měi mò zhàn zhēng War with the United States  (1846nián～1848nián)

　　měi mò zhàn zhēng yóu 1846 nián yī zhí dǎ dào 1848 nián， zhàn zhēng yuán yīn shì yīn wéi dé kè sà sī（ xiàn dé zhōu） dú lì hé měi guó kuò zhāng zhù yì de guān xì， měi guó yǐ lì yì xī shōu dé kè sà sī gòng hé guó wéi dì 28 gè zhōu， bìng qiě duì mò xī gē yáo yuǎn de jiā lì fú ní yà hé xīn mò xī gē jìn gōng， zhàn hòu mò xī gē sàng shī liǎo qí yuán guó tǔ sān fēn zhī yī de miàn jī， dǎo zhì mò xī gē rén xiàn zài hái shì huì chóu hèn měi guó rén， yě chuàng lì liǎo yī gè xīn de zhèng zhì jiā， tā men bǎi tuō liǎo sāng tǎ · ān nà duì mò xī gē de tǒng zhì， bìng yú 1857 nián jiàn lì liǎo yī gè zì yóu gòng hé guó
　　
　　 měi mò zhàn zhēng shì měi guó yǔ mò xī gē zhī jiān yú cóng 1846 nián zhì 1848 nián bào fā de yīcháng zhàn zhēng。
　　
　　 bèi jǐng
　　
　　 měi mò zhàn zhēng de bào fā yuán yīn shì mò xī gē yǔ dé kè sà sī gòng hé guó zhī jiān wèi jiě jué de biān jìng wèn tí yǐ jí měi guó de kuò zhāng zhù yì。 1836 nián dé kè sà sī gé mìng hòu xīn jiàn lì de dé kè sà sī gòng hé guó yǔ mò xī gē zhī jiān de biān jìng yòu zhēng yì。 mò xī gē bù chéng rèn dé kè sà sī de dú lì， xuān bù yào jiāng dé kè sà sī chóngxīn bìng rù qí lǐng tǔ， bìng jǐng gàojià rú měi guó jiè rù de huà liǎng guó zhī jiān jiāng bào fā zhàn zhēng。 dé kè sà sī wéi chí qí dú lì lì chǎng， bìng qiáng diào gé lán dé hé shì qí biān jìng。 yīng guó shì tú tiáotíng zhè chǎng zhēng yì dàn méi yòu chéng gōng， yīn wéi mò xī gē bù kěn chéng rèn dé kè sà sī。 1845 nián měi guó xuān bù jiǎ rú dé kè sà sī gòng hé guó yuàn yì jiā rù měi guó de huà， měi guó jiāng chéng rèn gé lán dé hé wéi qí biān jìng。 tóng nián dé kè sà sī jiā rù měi guó chéng wéi měi guó de dì 28 gè zhōu。
　　
　　 měi guó zǒng tǒng zhān mǔ sī · nuò kè sī · bō 'ěr kè rèn shí dào jiǎ rú měi guó yǔ mò xī gē zhī jiān bào fā zhàn zhēng de huà mò xī gē wú fǎ fáng yù qí yáo yuǎn de běi bù shěng fèn xīn mò xī gē hé jiā lì fú ní yà， ér zhè zhèng hǎo fú hé měi guó mín zhù dǎng de kuò zhāng měi guó jiāng yù de zhāo zhāo tiān mìng。 yǔ cǐ xiāng fǎn de měi guó huī gé dǎng qiáng liè fǎn duì měi guó de jiāng yù kuò zhāng hé qiáng liè fǎn duì duì mò xī gē zuò zhàn。
　　
　　
　　 xuān zhàn
　　
　　 duì mò xī gē lái shuō dé kè sà sī jiā rù měi guó shǒu xiān shì měi guó jiè rù mò xī gē nèi zhèng， yīn wéi měi guó yǐ cǐ lái zhī chí yī gè fǎn pàn de shěng fèn， qí cì měi guó fēi fǎ dì zhàn jù liǎo jì fēi shì dé kè sà sī yòu fēi shì měi guó de lǐng tǔ。 mò xī gē duō nián yǐ lái yī zhí zài yǐ zhàn zhēng wēi xié。 yīng guó shǐ zhōng shì tú fáng zhǐ mò xī gē xiàng bǐ tā qiáng dà de měi guó xuān zhàn， dàn shì 1844 nián yīng guó běn shēn yě yǔ měi guó yòu yī xiē yán zhòng de zhēng zhí。
　　
　　 liǎng guó zhī jiān bào fā liǎo yī xiē xiǎo chōng tū hòu bō 'ěr kè xià lìng zhā kǎ lǐ · tài lè dài bīng jìn rù dé kè sà sī。 tài lè dù guò niǔ 'āi xī sī hé， bù gù mò xī gē xiàng tā tí chū de chè jūn yào qiú， yī zhí jìn jūn dào gé lán dé hé pàn bìng kāi shǐ zài nà lǐ jiàn zhù bù lǎng bǎo。
　　
　　1846 nián 4 yuè 24 rì zhàn zhēng zhèng shì bào fā。 mò xī gē qí bīng jìn gōng bìng fú lǔ liǎo yī zhī měi guó zài gé lán dé hé fù jìn de bù duì。 chōng tū bào fā hòu bō 'ěr kè yào qiú xuān zhàn， tā xuān chēng mò xī gē “ rù qīn liǎo wǒ men de biān jiè， zài měi guó lǐng tǔ shàng sǎ liǎo měi guó rén de xuè ”， yǐ cǐ lái gǔ dòng měi guó de mín qíng。 5 yuè 13 rì měi guó guó huì xiàng mò xī gē xuān zhàn。 měi guó běi bù hé huī gé dǎng jī běn shàng fǎn duì zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng， ér nán bù hé mín zhù dǎng zé zàn chéng zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng。 5 yuè 23 rì mò xī gē xiàng měi guó xuān zhàn。
　　
　　 jí shǐ zài měi guó xuān zhàn hòu xǔ duō huī gé dǎng rén yǐ rán bù xiāng xìn bō 'ěr kè suǒ shuō de“ zài měi guó lǐng tǔ shàng sǎ liǎo měi guó rén de xuè”。 tā men xiāng xìn měi guó jūn duì dù guò liǎo gé lán dé hé jìn xíng xù yì tiǎo xù。 dāng shí gāng gāng bèi xuǎn rù měi guó zhòng yì yuàn de huī gé dǎng xīn shǒu yà bó lā hǎn · lín kěn yǐn rù liǎo yī xì liè jué yì yào qiú bō 'ěr kè gěi chū měi guó rén de xuè sǎ dào de jù tǐ dì diǎn。 dàn yóu yú měi guó shì bīng bèi shā， yīn cǐ zhè xiē fǎn duì méi yòu shòu dào duō shǎo zhù yì。
　　
　　
　　 guò chéng
　　
　　 xuān zhàn hòu měi guó cóng duō gè zhàn xiàn rù qīn mò xī gē lǐng tǔ。 zài tài píng yáng měi guó hǎi jūn pài yuē hàn · sī luò tè（ JohnD.Sloat） zhàn lǐng jiā lì fú ní yà bìng jiāng tā guī rù měi guó lǐng tǔ， yīn wéi měi guó pà yīng guó huì shì tú zhàn lǐng gāi dì qū。 sī luò tè huò dé jiā lì fú ní yà běi bù 'àng gé lǔ zhí mín zhě de zhī chí， zhè xiē zhí mín zhě cǐ qián jiù xuān chēng jiàn lì liǎo yī gè dú lì de jiā lì fú ní yà gòng hé guó。 zài tā men de zhī chí xià sī luò tè zhàn jù liǎo yī xiē zhòng yào chéng shì。 tóng shí sī dì fēn · wǎ tè · kē 'ěr ní dài lǐng de měi jūn gōng zhàn liǎo shèng dà fēi。 kē 'ěr ní rán hòu xiàng jiā lì fú ní yà jìn jūn。 zài yī xiē xiǎo cuò zhé hòu tā yǔ luó bó tè · sī duǒ kè dùn de hǎi jūn zēng yuán lián hé zhàn jù liǎo shèng dì yá gē hé luò shān jī。 dàn cǐ hòu kē 'ěr ní yǔ sī duǒ kè dùn zhī jiān bào fā liǎo duì jiā lì fú ní yà guǎn lǐ de chōng tū。 yuán yīn shì huá shèng dùn fā biǎo de mìng lìng zài zhè yī diǎn shàng bù míng què。 sī duǒ kè dùn rèn mìng fú lāi méng（ JohnC.Fremont） wéi jiā lì fú ní yà zǒng dū， ér kē 'ěr ní zé chēng zì jǐ wéi zǒng dū。 zuì hòu kē 'ěr ní zhàn liǎo shàng shǒu， fú lāi méng bèi bǔ hé bèi chǔfá。
　　
　　 tài lè lǐng dǎo de zhù lì jūn kuà guò gé lán dé hé， 1846 nián 9 yuè zài méng tè léi zhàn yì zhōng huò shèng。 mò xī gē zǒng tǒng 'ān dōng ní 'ào · luò pèi sī · dé · sāng tǎ · ān nà qīn zì dài bīng běi shàng， dàn shì yú 1847 nián 2 yuè 22 rì zhàn bài。 tóng shí bō 'ěr kè pài qiǎn liǎo lìng yī zhī měi jūn zài wēn fú dé · sī gē tè de dài lǐng xià cóng wéi lā kè lǔ sī dēng 'àn bìng kāi shǐ rù qīn mò xī gē zhōng xīn dì qū。 sī gē tè gōng kè wéi lā kè lǔ sī bìng jìn jūn mò xī gē chéng， zuì hòu gōng zhàn mò xī gē shǒu dū。
　　
　　1847 nián 1 yuè 13 rì měi guó yǔ mò xī gē qiān shǔ tiáo yuē zài jiā lì fú ní yà tíng zhàn。 1848 nián 2 yuè 2 rì qiān shǔ de guā dá lú pèi · yī dá gē 'ěr tiáo yuē zuì zhōng tíng zhàn， měi guó huò qǔ duì jiā lì fú ní yà（ xià jiā lì fú ní yà bàn dǎo réng shǔ mò xī gē）、 nèi huá dá、 yóu tā de quán bù dì qū， kē luó lā duō、 yà lì sāng nà、 xīn mò xī gē hé huái 'é míng bù fēn dì qū。 zuò wéi bǔ cháng měi guó xiàng mò xī gē zhī fù 1825 wàn měi yuán（ xiāng dāng yú 2000 nián zhōng 627,482,629 měi yuán）。
　　
　　 shì bīng
　　
　　 zài zhěng gè zhàn zhēng zhōng yuē 1.3 wàn měi guó shì bīng sǐ wáng， qí zhōng zhǐ yòu 1700 rén zhí jiē zhèn wáng， qí tā sǐ yú jí bìng huò zhě zhàn shí bù wèi shēng de tiáo jiàn。 mò xī gē de sǐ wáng rén shǔbù míng， gū jì dá 2.5 wàn。
　　
　　 zhàn zhēng zhōng yòu yī gè zhù yào yóu 'ài 'ěr lán yí mín zǔ chéng de tuán（ shèng pài cuì kè dà duì， SaintPatrick'sBattalion） pàn biàn měi guó tóubèn mò xī gē。 yòu rén shuō tā men pàn biàn de yuán yīn shì yīn wéi tā men zài měi jūn zhōng yīn qí zōng jiào xìn yǎng shòu dào qí tā shì bīng de wǔ rǔ， yīn cǐ pàn biàn dào tiān zhù jiào de mò xī gē。 zhè xiē shì bīng zhōng de dà duō shù zài zhàn zhēng zhōng zhèn wáng， bù fēn rén zài bèi fú lǔ hòu jiǎo sǐ。 yòu xiē lì shǐ xué jiā shuō zhè xiē rén shí jì shàng shì mò xī gē zhàn fú， bèi pò zài mò xī gē fāng zuò zhàn， qí tā rén zé chēng tā men shì pàn tú。 zhì jīn wéi zhǐ zài mò xī gē réng yòu yī xiē jì niàn tā men de jì niàn bēi。
　　
　　 jù měi guó tuì wǔ jūn rén shì wù bù shù jù zuì hòu yī míng cān zhàn de měi guó shì bīng yú 1929 nián 9 yuè 3 rì gāo líng 98 suì shì shì。
　　 zhèng zhì yì yì
　　
　　 mò xī gē zài zhàn zhēng zhōng shī qù liǎo qí jiāng yù zhī bàn， cǐ hòu zài mò xī gē shǐ zhōng liú yòu duì měi guó de chóu hèn， dàn zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng yě shǐ dé mò xī gē guó nèi xíng chéng liǎo tā jiàn guó（ 1821 nián） yǐ lái yī zhí quē fá de mín zú zhù yì guān。
　　
　　 zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng yě dǎo zhì liǎo xīn yī dài de mò xī gē zhèng zhì jiā de chū xiàn， zuì hòu tā men bǎi tuō liǎo sāng tǎ · ān nà duì mò xī gē de tǒng zhì bìng yú 1857 nián jiàn lì liǎo yī gè zì yóu gòng hé guó。 zhè gè zì yóu gòng hé guó zuì zǎo de cuò shī zhī yī jiù shì jiā sù duì mò xī gē běi bù kōng kuàng dì qū de zhí mín， ér zhè gè cuò shī de yuán yīn jiù shì wèile fáng zhǐ wèi lái de lǐng tǔ sàng shī。
　　
　　 zài bèi měi guó zhàn jù de lǐng tǔ shàng yòu shù qiān mò xī gē jiā tíng shēng huó。 zhè xiē jiā tíng yòu xiē huí dào mò xī gē， yòu xiē liú zài měi guó， zài liǎng guó de hé píng tiáo yuē shàng yòu duì tā men de bǎo hù。 zhè xiē jiā tíng de lì shǐ dà duō bèi jìzǎi xià lái liǎo， tā men shì zuì zǎo de mò xī gē yì měi guó rén。
　　
　　1889 nián měi guó yǔ mò xī gē zǔ chéng guó jì biān jiè jí shuǐ lì wěi yuán huì lái jiě jué qí tā wèi jiě jué de biān jìng zhēng yì。
　　
　　 zài měi guó zhàn zhēng shèng lì dǎo zhì liǎo yīcháng 'ài guó làng cháo， měi guó zài xī bù hé nán bù huò dé liǎo xīn de lǐng tǔ。 tài lè chéng wéi zhàn zhēng yīng xióng bìng yú 1848 nián dāng xuǎn wéi měi guó zǒng tǒng。
　　
　　 dàn shì zhè gè 'ài guó làng cháo bìng méi yòu chí xù hěn jiǔ。 měi guó běi fāng zhōu duì zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng chí fǎn duì tài dù， nán fāng zhōu chí zhī chí tài dù， ér zhè gè yì jiàn bù tóng de yuán yīn zài yú duì yú nú lì zhì dù de kàn fǎ de bù tóng yǐ jí duì yú zhàn zhēng hé lǐng tǔ kuò zhāng duì nú lì zhì dù jiāng yào dài lái de yǐng xiǎng de qī dài。 dāng shí dé kè sà sī chéng rèn nú lì zhì， ér mò xī gē jìn zhǐ nú lì zhì。 xǔ duō běi fāng fǎn nú lì zhì de rén rèn wéi zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng shì nán fāng nú lì zhù shì tú kuò zhāng nú lì zhì hé jiā qiáng tā men duì lián bāng zhèng fǔ de yǐng xiǎng。 hēng lì · dài wéi · suō luó xiě liǎo《 lùn gōng mín de bù fú cóng quán lì》 jù jué jiāo shuì lái zhī yuán zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng。
　　
　　 fǎn nú lì zhì rén shì zuì guān xīn de shì nú lì zhì jìn rù lián bāng lǐng yù。 1820 nián de《 mì sū lǐ hé yuē》 guī dìng běi wěi 36°30' yǐ běi de lián bāng lǐng yù zhōng jìn zhǐ nú lì zhì， dàn zhè gè hé yuē méi yòu chǎn míng wèi lái de xīn de zhōu shì fǒu yǔn xǔ nú lì zhì。 jiǎ rú zhè xiē zhōu yǔn xǔ nú lì zhì de huà， nà me cān yì yuàn lǐ de quán lì píng héng jiù huì bèi pò huài。 yīn cǐ xǔ duō nán fāng rén zhī chí zhàn zhēng lái kuò dà tā men de shì lì。 dāng shí yòu rén jiàn yì jiāng dé kè sà sī fēn wéi duō gè zhōu（ qí lǐng tǔ shì dāng shí měi guó suǒ yòu zhōu zhōng zuì dà de）， dàn shì zhè gè jìhuà méi yòu huò dé zhī chí。
　　
　　 zhàn zhēng shǒu nián zhòng yì yuán dài wéi · wéi mò tè tí chū liǎo yī gè lì fǎ cǎo 'àn zài rèn hé cóng mò xī gē xīn zhàn lǐng de lǐng tǔ shàng jìn zhǐ nú lì zhì。 zhè gè cǎo 'àn lì kè jiù zāo dào liǎo nán fāng de fǎn duì。 duì nán fāng lái shuō běi fāng xiǎn rán yào dǎ pò cān yì yuàn lǐ de píng héng。 zhè gè fǎ 'àn tōng guò liǎo zhòng yì yuàn dàn shì méi yòu tōng guò cān yì yuàn。 zài liǎng yuàn lǐ tóu piào de jiēguǒ dū xiǎn rán tǐ xiàn chū liǎo nán běi zhī jiān de máo dùn。
　　
　　1848 nián mín zhù dǎng jiàn yì měi gè zhōu de rén mín zì jǐ kě yǐ gōng tóu jué dìng gāi zhōu shì fǒu yǔn xǔ nú lì zhì。 kān sà sī · nèi bù lā sī jiā fǎ lìng jiāng zhè gè jiàn yì lì wéi měi guó fǎ lǜ。 fǎn duì nú lì zhì de rén zài tóng nián zǔ zhì liǎo měi guó gòng hé dǎng。
　　
　　 tài lè zuò wéi zhàn zhēng yīng xióng suī rán yú 1848 nián 11 yuè yíng dé liǎo zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ， dàn tā běn rén méi yòu rèn hé zhèng zhì jīng lì， gēn běn wú fǎ jiě jué zhè gè nán běi zhī zhēng。 1850 nián tā sǐ hòu huī gé dǎng rén xuǎn jǔ mǐ lè dé · fěi 'ěr mò 'ěr wéi zǒng tǒng。 fěi 'ěr mò 'ěr jué dìng lái jiě jué zhè gè wèn tí， zuì hòu tā tí chū liǎo《 1850 nián tuǒ xié》。 dàn shì zhè gè jiàn yì dǎo zhì liǎo gèng duō de zhēng yì， huī gé dǎng nèi bù fēn liè， tíng zhǐ chéng wéi yī gè guó jiā jí de dǎng pài。 huī gé dǎng zuì hòu hái shì tú tuī jiàn lìng yī wèi zhàn zhēng yīng xióng sī gé tè zuò wéi zǒng tǒng hòu xuǎn rén lái kè fú dǎng nèi de fēn qí， dàn shì méi yòu chéng gōng。
　　
　　 zài sī gé tè shǒu xià fú yì de yóu lǐ xī sī · gé lán tè hòu lái jiāng měi mò zhàn zhēng miáo xiě wéi kuò zhāng nú lì zhì de zhēng fú zhàn zhēng， yīn cǐ shì měi guó nán běi zhàn zhēng de qián zòu。 hòu lái nán běi zhàn zhēng zhōng de xǔ duō jiāng jūn， bāo kuò gé lán tè zéngshēn jiā měi mò zhàn zhēng： qiáo zhì · mài kè láo lún、 ān bù luó sī · bó 'ēn sài tè、 sī tōng wēi 'ěr · jié kè xùn、 qiáo zhì · mǐ dé、 luó bó tè · lǐ hé hòu lái de měi lì jiān lián méng guó zǒng tǒng jié fó xùn · dài wéi sī。

　　Many presidents, dictators, etc. came and went during a long period of instability which lasted most of the 19th century. One of the dominant figures of the second quarter of that century was the dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna.
　　
　　Santa Anna was Mexico's leader during the conflict with Texas, which declared itself independent from Mexico in 1836 and ensured that independence by defeating the Mexican army and Santa Anna. Santa Anna was in and out of power again during the U.S.-Mexican War (1846-48). After accepting Texas's application for statehood in 1846, the US government sent troops to Texas in order to secure the territory, subsequently ignoring Mexico's demands for US withdrawal. Mexico saw this as a US intervention in their internal affairs by supporting a rebel province.
　　
　　Disagreements about boundaries made the conflict inevitable. Mexican troops then attacked and killed several American soldiers and captured a small American detachment between the Rio Grande (which the Republic of Texas, and subsequently the U.S., claimed as the southern border) and the Nueces River (which had been considered the historic southern border of the Mexican department of Tejas). As a result, President James K. Polk requested a declaration of war, and the US Congress voted in favor on May 13, 1846. Mexico formally declared war on 23 May. This resulted in the Mexican–American War, which lasted from 1846 to 1848. Mexico was defeated by United States forces, which occupied Mexico City and many other parts of the country. The war was terminated with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo which stipulated that, as a condition for peace, Mexico was obligated to sell the mostly vacant northern territories to the United States for US$15 million. Over the next few decades, Americans settled these territories and petitioned for statehood, forming the states of California, Wyoming, Idaho, Oklahoma, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. Baja California was not included in the U.S. purchases or in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo despite being occupied by U.S. troops at the end of the war.
　　
　　The primary reason for Mexico's defeat was its problematic internal situation, which led to a lack of unity and organization for a successful defense. One of the very few commemorated groups of Mexicans in the U.S. invasion of 1847 was a group of very young Military College cadets (now considered by some as Mexican national heroes). These cadets fought to the death defending their college against a detachment of American soldiers during the Battle of Chapultepec (September 13, 1847). Another group of combatants revered by Mexicans was the Batallón de San Patricio, a unit composed of hundreds of mostly Irish-born American deserters who fought under Mexican command until their overwhelming defeat at the Battle of Churubusco (August 20, 1847). Most of the "San Patricios" were killed and a few captured. Many of the captured men were court-martialled by the U.S. Army as deserters and traitors, and were subsequently executed at Chapultepec.
　　
　　In 1853, mostly vacant desert territory containing parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico were sold to the United States in the Gadsden Purchase. This land was sold by President Santa Anna in order to gain personal profit and to pay off his army. The Americans had not realized when they were negotiating the Treaty of Hidalgo (when they accepted the Gila River as the southern U.S. boundary) that a much easier railroad route to California lay slightly south of the Gila River. The Southern Pacific Railroad, the second transcontinental railroad to California, was built through this purchased land in 1881. As a bonus, the city of Tucson (Arizona) and its few hundred inhabitants was added to the United States territory of New Mexico.