zài lián bāng jūn duì jīng guò shù cuò bài hòulín kěn rèn mìng yóu · xīn sēn · lán wéi zǒng lìngniǔ zhuǎn liǎo zhàn 。 1864 niánlín kěn shòu quán lán cǎi yòng jiāo zhàn shù nán fāng díshì wéi chí zhàn zhēng de jīng néng lián bāng jiànglǐng wēi lián · sài · xiè 'ěr màn jiāng jūn de duì cóng lán xiàng nán luó lái hǎi 'àn jìn jūn de yán zòng huǒ fén shāo liǎo duō nóng chǎng chéng zhèngěi nán fāng rén mín zào chéng liǎo de cái chǎn sǔn shī jiǔ jiǔ nán píng de jīng shén chuāngshāng
  
   zài zhàn zhēng jìn xíng de tóng shílín kěn zhí zhì jiěshǐ guó jiā chóngxīn tuán jié lái chū liǎo xiāng dāng kāng kǎi de tiáo jiànràng zhàn xiàn nán de cān jiā xuǎn guó huì zhōng de jìn gòng dǎng yuán jué chéng rèn 'ān ā kěn tián zhōu zài zhàn shí xuǎn chū de guó huì dàn lín kěn fǒu jué liǎo xiāng guān de 'àn。 1864 nián de zǒng tǒng xuǎn zhōng chéng gōng lián rèn。 1865 nián 4 yuè 4 lín kěn yóu shǎo shù suí cóng guó shǐ péi tóngjìn zài lián bāng jūn duì zhàn lǐng xià de nán fāng bāng lián shǒu shì mǎnzài huān yíng shì shàng qǐng jūn duì yǎn zòu liǎo bāng lián guó
  
  1865 nián 4 yuè 9 nán fāng bāng lián jūn duì zǒng lìng luó · tóu jiàngnèi zhàn jié shù
  
  
   lín kěn
   lín kěn líng
  
  1865 nián 4 yuè 14 lín kěn zài yuàn guān shíbèi zhì zhī chí zhěyǎn yuán yuē hàn · wèi · shā líng chén zhì shēn wáng
  
   shēn xīn quē xiàn
  
   lín kěn de cháng xiāng cháng bèi zhèng gōng lián míng wén xué jiā huò sāng chēng wéi mào yáng xué jiā céng zhēn duì liǎng lín kěn liǎn zào de shí gāo miàn jìn xíng guāng sǎo miáo xiàn lín kěn yòu bàn biān xiǎo liǎn zhèng de bìng zhuàngdāng lín kěn de zuǒ yǎn wǎng shàng piǎo de shí hòuyòu yǎn jìng rán huì háo dòng xié shì de máo bìnglín kěn zuǒ yǎn kuàng yòu yǎn kuàng xiǎodǎo zhì kòng zhì yǎn chuí zhí yùn dòng de ròu wèi lán zǒng tǒng shān diāo zhě céng · rèn wéi lín kěn zuǒ liǎn gòu chéng shúwèi wán quán
  
   lín kěn de liǎn miàn wéi qīng tóng lìng wéi jiāoxiàn bǎo cún zài zhī jiā shǐ guǎn
  
   chú zhī wài zài dāng shí de shēng xiàn dài xué jiā yán jiū xiànlín kěn huàn yòu tiān huāxīn zàng bìng yōu zhèng
  
   jīng shén chǎn
  
   lín kěn bèi zàng zài jiā xiāng héng héng nuò zhōu lín fěi 'ěr de 'ér hòu lái bèi 'ān zàng zhì jīn nuò zhōu de dòng chē pái zhào shàng chēnglín kěn zhī zhōu”( LandofLincoln)。
  
   shǐ xué jiā chēng huá shèng dùn wèiguó lín kěn wèiguó jiā de zhěng jiù zhězài měi guóměi nián 'èr yuè de sān xīng shìzǒng tǒng jié”, niàn zhè liǎng wèi wěi de lǐng dǎo rén
  
   suī rán wèi céng jiē shòu gāo shēn de jiào lín kěn yòu zhuó yuè de kǒu cái wén cǎizhí jiē de xiàn jiù shì zhù míng de gài bǎo yǎn shuō zhōng de zuì hòu huà chéng wéi xiàn dài mín zhù zhèng de dìng zhī
   yào shǐ men zhè guó jiā zài shàng de bǎo yòu xià dào yóu de yǒng shēngshǐ zhè mín yòumín zhìmín xiǎng de zhèng yǒng shì cháng cún
  
   zōng jiào tài
  
   lín kěn duì jiào de tài
  “ 《 shèng jīng shì de shū jiào shì de xìn yǎng cóng lái néng tóng jiào jiào tiáo rǒng cháng fán de chén shù。 ”
  
   héng JosephLewis
  “ dàn shì néng liáng xīn de yóu gěi liǎo fàn gāng jiào huáng de zhuī suí zhětiān zhù jiào zhǐ yào men gào tōng guò men suǒ yòu de shì huìshén xué jiā jiào huì guī men de dào mìng lìng men yòu huì jiù shāo jiāo de ě shā de hái duàn de hóu lóng。 ”
  
   zài běi fāng xuān jiě fàng hēi hòuyòu lán zhōu dào jiě fàng de sòng gěi běn shèng jīng。 1864 nián 9 yuè 8 huá shèng dùn zǎo bàobào dào zhè shìjìzǎi zhe lín kěn de huí
  “ guān zhè běn wěi de shū zhǐ néng shuōzhè shì shàng gěi rén lèi de jiù zhù gěi zhè shì jiè suǒ yòu de hǎo chù jīng guò zhè běn shū chuán gěi liǎo men guǒ shì men jiù fēn biàn shàn 'èsuǒ yòu duì rén lèi zhǐ zuì xiāng guān de shì lùn shì jīn tiān hái shì wèi láidōukě zài zhè běn shū shàng xún dào。 ”
  
  
  “ bié rén xuān chēng shì rèn jiào huì de huì yǒuzhè shì shì shídàn shì cóng méi yòu fǒu rèn shèng jīng de zhēn cóng lái méi yòu duì rèn zōng jiào yòu jìng de yán lùngèng shì méi yòu huǐ bàng guò rèn jiào de zōng pài néng zhī chí rèn wèi cháo xiào zōng jiàohuò shì zōng jiào de gōng kāi rén。 ”
  
  
   niàn
  
  1867 niánnèi jiā zhōu de lán kāi xiàn de xiàn zhì gǎi míng wéi lín kěn shìbìng chéng wéi gāi zhōu shǒu niàn zhè wèi měi guó shǐ shàng zuì wěi de zǒng tǒng zhī
  
   měi guó shǒu huá shèng dùn de lín kěn niàn táng zuò luò guó jiā guǎng chǎngshì quán guó zuì zhù míng de niàn xìng jiàn zhù zhī
  
   shí 'ěr guó jiā gōng yuán zhōng de wèi zǒng tǒng xíng diāo xiànglín kěn zài zuì yòu


  Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery. Before his election in 1860 as the first Republican president, Lincoln had been a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate. As an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery in the United States, Lincoln won the Republican Party nomination in 1860 and was elected president later that year. His tenure in office was occupied primarily with the defeat of the secessionist Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. He introduced measures that resulted in the abolition of slavery, issuing his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoting the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. As the Civil War was drawing to a close, Lincoln became the first American president to be assassinated.
  
  Lincoln closely supervised the victorious war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including Ulysses S. Grant. Historians have concluded that he handled the factions of the Republican Party well, bringing leaders of each faction into his cabinet and forcing them to cooperate. Lincoln successfully defused the Trent affair, a war scare with Britain late in 1861. Under his leadership, the Union took control of the border slave states at the start of the war. Additionally, he managed his own reelection in the 1864 presidential election.
  
  Copperheads and other opponents of the war criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on the slavery issue. Conversely, the Radical Republicans, an abolitionist faction of the Republican Party, criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery. Even with these opponents, Lincoln successfully rallied public opinion through his rhetoric and speeches; his Gettysburg Address (1863) became an iconic symbol of the nation's duty. At the close of the war, Lincoln held a moderate view of Reconstruction, seeking to speedily reunite the nation through a policy of generous reconciliation. Lincoln has consistently been ranked by scholars as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents.
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