| mǎ lái xī yà Malaysia shǒudōu:jí lóng pō guógūdàimǎ: my |
 马来西亚 马来西亚 马来西亚 马来西亚 马来西亚 马来西亚guó qí chéng héng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi 2:1。 zhù tǐ bù fēn yóu 14 dào hóng bái xiāngjiàn、 kuān dù xiāng děng de héng tiáo zǔ chéng。 zuǒ shàng fāng yòu yī shēn lán sè de cháng fāng xíng， shàng yòu yī wān huáng sè xīn yuè hé yī kē 14 gè jiān jiǎo de huáng sè xīng。 14 dào hóng bái héng tiáo hé 14 jiǎo xīng xiàng zhēng mǎ lái xī yà de 13 gè zhōu hé zhèng fǔ。 lán sè xiàng zhēng rén mín de tuán jié jí mǎ lái xī yà yǔ yīng lián bāng de guān xì ── yīng guó guó qí yǐ lán sè wéi qí dǐ， huáng sè xiàng zhēng guó jiā yuán shǒu， xīn yuè xiàng zhēng mǎ lái xī yà de guó jiào yī sī lán jiào。 guó huī zhōng jiān wéi dùn xíng huī。 dùn huī shàng miàn huì yòu yī wān huáng sè xīn yuè hé yī kē 14 gè jiān jiǎo de huáng sè xīng， dùn miàn shàng de tú 'àn hé yán sè xiàng zhēng mǎ lái xī yà de zǔ chéng jí qí xíng zhèng qū huá。 dùn miàn shàng bù liè yòu 5 bǎ rù qiào de duǎn jiàn， tā men fēn bié dài biǎo róu fó zhōu、 jí dǎ zhōu、 bō lí shì zhōu、 jí lán dān zhōu hé dīng jiā nú zhōu。 dùn miàn zhōng jiān bù fēn huì yòu hóng、 hēi、 bái、 huáng ４ tiáo sè dài， fēn bié dài biǎo xuě lán 'é zhōu、 péng hēng zhōu、 pī lì zhōu hé sēn měi lán zhōu。 dùn miàn zuǒ cè huì yòu lán、 bái bō wén de hǎi shuǐ hé yǐ huáng sè wéi dì bìng huì yòu ３ gēn lán sè tuó niǎo yǔ máo， zhè yī tú 'àn dài biǎo bīn láng yǔ。 dùn miàn yòu cè de mǎ liù jiá shù dài biǎo mǎ liù jiá zhōu。 dùn miàn xià duān zuǒ biān dài biǎo shā bā zhōu， tú 'àn zhōng huì yòu qiáng jiàn de hè sè shuāng bì， shuāng shǒu jǐn wò shā bā zhōu zhōu qí。 dùn miàn xià duān yòu biān huì yòu yī zhǐ hóng、 hēi、 lán３ sè fēi qín， dài biǎo shā lāo yuè zhōu。 dùn miàn xià bù zhōng jiān de tú 'àn wéi mǎ lái xī yà de guó huā── mù jǐn， dāng dì rén chēng “ bān jiā lā yà ”。 dùn huī liǎng cè gè zhàn zhe yī tóu hóng shé mǎ lái hǔ， liǎng hǔ hòu zhī cǎi zhe jīn sè shì dài， shì dài shàng shū xiě zhe gé yán“ tuán jié jiù shì lì liàng”。 zài dùn huī shàng hái huì yòu yī wān xīn yuè hé yī kē 14 jiǎo xīng。 guó gē 《 wǒ de guó jiā》（ mǎ lái wén： Negaraku） guó huā fú sāng huā shǒu dū jí lóng pō (kualalumpur)， rén kǒu yuē 120 duō wàn。 jù yòu guān guāng hé tōng xùn liǎng dà gōng néng de jí lóng pō tǎ， gāo dá 466 mǐ， shì yà zhōu zuì gāo tǎ zhī yī， rú liǎng bǐng yín sè lì jiàn zhí chā yún duān。 jí lóng pō hái shì zhè gè duō mín zú、 duō zōng jiào guó jiā de suō yǐng， shì nèi qīng zhēn sì yǐ jí fó jiào、 yìn dù jiào de sì miào suí chù kě jiàn， jī dū jiào de jiào táng yě yòu 20 duō zuò。 xīn shǒu dū： pǔ tè lā jiǎ yà (putrajaya) wèi yú jí lóng pō yǐ nán 35 gōng lǐ chù， zǒng lǐ fǔ jí bù fēn zhèng fǔ gōng zuò rén yuán yú 1999 nián 6 yuè qiān rù， 2005 nián qián bān qiān wán bì， rén kǒu yuē 7000。 guān fāng yǔ yán mǎ lái yǔ huò bì lín jí tè rén kǒu 27,170,000 rén（ 2007 nián）（ shì jiè dì 43 míng）。 rén kǒu mì dù： 69/km2（ shì jiè dì 97 míng）， qí zhōng mǎ lái rén jí qí tā yuán zhù mín zhàn 66.1%， huá rén zhàn 25.3%， yìn dù rén zhàn 7.4%。 shā lāo yuè zhōu yuán zhù jū mín zhōng yǐ yī bān zú wéi zhù， shā bā zhōu yǐ kǎ dá shān zú wéi zhù。 mǎ lái yǔ wèiguó yǔ， tōng yòng yīng yǔ， huá yǔ shǐ yòng yě jiào guǎng fàn。 yī sī lán jiào wèiguó jiào， qí tā zōng jiào yòu fó jiào、 yìn dù jiào、 jī dū jiào、 bài wù jiào děng。 zì rán dì lǐ miàn jī 33 wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ。 wèi yú dōng nán yà， dì chù tài píng yáng hé yìn dù yáng zhī jiān。 quán jìng bèi nán zhōng guó hǎi fēn chéng dōng mǎ lái xī yà hé xī mǎ lái xī yà liǎng bù fēn。 xī mǎ lái xī yà wéi mǎ lái yà dì qū， wèi yú mǎ lái bàn dǎo nán bù， běi yǔ tài guó jiē rǎng， xī bīn mǎ liù jiá hǎi xiá， dōng lín nán zhōng guó nán hǎi， dōng mǎ lái xī yà wéi shā lāo yuè dì qū hé shā bā dì qū de hé chēng， wèi yú jiā lǐ màn dān dǎo běi bù。 hǎi 'àn xiàn bù cháng 4192 gōng lǐ。 shǔ rè dài yǔ lín qì hòu。 nèi dì shān qū nián jūn qì wēn 22 ℃ ~28℃， yán hǎi píng yuán wéi 25℃ ~30℃。 dú lì rì 1957 nián 8 yuè 31 rì guó qìng rì 8 yuè 31 rì zhòng yào jié rì mǎ lái xī yà jié rì hěn duō， quán guó dà dà xiǎo xiǎo de jié rì yuē yòu shàng bǎi gè。 dàn zhèng fǔ guī dìng de quán guó xìng jié rì zhǐ yòu 10 gè， qí zhōng chú shǎo shù yòu gù dìng rì qī wài， qí yú de jù tǐ rì qī yóu zhèng fǔ zài qián yī nián tǒng yī gōng bù。 zhù yào jié rì yòu： yuán dàn、 kāi zhāi jié（ mù sī lín）、 chūn jié（ huá rén）、 hā zhī jié（ mù sī lín）、 tú yāo jié（ yìn dù rén）、“ wǔ · yī” jié、 shèng dàn jié、 wèi sài jié、 xiàn rèn zuì gāo yuán shǒu dàn chén。 8 yuè 31 rì wéi mǎ lái xī yà guó qìng（ yòu chēng dú lì rì）。 zāinàn yì shí rì： 12 yuè 26 rì（ 2005 nián mǎ lái xī yà zhèng fǔ jué dìng shè lì。 xuǎn zé zhè yī tiān zuò wéi quán guó“ zāinàn yì shí rì”， shì yīn wéi mǎ lái xī yà guò qù zài zhè yī tiān duō cì zāo shòu zì rán zāinàn de xí jī。 1996 nián zhè yī tiān， dōng mǎ lái xī yà de shā bā zhōu zāo shòu qiáng liè rè dài fēng bào xí jī， yòu 100 duō rén sǐ wáng， xǔ duō fáng wū hé cái chǎn bèi huǐ； 2004 nián 12 yuè 26 rì， mǎ lái xī yà běi bù bīn láng yǔ děng zhōu bù fēn dì qū zāo dào yìn dù yáng hǎi xiào xí jī， gòng yòu 60 duō rén sǐ wáng。） guó jiā gé yán tuán jié jiù shì lì liàng（ mǎ lái wén： BersekutuBertambahMutu） guó jiā zhèng yào guó wáng jiào mǐ zàn 'ā bǐ dīng， 2007 nián 4 yuè 26 rì jiā miǎn de； zǒng lǐ 'ā bǔ dù lā · ài hā mài dé · bā dá wéi (AbdullahAhmadBadawi)， 2003 nián 10 yuè jiù rèn， 2004 nián 3 yuè lián rèn。 jiǎn shǐ gōng yuán chū mǎ lái bàn dǎo jiàn lì liǎo jié shū、 láng yá xiū děng gǔ guó。 15 shì jì chū yǐ mǎ liù jiá wéi zhōng xīn de mǎn cì jiā wáng guó tǒng yī liǎo mǎ lái bàn dǎo de dà bù fēn， bìng fā zhǎn chéng dāng shí dōng nán yà zhù yào guó jì mào yì zhōng xīn。 16 shì jì qǐ xiān hòu zāo dào pú táo yá、 hé lán hé yīng guó qīn lüè。 1911 nián lún wéi yīng guó zhí mín dì。 shā lāo yuè、 shā bā lì shǐ shàng zhǔwén lāi， 1888 nián liǎng dì lún wéi yīng guó bǎo hù guó。 èr cì dà zhàn qī jiān， mǎ lái yà、 shā lāo yuè、 shā bā bèi rì běn zhàn lǐng。 zhàn hòu yīng guó huī fù qí zhí mín tǒng zhì。 1957 nián 8 yuè 31 rì mǎ lái yà lián hé bāng zài yīng lián bāng nèi dú lì。 1963 nián 9 yuè 16 rì， mǎ lái yà lián hé bāng hé xīn jiā pō、 shā lāo yuè、 shā bā hé bìng zǔ chéng mǎ lái xī yà（ 1965 nián 8 yuè 9 rì xīn jiā pō xuān bù tuì chū）。 xíng zhèng qū huá quán guó fēn wéi 13 gè zhōu， bāo kuò xī mǎ de róu fó、 jí dǎ、 jí lán dān、 mǎ liù jiá、 sēn měi lán、 péng hēng、 bīn chéng、 pī lì、 bō lí shì、 xuě lán 'é、 dīng jiā nú yǐ jí dōng mǎ de shā bā、 shā lāo yuè， lìng yòu sān gè lián bāng zhí xiá qū： shǒu dū jí lóng pō、 nà mǐn hé pǔ tè lā jiǎ yà（ PutraJaya， lián bāng zhèng fǔ xíng zhèng zhōng xīn）。 【 zhèng zhì】 shí xíng jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì。 yīn lì shǐ yuán yīn， shā lāo yuè zhōu hé shā bā zhōu yōng yòu jiào dà zì zhì quán。 yǐ wū tǒng wéi shǒu de zhí zhèng dǎng lián méng guó mín zhèn xiàn（ jiǎn chēng“ guó zhèn”） cháng qī zhí zhèng， mǎ lái rén zhàn zhèng zhì zhù dǎo dì wèi， zhèng jú wěn dìng。 1997 nián jīn róng wēi jī hé 'ān wǎ 'ěr shì jiàn céng duì mǎ zhèng jú zào chéng chōng jī。 1999 nián dì shí jiè quán guó dà xuǎn zhōng， guó zhèn suī jì xù bǎo chí guó huì sān fēn zhī 'èr yǐ shàng yì xí， dàn zài mǎ lái rén zhōng zhī chí shuài yòu suǒ xià jiàng； fǎn duì dǎng yī sī lán jiào dǎng shì lì shàng shēng， zài jí lán dān hé dīng jiā nú liǎng zhōu zhí zhèng。“ 9·11 shì jiàn” hòu， yī sī lán jiào dǎng de jí duān zōng jiào sè cǎi shòu dào zhì yí， chǔjìng bèi dòng。 guó zhèn zài sān cì dì fāng bǔ xuǎn zhōng huò shèng， níng jù lì zēng qiáng， zhí zhèng dì wèi dé dào gǒng gù。 2003 nián 10 yuè 31 rì， mǎ hā dì 'ěr cí qù dǎng zhèng zhí wù， bā dá wéi fù zǒng lǐ jiē rèn zǒng lǐ jí guó zhèn、 wū tǒng zhù xí， zhèng quán píng wěn guò dù。 bā dá wéi yán xù mǎ hā dì 'ěr jì dìng de nèi wài zhèng cè， tóng shí jiā qiáng zhèng fǔ jī gòu zhěng dùn hé lián zhèng jiàn shè， qiáng diào quán mín fēn xiǎng zhèng zhì quán lì hé jīng jì fā zhǎn chéng guǒ， shòu dào mín zhòng pǔ biàn huān yíng hé zhī chí。 2004 nián 3 yuè， mǎ lái xī yà tí qián jǔ xíng dì shí yī jiè quán guó dà xuǎn， guó zhèn chuàng xià lì jiè dà xuǎn zuì hǎo zhàn jì， yíng dé 219 gè guó huì yì xí zhōng de 199 xí hé 505 gè zhōu yì xí zhōng de 452 xí。 bā dá wéi chán lián zǒng lǐ， lǐng dǎo dì wèi jìn yī bù gǒng gù。 2005、 2006 nián， mǎ lái xī yà zhèng jú jì xù bǎo chí wěn dìng， guó zhèn zhí zhèng jī chǔ wěn gù。 bā dá wéi zhú jiàn shù lì qǐ zì jǐ de zhí zhèng lǐ niàn hé fēng gé。 xiàn fǎ 1957 nián bān bù mǎ lái yà xiàn fǎ， 1963 nián mǎ lái xī yà chéng lì hòu jì xù yán yòng， gǎi míng wéi mǎ lái xī yà lián bāng xiàn fǎ， hòu duō cì xiū dìng。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng： zuì gāo yuán shǒu wèiguó jiā shǒu nǎo、 yī sī lán jiào lǐng xiù jiān wǔ zhuāng bù duì tǒng shuài， yóu tǒng zhì zhě huì yì xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng， rèn qī 5 nián。 zuì gāo yuán shǒu yōng yòu lì fǎ、 sī fǎ hé xíng zhèng de zuì gāo quán lì， yǐ jí rèn mìng zǒng lǐ、 jù jué jiě sàn guó huì děng quán lì。 1993 nián 3 yuè， mǎ yì huì tōng guò xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn， qǔ xiāo liǎo gè zhōu sū dān de fǎ lǜ huò miǎn quán děng tè quán。 1994 nián 5 yuè xiū gǎi xiàn fǎ， guī dìng zuì gāo yuán shǒu bì xū jiē shòu bìng gēn jù zhèng fǔ jiàn yì zhí xíng gōng wù。 2005 nián 1 yuè， mǎ yì huì zài cì tōng guò xiū xiàn fǎ 'àn， jué dìng jiāng gè zhōu de shuǐ gòngshì wù guǎn lǐ quán hé wén huà yí chǎn guǎn lǐ quán yí jiāo zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ。 tǒng zhì zhě huì yì yóu róu fó、 péng hēng、 xuě lán 'é、 sēn měi lán、 pī lì、 dīng jiā nú、 jí lán dān、 jí dǎ、 bō lí shì 9 gè zhōu de shì xí sū dān hé mǎ liù jiá、 bīn zhōu、 shā lāo yuè、 shā bā 4 gè zhōu de zhōu yuán shǒu zǔ chéng。 qí zhí néng shì zài 9 gè shì xí sū dān zhōng lún liú xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng zuì gāo yuán shǒu hé fù zuì gāo yuán shǒu； shěn yì bìng bān bù guó jiā fǎ lǜ、 fǎ guī； duì quán guó xìng de yī sī lán jiào wèn tí yòu zuì zhōng cái jué quán； shěn yì shè jí mǎ lái zú hé shā bā、 shā lāo yuè tǔ zhù mín zú de tè quán dì wèi děng zhòng dà wèn tí。 wèi jīng gāi huì yì tóng yì， bù dé tōng guò yòu guān tǒng zhì zhě tè quán dì wèi de rèn hé fǎ lǜ。 nèi gé zǒng lǐ hé gè zhōu zhōu wù dà chén、 shǒu xí bù cháng xié zhù huì yì zhào kāi。 yì huì yě chēng guó huì， zuì gāo lì fǎ jī gòu。 yóu shàng yì yuàn hé xià yì yuàn zǔ chéng。 2003 nián 5 yuè， guó huì tōng guò chóngxīn huàfēn guó huì hé zhōu yì huì xuǎn qū de dòng yì， guó huì xià yì yuàn yì xí cóng 194 zēng zhì 219 gè， chú shā lāo yuè yǐ wài de 12 gè zhōu yì xí cóng 422 zēng zhì 505 gè。 yì yuán rèn qī 5 nián。 běn jiè guó huì yú 2004 nián 3 yuè dì shí yī jiè quán guó dà xuǎn hòu zǔ chéng。 yǐ wū tǒng wéi shǒu de guó zhèn yōng yòu 199 xí， chāo guò yì xí zǒng shù de 90%。 fǎn duì dǎng yōng yòu 19 xí， qí zhōng mín zhù xíng dòng dǎng 12 xí， yī sī lán jiào dǎng 6 xí， guó mín gōng zhèng dǎng 1 xí。 wú dǎng pài dú lì rén shì 1 xí。 xià yì yuàn yì cháng tǎn · sī lǐ · lā mǔ lì · yǎ · tǎ lì bù（ TanSriRAMLINgahTalib）， 2004 nián 11 yuè 22 rì rèn zhí。 shàng yì yuàn yòu 70 míng yì yuán， yóu quán guó 13 gè zhōu yì huì gè xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng 2 míng， qí yú 44 míng yóu zuì gāo yuán shǒu gēn jù nèi gé tuī jiàn wěi rèn， rèn qī 3 nián。 shàng yì yuàn yì cháng tǎn · sī lǐ · ā bǔ dù 'ěr · hā mì dé（ TanSriDr.ABDULHAMIDbinPawanteh）， 2003 nián 7 yuè 7 rì rèn zhí。 zhèng fǔ běn jiè zhèng fǔ yú 2004 nián 3 yuè zǔ chéng， 2006 nián 2 yuè jìn xíng liǎo xiǎo fú gǎi zǔ， gòng shè 28 gè bù mén， xiàn rèn nèi gé chéng yuán yòu： zǒng lǐ jiān cái zhèng bù cháng hé guó nèi 'ān quán bù cháng dá tú · sī lǐ · ā bǔ dù lā · ài hā mài dé · bā dá wéi（ DatukSeriABDULLAHAhmadBadawi）， fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng dá tú · sī lǐ · nà jí bù · dūn · lā zhā kè (Dato ’ SeriNAJIBTunRazak)， zǒng lǐ fǔ bù cháng tǎn · sī lǐ · bó nà dé · jí lǔ kè · dōng bō（ TanSriBERNARDGILUKDOMPOK）、 dá tú · sī lǐ · mù hǎn mò dé · nà cí lǐ · ā bǔ dù 'ěr · ā qí cí（ DatukSeriMOHDNAZIRAbdulAziz）、 dá tú · sī lǐ · ā bǔ dù lā · mǎ · xīn（ DutukSeriABDULLAHMatZin）、 dá tú · mài kè xī mǔ sī · wēng kē lǐ（ DatukMAXIMUSOngkili）、 dá tú · sī lǐ · mù hǎn mò dé · ā fēn dí（ Dato’ SriMOHD.EFFENDI） , dì 'èr cái zhèng bù cháng tǎn · sī lǐ · nuò 'ěr · mù hǎn mò dé · yǎ gè bù（ TanSriNORMOHAMEDYakcop）， nèi zhèng bù cháng dá tú · sī lǐ · mù hǎn mò dé · lā dé cí（ Dato’ SeriMOHDRADZIbinSheikhAhmad）， guó jì mào yì hé gōng yè bù cháng dá tú · sī lǐ · lā fěi dá · ā qí cí (DatukSeriRAFIDAHAziz)， jiào yù bù cháng dá tú · xī shā mù tīng · hóu sài yīn（ Dato’ HISHAMUDDINbinTunHussein）， gāo děng jiào yù bù cháng dá tú · mǔ sī tǎ fǎ（ DatukMUSTAPAbinMohamed）， qǐ yè jí hé zuò shè fā zhǎn bù cháng dá tú · kǎ lì dé · nuò dīng（ DatukKHALEDNordin）， fáng wū jí dì fāng zhèng fǔ bù cháng dá tú · sī lǐ · huáng jiā dìng（ DatukSeriONGKATING） , néng yuán、 gōng shuǐ jí tōng xùn bù cháng dá tú · sī lǐ · lín jìng yì（ DatukSeriDr.LIMKENGYAIK）， xīn wén bù cháng dá tú · zhā yī nǔ dīng（ DatukZAINUDDINbinMaidin）， gōng chéng bù cháng dá tú · sī lǐ · sà mǐ · wéi lǔ（ Dato’ SeriSAMYVELLU） , zì rán zī yuán jí huán jìng bù cháng dá tú · sī lǐ · hā jí · ā cí mǐ（ Dato’ SeriHajiAZMIbinKhalid）， nóng yè jí nóng jī chǎn yè bù cháng tǎn · sī lǐ · mù xī dīng · yǎ xīn（ TanSriMUHYIDDINYassin） , wài jiāo bù cháng dá tú · sī lǐ · sài yì dé · hā mì dé · ā 'ěr bā (DatukSeriSYEDHamidAlbar)， jiāo tōng bù cháng dá tú · chén guǎng cái（ DatukCHANKONGCHOY）， rén lì zī yuán bù cháng dá tú · féng zhèn 'ān（ DatukDr.FONGCHANONN） , kē jì yǔ chuàng xīn bù cháng dá tú · jiǎ mǎ lǔ dīng · dá tú · mù hǎn mò dé · jiā jí sī（ Dato’ Dr.JAMALUDINbinDato’ Mohd.Jarjis）， yì shù、 wén huà jí wén huà yí chǎn bù cháng dá tú · sī lǐ · lā yī sī · yà dì mǔ（ DatukSeriRAISYatim）， fù nǚ、 jiā tíng jí shè huì fā zhǎn bù cháng dá tú · sī lǐ · suō lì sà · ā bǔ dù 'ěr · jiā lì 'ěr（ DatukSeriSHAHRIZATAbdulJalil）， xiāng cūn hé tǔ dì fā zhǎn bù cháng dá tú · ā bǔ dù 'ěr · ā qí cí · shān mǔ sū dīng (DatukABDULAZIZShamsuddin)， guó nèi mào yì jí xiāo fèi zhě shì wù bù cháng dá tú · shā fěi · ā bó dá 'ěr（ DatukSHAFIEApdal）， zhòngzhí yè jí yuán chǎn pǐn bù cháng dá tú · chén huá guì（ DatukPeterCHINFAHKUI）， qīng nián jí tǐ yù bù cháng dá tú · ā zhā lì nà · ào sī màn · sài yì dé（ DatukAZALINAOthmanSaid）， wèi shēng bù cháng dá tú · cài xì lì（ DatukDrCHUASOILEK）， lián bāng zhí xiá qū bù cháng dá tú · hā jí · zǔ 'ěr hā sī nán · lā fěi kè（ Dato’ HajiZULHASNANbinRafique）， lǚ yóu bù cháng dá tú · dōng gū · ā dé nán（ DatukTENGKUADNANbinTengkuMansor）。 sī fǎ jī gòu zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yú 1985 nián 1 yuè 1 rì zhèng shì chéng lì。 1994 nián 6 yuè gǎi míng wéi lián bāng fǎ yuàn。 shè yòu mǎ lái yà gāo jí fǎ yuàn（ fù zé xī mǎ） hé pó luó zhōu gāo jí fǎ yuàn（ fù zé dōng mǎ）， gè zhōu shè yòu dì fāng fǎ yuàn hé tuī shì tíng。 lìng wài hái yòu tè bié jūn shì fǎ tíng hé yī sī lán jiào fǎ tíng。 lián bāng fǎ yuàn shǒu xí dà fǎ guān dān · sī lǐ · dá tú · sī lǐ · ài hā mài dé · fǎ lǔ cí（ TansriDato’ SriAHMADFAIRUZ）， 2003 nián 3 yuè jiù rèn。 zǒng jiǎn chá cháng tǎn · sī lǐ · ā bǔ dù 'ěr · gān ní · pà tài 'ěr（ TanSriABDULGANIPATAIL）， 2002 nián 1 yuè 1 rì jiù rèn。 zhèng dǎng zhù cè zhèng dǎng yòu 40 duō gè。 yóu 14 gè zhèng dǎng zǔ chéng guó mín zhèn xiàn lián hé zhí zhèng。 2001 nián 5 yuè， shā bā rén mín zhèng yì dǎng jiě sàn， bìng rù wū tǒng。 2002 nián 1 yuè， fǎn duì dǎng shā bā tuán jié dǎng chóngfǎn guó mín zhèn xiàn。 guó mín zhèn xiàn（ NationalFront）： zhí zhèng dǎng lián méng。 1974 nián 4 yuè zài mǎ lái yà lián méng dǎng de jī chǔ shàng kuò dà 'ér chéng， chéng yuán dǎng xiāng duì dú lì。 dà xuǎn shí gè dǎng cǎi yòng tǒng yī de jìng xuǎn biāo zhì hé xuān yán， hòu xuǎn rén yì xí nèi bù xié shāng fēn pèi。 qiáng diào fā zhǎn jīng jì， xié diào gè zhèng dǎng lì yì， jiàn lì hé píng、 wěn dìng、 fán róng、 gōng zhèng de shè huì。 chéng yuán dǎng bāo kuò mǎ lái mín zú tǒng yī jī gòu， yòu chēng wū tǒng（ UnitedMalaysNationalOrganization）、 mǎ lái xī yà huá rén gōng huì（ MalaysianChineseAssociation）、 mǎ lái xī yà yìn dù rén guó dà dǎng（ MalaysianIndianCongress）、 rén mín yùn dòng dǎng（ yòu chēng mín zhèng dǎng， ThePeople’ sMovementParty）、 mǎ lái xī yà rén mín jìn bù dǎng（ ThePeople’ sProgressivePartyofMalaysia）、 shā lāo yuè tǔ zhù bǎo shǒu tǒng yī dǎng (PartiPesakaBumiputraBersatuSarawak)、 shā lāo yuè rén mín lián hé dǎng（ TheSarawakUnitedPeople’ sParty）、 shā lāo yuè guó mín dǎng（ TheSarawakNationalParty）、 shā lāo yuè dá yǎ kè zú dǎng（ PartiBangsaDayakSarawak）、 shā bā zì yóu mín zhù dǎng（ TheLiberalDemocraticPartyofSabah）、 shā bā jìn bù dǎng（ TheSabahProgressiveParty）、 shā bā rén mín tuán jié dǎng（ PartiBersatuRakyatSabah）、 shā bā mín zhù dǎng（ PartiDemokratikSabah）、 shā bā tuán jié dǎng（ PartiBersatuSabah）。 guó mín zhèn xiàn zhù xí tōng cháng yóu wū tǒng zhù xí jiān rèn， xiàn rèn zhù xí wéi bā dá wéi。 zhù yào zhí zhèng dǎng mǎ lái mín zú tǒng yī jī gòu（ TheUnitedMalaysNationalOrganization, jiǎn chēng wū tǒng， UMNO）： mǎ lái rén zhèng dǎng。 chéng lì yú 1946 nián 5 yuè 11 rì。 1987 nián 4 yuè yīn dǎng zhēng 'ér fēn liè， bèi fǎ tíng pàn wéi fēi fǎ zǔ zhì。 1988 nián 2 yuè mǎ hā dì 'ěr zài yuán wū tǒng jī chǔ shàng zhòng zǔ“ xīn wū tǒng”（ TheNewUnitedMalaysNationalOrganization）。 1996 nián， cóng wū tǒng fēn liè chū qù de“ sì liù” jīng shén dǎng chóngfǎn xīn wū tǒng hòu zài cì hái míng wéi“ wū tǒng”。 xiàn yòu dǎng yuán 280 wàn。 wū tǒng zhù xí hé shǔ lǐ zhù xí dài biǎo guó zhèn chū rèn zhèng fǔ zhèng、 fù zǒng lǐ。 mǎ lái xī yà huá rén gōng huì（ MalaysianChineseAssociation， jiǎn chēng mǎ huá gōng huì， MCA）： zuì dà de huá rén zhèng dǎng。 1949 nián 2 yuè 27 rì chéng lì， yuán míng mǎ lái yà huá rén gōng huì， mǎ lái xī yà chéng lì hòu gǎi wéi xiàn míng。 dǎng yuán 103 wàn。 2003 nián 5 yuè， lín liáng shí hé lín yà lǐ cí qù mǎ huá gōng huì zǒng huì cháng hé shǔ lǐ zǒng huì cháng zhí wù， fēn bié yóu huáng jiā dìng hé chén guǎng cái jiē rèn。 mǎ lái xī yà yìn dù rén guó dà dǎng（ MalaysianIndianCongress， jiǎn chēng yìn dù rén guó dà dǎng， MIC）： 1946 nián 8 yuè 2 rì chéng lì。 mǎ lái xī yà yìn dù、 bā jī sī tǎn zú zhèng dǎng， zhǐ zài zhēng qǔ hé wéi hù liǎng zú lì yì。 dǎng yuán 55 wàn rén。 zhù xí dá tú · sī lǐ · sà mǐ · wéi lǔ。 zhù yào fǎn duì dǎng yī sī lán jiào dǎng（ PartiIslamMalaysia）： yuán chēng fàn mǎ yī sī lán jiào dǎng。 yǐ mǎ lái mù sī lín wéi zhù de zōng jiào zhèng dǎng， zhù yào shì lì zài běi mǎ。 1951 nián 8 yuè 23 rì chéng lì， 1973 zhì 1977 nián céng jiā rù guó mín zhèn xiàn。 1959 zhì 1978 nián hé 1990 nián zhì jīn zài jí lán dān zhōu zhí zhèng， 1999 zhì 2003 nián zài dīng jiā nú zhōu duǎn qī zhí zhèng。 1992 nián 8 yuè jué dìng zài jí lán dān zhōu shí shī yī sī lán xíng shì fǎ。 dǎng yuán 80 wàn。 xiàn rèn zhù xí hā dí · ā wàng（ HADIAWANG）。 mín zhù xíng dòng dǎng（ TheDemocraticActionParty）： yǐ huá rén wéi zhù de duō mín zú zhèng dǎng。 1966 nián 3 yuè 19 rì chéng lì， qián shēn shì xīn jiā pō rén mín xíng dòng dǎng zài mǎ lái bàn dǎo de fēn bù。 běn jiè guó huì zuì dà fǎn duì dǎng。 zhù xí lín jí xiáng（ LIMKITSIANG）。 guó mín gōng zhèng dǎng (NationalJusticeParty)： 1999 nián 4 yuè 4 rì chéng lì， qián shēn shì 1990 nián zhù cè de yī sī lán jiào shè huì lián méng。 zhǐ zài lián hé gè zhèng dǎng hé fēi zhèng fǔ zǔ zhì lì liàng， kàng héng zhèng fǔ， zhēng qǔ gōng zhèng。 2003 nián 7 yuè， guó mín gōng zhèng dǎng jué dìng yǔ fǎn duì dǎng rén mín dǎng hé bìng wèirénmín gōng zhèng dǎng。 dǎng zhù xí wéi yuán gōng zhèng dǎng zhù xí、 qián fù zǒng lǐ 'ān wǎ 'ěr fū rén wàng · ā cí suō（ WanAzizah）， shǔ lǐ zhù xí wéi yuán rén mín dǎng zhù xí sài yì dé · hóu sài yīn（ SyedHussin）。 zhòng yào rén wù duān gǔ · mǐ zàn · zhā yī nà 'ěr · ā bǐ dīng： zuì gāo yuán shǒu。 1962 nián chū shēng yú dīng jiā nú zhōu guā lā dīng jiā nú。 céng fù 'ào dà lì yà mò 'ěr běn yǔ yán xué yuàn shēn zào， 1983 nián bì yè yú yīng gé lán huáng jiā jūn shì xué yuàn， 1988 nián huò měi guó guó jì 'ōu zhōu dà xué guó jì guān xì xué shì xué wèi。 1979 nián bèi fēng wéi dīng jiā nú zhōu shè zhèng wáng， 1990 nián céng rèn dīng jiā nú zhōu dài lǐ sū dān， 1998 nián 5 yuè 14 rì chū rèn dīng jiā nú zhōu dì shí liù rèn sū dān， 1999 nián 4 yuè zhì 2006 nián 12 yuè rèn mǎ lái xī yà dì shí yī rèn fù zuì gāo yuán shǒu。 2006 nián 12 yuè 13 rì jiù rèn dì shí sān rèn zuì gāo yuán shǒu， 2007 nián 4 yuè 26 rì dēng jī。 yǐ hūn， zuì gāo yuán shǒu hòu pān sī lǐ · luó qí tǎ（ PuanSeriRozita）， yù yòu liǎng zǐ yī nǚ。 dá tú · sī lǐ · ā bǔ dù lā · ài hā mài dé · bā dá wéi： zǒng lǐ jiān cái zhèng bù cháng hé guó nèi 'ān quán bù cháng。 1939 nián 11 yuè 26 rì shēng yú bīn chéng。 1964 nián bì yè yú mǎ lái yà dà xué， huò yī sī lán yán jiū xué xué shì xué wèi。 1978 nián dāng xuǎn guó huì yì yuán， lì rèn lián bāng zhí xiá qū bù zhèng wù cì cháng hé fù bù cháng、 zǒng lǐ fǔ bù guǎn bù cháng、 zǒng lǐ fǔ bù cháng、 jiào yù bù cháng、 guó fáng bù cháng děng zhí。 1991 nián 3 yuè rèn wài jiāo bù cháng， 1999 nián 1 yuè rèn fù zǒng lǐ jiān nèi zhèng bù cháng。 2003 nián 10 yuè rèn zǒng lǐ jiān cái zhèng bù cháng hé nèi zhèng bù cháng， 2004 nián 3 yuè dà xuǎn hòu lián rèn zǒng lǐ bìng jiān rèn cái zhèng bù cháng hé guó nèi 'ān quán bù cháng。 xiàn rèn mǎ zhí zhèng dǎng lián méng － guó mín zhèn xiàn zhù xí yǐ jí wū tǒng zhù xí。 xìn fèng yī sī lán jiào。 gè xìng nèi liǎn， fēng gé píng shí。 fū rén 'ēn dōng（ DatinEdonBintiDatukMahmud） yú 2005 nián 10 yuè bìng shì。 yù yòu yī zǐ yī nǚ。 dá tú · sī lǐ · nà jí bù · dūn · lā zhā kè： fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng。 mǎ dì 'èr rèn zǒng lǐ lā zhā kè de zhǎngzǐ。 1953 nián 7 yuè 24 rì shēng yú péng hēng zhōu。 huò yīng guó nuò dīng hàn dà xué jīng jì xué shì xué wèi。 1976 nián dāng xuǎn guó huì xià yì yuán， 1978 nián rèn néng yuán、 diàn xùn hé yóu diàn bù fù bù cháng， shì mǎ lì shǐ shàng zuì nián qīng de xià yì yuán hé fù bù cháng。 cǐ hòu lì rèn péng hēng zhōu zhōu wù dà chén、 wén huà、 qīng nián hé tǐ yù bù cháng、 guó fáng bù cháng、 jiào yù bù cháng děng zhí。 2004 nián 1 yuè qǐ rèn xiàn zhí， 2004 nián 3 yuè dà xuǎn hòu lián rèn。 wū tǒng zī shēn lǐng xiù， céng lián xù duō cì dāng xuǎn wū tǒng fù zhù xí， 2004 nián 1 yuè qǐ rèn wū tǒng shǔ lǐ zhù xí。 fū rén dá tīng · sī lǐ · luó sī mǎ · màn sū 'ěr（ DatinSeriRosmahMansor）， yù yòu wǔ míng zǐ nǚ。 【 jīng jì】 shàng shì jì 70 nián dài qián， jīng jì yǐ nóng yè wéi zhù， yǐ lài chū jí chǎn pǐn chū kǒu。 70 nián dài yǐ lái bù duàn tiáozhěng chǎn yè jié gòu， dà lì tuī xíng chū kǒu dǎo xiàng xíng jīng jì， diàn zǐ yè、 zhì zào yè、 jiàn zhù yè hé fú wù yè fā zhǎn xùn sù。 tóng shí shí shī mǎ lái mín zú hé yuán zhù mín yōu xiān de“ xīn jīng jì zhèng cè”， zhǐ zài shí xiàn xiāo chú pín kùn、 zhòng zǔ shè huì de mù biāo。 80 nián dài zhōng qī shòu shì jiè jīng jì shuāi tuì yǐng xiǎng， jīng jì yī dù xià huá， hòu cǎi qǔ cì jī wài zī hé sī rén zī běn děng cuò shī， jīng jì míng xiǎn hǎo zhuǎn。 1987 nián qǐ， jīng jì lián xù 10 nián bǎo chí 8 ％ yǐ shàng de gāo sù zēngzhǎng。 1991 nián tí chū“ 2020 hóng yuàn” de kuà shì jì fā zhǎn zhàn lüè， zhǐ zài yú 2020 nián jiāng mǎ jiàn chéng fā dá guó jiā。 zhòng shì fā zhǎn gāo kē jì， qǐ dòng liǎo“ duō méi tǐ chāo jí zǒu láng”、“ shēng wù gǔ” děng xiàng mù。 jìn nián lái， tōng guò wěn dìng huì shuài、 zhòng zǔ yínháng qǐ yè zhài wù、 kuò dà nèi xū hé chū kǒu děng zhèng cè， jīng jì qǔ dé jiào kuài zēngzhǎng。 bā dá wéi shàng rèn hòu， zài bǎo chí jīng jì chí xù wěn dìng zēngzhǎng de tóng shí， zhuólì kòng zhì cái zhèng chì zì， qǔ xiāo liǎo yī pī hào zī jù dà de xíng xiàng gōng chéng， jiāng zhòng diǎn zhuànxiàng nóng yè děng jī chǔ chǎn yè jiàn shè， dài dòng xiāng cūn fā zhǎn。 jī jí tuī dòng xiāo fèi hé tóu zī， bǎ sī yíng jīng jì zuò wéi guó jiā jīng jì zēngzhǎng de xīn zhī zhù。 gǔ lì fā zhǎn lǚ yóu、 jiào yù shì yè， shí xiàn jīng jì duō yuán huà。 2006 nián 4 yuè， mǎ zhèng fǔ dì jiǔ gè wǔ nián jìhuà（ 2006~2010 nián） huò dé guó huì tōng guò， qí zhù tí shì“ gòng tóng mài xiàng zhuó yuè、 huī huáng hé chāng shèng”， shī zhèng zhòng diǎn shì jiàng dī cái zhèng chì zì， jiā qiáng rén lì zī yuán kāi fā， jiā dà nóng yè tóu rù， fú chí zhōng xiǎo qǐ yè， tuī dòng lǚ yóu yè fā zhǎn。 2006 nián mǎ zhù yào jīng jì shù zì rú xià： guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 5427.66 yì lìng jí。 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ： 5.9％。 huò bì míng chēng： lìng jí（ Ringgit）。 huì shuài： 1 měi yuán ＝ 3.5 lìng jí（ fú dòng huì shuài）。 tōng huò péng zhàng shuài： 3.6%。 shī yè shuài： 3.8％。 zī yuán zì rán zī yuán fēng fù。 xiàng jiāo、 zōng yóu hé hú jiāo de chǎn liàng hé chū kǒu liàng jū shì jiè qián liè。 céng shì shì jiè chǎn xī dà guó， dàn jìn nián lái chǎn liàng zhú nián jiǎn shǎo， 2004 nián xī chǎn liàng wéi 3500 dūn。 jié zhì 2005 nián 1 yuè 1 rì， mǎ lái xī yà shí yóu hé tiān rán qì zǒng chǔ liàng wéi 194.9 yì tǒng， kě gōng fēn bié kāi cǎi 19 nián hé 33 nián。 cǐ wài hái yòu tiě、 jīn、 wū、 méi、 lǚ tǔ、 měng děng kuàng chǎn。 shèng chǎn rè dài yìng mù。 gōng yè zhèng fǔ gǔ lì yǐ běn guó yuán liào wéi zhù de jiā gōng gōng yè， zhòng diǎn fā zhǎn diàn zǐ、 qì chē、 gāng tiě、 shí yóu huà gōng hé fǎng zhì pǐn děng。 2006 nián zhì zào yè xiāo shòu shōu rù 5113 yì lín jí tè， zēngzhǎng 11.2%，； jiù yè rén shù 108 wàn。 kuàng yè yǐ xī、 shí yóu hé tiān rán qì kāi cǎi wéi zhù， 2005 nián kuàng yè zǒng chǎn zhí gū jì wéi 176.32 yì lín jí tè， zēngzhǎng 0.8%。 jìn jǐ nián kuàng chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng rú xià： 200420052006 shí yóu（ wàn tǒng ／ rì） 76.2370.470 yè huà tiān rán qì（ wàn dūn） 2072.92194.82300 xī（ wàn dūn） 0.270.29 （ zī liào lái yuán： mǎ lái xī yà tǒng jì jú） nóng mù yú lín yè gēng dì miàn jī yuē 414 wàn gōng qǐng， zhàn kě gēng dì miàn jī de 30.6％。 nóng yè yǐ jīng jì zuò wù wéi zhù， zhù yào yòu yóu zōng、 xiàng jiāo、 rè dài shuǐ guǒ děng。 dào mǐ zìjǐ shuài wéi 60％。 2005 nián nóng、 mù、 yú、 lín yè zǒng chǎn zhí wéi 221.42 yì lín jí tè， zēngzhǎng 4.8％， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 8.45%。 jìn jǐ nián zhù yào nóng、 lín chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng rú xià：（ dān wèi： wàn dūn）： 200420052006* zōng yóu 1345.01496.071588 xiàng jiāo 116.87112.6126 shuǐ dào 226.4224 yuán mù（ qiān lì fāng mǐ） 220392211921180 * wéi gū jì shù zì。 （ zī liào lái yuán： mǎ lái xī yà tǒng jì jú） shèng chǎn rè dài lín mù。 yú yè yǐ jìn hǎi bǔ lāo wéi zhù， jìn nián lái shēn hǎi bǔ lāo hé yǎng zhí yè yòu suǒ fā zhǎn。 2001 nián shuǐ chǎn chǎn liàng gū jì wéi 122.58 wàn dūn， 2002 nián tóng bǐ jiǎn chǎn 1.7%。 fú wù yè fàn wéi guǎng fàn， bāo kuò shuǐ、 diàn、 jiāo tōng、 tōng xùn、 pī fā、 líng shòu、 fàn diàn、 cān guǎn、 jīn róng、 bǎo xiǎn、 bù dòng chǎn jí zhèng fǔ bù mén tí gōng de fú wù děng。 70 nián dài yǐ lái， mǎ zhèng fǔ bù duàn tiáozhěng chǎn yè jié gòu， shǐ fú wù yè dé dào liǎo xùn sù fā zhǎn， chéng wéi guó mín jīng jì fā zhǎn de zhī zhù xìng xíng yè zhī yī。 2005 nián fú wù yè zēngzhǎng 6.5%， jiù yè rén shù yuē 535.36 wàn， zhàn quán guó jiù yè rén kǒu de 50.76％， shì jiù yè rén shù zuì duō de hángyè。 zì 1996 nián shè lì“ duō méi tǐ chāo jí zǒu láng” yǐ lái， chuàng zào liǎo chāo guò 4 wàn gè jiù yè jī huì。 jié zhì 2006 nián 7 yuè， duō méi tǐ chāo jí zǒu láng nèi 1552 jiā zhù cè gōng sī xiāo shòu shōu rù yuē 60 yì lín jí tè。 jìn jǐ nián fú wù yè chǎn zhí jí qí zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí bǎi fēn bǐ rú xià： 200320042005 chǎn zhí（ yì lìng jí） 1335.311415.341511.44 zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí 57.6%57.1%57.7% （ zī liào lái yuán： mǎ lái xī yà tǒng jì jú） lǚ yóu yè guó jiā dì sān dà jīng jì zhī zhù , dì 'èr dà wài huì shōu rù lái yuán。 1990 nián hé 1994 nián jǔ bàn liǎng jiè mǎ lái xī yà guān guāng nián。 yōng yòu fàn diàn yuē 1878 jiā , fàn diàn rù zhù shuài 55.3%。 zhù yào lǚ yóu diǎn yòu： jí lóng pō、 yún dǐng、 bīn chéng、 mǎ liù jiá、 fú luó jiāo yí dǎo、 diāo màn dǎo、 rè làng dǎo、 bāng gē dǎo děng。 2006 nián fù mǎ wài guó yóu kè rén shù dá 1754 wàn rén cì， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 6.8%， lǚ yóu wài huì shōu rù 360.2 yì lín jí tè。 jiāo tōng yùn shū quán guó yòu liáng hǎo de gōng lù wǎng， gōng lù hé tiě lù zhù yào gànxiàn guàn chuān mǎ lái bàn dǎo nán běi， háng kōng yè yì jiào fā dá。 gōng lù： 2003 nián quán guó gōng lù zǒng cháng 75893 gōng lǐ。 jié zhì 2005 nián dǐ， zhù cè jiāo tōng gōng jù 1480 wàn liàng。 tiě lù： 2003 nián zǒng cháng 2267 gōng lǐ， zhù yào guàn chuān mǎ lái bàn dǎo。 shuǐ yùn： nèi hé yùn shū bù fā dá， hǎi yùn 80％ yǐ shàng yǐ lài wài háng。 gòng yòu gè lèi chuán zhǐ 1008 sōu， qí zhōng 100 dūn wèi yǐ shàng de zhù cè shāng chuán 508 sōu， zhù cè zǒng dūn wèi 175.5 wàn dūn； yuǎn yáng chuán zhǐ 50 sōu。 gòng yòu 19 gè gǎng kǒu。 jìn nián lái dà lì fā zhǎn yuǎn yáng yùn shū hé gǎng kǒu jiàn shè， zhù yào háng yùn gōng sī wéi mǎ lái xī yà guó jì chuán wù gōng sī， zhù yào gǎng kǒu yòu bā shēng、 bīn chéng、 guān dān、 xīn shān、 gǔ jìn hé nà mǐn děng。 kōng yùn： mín háng zhù yào yóu mǎ lái xī yà háng kōng gōng sī jīng yíng， yòu fēi jī 110 yú jià， bì yòu háng xiàn 113 tiáo， qí zhōng 80 tiáo wèiguó jì háng xiàn。 1996 nián 11 yuè， dì 'èr jiā háng kōng gōng sī héng héng yà zhōu háng kōng gōng sī tóu rù yùn yíng。 quán guó gòng yòu jī chǎng 37 gè， qí zhōng yòu 5 gè guó jì jī chǎng： jí lóng pō guó jì jī chǎng、 bīn chéng、 fú luó jiāo yí、 gē dǎ jī nà bā lǔ hé gǔ jìn。 cái zhèng jīn róng 2006 nián 9 yuè， mǎ zhèng fǔ xiàng guó huì tí jiāo 2007 nián dù cái zhèng yù suàn 'àn， qí zhōng zǒng shōu rù 1348 yì lín jí tè， zǒng zhī chū 1594 yì lín jí tè， yù suàn chì zì zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de bǐ lì cóng 2006 nián de 3.5% jiàng zhì 2007 nián de 3.4%。 jìn jǐ nián lián bāng zhèng fǔ cái zhèng shōu zhī qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì lìng jí）： 200420052006 shōu rù 993.971058.561184 zhī chū 1193.111245.41368 yíng yú -199.14-186.84184 （ zī liào lái yuán： mǎ lái xī yà cái zhèng bù 2006/2007 nián dù jīng jì bào gào） jié zhì 2006 nián dǐ， wài zhài zǒng 'é 512 yì měi yuán。 jié zhì 2007 nián 3 yuè， mǎ wài huì chǔ bèi wéi 873 yì měi yuán， shì duǎn qī wài zhài de 9.1 bèi， kě zhī fù jìn kǒu 8.1 gè yuè。 〔 duì wài mào yì 〕 xiàn wéi shì jiè dì 18 dà mào yì guó。 2006 nián zhù yào chū kǒu diàn zǐ diàn qì（ zhàn zǒng chū kǒu de 47.7%）、 zōng lǘ yóu (5.5％ )、 yuán yóu（ 5.4%）、 mù cái chǎn pǐn (4.0％ )、 tiān rán qì（ 4.0%） hé shí yóu chǎn pǐn（ 3.2%）， zhù yào chū kǒu shì chǎng wéi： měi guó、 xīn jiā pō、 ōu méng、 rì běn hé zhōng guó。 zhù yào jìn kǒu jī xiè yùn shū shè bèi、 shí pǐn、 yān cǎo hé rán liào děng。 jìn nián duì wài mào yì qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì lín jí tè）： 200420052006 zǒng 'é 8803.79677.9810694.42 jìn kǒu 'é 3996.54340.14804.93 chū kǒu 'é 4807.25337.885889.49 chā 'é 810.7997.781084.56 （ zī liào lái yuán： mǎ mào gōng bù jīng jì shù zì） wài guó zī běn dà lì xī yǐn wài zī。 2003 nián wài guó tóu zī zǒng jì 156 yì lín jí tè， zēngzhǎng 35%； 2004 nián wéi 131 yì lín jí tè , xià jiàng 16％； 2005 nián wéi 179 yì lìng jí， zēngzhǎng 37%； 2006 nián wéi 202 yì lín jí tè， zhù yào wài zī lái yuán dì wéi rì běn、 hé lán、 ào dà lì yà、 měi guó hé xīn jiā pō。 rén mín shēng huó gēn jù mǎ cái zhèng bù tǒng jì， jié zhì 2003 nián 8 yuè， mǎ gè rén cún kuǎn zhàn yínháng cún kuǎn zǒng 'é 58%， nián zēngchánglǜ 6%。 gēn jù mǎ néng yuán、 tōng xùn hé duō méi tǐ bù tǒng jì， jié zhì 2004 nián 6 yuè， gù dìng diàn huà yòng hù 454.7 wàn rén； yí dòng diàn huà yòng hù 1239.8 wàn rén， chéng shì hé xiāng cūn zhōng de gù dìng diàn huà yōng yòu shuài wéi 23% hé 12%， yí dòng diàn huà yōng yòu shuài wéi 53% hé 12%。 jié zhì 2006 nián 4 yuè， mǎ diàn nǎo yòng hù 420 wàn rén， hù lián wǎng shǐ yòng rén shù zhàn 40%。 gēn jù mǎ wèi shēng bù tǒng jì， 2003 nián， quán guó píng jūn měi 1377 rén 1 míng yī shēng， gòng yòu bìng chuáng 34089 zhāng。 2006 nián rén jūn shòu mìng nán xìng wéi 71.8 suì， nǚ xìng wéi 76.3 suì， yīng 'ér sǐ wáng shuài 6.6 ‰。 【 jūn shì】 lù jūn de qián shēn shì 1935 nián yīng guó zhí mín dì zhèng fǔ zǔ jiàn de mǎ lái bīng tuán。 1958 nián mǎ cóng yīng guó rén shǒu zhōng jiē guǎn yuán yīng zhí mín dì hǎi jūn fǔ zhù bù duì， 1963 nián zhèng shì gǎi wéi mǎ lái xī yà huáng jiā hǎi jūn。 1958 nián 6 yuè 1 rì zhèng shì jiàn lì mǎ lái huáng jiā kōng jūn。 mǎ zuì gāo yuán shǒu shì sān jūn zuì gāo tǒng shuài。 guó fáng jué cè jī gòu wèiguó jiā 'ān quán wěi yuán huì， zǒng lǐ rèn zhù xí。 wǔ zhuāng bù duì zǒng sī lìng shì zuì gāo zhǐ huī guān。 shí xíng zhì yuàn bīng yì zhì， fú yì qī wéi 10 nián。 【 wén huà jiào yù】 mǎ、 huá、 yìn gè zú dōuyòu zì jǐ dú tè de wén huà。 zhèng fǔ nǔ lì sù zào yǐ mǎ lái wén huà wéi jī chǔ de guó jiā wén huà， tuī xíng“ guó mín jiào yù zhèng cè”， zhòng shì mǎ lái yǔ de pǔ jí jiào yù。 huá wén jiào yù bǐ jiào pǔ biàn， yòu jiào wán zhěng de huá wén jiào yù tǐ xì。 jiào yù shí shī xiǎo xué miǎn fèi jiào yù。 2003 nián、 2004 nián jiào yù jīng fèi kāi zhī yuē 190.33 yì lín jí tè hé 215.17 yì lín jí tè， 2005 nián jiào yù jīng fèi yù suàn wéi 231.1 yì lín jí tè。 2003 nián， xiǎo xué shì líng 'ér tóng rù xué shuài wéi 98.5%， 10 suì yǐ shàng rén kǒu shí zì shuài wéi 95％。 měi 18 míng xiǎo xué shēng yī míng jiào shī， měi 16 míng zhōng xué shēng yī míng jiào shī。 quán guó yòu mǎ lái yà dà xué、 guó mín dà xué děng jiǔ suǒ gāo děng yuàn xiào， jìn nián lái sī lì gāo děng yuàn xiào fā zhǎn hěn kuài， yòu sī lì xué yuàn 662 jiān。 2003 nián zài xiào dà xué shēng 29.05 wàn rén。 quán guó gòng yòu 470 duō jiā gōng gòng tú shū guǎn， cáng shū 1130 wàn cè。 xīn wén chū bǎn yuē yòu 50 fèn bào zhǐ， yòng 8 zhǒng wén zì chū bǎn。 zhù yào bào zhǐ yòu： mǎ lái wén de《 mǎ lái shǐ zhě bào》、《 měi rì xīn wén》、《 zǔ guó bào》； yīng wén de《 xīn hǎi xiá shí bào》、《 xīng bào》、《 mǎ lái yóu bào》； huá wén de《 guāng huá rì bào》、《 nán yáng shāng bào》、《 xīng zhōu rì bào》 děng。 mǎ lái xī yà guó jiā xīn wén shè（ jiǎn chēng mǎ xīn shè） shì yī gè bàn guān fāng de tōng xùn shè。 mǎ lái xī yà guǎng bō diàn tái shǔ guān bàn， jiàn yú 1946 nián， yōng yòu 6 gè guǎng bō wǎng， yòng mǎ lái yǔ、 yīng yǔ、 huá yǔ hé tài mǐ 'ěr yǔ guǎng bō。 mǎ lái xī yà zhī shēng diàn tái jiàn yú 1963 nián， yòng mǎ lái yǔ、 ā lā bó yǔ、 yīng yǔ、 yìn ní yǔ、 miǎn diàn yǔ、 tā jiā lù yǔ hé tài yǔ děng 8 zhǒng yǔ yán duì wài guǎng bō。 mǎ lái xī yà diàn shì tái shǔ guān bàn， jiàn yú 1963 nián， shè yòu liǎng gè pín dào， yòng mǎ lái yǔ、 yīng yǔ、 huá yǔ hé tài mǐ 'ěr yǔ bō fàng。 lìng wài hái yòu dì sān diàn shì tái（ TV3）、 chéng shì diàn shì（ METROVISION） hé guó mín diàn shì（ NTV） sān jiā sī yíng diàn shì tái。 jìn nián kāi bàn liǎo ASTRO wèi xīng yòu xiàn diàn shì pín dào。 【 wài jiāo】 fèng xíng dú lì zì zhù、 zhōng lì、 bù jié méng de wài jiāo zhèng cè。 shì dōng méng wéi wài jiāo zhèng cè jī shí， yōu xiān fā zhǎn tóng dōng méng guó jiā guān xì。 zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng dà guó guān xì。 xì yīng lián bāng chéng yuán， yǔ qí tā chéng yuán guó jiāo wǎng jiào duō。 yǐ tóng 131 gè guó jiā jiàn jiāo。 dà lì kāi zhǎn jīng jì wài jiāo， jī jí tuī dòng nán nán hé zuò， qiǎn zé xī fāng guó jiā mào yì bǎo hù zhù yì。 1998 nián zhù bàn liǎo dì liù cì APEC lǐng dǎo rén fēi zhèng shì huì yì。 zhù zhāng yà tài jīng jì hé zuò zǔ zhì（ APEC） bǎo chí sōng sàn de jīng jì lùn tán xìng zhì， fǎn duì qí fā zhǎn wéi dì qū xìng jí tuán。 zhòng shì dōng yà hé zuò， chàng dǎo jiàn lì dōng yà gòng tóng tǐ。 1997 nián zhù bàn liǎo shǒu jiè dōng méng yǔ zhōng、 rì、 hán（ 10+3） lǐng dǎo rén fēi zhèng shì huì yì， 2005 nián dǐ zhù bàn shǒu cì dōng yà fēng huì。 jī jí zhì lì yú dōng méng zì yóu mào yì qū jiàn shè hé méi gōng hé pén dì jīng jì kāi fā hé zuò。 jī jí fā zhǎn tóng yī sī lán guó jiā hé bù jié méng guó jiā guān xì， guān zhù yī sī lán shì wù。 zhù zhāng yī lā kè zhàn hòu chóngjiàn yìng zūn zhòng qí zhù quán dú lì hé lǐng tǔ wán zhěng， bìng fú hé yī rén mín yì yuàn。 zài zhōng dōng wèn tí shàng， rèn wéi bā lè sī tǎn rén mín de dǒu zhēng bù shì zōng jiào duì kàng， ér shì hàn wèi lǐng tǔ zhù quán， dú lì de bā lè sī tǎn guó yìng dé dào guó jì shè huì chéng rèn。 2006 nián duō cì yǐ yī sī lán guó jiā huì yì zǔ zhì hé bù jié méng yùn dòng zhù xí guó shēn fèn zhào jí huì yì， bìng zhì xìn lián hé guó mì shū cháng hé gè 'ān lǐ huì cháng rèn lǐ shì guó， xún qiú duì yī lā kè wèn tí hé zhōng dōng wèn tí gōng zhèng hé lǐ de jiě jué。 fǎn duì xī fāng qiáng quán zhèng zhì， fǎn duì lì yòng“ mín zhù”、“ rén quán” děng wèn tí gān shè bié guó nèi zhèng， zhù zhāng wéi hù lián hé guó zuò wéi guó jì hé xīn zǔ zhì de dì wèi， guān zhù jiàn lì guó jì zhèng zhì jīng jì xīn zhì xù wèn tí。 2004 nián 5 yuè dāng xuǎn 2005－ 2007 nián lián hé guó rén quán wěi yuán huì wěi yuán。 2006 nián 3 yuè， dì 60 jiè lián dà tōng guò jué yì， jué dìng chéng lì lián hé guó rén quán lǐ shì huì， qǔ dài yuán lái de rén quán wěi yuán huì。 mǎ yú tóng nián 5 yuè dāng xuǎn rén quán lǐ shì huì chéng yuán， rèn qī 3 nián（ 2006~2009 nián）。 zhī chí guó jì fǎn kǒng hé zuò， qiáng diào fǎn kǒng yìng jiě jué kǒng bù zhù yì chǎn shēng de gēn yuán， fǒu dìng yī sī lán yǔ kǒng bù zhù yì de bì rán lián xì， tuī dòng zōng jiào hé wén míng jiān duì huà。 zài cháo hé wèn tí shàng， rèn wéi yōng yòu hé wǔ qì de cháo xiān jiāng wēi jí dōng běi yà nǎi zhì quán shì jiè de 'ān quán， hūyù yòu guān gè fāng bǎo chí kè zhì， zàn shǎng liù fāng huì tán wéi jiě jué cháo hé wèn tí fā huī de jī jí zuò yòng。 yǔ wǒ guó de shuāng biān guān xì： yī、 shuāng biān zhèng zhì guān xì huí gù liǎng guó yú 1974 nián 5 yuè 31 rì zhèng shì jiàn lì wài jiāo guān xì。 jiàn jiāo hòu， liǎng guó guān xì zǒng tǐ fā zhǎn shùn lì。 jìn rù 90 nián dài， zhōng mǎ guān xì kāi shǐ jìn rù xīn de fā zhǎn jiē duàn， shuāng fāng zài zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén huà děng gè gè lǐng yù de yǒu hǎo jiāo liú yǔ hé zuò quán miàn zhǎn kāi， bìng qǔ dé fēng shuò chéng guǒ。 liǎng guó gāo céng hù fǎng hé jiē chù pín fán。 jiāng zé mín zhù xí（ 1994 nián）、 lǐ péng zǒng lǐ（ 1990、 1997 nián）、 zhū róng jī zǒng lǐ（ 1999 nián）、 lǐ ruì huán zhèng xié zhù xí（ 1995 nián）、 hú jǐn tāo fù zhù xí（ 2002 nián）、 jiāng chūn yún fù wěi yuán cháng（ 2002 nián）、 lǐ lán qīng fù zǒng lǐ（ 2003 nián） děng fēn bié fǎng mǎ。 mǎ qián sān rèn zuì gāo yuán shǒu 'ā cí lán（ 1990、 1991 nián）、 jiǎ 'ā fǎ（ 1997 nián） hé sà lā hè dīng（ 2001 nián） xiān hòu fǎng huá。 qián zǒng lǐ mǎ hā dì 'ěr hé xià yì cháng zhā xī 'ěr zài zhí qī jiān yě duō cì fǎng huá。 2004 nián 1 yuè， wú bāng guó wěi yuán cháng huì jiàn lái huá chū xí yà tài yì huì lùn tán nián huì de mǎ xià yì cháng zhā xī 'ěr； 4 yuè， mǎ qián zǒng lǐ mǎ hā dì 'ěr fǎng huá bìng chū xí bó 'áo yà zhōu lùn tán nián huì； 5 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ zhèng shì fǎng huá bìng chū xí liǎng guó jiàn jiāo 30 zhōu nián qìng zhù huó dòng。 shuāng fāng fā biǎo《 lián hé gōng bào》， yī zhì tóng yì tuī jìn liǎng guó zhàn lüè xìng hé zuò。 10 yuè， táng jiā xuán guó wù wěi yuán fǎng mǎ， fēn bié huì jiàn liǎo bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ hé nà jí bù fù zǒng lǐ。 11 yuè， wēn jiā bǎo zǒng lǐ zài lǎo wō chū xí zhōng guó yǔ dōng méng lǐng dǎo rén xì liè huì yì qī jiān huì jiàn liǎo bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ。 2004 nián 12 yuè 26 rì， yìn dù yáng fā shēng qiáng liè dì zhèn hǎi xiào zāinàn， mǎ běi bù bù fēn dì qū zāo shòu jiào dà sǔn shī。 zāi qíng fā shēng hòu， hú jǐn tāo zhù xí hé wēn jiā bǎo zǒng lǐ fēn bié zhì diàn mǎ zuì gāo yuán shǒu xī lā jié dīng hé zǒng lǐ bā dá wéi biǎo shì wèi wèn。 zhōng guó zhèng fǔ hé rén mín hái xiàng mǎ tí gōng liǎo jǐn jí jiù zāi yuán zhù。 2005 nián 3 yuè， mǎ zuì gāo yuán shǒu xī lā jié dīng duì huá jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。 4 yuè， quán guó zhèng xié zhù xí jiǎ qìng lín zài hǎi nán huì jiàn liǎo lái huá chū xí bó 'áo yà zhōu lùn tán nián huì de mǎ zǒng lǐ bā dá wéi。 5 yuè， wú bāng guó wěi yuán cháng duì mǎ jìn xíng zhèng shì yǒu hǎo fǎng wèn。 9 yuè， nà jí bù fù zǒng lǐ fǎng huá； 12 yuè， wēn jiā bǎo zǒng lǐ duì mǎ lái xī yà jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wèn， shuāng fāng fā biǎo liǎo《 lián hé gōng bào》。 2006 nián 3 yuè， zhèng xié zhù xí jiǎ qìng lín fǎng mǎ。 10 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ fù nán níng chū xí jì niàn zhōng guó - dōng méng jiàn lì duì huà huǒ bàn guān xì 15 zhōu nián fēng huì， wēn zǒng lǐ yú yǐ huì jiàn。 liǎng guó wài jiāo bù yú 1991 nián 4 yuè jiàn lì cuō shāng zhì dù， qì jīn yǐ jǔ xíng 10 lún cuō shāng。 zhōng fāng zài mǎ lái xī yà gǔ jìn shè yòu zǒng lǐng guǎn， mǎ fāng zài zhōng guó shàng hǎi、 guǎng zhōu、 kūn míng hé xiāng gǎng shè yòu zǒng lǐng guǎn。 èr、 shuāng biān mào yì guān xì hé jīng jì jì shù hé zuò liǎng guó qiān yòu《 bì miǎn shuāngchóng zhēng shuì xié dìng》、《 mào yì xié dìng》、《 tóu zī bǎo hù xié dìng》、《 hǎi yùn xié dìng》、《 mín yòng háng kōng yùn shū xié dìng》 děng 10 yú xiàng jīng mào hé zuò xié yì。 1988 nián chéng lì jīng mào lián wěi huì， qì yǐ jǔ xíng 7 cì huì yì。 2002 nián 4 yuè chéng lì zhōng mǎ shuāng biān shāng yè lǐ shì huì。 2006 nián liǎng guó mào yì 'é 371.12 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 20.9%。 qí zhōng zhōng fāng chū kǒu 135.37 yì měi yuán； jìn kǒu 235.75 yì měi yuán。 mǎ lái xī yà shì zhōng guó dì bā dà mào yì huǒ bàn， yě shì zhōng guó zài dōng méng guó jiā zhōng dì 'èr dà mào yì huǒ bàn。 wǒ zì mǎ jìn kǒu zhù yào shāng pǐn yòu jí chéng diàn lù、 jì suàn jī jí qí líng bù jiàn、 zōng yóu hé sù liào zhì pǐn děng； wǒ xiàng mǎ chū kǒu zhù yào shāng pǐn yòu jì suàn jī jí qí líng bù jiàn、 jí chéng diàn lù、 fú zhuāng hé fǎng zhì pǐn děng。 mǎ shì wǒ zhòng yào hǎi wài láo wù chéng bāo shì chǎng。 2003 nián 9 yuè， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ《 shuāng biān láo wù hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》， dàn qì wèi shí shī。 2006 nián， wǒ qǐ yè lěi jì zài mǎ qiān dìng chéng bāo gōng chéng jí láo wù hé tóng 341 gè， xīn qiān hé tóng jīn 'é 11.3 yì měi yuán， wán chéng yíng yè 'é 4.41 yì měi yuán liǎng guó jīn róng hé zuò chéng xiào xiǎn zhù。 2000 nián， zhōng guó yínháng hé mǎ lái yà yínháng fēn bié zài jí lóng pō hé shàng hǎi hù shè fēn xíng。 2002 nián 10 yuè， zhōng guó rén mín yín xíng yǔ mǎ lái xī yà guó jiā yínháng qiān shǔ liǎo shuāng biān huò bì hù huàn xié yì。 sān、 qí tā lǐng yù de jiāo wǎng yǔ hé zuò liǎng guó zài kē jì、 jiào yù、 wén huà、 jūn shì děng lǐng yù de jiāo liú yǔ hé zuò shùn lì fā zhǎn。 1992 nián qiān shǔ《 kē jì hé zuò xié dìng》， chéng lì kē jì lián wěi huì， qì yǐ jǔ xíng 3 cì huì yì。 shuāng fāng hái qiān shǔ liǎo《 guǎng bō diàn shì jié mù hé zuò hé jiāo liú xié dìng》（ 1992 nián），《 cù jìn zhōng mǎ tǐ yù jiāo liú、 tí gāo tǐ yù shuǐ píng de liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》（ 1993 nián），《 jiào yù jiāo liú liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》（ 1997 nián），《 wén huà hé zuò xié dìng》（ 1999 nián），《 zhōng mǎ háng kōng hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》（ 2002 nián），《 kōng jiān hé zuò jí hé píng lì yòng wài céng kōng jiān de xié dìng》（ 2003 nián），《 zài wài jiāo hé guó jì guān xì jiào yù lǐng yù hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》（ 2004 nián） děng hé zuò xié yì。 2005 nián， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo《 wèi shēng hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》， bìng xù qiān liǎo《 jiào yù hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》。 mù qián wǒ zài mǎ liú xué shēng yǐ dá wàn rén， mǎ fù huá liú xué shēng jìn qiān rén。 wǒ xīn huá shè、 zhōng xīn shè zài jí lóng pō shè lì fēn shè， zhōng yāng diàn shì tái 4 tào hé 9 tào jié mù zài mǎ luò dì，《 rén mín rì bào》 hǎi wài bǎn zài mǎ chū bǎn fā xíng。 jiāng sū shěng yǔ mǎ liù jiá zhōu、 xiàmén shì yǔ bīn chéng shì fēn bié jié wéi yǒu hǎo shěng shì。 shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo《 lǚ yóu hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》。 2006 nián mǎ lái huá yóu kè 91 wàn rén cì， wǒ shǒu zhàn fǎng mǎ yóu kè 43.5 wàn rén cì， wǒ yǐ chéng wéi mǎ hǎi wài zhù yào kè yuán guó zhī yī。 1995 nián， liǎng guó hù shè wǔ guān chù， jūn shì jiāo wǎng zēng duō， liǎng guó hǎi jūn jūn jiàn duō cì hù fǎng。 2002 nián， zhōng yāng jūn wěi fù zhù xí、 guó wù wěi yuán jiān guó fáng bù cháng chí hào tián guò jìng mǎ lái xī yà， yǔ mǎ guó fáng bù cháng nà jí bù jǔ xíng huì wù。 2003 nián 9 yuè， zhōng yāng jūn wěi wěi yuán、 zǒng cān móu cháng liáng guāng liè fǎng mǎ。 2004 nián 7 yuè， zhōng yāng jūn wěi fù zhù xí guō bó xióng guò jìng fǎng wèn mǎ lái xī yà， yǔ mǎ fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng nà jí bù huì wù。 mǎ hǎi jūn jūn jiàn fǎng wèn shàng hǎi。 9 yuè， mǎ pài yuán lái huá guān mó wǒ jūn shì yǎn xí。 2005 nián 9 yuè， mǎ fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng nà jí bù fǎng huá qī jiān liǎng guó qiān shǔ liǎo《 fáng wù hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》。 12 yuè， zhōng fāng pài tuán cān jiā liǎo mǎ guó jì hǎi kōng zhǎn。 wǒ jūn shì kē xué yuàn dài biǎo tuán fǎng mǎ。 2006 nián 4 yuè， zhōng yāng jūn wěi fù zhù xí、 guó wù wěi yuán jiān guó fáng bù cháng cáo gāng chuān fǎng mǎ。 5 yuè， zǒng cān móu cháng zhù lǐ zhāng qìn shēng shàojiàng shuài tuán fǎng mǎ， shuāng fāng jǔ xíng liǎo shǒu cì fáng wù cuō shāng。 sì、 shuāng biān guān xì zhōng de qí tā wèn tí liǎng guó duì zhōng guó nán shā qún dǎo bù fēn dǎo jiāo de guī shǔ wèn tí yòu zhēng yì。 shuāng fāng duō cì biǎo shì， jiāng gòng tóng zhì lì yú wéi hù nán hǎi dì qū de hé píng yǔ wěn dìng， bìng gēn jù bāo kuò 1982 nián《 lián hé guó hǎi yáng fǎ gōng yuē》 zài nèi de gōng rèn de guó jì fǎ zhǔn zé， jī jí xún qiú yǐ shuāng biān yǒu hǎo xié shāng hé tán pàn de fāng shì jiě jué yòu guān zhēng yì。 shuāng fāng hái biǎo shì yuàn jī jí luò shí《 nán hǎi gè fāng xíng wéi xuān yán》 de hòu xù xíng dòng。 wǔ、 zhòng yào shuāng biān wén jiàn 1974 nián 5 yuè， mǎ lái xī yà zǒng lǐ lā zhā kè fǎng huá， zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ yǔ qí qiān shǔ《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ hé mǎ lái xī yà zhèng fǔ guān yú liǎng guó jiàn lì wài jiāo guān xì de lián hé gōng bào》。 1999 nián 5 yuè， mǎ lái xī yà wài cháng sài yì dé · hā mì dé fǎng huá， táng jiā xuán wài cháng yǔ qí qiān shǔ《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ hé mǎ lái xī yà zhèng fǔ guān yú wèi lái shuāng biān hé zuò kuàng jià de lián hé shēng míng》。 2005 nián 12 yuè， wēn jiā bǎo zǒng lǐ fǎng wèn mǎ lái xī yà， yǔ mǎ lái xī yà zǒng lǐ bā dá wéi fā biǎo《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó hé mǎ lái xī yà lián hé gōng bào》。 zhōng guó zhù mǎ lái xī yà dà shǐ： chéng yǒng huá。 guǎn zhǐ： mǎ lái xī yà jí lóng pō 'ān bāng lù 229 hào (229,JalanAmpang,50450KualaLumpur， Malaysia)。 bàn gōng shì diàn huà： 603-21428495； 21441966。 lǐng shì bù diàn huà： 21428585， chuán zhēn： 21414552。 shāng wù chù diàn huà： 42513555， chuán zhēn： 42513233。 diàn zǐ xìn xiāng： CN@TM.NET.MY zhōng guó zhù gǔ jìn zǒng lǐng shì： xiè fú gēn。 guǎn zhǐ： mǎ lái xī yà shā lāo yuè zhōu gǔ jìn shì dào gāng huā yuán Lot3716-3719。 diàn huà： 6-082-453344； 570815。 chuán zhēn： 570814。 diàn zǐ xìn xiāng： ZHICUN@TM.NET.MY. mǎ lái xī yà zhù huá dà shǐ： dá tú · sài yì dé · nuò 'ěr zhā màn（ DATO'SYEDNORULZAMANBINSYEDKAMARULZAMAN）。 guǎn zhǐ： běi jīng cháo yáng qū liàng mǎ hé běi jiē 2 hào。 diàn huà： 65322531， chuán zhēn： 65325032。 shāng wù chù diàn huà： 84515109， chuán zhēn： 84515110。 qiān zhèng chù diàn huà： 65326544， chuán zhēn： 65326544。 diàn zǐ xìn xiāng： mwbjing@95777.com tóng dōng méng guó jiā de guān xì mǎ shì dōng méng zhòng yào chéng yuán， tóng qí tā dōng méng guó jiā zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén huà guān xì mìqiè， gāo céng hù fǎng pín fán， bìng zhù yì zài zhòng dà guó jì dì qū wèn tí shàng xiāng hù xié diào lì chǎng。 mǎ shì dōng méng nèi bù mào yì de zhòng yào yī yuán， 2005 nián yǔ qí tā dōng méng guó jiā de mào yì 'é wéi 2462 yì lín jí tè， zhàn qí duì wài mào yì zǒng 'é 25.44％（ mǎ fāng tǒng jì shù jù， xià tóng）。 zhòng shì dì qū 'ān quán hé zuò。 2004 nián 7 yuè kāi shǐ yǔ yìn ní、 xīn jiā pō zài mǎ liù jiá hǎi xiá jìn xíng xié tóng xún luó， gòng tóng dǎ jī hǎi dào、 zǒu sī hé kǒng bù huó dòng。 yǔ yìn ní tóng wéi mù sī lín rén kǒu zhàn duō shù de guó jiā， xiāng hù guān xì shí fēn mìqiè。 2005 nián mǎ yìn ní shuāng biān mào yì 'é 291.5 yì lín jí tè， zhàn mǎ wài mào zǒng 'é de 3.01%。 liǎng guó zài xī bā dān hé lì jí dān liǎng dǎo zhù quán guī shǔ wèn tí shàng cún zài zhēng yì。 2002 nián hǎi yá guó jì fǎ yuàn cái dìng mǎ duì shàng shù liǎng dǎo yōng yòu zhù quán， yìn ní duì cǐ biǎo shì jiē shòu。 2005 nián 1 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ zài yǎ jiā dá chū xí dōng méng dì zhèn hé hǎi xiào zāi hòu wèn tí lǐng dǎo rén tè bié huì yì qī jiān huì jiàn sū xī luò nuò zǒng tǒng， bìng xiàng yìn ní tí gōng liǎo jiù zāi yuán zhù； 4 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ chū xí zài yìn ní jǔ xíng de 2005 nián yà fēi fēng huì hé wàn lóng huì yì 50 zhōu nián jì niàn huó dòng。 2006 nián 1 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ zài sū mén dá là yǔ yìn ní zǒng tǒng sū xī luò jǔ xíng nián dù cuō shāng； zuì gāo yuán shǒu xī lā jié dīng fǎng wèn yìn ní。 3 yuè， yìn ní guó huì yì cháng 'ā gòng lā kè suǒ fǎng mǎ。 8 yuè， yìn ní zǒng tǒng sū xī luò fǎng mǎ。 12 yuè， fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng nà jí bù fǎng wèn yìn ní。 yǔ xīn jiā pō guān xì mìqiè。 xīn shì mǎ dì 'èr dà mào yì huǒ bàn hé dì 'èr dà wài zī lái yuán dì。 2005 nián mǎ xīn shuāng biān mào yì 'é 1341.6 yì lín jí tè， zhàn mǎ wài mào zǒng 'é de 13.86%。 liǎng guó zài mǎ xiàng xīn kāi fàng lǐng kōng jí cháng qī gōng shuǐ、 xīn zài róu fó hǎi xiá shí shī tián hǎi gōng chéng、 bái jiāo dǎo zhù quán guī shǔ、 mǎ xīn dà qiáo、 mǎ zài xīn tiě lù guānqiǎ qiān yí děng wèn tí shàng cún zài fēn qí。 bā dá wéi jiù rèn zǒng lǐ hòu， jī jí tōng guò duì huà xié shāng jiě jué wèn tí， liǎng guó guān xì dé dào gǎi shàn。 2005 nián 3 yuè， wú zuò dòng guó wù zī zhèng yǔ bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ jiù shuāng biān guān xì wèn tí zài cì zài mǎ jǔ xíng huì tán。 4 yuè， nà dān zǒng tǒng fǎng mǎ。 tóng yuè， liǎng guó jiù xīn zài róu fó hǎi xiá tián hǎi wèn tí qiān shǔ xié yì。 6 yuè， fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng nà jí bù chū xí zài xīn jiā pō jǔ xíng de yà zhōu 'ān quán huì yì。 9 yuè， fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng nà jí bù chū xí zài xīn jiā pō jǔ xíng de“ 2005 nián dù dōng méng 100 lǐng xiù lùn tán” bìng yǎn jiǎng。 11 yuè， xīn jiā pō fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó jiā 'ān quán tǒng chóu bù cháng jiǎ gǔ mǎ fǎng mǎ。 2006 nián 1 yuè， zuì gāo yuán shǒu xī lā jié dīng fǎng xīn。 yǔ tài guó guān xì liáng hǎo。 2005 nián mǎ tài shuāng biān mào yì 'é 516.1 yì lín jí tè， zhàn mǎ wài mào zǒng 'é de 5.33%。 2006 nián 7 yuè， fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng nà jí bù fù tài guó chū xí mǎ tài biān jìng wěi yuán huì huì yì。 yǔ fěi lǜ bīn guān xì zǒng tǐ liáng hǎo， dàn shuāng fāng zài shā bā lǐng tǔ zhù quán wèn tí shàng cún zài zhēng yì。 liǎng guó guān xì yě céng yīn mǎ“ ān wǎ 'ěr shì jiàn”、 fěi zài mǎ fēi fǎ yí mín děng wèn tí shòu dào guò yǐng xiǎng。 jìn nián lái， mǎ wéi fěi zhèng fǔ hé mó luò yī sī lán jiě fàng zhèn xiàn hé tán jī jí tí gōng xié zhù。 2005 nián 3 yuè， fěi wài cháng luó mù luò fǎng mǎ。 yǔ wén lāi tóng wén tóng zhǒng tóng zōng jiào， shuāng fāng guān xì shí fēn mìqiè。 liǎng guó yòu lín mèng zhù quán guī shǔ hé zhuān shǔ jīng jì qū chóngdié wèn tí， tóng yì xié shāng jiě jué。 2005 nián 8 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ fǎng wèn wén lāi。 2006 nián 8 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ yǔ wén lāi sū dān hā sāng nà 'ěr jǔ xíng dì shí jiè mǎ wén shuāng biān huì yì。 11 yuè， zuì gāo yuán shǒu xī lā jié dīng fǎng wén。 zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng yìn zhī guó jiā guān xì。 yuè、 lǎo、 miǎn、 jiǎn jiā rù dōng méng hòu， mǎ yǔ sì guó wǎng lái yòu suǒ zēng duō， bìng zhú bù kuò dà zài yìn zhī bàn dǎo de tóu zī hé mào yì。 2005 nián 12 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ yǔ lái mǎ chū xí dōng méng xì liè fēng huì de miǎn diàn zǒng lǐ suō wēn jǔ xíng shuāng biān huì tán， dūn cù miǎn zhèng fǔ jiā kuài guó nèi mín zhù jìn chéng。 2006 nián 3 yuè， jiǎn bù zhài guó wáng xī hā mò ní fǎng mǎ。 11 yuè， lǎo wō zǒng lǐ bō sōng fǎng mǎ。 tóng yīng guó de guān xì mǎ céng shì yīng guó zhí mín dì， hòu jiā rù yīng lián bāng， bìng yǔ yīng tóng wéi“ wǔ guó lián fáng 'ān pái” chéng yuán， shuāng fāng guān xì mìqiè。 80 nián dài chū mǎ shōu gòu yīng zī qǐ yè dǎo zhì liǎng guó guān xì qū yú lěng dàn， hòu suī yòu suǒ huí shēng， dàn réng shí yòu mó cā。 1995 zhì 1996 nián jiān， mǎ hā dì 'ěr zǒng lǐ sān dù fǎng yīng， liǎng guó guān xì yòu liǎo jiào dà gǎi shàn。 2005 nián 3 yuè， fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng nà jí bù fǎng yīng。 9 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ fù yīng guó lún dūn chū xí dà mǎ quán qiú cù xiāo xún huí fā zhǎn huì bìng fā biǎo yǎn jiǎng。 2006 nián 7 yuè， fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng nà jí bù fǎng yīng。 tóng rì běn de guān xì liǎng guó jīng mào guān xì mìqiè。 rì shì mǎ dì yī dà wài zī lái yuán dì hé zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn， yě shì xiàng mǎ tí gōng dài kuǎn zuì duō de guó jiā zhī yī。 shàng shì jì 80 nián dài， mǎ hā dì 'ěr zǒng lǐ jiù tí chū xiàng rì běn xué xí de“ xiàng dōng kàn” zhèng cè， zhǐ zài tōng guò yǐn jìn rì běn de zī jīn、 jì shù hé guǎn lǐ， jiā kuài mǎ lái xī yà de jīng jì jiàn shè。 2005 nián， shuāng biān mào yì 'é 1129 yì lín jí tè， zhàn mǎ wài mào zǒng 'é de 11.67％。 2005 nián 5 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ fǎng rì， shuāng fāng tóng yì yú nián dǐ zhèng shì qiān shǔ zì yóu mào yì xié dìng。 12 yuè， mǎ yǔ rì běn qiān shǔ liǎng guó《 jīng jì huǒ bàn guān xì xié yì》， chéng wéi jì xīn jiā pō hé mò xī gē zhī hòu dì 3 gè yǔ rì běn qiān shǔ cǐ lèi xié yì de guó jiā。 2006 nián 5 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ fǎng rì。 6 yuè， rì běn tiān huáng míng rén fǎng mǎ； fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng nà jí bù fǎng rì。 tóng měi guó de guān xì měi jìn nián lái yī zhí shì mǎ zuì dà de mào yì huǒ bàn hé zhù yào wài lái tóu zī zhě。 2005 nián， mǎ měi shuāng biān mào yì 'é 1609.5 yì lín jí tè， zhàn mǎ wài mào zǒng 'é de 16.63％。 1999 zhì 2003 nián 6 yuè， měi duì mǎ xié yì tóu zī 'é lěi jì wéi 50.74 yì měi yuán。 liǎng guó zài“ mín zhù”、“ rén quán” děng wèn tí shàng máo dùn jiào shēn， shuāng biān guān xì céng yīn“ ān wǎ 'ěr shì jiàn” shòu dào yī dìng yǐng xiǎng。“ 9·11” shì jiàn hòu， měi chū yú guó jì fǎn kǒng hé zuò de xū yào， zhòng shì mǎ zài yī sī lán guó jiā zhōng de tè shū zuò yòng， liǎng guó zhèng zhì guān xì yòu suǒ gǎi shàn， fǎn kǒng hé zuò jiā qiáng。 tóng qí tā guó jiā de guān xì 2006 nián 1 yuè， shā tè guó wáng 'ā bǔ dù lā fǎng mǎ。 2 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ fǎng wèn 'ào dà lì yà。 3 yuè， yī lā zǒng tǒng nèi jiǎ dé fǎng mǎ。 5 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ fǎng wèn yá mǎi jiā。 6 yuè， hā sà kè sī tǎn zǒng tǒng nà zhā 'ěr bā yé fū fǎng mǎ； fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng nà jí bù fǎng wèn yìn dù。 7 yuè， dōng dì mén zǒng lǐ 'ào 'ěr tǎ fǎng mǎ。 8 yuè， wěi nèi ruì lā zǒng tǒng chá wéi sī fǎng mǎ。 9 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ fù fēn lán chū xí dì 6 jiè yà 'ōu huì yì， fù gǔ bā chū xí dì 14 jiè bù jié méng yùn dòng fēng huì， fù měi guó chū xí dì 61 jiè lián dà。 11 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ fǎng wèn bā jī sī tǎn。 12 yuè， bā dá wéi zǒng lǐ fǎng wèn wěi nèi ruì lā。 2020 hóng yuàn mǎ lái xī yà dì sì rèn shǒuxiàng mǎ hā dí yī shēng tí chū liǎo 2020 guó jiā hóng yuàn de jìhuà。 mǎ lái xī yà yào zài 2020 nián fā zhǎn wéi xiān jìn guó， tā xī wàng rén mín mendōu néng tóng xīn xié lì， bù fēn zhǒng zú de dá chéng zhè hóng yuàn。 【 mǎ lái xī yà de lǚ yóu zī yuán】 shā bā kě yǐ shì mǎ lái xī yà shēn cáng wèi lù de jué miào lǚ yóu dì， jiàn shí liǎo shā bā， nǐ jiù huì jīng yà mǎ lái xī yà fēng fù de lǚ yóu zī yuán . shì wài táo yuán bāng gē dǎo (PangkorLaut) xún zhǎo xiǎo chǒu yú。 zài mǎ lái xī yà de bāng gē dǎo (PangkorLaut) shàng， nǐ zhǐ yào qián rù wèi lán de hǎi lǐ， màn màn kào jìn dà piàn de bái sè shān hú hé sè cǎi bān lán de hǎi kuí， ní mò hé tā de péng yǒu jiù huì rè qíng dì huān yíng nǐ。 shēng huó zài mǎ lái xī yà pó luó zhōu de pǔ nán zú shì yī gè shén mì de mín zú， tā men shēng huó zài rè dài yǔ lín lǐ， bǎo chí zhe xǔ duō yòu qù de fēng sú chuán tǒng。 mǎ lái xī yà de fēng gé jiù xiàng zhè 'ér de tiān qì héng héng rè qíng。 wú lùn shì kàn dào yī zhāng zhāng yǒu shàn de xiào liǎn， tīng dào yī jù jù nóng nóng de mǎ lái yīn pǔ tōng huà“ nǐ hǎo！” gǔ jìn shì mǎ lái xī yà shā lāo yuè de shǒu fǔ。 zài mǎ lái yǔ zhōng，“ gǔ jìn” jiù shì“ māo”， yīn cǐ zhè zuò chéng shì yě bèi chēng wéi“ māo chéng”。 jù， zhè lǐ shì shì jiè shàng wéi yī chóng bài māo de chéng shì。 zhōng guó rén lái， mǎ lái xī yà bù shì gè mò shēng de guó dù。 jìn guǎn shì yì yù， dàn suí chù kě jiàn de huá wén zhāo pái yǐ jí tōng yòng de guǎng zhōu huà， huì ràng lái zì guǎng dōng de wǒ men chǎn shēng liǎo zài shěng nèi mǒu gè dū shì guān guāng de cuò jué。 bīn chéng， dāng nián yīng guó shāng chuán lái cǐ duǒ bì fēng làng de shí hòu， tā men gěi zhè gè měi lì de hǎi dǎo qǐ míng wéi qiáo zhì shì， huá rén zé chēng zhī wéi bīn láng yǔ。 zhè lǐ zuì ràng rén zháomí de shì gè zhǒng wén huà de jiāo róng jù jí， jì yòu nán hǎi gū niàn de qīng róu yùn lǜ， yě yòu 'ān nà yǔ guó wáng de gǎn shāng qíng huái。 jí shǐ nǐ méi yòu chū jìng yóu de jīng yàn， jí shǐ nǐ wài yǔ zhǐ huì yes， bye-bye， thankyou， bīn chéng yǐ rán。 shā lāo yuè shì mǎ lái xī yà zuì dà de zhōu， fēn sàn zhe 27 zhǒng bù luò mín zú， shì yī gè duō wén huà de dì yù。 zài shā lāo yuè， měi gōng qǐng de shù lín zhǒng lèi bǐ zhěng gè běi měi zhōu hái duō， yī kē cān tiān dà shù shàng yòu shàng qiān zhǒng kūn chóng。 jí lóng pō de yè shēng huó chōng mǎn dòng gǎn， dào chù shì duō zī duō cǎi de yú lè， jué shì lè、 xiāng yáo hé xī fāng yīnyuè yíng rào jiǔ bā、 díshì gāo wǔ tīng， yī pài dà dū huì de fán huá jǐng xiàng .。 jí lóng pō zhù sù xuǎn zé xiāng dāng duō， gāo dàng de zhū rú mǎ lái wáng gōng fēng gé de yī sī tǎ nà dà fàn diàn， jī chǎng fù jìn de gāo 'ěr fū xiūjià qū děng， zhù yào gōng yóu kè hé shāng wù kè rén shǐ yòng。 zài jí lóng pō kě yǐ pǐn cháng dào shì jiè gè dì de míng cài， chú liǎo mǎ lái cài、 zhōng guó cài、 yìn dù dà cān、 xī cān wài， hái yòu bā jī sī tǎn cān yǐn hé rì běn liào lǐ。 jí lóng pō gè zhǒng shāng pǐn huì cuì， cóng gǔ dǒng dào zuì jù dāng dì tè sè de shǒu gōng yì pǐn， cóng shì jiè míng pái shí zhuāng dào wù měi jià lián de diàn zǐ chǎn pǐn …… yún dǐng (GentingHighlands) gāo yuán shì mǎ lái xī yà xīn kāi fā de lǚ yóu hé bì shǔ shèng dì， wèi yú gǔ hēng zhōu xī nán jí bǎo shān mài zhōng duàn dōng pō， jí lóng pō dōng běi yuē 50 gōng lǐ chù . zài shǒu dū jí lóng pō， zuì yǐn rén zhù mùdì jiàn zhù jiù shì wèi yú shì zhōng xīn dān yě dà lóu miàn de guó jiā qīng zhēn sì (NatlonalMosque)， yǐ dú tè de xiàn dài shè jì biǎo dá chū chuán tǒng huí jiào de yì shù， zhuāng shì hé shè jì dū shí fēn jīng měi， zuì dà tè sè shì sǎn xíng de wū dǐng， xiàng zhēng yī gè dú lì guó jiā de bào fù . jí lóng pō shì shì jiè shàng jié jiàrì zuì duō de dì qū zhī yī。 zài mǎ lái xī yà， yī sī lán jiào de jié rì shì dāng dì jìn xíng zhòng dà qìng diǎn huó dòng de rì zǐ， shèng dàn jié yě shì quán guó xìng de jié jiǎ rì， yī nián yī dù de zhōng guó chūn jié zài zhè lǐ gèng shì rè nào fēi fán . jí lóng pō shì yī gè shuò dà wú bǐ de“ shì jiè jiàn zhù bó lǎn guǎn”， wài xíng bié zhì fēng gé gè yì de jiàn zhù biàn bù quán chéng . mǎ lái xī yà de lǚ yóu zī yuán shí fēn fēng fù， yáng guāng chōng zú， qì hòu yí rén mǎ lái xī yà shì gè yǐ nóng lì guó de mín zú， yīn cǐ wéi chí zhe xǔ duō yuán shǐ xìn yǎng， tè bié shì gè mín zú nóng hòu de zōng jiào sè cǎi。 qí zōng jiào róng hé liǎo yī sī lán jiào、 yìn dù jiào、 fó jiào， qí zhōng yǐ yìn dù jiào yǐng xiǎng yóu wéi shēn yuǎn。 yóu yú duō mín zú de cháng qī gòng tóng shēng huó， xíng chéng yī zhǒng duō yuán de wén huà tè sè . 【 mǎ lái xī yà lǚ yóu jǐng diǎn】 mǎ mén jiá mǎ mén jiá shì mǎ lái xī yà lì shǐ zuì yōu jiǔ de gǔ chéng， mǎ liù jiá zhōu de shǒu fǔ。 tā wèi yú mǎ liù jiá hǎi xiá běi 'àn， mǎ liù jiá hé chuān chéng 'ér guò。 gāi chéng shǐ jiàn yú 1403 nián， céng shì mǎn cì jiā wáng guó dedōu chéng。 cóng 16 shì jì qǐ， lì shòu pú táo yá、 hé lán、 yīng guó de zhí mín tǒng zhì。 shù bǎi nián lái， huá rén、 yìn dù rén、 ā lā bó rén、 xiān luó rén jí zhǎo wā rén xiāng jì lái dào mǎ liù jiá， jīng guò cháng qī de jiāo liú， yǔ yán、 zōng jiào、 fēng sú xí guàn děng huì chéng tè yòu de wén huà fēng mào。 zhè lǐ yòu zhōng guó shì de zhù zhái， hé lán shì de hóng sè lóu fáng hé pú táo yá shì de cūn luò。 shì nèi gǔ dài xiū jiàn de jiē dào， zhì jīn yǐ rán bǎo cún jiào hǎo， jiē dào qū zhé xiá zhǎi， wū yǔ cēncī duō yàng， hěn duō zhù fáng de qiáng shàng xiāng zhe tú 'àn jīng měi de cí zhuān， mù mén shàng zhuāng zhe ruì shī mén kòu， chuāng shàng xiāng lóng qiàn fèng， gǔ sè gǔ xiāng， chù chù xiǎn shì chū mǎ liù jiá zhè gè lì shǐ gǔ dū de dú tè fēng mào。 qīng yún tíng qīng yún tíng shì mǎ lái xī yà zuì gǔ lǎo de zhōng guó miào yǔ， wèi yú mǎ liù jiá shì xī nán， shǐ jiàn yú 1645 nián， hòu jīng chóngxīn zhuāng xiū， chéng wéi yī zuò yòng mǎ lái xī yà nán mù jiàn zào de mù jié gòu miào yǔ。 mén kǒu de biǎn 'é shàng xiě zhe“ nán hǎi fēi lái” sì gè dà zì。 miào nèi zhù yào gòngfèng de shì guān yīn pú sà， yīn cǐ yě chēng“ guān yīn tíng”。 qīng yún tíng shì yōu měi de zhōng guó shì jiàn zhù de diǎn fàn， miào táng lǐ chén shè de mù diāo hé qī qì， quán shì cóng zhōng guó yùn lái de jīng pǐn。 sì nèi zhǐ yòu yī kuài shí bēi， shàng miàn míng kè zhe jì niàn zhōng guó míng dài zhù míng de háng hǎi jiā、 sān bǎo tàijiàn zhèng hé yú 1406 nián fǎng wèn mǎ liù jiá de shì jì。 zhèng hé shì dào dá mǎ liù jiá zuì zǎo de zhōng guó rén。 sì nèi xiāng huǒ shèn shèng。 miào mén kǒu yòu yī jīn sè de shī zǐ， zhōu shēn jīn guāng yào yǎn， zhǐ yòu shī zǐ de tóu dǐng bù， jīn sè yǐ tuō luò， yuán lái xìn tú men rèn wéi zǒu guò shī zǐ shēn bàng， fǔ mō tā men de tóu dǐng， huì dài lái yì xiǎng bù dào de hǎo yùn。 zhōng guó shān zhōng guó shān yòu míng sān bǎo shān， shì mǎ lái xī yà wéi jì niàn zhōng guó míng cháo sān bǎo tàijiàn zhèng hé 'ér mìng míng de。 cǐ shān wèi yú mǎ liù jiá shì jiāo。 guān yú zhōng guó shān， liú chuán zhe“ yī wèi zhōng guó gōng zhù hé yī kǒu shén qí de jǐng” de gù shì。 xiāng chuán zài 15 shì jì 60 nián dài， mǎ liù jiá de tǒng zhì zhě shì yī gè nián qīng 'ér cōng míng guò rén de sū dān， màn sī guó wáng。 yòu yī tiān， yī sōu zhōng guó chuán shǐ dǐ mǎ liù jiá， chuán de nèi bù dào chù chā mǎn liǎo jīn zhēn， chuán cháng gěi sū dān sòng qù yī fēng xìn， shēng chēng tā fèng zhōng guó tiān zǐ zhī mìng zhào gào sū dān“ měi yī gēn jīn zhēn dài biǎo wǒ de yī gè chén mín， yào shì nǐ néng shǔdé qīng yòu duō shǎo gēn， nǐ jiù huì zhī dào wǒ de quán lì yòu duō dà。” sū dān jiē dào xìn hòu， pài liǎo yī sōu chuán qù sòng huí xìn， chuán shàng zhuāng liǎo hǎo jǐ dài gǔ mǐ， xìn zhōng dào“ yào shì nǐ néng shǔdé qīng zhè sōu chuán shàng de gǔ mǐ， nǐ jiù néng zhǔn què dì cāi dào wǒ yòu duō shǎo chén mín， yě jiù huì zhī dào wǒ de quán lì yòu duō dà。” hé lán hóng wū kuà yuè mǎ liù jiá hé qiáo， dào liǎo hé de dōng 'àn， yìng rù yǎn lián de shì yī gè zhěng jié de guǎng chǎng， guǎng chǎng shàng yòu yī zuò hóng sè de zhōng tǎ hé wéi duō lì yà shí dài suǒ jiàn de pēn shuǐ chí。 guǎng chǎng zhōu wéi dōushì hé lán shì de hóng sè jiàn zhù wù。 miàn guǎng chǎng zuì dà de yī zuò jiàn zhù wù jiù shì gǔ lǎo de hé lán shì rě lán lè cān hóng wū。 tā jiàn yú 17 shì jì， shì dōng nán yà dì qū xiàn cún de zuì gǔ lǎo de hé lán shì jiàn zhù wù。 300 duō nián lái， tā yī zhí shì zhèng fǔ jī guān suǒ zài dì， zhí zhì 1980 nián cái gǎi wéi mǎ liù jiá bó wù guǎn。 hé lán shì rě lán lè cān hóng wū yòu hòu hòu de hóng zhuān qiáng， bèn zhòng de yìng mù mén， mén qián shì kuān kuò de shí jí。 guǎn nèi bǎo liú liǎo mǎ liù jiá gè gè shí qī de lì shǐ yí wù， bāo kuò hé lán gǔ dài bīng qì， pú táo yá rén 16 shì jì yǐ lái de fú zhuāng， mǎ lái rén hūn jià fú shì， jīn、 yín、 zhū bǎo shǒu gōng yì pǐn yǐ jí zài mǎ liù jiá gǎng kǒu tíng bó de gè lèi gǔ dài chuán zhǐ de tú piàn děng。 guǎn nèi hái shōu cáng yòu xī yòu de gǔ dài qián bì hé yóu piào。 pú táo yá chéng shān zài mǎ liù jiá shì xī nán， jiē jìn mǎ liù jiá hé kǒu， yòu yī zuò shān， shì mǎ liù jiá sū dān bài lǐ mǐ sū lā jiāng zhōng guó míng chéng zǔ zèng sòng de jīn lóng wén jiān lè shí shù bēi zhī chù， míng chéng zǔ céng fēng cǐ shān wéi“ zhèn guó shān”， hòu míng shèng bǎo luó shān。 shān de dōng nán lù yòu yī zuò“ méi yòu qiáng de chéng mén”， nà shì mǎ lái xī yè lì shǐ yí jì。 Malaysia as a unified state did not exist until 1963. Previously, a set of colonies were established by the United Kingdom from the late eighteenth century, and the western half of modern Malaysia was composed of several separate kingdoms. This group of colonies was known as British Malaya until its dissolution in 1946, when it was reorganized as the Federation of Malaya and later recognized as an independent nation in 1957. Singapore, Sarawak, British North Borneo and the Federation of Malaya joined to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963. The early years of the new union were marred by an armed conflict with Indonesia and the expulsion of Singapore. The Southeast Asian nation experienced an economic boom and underwent rapid development during the late 20th century. With a GDP per capita standing at USD13,000, it has, from time to time, been considered a newly industrialized country. As one of three countries that control the Strait of Malacca, international trade plays a large role in its economy. At one time, it was the largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil in the world. Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy. The Malays form the majority of the population. Some Malays are of Arab descent and there are sizable Chinese and Indian communities. Islam is the largest as well as the official religion of the federation. The Malay language is the official language. Malay was originally written in Jawi, based on Arabic script, but nowadays, the Roman alphabet (Rumi) is more often used. Malaysia is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and participates in many international organizations such as the United Nations. As a former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It is also a member of the Developing 8 Countries. The name "Malaysia" was adopted in 1963 when the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak formed a 14-state federation. However the name itself had been vaguely used to refer to areas in Southeast Asia prior to that. A map published in 1914 in Chicago has the word Malaysia printed on it referring to certain territories within the Malay Archipelago. The Philippines once contemplated naming their state "Malaysia", but Malaysia adopted the name first in 1963 before the Philippines could act further on the matter. Other names were contemplated for the 1963 federation. Among them was Langkasuka (Langkasuka was an old kingdom located at the upper section of the Malay Peninsula in the first millennium of the common era). Even farther back into history, the English ethnologist George Samuel Windsor Earl in volume IV of Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia in 1850 proposed to name the islands of Indonesia as Melayunesia or Indunesia though he favored the former. History Prehistory Archaeological remains have been found throughout Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. The Semang have a deep ancestry within the Malay Peninsula, dating to the initial settlement from Africa over 50,000 years ago. The Senoi appear to be a composite group, with approximately half of the maternal lineages tracing back to the ancestors of the Semang and about half to Indochina. This is in agreement with the suggestion that they represent the descendants of early Austronesian speaking agriculturalists, who brought both their language and their technology to the southern part of the peninsula approximately 5,000 years ago and coalesced with the indigenous population. The Aboriginal Malays are more diverse, and although they show some connections with island Southeast Asia, some also have an ancestry in Indochina around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by an early-Holocene dispersal through the Malay Peninsula into island Southeast Asia. Early history Ptolemy showed the Malay Peninsula on his early map with a label that translates as "Golden Chersonese", the Straits of Malacca were referred to as "Sinus Sabaricus". From the mid to the late first millennium, much of the Peninsula as well as the Malay Archipelago were under the influence of Srivijaya. There were numerous Malay kingdoms in the 2nd and 3rd century CE—as many as 30 according to Chinese sources. Kedah—known as Kedaram, Cheh-Cha (according to I-Ching) or Kataha, in ancient Pallava or Sanskrit—was in the direct route of invasions of Indian traders and kings. Rajendra Chola, Tamil Emperor who is now thought to have laid Kota Gelanggi to waste, put Kedah to heel in 1025 but his successor, Vir Rajendra Chola, had to put down a Kedah rebellion to overthrow the invaders. The coming of the Chola reduced the majesty of Srivijaya which had exerted influence over Kedah and Pattani and even as far as Ligor. The Buddhist kingdom of Ligor took control of Kedah shortly after, and its King Chandrabhanu used it as a base to attack Sri Lanka in the 11th century, an event noted in a stone inscription in Nagapattinum in Tamil Nadu and in the Sri Lankan chronicles, Mahavamsa. During the first millennium, the people of the Malay Peninsula adopted Hinduism and Buddhism and the use of the Sanskrit language until they eventually converted to Islam. A Famosa in Malacca. It was built by the Portuguese in the 15th century.There are reports of other areas older than Kedah—the ancient kingdom of Gangga Negara, around Beruas in Perak, for instance, pushes Malaysian history even further into antiquity. If that is not enough, a Tamil poem, Pattinapillai, of the second century CE, describes goods from Kadaram heaped in the broad streets of the Chola capital. A seventh century Sanskrit drama, Kaumudhimahotsva, refers to Kedah as Kataha-nagari. The Agnipurana also mentions a territory known as Anda-Kataha with one of its boundaries delineated by a peak, which scholars believe is Gunung Jerai. Stories from the Katasaritasagaram describe the elegance of life in Kataha. Sultan Abdul Samad Building in Kuala Lumpur houses the High Court of Malaya and the Trade Court. Kuala Lumpur was the capital of the Federated Malay States and is the current Malaysian capital.In the early 15th century, the Malacca Sultanate was established under a dynasty founded by Parameswara or Sultan Iskandar Shah, a prince from Palembang with bloodline related to the royal house of Srivijaya, who fled from Temasek (now Singapore). Parameswara decided to establish his kingdom in Malacca after witnessing an astonishing incident where a white mouse deer kicked one of his hunting dogs into a nearby river. He took this show of bravery by the mouse deer as a good sign and named his kingdom "Melaka" after the tree under which he was resting at the time. At its height, the sultanate controlled the areas which are now Peninsular Malaysia, southern Thailand (Patani), and the eastern coast of Sumatra. It existed for more than a century, and within that time period Islam spread to most of the Malay Archipelago. Malacca was the foremost trading port at the time in Southeast Asia. The first evidence of Islam in the Malay Peninsula dates from the 14th century in Terengganu, but according to the Kedah Annals, the 9th sultan of Kedah, Maharaja Derbar Raja, converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Muzaffar Shah. In 1511, Malacca was conquered by Portugal, which established a colony there. The sons of the last Sultan of Malacca established two sultanates elsewhere in the peninsula—the Sultanate of Perak to the north, and the Sultanate of Johor (originally a continuation of the old Malacca sultanate) to the south. After the fall of Malacca, three nations struggled for the control of Malacca Strait: the Portuguese (in Malacca), the Sultanate of Johor, and the Sultanate of Aceh. This conflict went on until 1641, when the Dutch (allied to the Sultanate of Johor) gained control of Malacca. British arrival Britain established its first colony in the Malay peninsula in 1786, with the lease of the island of Penang to the British East India Company by the Sultan of Kedah. In 1824, the British took control of Malacca following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 which divided the Malay Archipelago between Britain and the Netherlands, with Malaya in the British zone. In 1826, Britain established the crown colony of the Straits Settlements, uniting its three possessions in Malaya: Penang, Malacca and Singapore. The Straits Settlements were administered under the East India Company in Kolkata until 1867, when they were transferred to the Colonial Office in London. During the late 19th century, many Malay states decided to obtain British help in settling their internal conflicts. The commercial importance of tin mining in the Malay states to merchants in the Straits Settlements led to British government intervention in the tin-producing states in the Malay Peninsula. British gunboat diplomacy was employed to bring about a peaceful resolution to civil disturbances caused by Chinese gangsters and Malay gangsters, and the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 paved the way for the expansion of British influence in Malaya. By the turn of the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States (not to be confused with the Federation of Malaya), were under the de facto control of British Residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers. The British were "advisers" in name, but in reality they exercised substantial influence over the Malay rulers. Malaysia Day celebration in 1963. (Majulah Malaysia means "Onwards Malaysia")The remaining five states in the peninsula, known as the Unfederated Malay States, while not directly under rule from London, also accepted British advisers around the turn of the 20th century. Of these, the four northern states of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu had previously been under Siamese control. The other unfederated state, Johor, was the only state which managed to preserve its independence throughout most of the 19th century. Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor and Queen Victoria were personal acquaintances, and recognized each other as equals. It was not until 1914 that Sultan Abu Bakar's successor, Sultan Ibrahim accepted a British adviser. On the island of Borneo, Sabah was governed as the crown colony of British North Borneo, while Sarawak was acquired from Brunei as the personal kingdom of the Brooke family, who ruled as White Rajahs. Following the Japanese Invasion of Malaya its occupation during World War II, popular support for independence grew. Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the Malayan Union foundered on strong opposition from the Malays, who opposed the emasculation of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the ethnic Chinese. The Malayan Union, established in 1946 and consisting of all the British possessions in Malaya with the exception of Singapore, was dissolved in 1948 and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection. During this time, rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party launched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. The Malayan Emergency, as it was known, lasted from 1948 to 1960, and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by Commonwealth troops in Malaya. Although the insurgency quickly stopped there was still a presence of Commonwealth troops, with the backdrop of the Cold War. Against this backdrop, independence for the Federation within the Commonwealth was granted on 31 August 1957. Post independence In 1963, Malaya along with the then-British crown colonies of Sabah (British North Borneo), Sarawak and Singapore, formed Malaysia. The Sultanate of Brunei, though initially expressing interest in joining the Federation, withdrew from the planned merger due to opposition from certain segments of its population as well as arguments over the payment of oil royalties and the status of the Sultan in the planned merger. Kuala Lumpur, the capital and largest city in MalaysiaThe early years of independence were marred by conflict with Indonesia (Konfrontasi) over the formation of Malaysia, Singapore's eventual exit in 1965, and racial strife in the form of racial riots in 1969. The Philippines also made an active claim on Sabah in that period based upon the Sultanate of Brunei's cession of its north-east territories to the Sulu Sultanate in 1704. The claim is still ongoing. After the 13 May racial riots of 1969, the controversial New Economic Policy—intended to increase proportionately the share of the economic pie of the bumiputras ("indigenous people", which includes the majority Malays, but not always the indigenous population) as compared to other ethnic groups—was launched by Prime Minister Abdul Razak. Malaysia has since maintained a delicate ethno-political balance, with a system of government that has attempted to combine overall economic development with political and economic policies that promote equitable participation of all races. Between the 1980s and the mid 1990s, Malaysia experienced significant economic growth under the premiership of Mahathir bin Mohamad. The period saw a shift from an agriculture-based economy to one based on manufacturing and industry in areas such as computers and consumer electronics. It was during this period, too, that the physical landscape of Malaysia has changed with the emergence of numerous mega-projects. The most notable of these projects are the Petronas Twin Towers (at the time the tallest building in the world), KL International Airport (KLIA), North-South Expressway, the Sepang F1 Circuit, the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), the Bakun hydroelectric dam and Putrajaya, a new federal administrative capital. In the late 1990s, Malaysia was shaken by the Asian financial crisis as well as political unrest caused by the sacking of the deputy prime minister Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim. In 2003, Dr Mahathir, Malaysia's longest serving prime minister, retired in favour of his deputy, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. On November 2007 Malaysia was rocked by two anti-government rallies. The 2007 Bersih Rally numbering 40,000 strong was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on November 10 campaigning for electoral reform. It was precipitated by allegations of corruption and discrepancies in the Malaysian election system that heavily favor the ruling political party, Barisan Nasional, which has been in power since Malaysia achieved its independence in 1957. The 2007 HINDRAF rally was held in Kuala Lumpur on 25 November. The rally organizer, the Hindu Rights Action Force, had called the protest over alleged discriminatory policies which favour ethnic Malays. The crowd was estimated to be between 5,000 to 30,000. In both cases the government and police were heavy handed and tried to prevent the gatherings from taking place. Government and politics The Parliament building, symbol of democracy in Malaysia. Malaysia PM's office, PutrajayaMalaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy. The federal head of state of Malaysia is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commonly referred to as the King of Malaysia. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term among the nine hereditary Sultans of the Malay states; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. The system of government in Malaysia is closely modeled on that of Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of British colonial rule. In practice however, more power is vested in the executive branch of government than in the legislative, and the judiciary has been weakened by sustained attacks by the government during the Mahathir era. Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has been governed by a multi-party coalition known as the Barisan Nasional (formerly known as the Alliance). Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. The bicameral parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (literally the "Chamber of the People") and the upper house, the Senate or Dewan Negara (literally the "Chamber of the Nation"). The 222-member House of Representatives are elected from single-member constituencies that are drawn based on population for a maximum term of five years. All 70 Senators sit for three-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, two representing the federal territory of Kuala Lumpur, one each from federal territories of Labuan and Putrajaya, and 40 are appointed by the king. Besides the Parliament at the federal level, each state has a unicameral state legislative chamber (Malay: Dewan Undangan Negeri) whose members are elected from single-member constituencies. Parliamentary elections are held at least once every five years, with the last general election being in March 2008. The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body. State governments are led by Chief Ministers (Menteri Besar in Malay states or Ketua Menteri in states without hereditary rulers), who is a state assembly member from the majority party in the Dewan Undangan Negeri. In each of the states with a hereditary ruler, the Chief Minister is required to be a Malay Muslim, although this rule is subject the rulers' discretions. Citizenship Most Malaysians are granted citizenship by lex soli. All Malaysians are Federal citizens with no formal citizenships within the individual states, except for the states of Sabah and Sarawak and the federal territory of Labuan in East Malaysia, where state citizenship is a privilege and distinguishable from the Peninsula. Every citizen is issued a biometric smart chip identity card, known as MyKad, at the age of 12, and must carry the card at all times. A citizen is required to present his or her identity card to the police, or in the case of an emergency, to any military personnel, to be identified. If the card cannot be produced immediately, the person technically has 24 hours under the law to produce it at the nearest police station. Administrative divisions Map of the states of MalaysiaMain article: States of Malaysia Administratively, Malaysia consists of 13 states (11 in Peninsular Malaysia and 2 in Malaysian Borneo) and 3 federal territories. Geography Map of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo)The two distinct parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both West and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to often densely forested hills and mountains, the highest of which is Mount Kinabalu at 4,095.2 metres (13,435.7 ft) on the island of Borneo. The local climate is equatorial and characterized by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons. Tanjung Piai, located in the southern state of Johor, is the southernmost tip of continental Asia. The Strait of Malacca, lying between Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, is arguably the most important shipping lane in the world. Putrajaya is the newly created administrative capital for the federal government of Malaysia, aimed in part to ease growing congestion within Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur remains the seat of parliament, as well as the commercial and financial capital of the country. Other major cities include George Town, Ipoh, Johor Bahru, Kuching, Kota Kinabalu, Miri, Alor Star, Malacca Town, and Klang. Natural resources Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry and minerals. In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is one of the top exporters of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper, pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange. Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the decline. In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometers (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawan and sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export. Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced. In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%. As of January 1, 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels equivalent. The government estimates that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil up to 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004, Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government. Demographics Distribution of Bumiputra and Chinese populationMalaysia's population comprises many ethnic groups, with the Malays and other bumiputra groups in Sabah and Sarawak making up the majority, at 65% of the population. By constitutional definition, Malays are Muslims who practice Malay customs (adat) and culture. Therefore, technically, a Muslim of any race who practices Malay customs and culture can be considered a Malay and have equal rights when it comes to Malay rights as stated in the constitution. Non-Malay bumiputra groups make up more than half of the state of Sarawak's population (of which 30% are Ibans), and close to 60% of Sabah's population (of which 18% are Kadazan-Dusuns, and 17% are Bajaus). There also exist aboriginal groups in much smaller numbers on the Peninsula, where they are collectively known as Orang Asli. 26% of the population are Malaysians of Chinese descent, while Malaysians of Indian descent comprise 8% of the population. The majority of the Indian community are Tamils but various other groups are also present, including Malayalis, Punjabis and Gujaratis. Other Malaysians also include those whose origin, inter alia, can be traced to the Middle East, Thailand and Indonesia. Europeans and Eurasians include British who settled in Malaysia since colonial times, and a strong Portuguese community in Malacca. A small number of Cambodians and Vietnamese also settled in Malaysia as Vietnam War refugees. Population distribution is uneven, with some 20 million residents concentrated on the Malay Peninsula, while East Malaysia is relatively less populated. Due to the rise in labour intensive industries, Malaysia has 10 to 20% foreign workers with the uncertainty due in part to the large number of illegal workers, mostly Indonesian. There are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorized foreigners. The state of Sabah alone has nearly 25% of its 2.7 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census. However, this figure of 25% is thought to be less than half the figure speculated by NGOs. Additionally, according to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Malaysia hosts a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 155,700. Of this population, approximately 70,500 refugees and asylum seekers are from the Philippines, 69,700 from Myanmar, and 21,800 from Indonesia. The U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants named Malaysia as one of the Ten Worst Places for Refugees on account of the country's discriminatory practices toward refugees. Malaysian officials are reported to have turned deportees directly over to human smugglers in 2007, and Malaysia employs the RELA, a volunteer militia, to enforce its immigration law. Religion Masjid Ubudiah is a well-known historical mosque in Kuala Kangsar. Christ Church in Malacca Town was constructed in the 18th century by the Dutch.Malaysia is a multi-religious society and Islam is the official religion. According to the Population and Housing Census 2000 figures, approximately 60.4 percent of the population practiced Islam; 19.2 percent Buddhism; 9.1 percent Christianity; 6.3 percent Hinduism; and 2.6 percent traditional Chinese religions. The remaining 2 percent was accounted for by other faiths, including Animism and Sikhism. Until the twentieth century, most practiced traditional beliefs, which arguably still linger on to a greater degree than Malaysian officialdom is prepared to acknowledge. Although the Malaysian constitution theoretically guarantees religious freedom, in practice the situation is restricted. All ethnic Malays are Muslim as defined in the Malaysian constitution. Additionally, all non-Muslims who marry a Muslim must renounce their religion and convert to Islam. Meanwhile, non-Muslims experience restrictions in activities such as construction of religious buildings and the celebration of certain religious events in some states. Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of Sharia courts when it comes to matters concerning their religion. The jurisdiction of Sharia court is limited only to Muslims over matters of Faith and Obligations as a Muslim, which includes marriage, inheritance, apostasy, conversion, and custody among others. No other criminal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Sharia Courts. As a rule, the Civil Courts cannot overrule any decision made by the Sharia Courts - not even the Federal Court. The Sharia Courts have a similar hierarchy to the Civil Courts. Education Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) is one of the earliest boarding schools to be established in British Malaya. University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus.Education in Malaysia is monitored by the federal government Ministry of Education. Most Malaysian children start schooling between the ages of three to six, in kindergarten. Most kindergartens are run privately, but there are a few government-operated kindergartens. Children begin primary schooling at the age of seven for a period of six years. There are two major types of government-operated or government-assisted primary schools. They are the national schools (Sekolah Kebangsaan) which use Malay as the medium of instruction, and the national-type schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan) which use either Chinese or Tamil as the medium of instruction. Before progressing to the secondary level of education, students in Year 6 used to be required to sit for the Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR), or Primary School Assessment Examination. An exam called Penilaian Tahap Satu (PTS), First Level Assessment, was used to measure the ability of bright students, and to allow them to move from Year 3 to 5, skipping Year 4. However, this exam was removed in 2001. Secondary education in government secondary schools lasts for five years. Government secondary schools use Malay as the main medium of instruction. The only exceptions are the Maths and Science subjects as well as languages other than Malay. At the end of the third year or Form Three, students sit for the Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR), Lower Secondary Assessment. The combination of subjects available to Form 4 students vary from one school to another. In the last year (Form 5), students sit for Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM), Malaysian Certificate of Education, which is equivalent to the British Ordinary or 'O' Levels (now referred to as GCSE). The oldest in Malaysia is Penang Free School. Penang Free School is also the oldest school in South East Asia. Mathematics and Science subjects in government primary and secondary schools such as Biology, Physics, and Chemistry are taught in English. The reasoning was that students would no longer be hindered by the language barrier during their tertiary education in fields such as medicine and engineering. There are also 60 Chinese Independent High Schools in Malaysia, where most subjects are taught in Chinese. Chinese Independent High Schools are monitored and standardised by the United Chinese School Committees' Association of Malaysia (UCSCAM, more commonly referred to by its Chinese name, Dong Zong 董总), however, unlike government schools, every independent school is free to make its own decisions. Studying in independent schools takes 6 years to complete, divided into Junior Middle (3 years) and Senior Middle (3 years). Students sit for a standardised test by Dong Zong known as the Unified Examination Certificate (UEC) in Junior Middle 3 (equivalent to PMR) and Senior Middle 3 (equivalent to AO level). A number of independent schools conduct classes in Malay and English in addition to Chinese, enabling the students to sit for the PMR and SPM as well. Malaysia's secondary schools are grouped into a few types, namely national schools which include daily schools and religious schools, Chinese independent schools, technical schools, residential schools, Mara Junior Science College and private-funding schools such as religious schools, international schools and private schools. Students who wish to enter public universities must complete one and a half more years of secondary schooling in Form Six and sit for the Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (STPM), Malaysian Higher School Certificate; equivalent to the British Advanced or 'A' levels. As for tertiary education, there are public universities such as University of Malaya, Universiti Sains Malaysia and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. In addition, five international reputable universities have set up their branch campuses in Malaysia since 1998. A branch campus can be seen as an ‘off-shore campus’ of the foreign university, which offers the same courses and awards as the main campus. Both local and international students can acquire these identical foreign qualifications in Malaysia for a cheaper price. The foreign university branch campuses in Malaysia are: Monash University Malaysia Campus, Curtin University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus and University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus. Students also have the option of enrolling in private colleges after secondary studies. Most colleges have educational links with overseas universities especially in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Malaysian students abroad study mostly in the UK, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Singapore, and Japan. In addition to the National Curriculum, Malaysia has many international schools. International schools offer students the opportunity to study the curriculum of another country. These schools mainly cater to the growing expatriate population in the country. International schools include: the Australian International School, Malaysia (Australian curriculum), The Alice Smith School (British Curriculum), elc International school (British Curriculum), The Garden International School (British Curriculum), Lodge International School (British Curriculum), The International School of Kuala Lumpur (International Baccalaureate and American Curriculum), The Japanese School of Kuala Lumpur (Japanese Curriculum), The International School of Penang (International Baccalaureate and British Curriculum), Lycée Français de Kuala Lumpur (French Curriculum) amongst others. Healthcare Malaysian society places importance on the expansion and development of health care, putting 5% of the government social sector development budget into public health care—an increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising and aging population, the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals, building and equipping new hospitals, expansion of the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and expansion of telehealth. Over the last couple of years they have increased their efforts to overhaul the systems and attract more foreign investment. The Malaysian health care system requires doctors to perform a compulsory three years service with public hospitals to ensure the manpower of these hospitals is maintained. Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment here. There is still, however, a compound shortage of medical workforce, especially that of highly trained specialists resulting in certain medical care and treatment only available in large cities. Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment made ready by investments. The majority of private hospitals are in urban areas and, unlike many of the public hospitals, are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities. Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investment—it has often taken up to ten years before companies have seen any profits. However, the situation has now changed and companies are now looking into this area again, particularly in view of the increasing interest by foreigners in coming to Malaysia for medical care and the recent government focus to develop the health tourism industry. Currently, private Malaysia Hospitals are looking at international healthcare accreditation, which may be Australian, British or American sourced. Economy The Malay Peninsula and indeed Southeast Asia has been a centre of trade for centuries. Various items such as porcelain and spices were actively traded even before Malacca and Singapore rose to prominence. The Malaysian government Ministry of Finance building in Putrajaya.In the 17th century, they were found in several Malay states. Later, as the British started to take over as administrators of Malaya, rubber and palm oil trees were introduced for commercial purposes. Over time, Malaya became the world's largest major producer of tin, rubber, and palm oil. These three commodities, along with other raw materials, firmly set Malaysia's economic tempo well into the mid-20th century. Instead of relying on the local Malays as a source of labour, the British brought in Chinese and Indians to work on the mines and plantations. Although many of them returned to their respective home countries after their agreed tenure ended, some remained in Malaysia and settled permanently. As Malaya moved towards independence, the government began implementing economic five-year plans, beginning with the First Malayan Five Year Plan in 1955. Upon the establishment of Malaysia, the plans were re-titled and renumbered, beginning with the First Malaysia Plan in 1965. In 1970s, Malaysia began to imitate the four Asian Tiger economies (Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore) and committed itself to a transition from being reliant on mining and agriculture to an economy that depends more on manufacturing. With Japanese investment, heavy industries flourished and in a matter of years, Malaysian exports became the country's primary growth engine. Malaysia consistently achieved more than 7% GDP growth along with low inflation in the 1980s and the 1990s. During the same period, the government tried to eradicate poverty with the controversial New Economic Policy (NEP), after the May 13 Incident of racial rioting in 1969. Its main objective was the elimination of the association of race with economic function, and the first five-year plan to begin implementing the NEP was the Second Malaysia Plan. The success or failure of the NEP is the subject of much debate, although it was officially retired in 1990 and replaced by the National Development Policy (NDP). Recently much debate has surfaced once again with regards to the results and relevance of the NEP. Some have argued that the NEP has indeed successfully created a Middle/Upper Class of Malay businessmen and professionals. Despite some improvement in the economic power of Malays in general, the Malaysian government maintains a policy of discrimination that favors ethnic Malays over other races—including preferential treatment in employment, education, scholarships, business, access to cheaper housing and assisted savings. This special treatment has sparked envy and resentment between non-Malays and Malays. The Chinese control of the locally-owned sector of the country's economy, meanwhile, has been ceded largely in favour of the Bumiputras/Malays in many essential or strategic industries such as petroleum retailing, transportation, agriculture and etc. The minority of Indian descent has by and large been the most adversely affected by this policy. Indicators point to a higher incidence of crime and gang related activities among the Indians in recent years. The rapid economic boom led to a variety of supply problems, however. Labour shortages soon resulted in an influx of millions of foreign workers, many illegal. Cash-rich PLCs and consortia of banks eager to benefit from increased and rapid development began large infrastructure projects. This all ended when the Asian Financial Crisis hit in the fall of 1997, delivering a massive shock to Malaysia's economy. As with other countries affected by the crisis, there was speculative short-selling of the Malaysian currency, the ringgit. Foreign direct investment fell at an alarming rate and, as capital flowed out of the country, the value of the ringgit dropped from MYR 2.50 per USD to, at one point, MYR 4.80 per USD. The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange's composite index plummeted from approximately 1300 points to around 400 points in a matter of weeks. After the controversial sacking of finance minister Anwar Ibrahim, a National Economic Action Council was formed to deal with the monetary crisis. Bank Negara imposed capital controls and pegged the Malaysian ringgit at 3.80 to the US dollar. Malaysia refused economic aid packages from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, however, surprising many analysts. In March 2005, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) published a paper on the sources and pace of Malaysia's recovery, written by Jomo K.S. of the applied economics department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. The paper concluded that the controls imposed by Malaysia's government neither hurt nor helped recovery. The chief factor was an increase in electronics components exports, which was caused by a large increase in the demand for components in the United States, which was caused, in turn, by a fear of the effects of the arrival of the year 2000 (Y2K) upon older computers and other digital devices. However, the post Y2K slump of 2001 did not affect Malaysia as much as other countries. This may have been clearer evidence that there are other causes and effects that can be more properly attributable for recovery. One possibility is that the currency speculators had run out of finance after failing in their attack on the Hong Kong dollar in August 1998 and after the Russian ruble collapsed. (See George Soros) Regardless of cause/effect claims, rejuvenation of the economy also coincided with massive government spending and budget deficits in the years that followed the crisis. Later, Malaysia enjoyed faster economic recovery compared to its neighbours. In many ways, however, the country has yet to recover to the levels of the pre-crisis era. While the pace of development today is not as rapid, it is seen to be more sustainable. Although the controls and economic housekeeping may not have been the principal reason for recovery, there is no doubt that the banking sector has become more resilient to external shocks. The current account has also settled into a structural surplus, providing a cushion to capital flight. Asset prices are now a fraction of their pre-crisis heights. The fixed exchange rate was abandoned in July 2005 in favour of a managed floating system within an hour of China's announcing of the same move. In the same week, the ringgit strengthened a percent against various major currencies and was expected to appreciate further. As of December 2005, however, expectations of further appreciation were muted as capital flight exceeded USD 10 billion. In September 2005, Sir Howard J. Davies, director of the London School of Economics, at a meeting in Kuala Lumpur, cautioned Malaysian officials that if they want a flexible capital market, they will have to lift the ban on short-selling put into effect during the crisis. In March 2006, Malaysia removed the ban on short selling. Currently, Malaysia is considered a newly industrialized country. Infrastructure The Kuala Lumpur Tower enhances communication quality within Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley. The Damansara Link section of Klang Valley's Sprint Expressway.Malaysia has extensive roads that connect all major cities and towns on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia. As of 2006, the total length of the Malaysian expressway network is 1471.6 kilometres (914.4 miles). The network connects all major cities and conurbations such as Klang Valley, Johor Bahru and Penang to each other. The major expressway, the North-South Expressway spans from the northern and the southern tips of Peninsular Malaysia at Bukit Kayu Hitam and Johor Bahru respectively. It is a part of the Asian Highway Network, which also connects into Thailand and Singapore. Roads in the East Malaysia and the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia are still relatively undeveloped. Those are highly curved roads passing through mountainous regions and many are still unsealed, gravel roads. This has resulted in the continued use of rivers and the necessary use of airplanes as the main or alternative mode of transportation for the interior residents. Train service in West Malaysia is operated by the Keretapi Tanah Melayu (Malayan Railways) and has extensive railroads that connect all major cities and towns on the peninsular, including Singapore. There is also a short railway in Sabah operated by Sabah State Railway that mainly carries freight. There are seaports throughout the country. The major ports are Port Klang and Port of Tanjung Pelepas in Johor. Other important ports can be found in Tanjung Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Kuantan, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Miri, Sandakan and Tawau. Airports are also found throughout the country. Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) is the main airport of the country. Other important airports include Kota Kinabalu International Airport, Penang International Airport, Kuching International Airport, Langkawi International Airport, and Senai International Airport. There are also airports in smaller towns, as well as small domestic airstrips in rural Sabah and Sarawak. There are daily flight services between West and East Malaysia, which is the only convenient option for passengers travelling between the two parts of the country. Malaysia is the home of the first low-cost carrier in the region, AirAsia. It has Kuala Lumpur as its hub and maintains flights to Southeast Asia and China as well. In KL it operates out of the Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) in KLIA. The intercity telecommunication service is provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay. International telecommunications are provided through submarine cables and satellite. One of the largest and most significant telecommunication companies in Malaysia is Telekom Malaysia (TM), providing products and services from fixed line, mobile as well as dial-up and broadband Internet access service. It has the near-monopoly of fixed line phone service in the country. In December 2004, Energy, Water and Communications Minister Datuk Seri Dr Lim Keng Yaik reported that only 0.85% or 218,004 people in Malaysia used broadband services. However these values are based on subscriber number, whilst household percentage can reflect the situation more accurately. This represented an increase from 0.45% in three quarters. He also stated that the government targeted usage of 5% by 2006 and doubling to 10% by 2008. Lim Keng Yaik had urged local telecommunication companies and service provider to open up the last mile and lower prices to benefit the users. Culture Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multilingual society. The population as of February 2007 is 26.6 million consisting of 62% Malays, 24% Chinese, 8% Indians, with other minorities and indigenous peoples (Dept of Stats. Malaysia). Ethnic tensions have been rising in recent months. The Malays, who form the largest community, are defined as Muslims in the Constitution of Malaysia. The Malays play a dominant role politically and are included in a grouping identified as bumiputra. Their native language is Malay (Bahasa Melayu). Malay is the national language of the country. In the past, Malays wrote in Sanskrit or using Sanskrit-based alphabets. After the 15th century, Jawi (a script based on Arabic) became popular. Over time, romanized script overtook Sanskrit and Jawi as the dominant script. This was largely due to the influence of the colonial education system, which taught children in romanised writing rather than in Arabic script. The largest non-Malay indigenous tribe is the Iban of Sarawak, who number over 600,000. Some Iban still live in traditional jungle villages in long houses along the Rajang and Lupar rivers and their tributaries, although many have moved to the cities. The Bidayuhs, numbering around 170,000, are concentrated in the southwestern part of Sarawak. The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the Kadazan. They are largely Christian subsistence farmers. The 140,000 Orang Asli, or aboriginal peoples, comprise a number of different ethnic communities living in Peninsular Malaysia. Traditionally nomadic hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists, many have been sedentarised and partially absorbed into modern Malaysia. The Chinese population in Malaysia is mostly Buddhist (of Mahayana sect) or Taoist. Chinese in Malaysia speak a variety of Chinese dialects including Mandarin Chinese, Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka and Teochew. A large majority of Chinese in Malaysia, especially those from larger cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya and Penang speak English as well. There has also been an increasing number of the present generation Chinese who consider English as their first language. Chinese have historically been dominant in the Malaysian business community. The Indians in Malaysia are mainly Hindu Tamils from southern India who native language is Tamil, there are also other Indian communities which is Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi-speaking, living mainly in the larger towns on the west coast of the peninsula. Many middle to upper-middle class Indians in Malaysia also speak English as a first language. A vigorous 200,000-strong Tamil Muslim community also thrives as an independent subcultural group.there are also prevalent Tamil christian communities in major cities and towns. There is also a sizable Sikh community in Malaysia of over 83,000. Most Indians originally migrated from India as traders, teachers or other skilled workers. A larger number were also part of the forced migrations from India by the British during colonial times to work in the plantation industry. Eurasians, Cambodians, Vietnamese, and indigenous tribes make up the remaining population. A small number of Eurasians, of mixed Portuguese and Malay descent, speak a Portuguese-based creole, called Papiá Kristang. There are also Eurasians of mixed Filipino and Spanish descent, mostly in Sabah. Descended from immigrants from the Philippines, some speak Chavacano, the only Spanish-based creole language in Asia. Cambodians and Vietnamese are mostly Buddhists (Cambodians of Theravada sect and Vietnamese, Mahayana sect). Malaysian traditional music is heavily influenced by Chinese and Islamic forms. The music is based largely around the gendang (drum), but includes other percussion instruments (some made of shells); the rebab, a bowed string instrument; the serunai, a double-reed oboe-like instrument; flutes, and trumpets. The country has a strong tradition of dance and dance dramas, some of Thai, Indian and Portuguese origin. Other artistic forms include wayang kulit (shadow puppet theatre), silat (a stylised martial art) and crafts such as batik, weaving, including the ceremonial cloth pua kumbu, and silver and brasswork. Holidays Malaysians observe a number of holidays and festivities throughout the year. Some holidays are federal gazetted public holidays and some are public holidays observed by individual states. Other festivals are observed by particular ethnic or religion groups, but are not public holidays. Typical festive fare during Hari Raya Puasa or Hari Raya Haji (clockwise from bottom left): beef soup, ketupat (compressed rice cubes), beef rendang and sayur lodeh.The most celebrated holiday is the "Hari Merdeka" (Independence Day) on August 31 commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya in 1957, while Malaysia Day is only celebrated in the state of Sabah on September 16 to commemorate the formation of Malaysia in 1963. Hari Merdeka, as well as Labour Day (May 1), the King's Birthday (first Saturday of June) and some other festivals are federal gazetted public holidays. Muslims in Malaysia celebrate Muslim holidays. The most celebrated festival, Hari Raya Puasa (also called Hari Raya Aidilfitri) is the Malay translation of Eid al-Fitr. It is generally a festival honoured by the Muslims worldwide marking the end of Ramadan, the fasting month. In addition to Hari Raya Puasa, they also celebrate Hari Raya Haji (also called Hari Raya Aidiladha, the translation of Eid ul-Adha), Awal Muharram (Islamic New Year) and Maulidul Rasul (Birthday of the Prophet). Chinese in Malaysia typically celebrate festivals that are observed by Chinese around the world. Chinese New Year is the most celebrated among the festivals which lasts for fifteen days and ends with Chap Goh Mei. Other festivals celebrated by Chinese are the Qingming Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival. In addition to traditional Chinese festivals, Buddhists Chinese also celebrate Vesak. The majority of Indians in Malaysia are Hindus and they celebrate Diwali, the festival of light, while Thaipusam is a celebration which pilgrims from all over the country flock to Batu Caves. Apart from the Hindus, Sikhs celebrate the Vaisakhi, the Sikh New Year. Other festivals such as Good Friday (East Malaysia only), Christmas, Hari Gawai of the Ibans (Dayaks), Pesta Menuai (Pesta Kaamatan) of the Kadazan-Dusuns are also celebrated in Malaysia. Despite most of the festivals being identified with a particular ethnic or religious group, all Malaysians celebrate the festivities together, regardless of their background. For years, when Hari Raya Puasa and Chinese New Year coincided, a slogan, Kongsi Raya, a combination of Gong Xi Fa Cai (a greeting used on the Chinese New Year) and Hari Raya (which could also mean "celebrating together" in Malay language) was coined. For years when the Hari Raya Puasa and Deepavali coincide, a slogan, Deepa Raya, is similarly coined. |
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