After the eighties of last century, the Western Modernist Literature pouring into China, there will be a variety of literary ideas, all kinds of "schools." These ideas and schools of literary horizons broadened and enriched the literary expression. When mouth closed for a variety of modern terminology, a literary fashion. The literary realism Pianju corner, almost become fashionable literary criticism, a decline, backward, conservative society. However, it is at that time, literature, the state began to appear weak, then the landslide occurred, a large-scale land alienation and cold readers of literature. In the panic among the nineties in the last century, literature found a "new realism" and "Realism", seems to have found a new bright spot, and thus trying to restore the literature around. I think the former can be called the trivial and low-level realism to the general public usually depict life and expression of the main interest in life in this class, then a number of key words such as "zero distance", "original" is the most fashionable literary word statement; the latter focus on large and complex official classes - from the village cadres have been written provincial officials, in order to expose the problems with the inside stories of this class as the narrative center of gravity. Like state at the time of literary decline of literature into a dazzling meteor shower, wake up and recall at one time also a certain amount of literary reading, but soon disappeared in the large-scale reading of sight. After the "new realism" and the modern media have conspired to best-selling book and TV drama as the carrier, the literature into the business, to earn a busy; and "Realism" is to continue its narrow perspective, the use officials and the public sectors of the existing inequality, injustice in the social reality of the gap, and 之 split gap and valleys, Cheng Wei shady official fiction novel or say, Ye began to meet the market needs.
As a faith, spirit, ideas and methods from the literature and art of realism from the date of birth of some kind has been there and become a literary and artistic awareness and expression of life's most important and significant way. Simply, realism is the naming of things the last few hundred years. It should be said for thousands of years in literature and art history has not changed the fact that - no matter how ever-changing artistic expression - is the spirit of realism, the history of literature and art has always been the dominant melody. As realism, with several groups of important key words: reality and the real, critical, an ideal. Reality and truth is the truth of life and art of truth, the universality of life and literature; criticism is the author's sense of distance and life with sober reason, is the judge and critical awareness; ideal of mankind, the great noble society mind, state and ideas as well as life Physiognomy. For literature, the former two relatively easy to do; the latter point, you need to literary personality, mind, state, vision and cultivation. So that in the past, present, or in the future, realism as a reflection of the performance of the method, there are infinite variables, has an extremely wide range of territory, can be said endless realism; and as a spiritual - beliefs, values, and only these important areas, and since ancient times. Adhere to the spirit of realism, insist on the diversity of realism in order to protect the literary development and prosperity, "New Realism" and "Realism" of the rise and decline of the iron law proved this.
Realism
On the theory of realism can be traced back to ancient Greece, "imitation," said. Aristotle in "Poetics" already points to the existence of 3 different realistic imitation of the way, the first one kind of is "in accordance with the way things had to imitate." Aristotle not only affirmed the authenticity of art and art imitating reality that must have the inevitability and universality that reveals its inner nature and law. This is the reality of the basic features in literature and art of simple but powerful argument. The Renaissance artists (Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci, castelvetere Estero, etc.) adhere to and develop the "art imitating nature" point of view. One hand, they asked the faithful to imitate art of nature, "according to nature to get a mirror," On the other hand are not satisfied with passively imitating nature, required to be created in accordance with the laws of nature, of living material were idealized or stylized, and hence literary works known as the "second nature." Representatives of the Enlightenment in the 18th century Diderot and Lessing from the materialistic point of view, insisted on a realistic basis, certainly the United States and real unity, stressed that art should not only natural but also beyond the natural basis of the dialectical relationship. Denis Diderot and Lessing in the "Salon", "painted on", "Hamburg Drama" and so on were in bondage for the neo-classical literature and art of rules and prohibitions, systematically discusses the creative principle of realism, realism of the modern literature had a role in promoting the rise. However, realism and romanticism of the two opposing concepts clearly defined and made the two terms, they began the late 18th and early 19th century. Germany "hurricane advance" campaign on behalf of writers Schiller in the famous "On the Naive and Sentimental Poetry" article, the system summed up the West from ancient to modern literature and art are two basic tendencies in development: emphasis on a direct reflection of reality The "naive Poetry" and emphasis on performance up by the reality to enhance the ideal of "sentimental poetry." He says that the difference is: the former reproduce reality, the latter performed well, the former focus on objective, while the latter relies on the subjective, and certainly the two creative tendencies to convergence. Schiller for the first time in the literature using the "realism" of the term, defined it as "idealism" of the opposite meaning, and that it is different with the naturalist: naturalism are dealing with a "vulgar nature", and Realism is the show dealt with "inner necessity" of the "true nature." Goethe also said: "classical poetry (that is, literary realism) and the romantic notion of poetry has spread throughout the world, causing many disputes and differences. This concept originated in Schiller and I are. I suggest that poetry should be taken from the objective the principle of starting the world that the only way this can get creative. but Schiller is a completely subjective approach to writing, writing that he is the only method that is correct. "(" Goethe "), Goethe and Schiller first time in the history of European art thinking clearly realism and romanticism are two differences between the principle of creative ways on later European Realism and Romanticism in the formation of two major art schools have a major impact.
Russia, the founder of realism literary theory summed up in the system Belinsky Russian literature and world literature on the basis of the development process, and further demonstrated that the "real poetry" (ie, Realistic) and the "ideal of poetry" (the Romantic Literature) and the difference between contact. He pointed out that the ideal poem, the "ideal of the poet to transform their own lives"; in the real poetry, the poet "living in accordance with all the naked face of reality and to reproduce reality." He definitely realistic, "more in line with the spirit of our times and needs", and the creation of the first principles of the realism with the 19th-century Russian literature in the 40's formed by Gogol as the representative of the "natural school" together. Chernyshevsky made in the 50's the famous "Beauty is life" materialist thesis, and on this basis, surely the purpose and role of art is "realistic reproduction", "description of life" and "life Under the judge, "further established and developed the theoretical basis for literary realism. However, Belinsky and Chernyshevsky have not use the "realism" of that term. Dobrolyubov contribution lies in creating a "real criticism of" principle, certainly "work of art is its main value of true life," and as "a literary phenomenon to determine each value and significance of the scale." Commenting on Pushkin, Niji Qin's poetry using the "realism" of the term, but its meaning is more to life held by the author realism (so-called "life realism"), rather than the reproduction of life creative principles and methods. Russian critics Annenkov in "Notes on Russian Literature" article, the first use of "realism" of the term to summarize Turgenev, Goncharov and other basic characteristics of creative writers, but the term 60 years until the 19th century, has not been generally accepted by the Russian literary critics.
Realism romanticism as literary genre, following after and as a reaction against romanticism took to the stage of history. It spontaneously to the formation of a conscious process. Half of the 19th century, many European writers of realism and romanticism is not a clean break. Together they not only with the Romantic writers of rules and prohibitions against the neo-classical and romantic in the literary creation it follows the usual number of subjects and approaches. Some Realism for countries to pave the way for writers (such as Merimee, Balzac, Hoffmann, Pushkin, Gogol, etc.) is from the early works of the Romantic turn realism. The literary trend of the change, there are profound social and historical reasons. 30-40 19th century era of the capitalist system, some major countries in Western Europe over the last period of feudalism. The establishment and consolidation of the capitalist system, so that the class contradictions in capitalist society and various social ills have become increasingly apparent and intensified "between man and man than naked self interest, than callous 'cash', it no longer no other nexus. " Faced with this grim social reality, "People finally had to use a calm point of view of their life, and their mutual relations" (Marx and Engels: "The Communist Manifesto"). In addition, the development of 19th century Science and materialism in the fight against the religion and the victory of idealism, and utopian socialist doctrine of widespread, have also prompted people to break the traditional concepts and fantasy, turned to a more objective viewpoint to observe world of social reality. In such historical circumstances, more and more dissatisfied with the Romantic literary writer addicted to the subjective imagination and rebellious spirit of the individual to the neglect of the subjective and objective social reality and creative method. Their inheritance and development of the Renaissance, particularly the Enlightenment tradition of literary realism, stand calmly observe and evaluate the various ills of bourgeois rule and contradictions brought about, truthfully and objectively describe the daily life of capitalist society at that time, figures from the analysis personality and social environment of mutual relations, and reveal the various social evils and ills. Thus, in order to accurately describe reality, exposed and criticized the social characteristics of the dark reality of their literature, it has gradually replaced romanticism, became dominant in the European literature.
Critical Realism
In Western Europe, literature, critical realism is the realism of traditional inheritance and development, it is specific the nineteenth century as a literary form in Europe, thought and creative method.
"Critical Realism" the term is broad generations out. French Proudhon (1809-1865) in the "art of social mission," a book, the first to make "critical realism is the" thesis, but because this person is the founder of anarchism, and later became the spokesman for the Second Empire, Marx in "The Poverty of Philosophy", a book criticized him, his reputation is not good, so he is not the formulation of critical realism attracted people's attention. Official presentation of the critical realism and to define it is Gorky. Gorky said; "bourgeois 'Prodigal Son' realism, is the critical realism; critical realism expose the vices of society, describes the individual in the family tradition, religious dogma and repression under the laws of 'life and adventure' not be able to give that a way out. critique all existing things sounds easy, but it only recognizes the social life and general 'there' is clearly meaningless outside, but nothing is certain. "critical realism trend has been made in Europe great achievement. Nineteenth century, 20 years, critical realism began to take shape and preliminary development, from 30 to 40 years, critical realism, romanticism, following after, to become the main trend of European literature. Gorky called it "a major nineteenth century, and is the most magnificent and most useful literary genre." France is the cradle of critical realism, Stendhal, writing fiction, "Black and Red" as the basis of this literary trend, Balzac created a "human comedy", has become critical realism the highest possible achievement. In addition, Flaubert, Merimee, Zola, Maupassant, Daudet, Dumas, and Romain Rolland, who are shining with critical realism edge literary fiction took to form a critical reality of the nineteenth century Doctrine magnificent art torrent. The whole time writer of giving birth to great works bunch, literary grand, spectacular. In the UK, Dickens and Thackeray also represent the interests of the bourgeoisie was small, the evil capitalist social reality and corruption, were exposed and criticized. Dickens's novel of "David Copperfield," "Hard Times" and "Tale of Two Cities", etc., Thackeray's masterpiece is "Vanity Fair." In addition, Charlotte Bronte and Mrs Gaskell, and others, also with excellent literary works, joined the ranks of critical realist. Marx said that they are "a number of distinguished contemporary British novelists," said: "They are outstanding in their own, vivid description of the books revealed to the world political and social truths than all the professional politicians, political commentators and Taoism family together even more than revealed. "
Sixty years after the nineteenth century, Western Europe began to decline critical realism, appeared on the European literary school of naturalism marks the defeat of bourgeois artistic trends. The center of critical realism by the British and French moved to Russia. Then, after Pushkin, Gogol, after Turgenev, Tolstoy and Chekhov have on the world literature, representing the critical realism of the new achievements.
Nineteenth-century Europe, the great achievements of critical realism, has opened a human civilization.
|