Also known as "neither fish nor fowl." China's famous specialty animals, but wild extinct, those are the existing Beijing South Garden Royal Court relic hunting, is characterized by a particularly long tail, Mei Cha developed, forming the main Cha appearance
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麋鹿满之
Full of elk. - "Mozi public transport"
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取其麇鹿
Whichever David Deer. - "Thirty years of public Zuo Xi"
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Elk and deer
Elk and deer. "Mencius King Hui of the": "Music was probably its a deer." Tang Meng areas "recluse" Poetry: "Butch avoid the dominance of known elk hide."
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The moose
The moose. "Mozi of Music": "people today solid and animal elk, gadfly birds, insects Chen who is also different." Cui Tao Tang Financial "Mongol has title" Poetry: "overrate themselves elk, instead, in the mountains together." Clear Sun Zhiwei, "free stone Jinling Lu Can Press Provincial Your brother embroidery normalized from outside" poem: "East first reunion for elk, associated with the original on the Wagtail."
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Basic information
【Chinese Name】: elk 【Latin name】: elaphurus davidianus 【Common name】: Four Unlikeness 【English name】: pere david's deer 【】 Key state-level protection of animals: a 【The World Conservation Union (iucn)】: Endangered Endemic】 【: Yes 】 【Endangerment: extinct wild 【Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (cites)】: not included 【Ecological environment: low-lying wetlands and swamps 】 【To risk factors: habitat destruction, over-hunting Domestic Distribution】 【: Beijing, Jiangsu (artificial introduction) 【Category】 Status: Sector: the animal kingdom animalia Door: Door chordata chordate Class: mammalia mammalia Head: Artiodactyla artiodactyla Family: Cervidae cervidae Subfamily: Cervinae cervinae Are: elk are elaphurus, milne-edwards, 1866 Species: elk e. davidianus
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History
In 1865, French missionary and naturalist Armand David visits the priest in the plants and animals found in southern Beijing this strange animal, which is the first time the world know that elk from an academic point of view. After several decades, there have been elk were shipped out of China in vivo, to the West. At this point in some European countries zoo elk, due to changes in the environment, faced with the threat of extinction. Love of animals and plants XI Duke of Bedfordshire, a high price to raise in Paris, Berlin, Cologne, Antwerp Zoo and other places all within the 18 elk bought stocking plants lush and Diu in his Temple Manor. The intensive care after stocking, which gradually 18 elk thrive. In 1894, the Yongding River water flood wall broke through the South Garden, become hungry elk fled their thing to feed their families. By 1900, eight-invaded Beijing, Southview in almost all kill elk. It is said that remaining the next pair, kept in a palace, the subsequent transfer million livestock Park (now Beijing Zoo), also died. So far, the Chinese specialty animals, elk, extinct in the country completely. And Diu Temple elk feeding within the manor became the world's only elk herds. Chinese people want to look at their own specialty animals, had to go abroad, go. Although the extinction of wild elk, but through the stocking, and ultimately re-established in China, the natural populations of elk. August 1986 from the United Kingdom and Diu Temple welcome return to the 20 young elk, fed by inexpensive stocking deer in the Qing Dynasty was the South China Sea son, and _set_ up a moose Milu Ecological Research Centre; August 1987, London Zoo and free offers 39 elk stocked in the Dafeng Milu Reserve now, these two elk are growing well, and reproduction of the offspring. To this end, our re-Elk as a protected species.
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Shape features
Elk body about 200 centimeters. Shoulder height :80-85 cm (male) 70-75 cm (female), weight :35-40 kg (male) 24-28 kg (female) usually male elk can weigh up to 250 kg, angle longer, every two years off for times. No female elk horn, body is smaller. Its head like horses, like deer horn, tail like an ass, like cattle hoof and commonly known as "neither fish nor fowl." Bucks only horned, neck and back relatively thick, thick limbs. Can be separated from the main foot wide, Digits membrane skin health, well-developed side of the shoe, suitable for walking in the swamp. Summer hair reddish brown, brown, gray winter hair; newborn pups orange coat color, and white. Males in the age of two long-horned deer fork, 6-year-old pronghorn was fully developed. Large head, narrow snout, nose exposed part of large, small eyes, infraorbital gland significant. Sturdy limbs, the main foot wide, fleshy, hanging shoe has a well-developed, walking with a loud bump sound of the era. Tail very long, downy, grayish black, white, yellow belly, the end of the dark brown. Body hair to red rust in summer, nape of the neck on a black-colored vertical stripes, white belly and hips brown. September after a long, thick body hair is gray winter hair replaced. Because elk "like cattle hoof non-cattle, horse not a horse like head, tail like ass non-ass, non-deer horn deer like" so-called "grotesque."
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Distribution
11, 1898, the World Duke of Bedford UK will be dispersed to spend huge sums of money to Paris, Antwerp, Berlin and Cologne, all 18 elk purchased, stocked to Diu Temple Manor, 1983 have multiplied to 255, in order to prevent their extinction, began to evacuated to the countries in the zoo. Elk in the world under the coordination of animal protection organizations, the British government decided to provide free to the Chinese population, the deer back home. 22 in 1985 to provide, to the former royal hunting stocking Court, the South China Sea Beijing Daxing District, Son, and the establishment of the South China Sea sub Beijing Milu Park. 39 of 1986 also provided, in the coastal Jiangsu Province, Dafeng City, Elk origin of the original stocking and _set_ up nature reserves. 18 of 1987 also provided. After the return of elk breeding very fast, and in 1994 the Chinese government Swan Island City, Hubei Province _set_ up a third elk reserve, moved to 64 from Dafeng. Currently the total number of elk in China up to 1320 have been breeding. But is still an endangered species. No more than 2,000 worldwide.
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Habits
Elk is good teamwork, good swimming, like the tender grass and other aquatic plants for food. Courtship began in estrus by the end of June for 6 weeks, 7 months, culminating in late. Male beast suddenly become irritable temperament, not only bursts of sounds occurred, but also to pick the angle, the shot of urine, rolling, fluid secreted from the infraorbital gland smear the tree trunk. Frequent confrontations between male beast, gladiator phenomenon. Females of the gestation period of 270 days is the longest gestation period in deer, general litter from April to May the following year. Newborn cubs weigh about 12 kg, and a white coat color orange 6-8 weeks after the white spot disappeared after 3 months of birth, weight at 70 kilograms. 2 at the age of sexual maturity, life expectancy is 20 years old.
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Level of protection
Elk belong to the state level to protect animals, IUCN Red List critically endangered level iucn species. China's first elk back from 38 in 1985, was stocked in Beijing, the South China Sea after the son of acres of deer park, and gradually multiply and grow, to move to the banks of the Yangtze River in Hubei stone first to successfully complete the return to the wild, "the introduction of" project. In addition, the Yellow Sea in Jiangsu Dafeng elk is also booming, with over 20 elk kept in several zoos, etc., to the beginning of 2001 has reached 1300, elk recovered, re-introduced successfully demonstrated to the international community in China the achievements of the protection of wild animals, both as a living textbook for patriotic education, but also to the public expression of harmonious development between man and nature and necessity of the possibility of an important example.
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Population Status
Of living elk is called up to s species of fossils have been found from the view, there are four kinds of deer is that the double-cross species, Jinnan species, Lam Tin species and species of Taiwan. Elk is limited to the late Quaternary in the animals, from deer of known fossils unearthed more than 190 sites recognized distribution area of the history of elk west of the Fen River in Shanxi, Liaoning, Kohei north to the south to Zhejiang Yuyao, east to the coastal plains and islands. To the late Pleistocene, the elk population rapidly, reached its peak mid-to full-Pleistocene, but the rapid decline of the Shang and Zhou after the elk. The original human population density is low, productivity is low, does not constitute a threat to the elk. The Business Week, due to natural changes, the reasons for its elk and human interference and other factors, caused the steady decline in elk. From natural factors, the elk is a favorite animal warm and humid, and almost 5 thousand years in China is gradually cooling temperatures, marshes and waters are also significantly reduced, changes in the natural environment have a greater impact on elk. Natural factors, elk elk's own distribution factor is gradually reduced, a reduced number of reasons, but human activity is a wild elk to the determinants of extinction. Elk had disappeared for many years as a wild population, 14 August 1986, at the World Wildlife Foundation and the Chinese Ministry of Forestry of the joint efforts of the zoo from the United Kingdom seven elk return home 39 - Jiangsu Dafeng, stocking Dafeng Milu Reserve. At present, China mainly in three deer in protected areas, namely, Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve, Beijing Daxing Milu Park, Hubei, Milu National Nature Reserve, the first stone. Among them, the area of 117 hectares of protected areas in Jiangsu Dafeng elk, is the world's largest protected areas, a deer, has the world's largest elk population, accounting for 28% of the world the number of elk. Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve Linmao Cao Feng, off the beaten track, is the natural stocking of wild elk ideal. Suitable habitat with protected areas, careful management and protection of staff, the wild population, reproduction and survival rate ranks first in the world. After breeding to expand and has now reached 1,000 long. Dafeng Milu Reserve has the world's largest wild elk population, where about 52 elk were released into the wild. Established first in the world completely free of human dependency, self-sustaining wild populations of deer, elk over hundreds of years without history of wild populations.
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Related information
麋鹿 相关资料
Behavior of the ancient knowledge of elk Elk is the animal found only in China, the ancient ancestors of the behavior of the elk had a lot of research and understanding. 1. Gregarious and community structure. "Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Zhang Lu Chuan," the comment said: "Zhang Ludi Wang Shi Wei refused, the night has washed away thousands of wild elk camp guard, the military was shocked." "Han Chi three gun" and "Guangling County ... ... Dongyang "Note in the article said:" The County and more moose. "naturalist in mind," said: 'thousands of the group, dug fresh grass, the Department into the mud, it is called moose.' "These notes elk are gregarious. "Wei Brief" is a term to explain the source and meaning of the book, which on the end of a stag wrote: "The big Zheyue stag moose, elk group along, begin to transmit the end stag." Stag moose is the lead , wrote the paper image of the first moose and elk herds in the relationship. 2. Elk is a wetland animals. Elk live in the wet, good swimming, Yudi fled to swamps or damage to lakes, rivers in the escape. "Edition of Supplements" wrote: "good home Chak elk, deer, and the home due to also improve the water economy." "Northern Qi Li Hui Chuan books": "He Jian Cui Xian potential plan relies on his brother, begging from the painted moose horn dove. painted A rotten said: 'pigeons, six quill, a large gas is red; elk have four feet, and take it into the sea (Zi, meaning lake)'. " 3. Self-defense methods. Herd of elk has a sense of self-defense, Liu Xiang Han Dynasty (about BC 77 to the first 6 years), "said park complex words" in the "elk groups, Haw Par avoided," saying that even the fiercest Haw Par had no alternative but to face a large number of elk, had bitterly leave. 4. Living ability. Ran Tang Dynasty monk book "Song of Suzhou Taiwan" in the "Wizard encore see the mountains, people tracking elk rut living." Description of elk in the exercise of the vehicle was also living in the mountains, showing their ability to live is very strong , but not too much human interference. Elk's life experience Elk species unique to China, but its scientific name of the official English name is the name of foreigners; it had lived in China for millions of years, the early 20th century was found in his homeland disappeared; 20th century, 80's, it travel across the ocean, heavy back home. Twists and turns of fate elk, making it the object of world attention. Fossils have been unearthed that wild elk, deer originated in more than 200 million years ago, dating back some 10,000 years ago to about 3,000 years ago when the most prosperous in China Elk fossils point whether the number of points or a fossil the number of specimens are extremely rich. However, dating back some 3,000 years after the Shang and Zhou dynasties are rapidly fading, until the Qing dynasty the final extinction of wild elk. Most experts believe that deer, elk extinct important reason is that a large number of various dynasties in history hunt, resulting in a catastrophic reduction in elk populations. Meanwhile, many parts of the low-lying coastal swamps or reclaimed wasteland into farmland is so only for elk habitat in the marshes there is no roof over our head, becoming the plain of the earliest victims of ecological disasters. The last wild elk habitat is the Yangtze River near the mouth of coastal areas. Although elk once widespread in eastern and central regions of the Yangtze River north and south, but the main distribution center is still the Yangtze River Delta coastal areas. They are very fond of the swamp waters warm and humid, and even like the contact with sea water, fresh seaweed title. Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve is located in the region, where elk density distribution of fossils, from 1967 to 1998 have unearthed fossils of 12 elk. Archaeological discoveries, 1 million years to 4,000 years ago unearthed human remains in the number of elk bones, roughly similar number of pig bones. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qing Dynasty, the ancients on account of elk without a break in the book. It is not only the object of hunting ancestors, but also an important ritual sacrifice. "Mencius" in the account, "Mencius see King Hui of Liang, Wang marsh on the stand, Gu Hongyan elk, saying: 'Sage has this music almost'", which proved at least in the Zhou Dynasty, the garden of the Royal has been a domesticated elk. After the Han dynasty, diminishing the number of wild elk. Yuan established, good riding and shooting of the royal family to catch wild elk transported from the Yellow Sea tidal flats to Dadu (Beijing), for the royal grandchildren riding shot. The gradual extinction of wild elk. To the Qing dynasty, China had only a group of about three hundred captive elk at 210 square kilometers of Beijing Nanhaizi Royal Chase. At this time, the international animal scholars do not know the existence of elk. In 1894, Beijing Yongding River flood, the flood swept away the walls of The Chase, and many elk fled away, things become a starving people to feed their families. In 1900, the Boxer Rebellion invaded Beijing, the South China Sea son robbed and killed an elk in the West out empty, the local extinction of deer in China. Over time, several zoos in Europe in captive elk have died, shrinking population size. From 1898 onwards, the British heavily XI Duke of Bedford the original kept in Paris, Berlin, Cologne, Antwerp and other places in the zoo bought all 18 elk stocked in the London area of 3,000 acres north of Temple Manor Diu inside. This 18 elk elk become the ancestors of all of the earth. World War II, the population reached 255, Diu Temple Manor for fear of war, the zoo began to transfer some of the world largest elk. To the end of 1983, the world elk to 1320. China hopes the home of elk elk to return to their homes. 1956 and 1973, respectively, the Beijing Zoo got a pair and two pairs of elk, but not reproductive failure and the environment, has been unable to recovery populations. In 1985, the efforts of the World Wildlife Fund, the British government decided, London Zoo, five deer to the Chinese provided free of charge. August 1985, 22 elk were shipped from England by plane in Beijing, the South China Sea sub-delivered to the original night of the Royal Chase, strange beast back to its place in China and finally disappeared. August 1986, 39 elk from the United Kingdom, seven elected by the Shanghai Zoo, arrived in Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province, wild elk return to its ancestral habitat of the coastal beach last. Now, China is in Beijing, Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province, City, Hubei Province, Henan Province, Yuanyang County and other free-range elk implementation plan, currently has a population, the country has long elk in 2000. Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve in Jiangsu Province have already elk 648, effective population has reached 50, which indicates that the protected areas has created the world's first elk gene pool, the genetic elk will no longer lost. March 2003, the world's first pure wild elk born in the Dafeng elk in protected areas. Now, the largest elk herds in the Dafeng Milu Nature Reserve in life. Jane Regained animals - elk Elk is good teamwork, good swimming, like the tender grass and other aquatic plants for food. Courtship began in estrus by the end of June for 6 weeks, 7 months, culminating in late. Male beast suddenly become irritable temperament, not only bursts of sounds occurred, but also to pick the angle, the shot of urine, rolling, fluid secreted from the infraorbital gland smear the tree trunk. Frequent confrontations between male beast, gladiator phenomenon. Females of the gestation period of 270 days, is the deer in the longest gestation period, litter size usually from April to May the following year. Newborn cubs weigh about 12 kg, and a white coat color orange 6-8 weeks after the white spot disappeared after 3 months of birth, weight at 70 kilograms. 2 at the age of sexual maturity, life expectancy is 20 years old. Elk shape not only unique but also extremely legendary life experience - the discovery of dramatic and tragic Pirates of the operation, displaced in the troubled times, fortunately, return, etc., thus become one of the world famous rare animals in the world share the history of zoology very special one. Elk was widely distributed in China, especially in the Yellow River and Yangtze River region, but also a large number of farming in the ancient royal hunting venue, around the time of extinction of wild populations in the Ming and Qing generation. Autumn 1865, the French envoy will be a missionary in Beijing, the South China Sea sub Arman Royal David Chase's wall glimpse into this strange species, and in January 1866 to 20 two full wages costs, in exchange for two hides and a skull, shipped back to Paris, and immediately caused a sensation, so the deer in a foreign country is also known as "David deer." Since 1894, the Hun River (Yongding) a flood and washed out the Royal Court of the fence hunting, many deer fled, Power Allied Forces invaded China in 1900, and the Court of deer hunting all disappeared in the war. Only the world between 1865 to 1894 were shipped to Europe after another Pirates of the number of elk kept in a zoo, and now all the world's elk descendants of these populations, the total development to nearly 2,000. April 1956, the Zoological Society of London to return home in order to achieve the aspirations of elk, presented two pairs of pups to the China Zoological Society, after half a century in their native land farewell, the Beijing zoo animals again appeared in Jane elk, however, not appropriate to the ecological environment, they and their three offspring were 60-70 years have died. December 1973, the British Hui Pu Sinai presented to the zoo and two pairs of cubs in China, two of the elk and their offspring in zoos all over the country to survive and reproduce, and the re-introduction of elk and accumulated work experience. However, with the return to their homeland as the first pair of deer, elk this 2 on the high rate of dystocia, from 1975 to 1979, their symbiotic child under 7, including 2 tires are giving birth. This shows that elk difficult to adapt to the zoo a small space, and artificial environment, farming methods, etc., were kept in the zoo if it continues, will gradually produce the physical degradation, childbirth, infertility and to the decline. The solution is as Diu Temple and other zoos abroad, as to free them to dissipate into the atmosphere, allowed free feeding, free-by even a large number of activities, often bathing in order to ensure that they are not physical degradation, fertility is not weakened. In nature conservation cause, "then introduced" refers to a range of distribution in the original have disappeared back to the origin of species re-introduced, and efforts to restore its natural populations of the action, is to protect endangered species an important tool. Elk re-introduction of the work in 1980, start preparing, first _select_ the location of the Beijing South China Sea in children, because here was my elk last lost a place and a species so accurately into its origin in the world, then the introduction of work is unique, very historic. In addition, the _select_ion re-introduced in Beijing to work for access to government, scientific community and the support of the community, and international cooperation has its own unique advantages. However, breeding populations of elk, there are also some problems. Such as the Beijing Milu Park, the South China Sea because of sub-land near the sand businessman contracted to sell the daily use of large-scale sand mining engineering vehicles, and slowly erected a "garbage mountain", causing serious pollution, the accidental occurrence of the elk plastic bags and contaminated drinking water and deaths. Let them thrive troubled elk normal early _set_tlement of the problem, it re-development and growth in the homeland and restore past prosperity. Elk story home Elk, is the specialty of the rare animals, and 100 years ago, it has become extinct in China itself. This year, when the Chinese native elk disappeared when the 100th anniversary coincides with Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve "elk released into the wild" experiment a success. From 1000 years ago, massive human elk hunting elk to the new millennium will be released into the wild; from 100 years ago, China native elk disappeared to the end of the century to return to their homeland wandering elk, moose life experience seems to be complicated and confusing interpretation of one legend. Magic species symbol of good luck Elk due to "corner like deer, face like horse hooves like cattle, like donkey tail" and is commonly known as "neither fish nor fowl", was an animal unique to China, population size Zengyi billion dollars. Elk is known as auspicious objects since ancient times, it has a long history of life 300 million years, but in the period up to several times in recent years the verge of extinction. Gods of the ancients to be able to mount Jiang Taigong means elk and no one imagined that it symbolizes the Chinese nation's distant elk with my complex. Elk's image and spirit of Chinese culture since ancient times, people melting. From Qu Yuan, Gu, Du Fu, Liu and Su Shi and other literary masters, to Shen Kuo, Li and other scientific celebrities, until the emperor, the emperor Qianlong, etc., a Chinese cultural history, leaving many of the elk's description and praise of the chapter. In civil society, elk amazing thing is, auspicious objects. It is not only the object of hunting ancestors, totem worship and ritual sacrifice in an important, but also a vigorous (antlers in mid-fall and rebirth) of the signs and symbols of wealth promoted (blessing "Paul" hi life). Reduced local extinction horizon That was in 1865 (four years wen) fall day, the French naturalist and missionary David Ireland, a look of warm dust in the southern suburbs of the animal and plant visits in Beijing, after South Garden Royal Chase, David from the Court redoubt on the inward foreign spy, his eyes light up, a group of wonderful, strange, probably there is no record of animal taxonomy deer. His horror is justified, because it is the world's only surviving group of elk. Royal forbidden helpless outsiders are not allowed. Until the second year, David managed to bribe the officer to keep Court, in a "dark and stormy night", hunting Court Shouzu private, to 20 taels of silver for the cost of a pair of deerskin to the David deer bone. A year later, after the identification of zoologists, the news of discovery of new species of David will be a sensation in Western countries. Animal practice in accordance with the academic, should be "discoverer" is named this deer, elk from China since ancient times that the animals will be prestigious as Father David deer, since the English or pere david's deer. Qing Dynasty, elk smash hit for the sake of David, from the "keep in the deep Court did not know" suddenly "became famous world to know" the. Autumn 1900, while eight-corrupt Qing government, defense and scored in one fell swoop empty in Beijing, the North burn the Yuanmingyuan, the South swept the Royal Chase. China's domestic elk finally last night in a cold, wet, as were brought as prisoners of war, warships, and began a tumultuous century of wandering career. China's vast, never see a trace of elk. Acclimatized survivor Those living in a foreign country, a number of European zoos are captive elk, due to the deterioration of ecological environment (pens replaced wetlands), which have gradually reduced the population size die, the more care less. Then there was one survivor who make elk: England XI Duke of Bedford, he likes animals, especially deer. In 1898, he raised a large amount of money the original in Paris, Berlin, Cologne, Antwerp and other zoo elk, a total of 18 full-bought, which became the Earth dying, the only remaining group of incense. Collected from around the 18 elk have been stocked in the UK 70 km north of London, an area of 12.1 square kilometers and Diu Temple Manor. This manor lush, verdant forests, secluded desert Yoshino, winding path around the lake. It is said that those who depend on others elk day boredom, listlessness Dai Li waterside, pulling a long face, facial expression, dead on the Advantages and Disadvantages, such as harm, like homesickness, but after all, can reproduce the normal, In 1914, a war broke out, Diu has reached 88 elk temple, World War II has reached 255. Before World War II, Diu temple master always been to "keep the world's only elk herds in the" proud to be one is not willing to sell, but the war to encroach on the German World War II England, inherited his father was a small Bedford finally changed his mind, proposed : "put all your eggs in one basket is dangerous." he begged once again the only group of deer who were descendants of the reviled destroyed in the war, they put a Diu to the temple of the elk transfer of a number of major domestic and foreign zoos . To the end of 1983, the world has reached 1 320 elk head, elk are descendants of the original 18. Throughout Asia, Europe, Africa, America and Australia continents, but did not return to their generation but only live in the hometown: China. Strong and prosperous motherland elk home China is home to elk, with the strength, stability, and many Chinese zoologists call: wandering elk is also home to overseas. In fact, this is the wish of the owner and Diu Temple. August 24, 1985, a sunny day. 22 elk special plane to return to their homeland from the United Kingdom and Diu Temple in Beijing, night elk sub-delivered to the South China Sea Court, finally return to the long-cherished wish elk years. Later, the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in London, Chinese leaders at a welcome banquet speech visit to Britain, once the return of elk problems with Hong Kong as a major event in Sino-British diplomatic history. In 1999, the then British Ambassador to Germany in the high sense of humor had to say in Chinese: "elk Zengyin lost to Europe, and now she finally has home and wish it will never be lost." Elk home, as the Chinese people, when we remember the name of David Ireland warm, remember XI, XII Duke of Bedford, remember that they protect the elk, deer to save the historical merits. Also not forget that 100 years ago, China native elk disappeared in shame unforgettable period of history. Elk population to rejuvenation until the elk return to nature, require more spacious living space. Chinese and foreign scientists to the north along the east coast of the Liao River, south to the North Sea, the old haunt elk distribution was difficult investigation. The spring of 1985, and his party drove elk expert Cao Keqing study in the Yellow Sea tidal flats. Here Gouhe Gangcha horizon, the light flat stretch, reed marshes around, grass Maolin deep, on the beach million hectares of coastal habitat was half the original. Here is a piece of the Pacific West Coast's largest wetlands, biodiversity is very rich in fossils unearthed in recent years, there have been moose. That day, the moist sea breeze blowing weed trees, flocks of red-crowned cranes and egrets in the Mizobe play. Suddenly, a deer from the roadside grass teeth he went to the road, tilted his head curiously looking at the vehicle inspection. Caused the dramatic circumstances of great interest to experts. Dental deer and elk has always been associated egret species, where the haunt of elk, deer teeth usually accompanied. Smart bird deer teeth timely appearance before the eyes of the Expedition, implicitly conveys the mysterious nature of the information. Stocking successful return to nature August 14, 1986, in the world of Nature and Natural Conservation Union, World Wide Fund for Nature (wwf) and the joint efforts of the Ministry of Forestry of China, in Jiangsu Province to build the world's first coast, and so far the largest stocking in the wild elk - Dafeng Milu Reserve. 39 elk to return home. Here is a vast coastal beach, warm climate, dense forests, abundant aquatic plants is stocking wild elk naturally the ideal place. Back to the homeland of the elk themselves, such as birds owned forest, with deer with the drama, and the crane dance. Rapid recovery of populations. The whole country of more than 1000 elk head. Jiangsu Dafeng Milu Nature Reserve, only to have 819, of the world for nearly a third of the existing elk to become the world's largest elk populations. The fall of 1998, Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve, was a landmark scientific experiments. They opened the gate and will be a _select_ion of eight (male 2, female 4, David 2) elk actually released into the wild from the deer park. By confinement for centuries, has been in captivity, semi-wild state's elk had vanished in the Yellow Sea, an oasis in the grass. As a result, hundreds of wild elk interrupt the life of the chain is re-connected at that moment. By radio tracking and field observations, eight elk have been in the Yellow Sea tidal flat on the ground safe and sound through the first winter and spring. March 18, 1999, pregnant doe safety in the field so far the world's first real estate out of wild elk head, pups for the restoration of the wild elk population has taken a welcome step. 1998 and 2002, Dafeng has 2 to 14 elk stocked and wild success. October 26, 2003 morning, 1 000 meters from the ocean on the beach, the staff reluctantly opened the fence gate, 18 elk in the eyes of people's attention, calmly toward the nature, began their wild breeding journey. It is now stocked in 2003 that has 2 years later, living elk reintroduction of how well it? Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve staff told us that wild elk elk than the net bar, Biaoqing better. The most significant change is the wild has increased, the ability to protect themselves stronger, more alert, activities to increase the area several times. Living habits is more unpredictable. In protected areas, and now the survival of wild deer has reached 52, I believe this figure will be further expanded. Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve, responsible man, and a national experiment in elk released into the wild deer, said senior experts DING Yuhua, Dafeng elk in the number of protected areas, rapid growth, which is a protected area for 20 years to implement the scientific management measures taken to save the endangered animals, to promote effective protection of the results of elk. Future, but to expand wild populations, ex situ establishment of new protected areas. Let us bless elk it. Little information: Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve, Yancheng City in Jiangsu Province, the territory of East Asia, the Pacific West Bank, one of the largest wetland. This complete series of ecological succession of wetland biodiversity is extremely rich. Wetlands are widely distributed around the world, is rich in biodiversity on the planet, and higher productivity ecosystems. Wetlands against floods, regulate runoff, pollution control, climate regulation, landscaping, etc. play an important role, both as natural reservoirs on land, but also many wild animals and plants, especially rare and the breeding and wintering waterfowl, It can provide water and food to human beings. Wetlands and human closely linked with the valuable human resources, wetlands known as the "cradle of life", "kidney of the earth." Legends of the South China Sea sub-elk Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing, the southern suburbs of the South China Sea sub-area of 210 square kilometers, an area equivalent to 3 times the old Beijing city. South China sub-terrain northwest to southeast, altitude 42 meters to 25 meters. South China Sea is not only beautiful child, there is a magical animal --- elk. It is a rare endemic to China a large deer. Located in Liaoning Province, the ancient elk Campion, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, south, west Shanxi Xiangfen, east of the east coast and islands of this vast region. Since a large number of ancient hunting ancestors, and the early development of human activities undermine the ecological environment to adapt to living elk, wild elk populations significantly reduced. About from the Qin and Han dynasties, China's wild elk population gradually disappeared in the wilderness. Ming and Qing Dynasties, only the South China Sea at the Royal Yuanyou yard, but also the preservation of a small number of elk. Elk 2 meters in length, shoulder height of 1 meter. Light brown fur, the back darker, abdomen lighter. Shape of male elk with beautiful horns. Elkhorn convex surface, in a black texture, shape, charming. Deer's tail is longer than the other deer species, tufted tail gave birth, so called "big-tailed deer." It's large deer hoof, and be able to separate, you can run like a champ in the swamp. Even more strange is that it looks, but not like a deer horn deer, but not the neck like a camel hump, hooves like cattle but not cattle, but not the ass like a donkey tail. Therefore, the civil commonly known as elk as "grotesque", the elk as a "monster." Emperor Qianlong wrote two deer "paper" Even more strange is that each year the winter solstice, elk horn that off on their own, while the other deer are in the summer off angle. This strange phenomenon actually caused great curiosity Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong wrote this two articles of elk horn. Started, the Qianlong emperor that moose or caribou is an old saying of "moose" and "deer and elk are all solution angle in the summer, not in the winter." Twenty-seven years of Qianlong (1762) he wrote an article entitled "antlers in mind," the world does not identify corner solutions in the winter, deer, deer and elk are the corner solutions in the summer. But "on order" Why record that elk in the winter Solutions cents? In this regard, the Qianlong emperor failed to "study it from", has been brooding, puzzled. After 5 years, that is, three years of the Qing Emperor Qianlong (1767) Winter, Qianlong emperor from beyond the Great Wall in Chengde Mountain Resort and returned to Beijing. The second day of the winter solstice, the Qianlong emperor sudden impulse, I think of Nanyuan yard possessor of that group of sea called the "stag" (zhǔ) big deer, will not the winter solstice Solutions cents? Elk years August 14, 1900, eight-invasive Beijing. They burn the Yuanmingyuan North, South swept the Royal Chase, since, elk, extinct in China. August 24, 1985, 20 deer transported from England back home and Diu Temple - Beijing Milu Park South China sub. Currently, the elk breeding in China has survived more than 800 head. Elk Court is located 10 kilometers south of Beijing at the South Court, it is not only protecting the diversity of study sites elk, or a for natural, historical, cultural ecology and environmental protection activities featuring education base. Positive elk extinction in 100 years of the occasion, we came this close to acres of protected areas. Review of extinction in the history of elk, will enhance people's environmental awareness, environmental education has played an active role in strengthening. Recovered China is home to elk, so that "wandering abroad" return to the hometown of Chinese zoologists have the voice for many years, but also the wish of the owner and Diu Temple. In 1984, the University of Oxford zoologist Maya Bo Boyd President to visit China China elk playback location, and she agreed with the Chinese experts, the South China Sea that Beijing is the best playback children, the owner immediately decided to gift Diu Temple 20 elk to China, so that they return to the place once extinct. August 24, 1985, a friendship between Chinese and British people filled the plane, will be 20 elk arrived from the United Kingdom and Diu Temple in Beijing, the evening will be sent to the South China Sea sub-Elk Court. In this way, after a lapse of nearly a century, the "wandering abroad" finally home. Back to nature After _set_tling in the South sub-elk, researchers reproduce the work carried out immediately. They can be _set_ up in the Elk Garden 300 acres of pasture growing field of governance of the waters, gradually built a deer house and research stations, for the elk to provide good conditions for the lives and breeds. Summer of 1986, a 14 doe pregnant, in March 1987, back home doe started the first birth, there are 10 deer born safely. September 1987, the United Kingdom and Diu and presented to the South China Sea Temple Court, 18 female sub-elk elk, which in turn accelerated the elk breeding and rejuvenation. According to statistics, since the country began in 1986 has grown to 800 bull elk, and the Beijing Milu Park, nearly 200. Domestication and breeding of elk in the South China Sea, the success child has greatly encouraged the researchers, who after investigation, launched another major project --- to elk return to nature. Elk is a typical wetland animals. They waterside living can escape predators encountered rivers, lakes or swamps to escape. After a large number of researchers examine the evidence and feasibility analysis, that the first city in the Yangtze River in Hubei stone the old course is suitable for elk growth. Where the area of 3 hectares, is typical of wetlands, a year-round elk eating the grass, where in 1992 the State established the Swan Island Nature Reserve. 1993 and 1994, respectively, the South China Sea sub-64 Milu deer to the Swan Island Nature Reserve. The original habitat of the environment, natural grass food, good natural conditions for deer quickly adapt to the natural life, and growth and reproduction of smooth, a few years to develop to the 120 long, and gradually restore the natural population. Elk return to nature works so smooth, so researchers are excited, and to expedite the completion of the work of biodiversity conservation, the Beijing Milu Ecological Experimental Center again ready to rock this year, the first conveyor 30 elk, this will lead to faster natural populations of elk grow and develop. Perhaps in the near future, elk can cast off the "national level to protect animals," the hat. Education posterity Beijing Milu Park is not only the protection of elk study site, or to carry out a natural, historical, cultural and ecological characteristics of environmental protection education base on young people to nature education, environmental education and education in patriotism rare large outdoor classroom, by the Chinese Association for Science Education as the first national science base. Into the Court, people not only learn about the knowledge of elk in the tour along the visitors can see many problems board, positive is the problem, open is the answer, such as "What 20th century extinction of wild animals? "open question board glance that there are elk, Xinjiang tiger, Saiga antelope. Along the way there are some "green phrase" very enlightening. In the Beijing Milu Park, people will understand that once deer are extinct in China, but also by the concerted efforts of Chinese and foreign protection of wild animals to rescue, they recovered, the human "too late", "lost" the awakening consciousness of ecological protection embodied. For future generations know that the Earth is our only home, but she does not only belong to man, only protect the worlds of species diversity, can we make our own prosperity, stability and sustainable development are protected.
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Shape features
Males in the age of two long-horned deer fork, 6-year-old pronghorn was fully developed. Large head, narrow snout, nose exposed part of large, small eyes, infraorbital gland significant. Sturdy limbs, the main foot wide, fleshy, hanging shoe has a well-developed, walking with a loud bump sound of the era. Tail very long, downy, grayish black, white, yellow belly, the end of the dark brown. Body hair to red rust in summer, nape of the neck has a black vertical stripes, white belly and hips brown. September after a long, thick body hair is gray winter hair replaced. Elk (Elaphurus davidianus) Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae. Commonly known as "Sibu Xiang", because of its non-tail like donkey ass, non-cattle like cattle hoof, face like horse not a horse, deer horn may not deer. Janet was originally a Chinese specialty animals, originated in the early Pleistocene, more than 200 million years ago. The fossils from China's northeastern Liaoning Province to the south of the Yangtze, almost the entire eastern region of China are distributed. As large number of human hunting and climate change, so that wild elk populations in the latter half of the 19th century extinction. To the Qing Dynasty, only the outskirts of Beijing at the Royal Court, the South China Sea Hunting keeping with the only sub-group. In 1865, French missionary David Chase wall found in elk, bribery keep Court who made elk hide and skull, the second year as a species of elk to the naming of David's. Subsequently, the South China Sea into Europe than sub-elk zoo. Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing in 1900, together with floods, the destruction of the South China Sea all the children of the elk. 50 years, from the UK back to a few species of animals first, in 1985 and then pick from the United Kingdom and Diu Temple 20, the former residence of their ancestors _set_tled in Beijing South China Sea, is beside the house and rebuild populations. At present, another breeding center in Jiangsu Dafeng elk elk reserve.
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Distribution
11, 1898, the World Duke of Bedford UK will be dispersed to spend huge sums of money to Paris, Antwerp, Berlin and Cologne, all 18 elk purchased, stocked to Diu Temple Manor, 1983 have multiplied to 255, in order to prevent their extinction, began to evacuated to the countries in the zoo. Elk in the world under the coordination of animal protection organizations, the British government decided to provide free to the Chinese population, the deer back home. 22 in 1985 to provide, to the former royal hunting stocking Court, the South China Sea Beijing Daxing District, Son, and the establishment of the South China Sea sub Beijing Milu Park. 39 of 1986 also provided, in the coastal Jiangsu Province, Dafeng City, Elk origin of the original stocking and _set_ up nature reserves. 18 of 1987 also provided. After the return of elk breeding rather quickly, in 1994 the Chinese Government in the Swan Island City, Hubei Province _set_ up a third elk reserve, before and after the move from Beijing to the nineties only. Currently the total number of elk in China up to 1320 have been breeding. But is still an endangered species. The world has more than 2000. Shi Shi first deer first moose Nature Reserve is located in the territory City, Hubei Province, the geographical coordinates of longitude 112 ° 33 ', latitude 29 ° 49', the total area of 1567 hectares. Protected area in 1991 approved the establishment by the Hubei Provincial Government, the main object of protection for the deer and their habitats.
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Population Status
Of living elk is called up to s species of fossils have been found from the view, there are four kinds of deer is that the double-cross species, Jinnan species, Lam Tin species and species of Taiwan. Elk is limited to the late Quaternary in the animals, from deer of known fossils unearthed more than 190 sites recognized distribution area of the history of elk west of the Fen River in Shanxi, Liaoning, Kohei north to the south to Zhejiang Yuyao, east to the coastal plains and islands. To the late Pleistocene, the elk population rapidly, reached its peak mid-to full-Pleistocene, but the rapid decline of the Shang and Zhou after the elk. The original human population density is low, productivity is low, does not constitute a threat to the elk. The Business Week, due to natural changes, the reasons for its elk and human interference and other factors, caused the steady decline in elk. From natural factors, the elk is a favorite animal warm and humid, and almost 5 thousand years in China is gradually cooling temperatures, marshes and waters are also significantly reduced, changes in the natural environment have a greater impact on elk. Natural factors, elk elk's own distribution factor is gradually reduced, a reduced number of reasons, but human activity is a wild elk to the determinants of extinction. Elk had disappeared for many years as a wild population, 14 August 1986, at the World Wildlife Foundation and the Chinese Ministry of Forestry of the joint efforts of the zoo from the United Kingdom seven elk return home 39 - Jiangsu Dafeng, stocking Dafeng Milu Reserve. At present, China mainly in three deer in protected areas, namely, Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve, Beijing Daxing Milu Park, Hubei, Milu National Nature Reserve, the first stone. Among them, the area of 117 hectares of protected areas in Jiangsu Dafeng elk, is the world's largest protected areas, a deer, has the world's largest elk population, accounting for 28% of the world the number of elk. Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve Linmao Cao Feng, off the beaten track, is the natural stocking of wild elk ideal. Suitable habitat with protected areas, careful management and protection of staff, the wild population, reproductive rate and survival rate ranks first in the world. After breeding to expand and has now reached 1,000 long. Dafeng Milu Reserve has the world's largest wild elk population, where about 52 elk were released into the wild. Established first in the world completely free of human dependency, self-sustaining wild populations of deer, elk over hundreds of years without history of wild populations. January 8, 2009, the lake elk group divided the scientific investigation, all the way from the East Dongting Lake Conservation Area Office, Ren Zhanghong led, red flag to the core area of protected areas around the lake, all the way led by a tall stand, in Note Zi River search. 12:30, surprise seems to fall from the sky, about 550 meters away from them the one brook area, a large group of elk or lying or standing, some grazing, some in the rest. Stand tall and counted a total of 27! In the evening, the group also came from Zhang Hong good news: We have found four elk, six footprints.
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Related information
Ancient Chinese understanding of elk behavior Elk's life experience Travel across the ocean and return home. Twists and turns of fate elk, making it the object of world attention. Fossils have been unearthed that wild elk, deer originated in more than 200 million years ago, dating back some 10,000 years ago to about 3,000 years ago when the most prosperous in China Elk fossils point whether the number of points or a fossil the number of specimens are extremely rich. However, dating back some 3,000 years after the Shang and Zhou dynasties are rapidly fading, until the Qing dynasty the final extinction of wild elk. Elk is a species unique to China, but its scientific name of the official English name is the name of foreigners; it had lived in China for millions of years, the early 20th century was found in his homeland disappeared; 20th century, 80 years, it Most experts believe that deer, elk extinct important reason is that a large number of various dynasties in history hunt, resulting in a catastrophic reduction in elk populations. Meanwhile, many parts of the low-lying coastal swamps or reclaimed wasteland into farmland is so only for elk habitat in the marshes there is no roof over our head, becoming the plain of the earliest victims of ecological disasters. After the Han dynasty, diminishing the number of wild elk. Yuan established, good riding and shooting of the royal family to catch wild elk transported from the Yellow Sea tidal flats to Dadu (Beijing), for the royal grandchildren riding shot. The gradual extinction of wild elk. To the Qing dynasty, China had only a group of about three hundred captive elk at 210 square kilometers of Beijing Nanhaizi Royal Chase. At this time, the international animal scholars do not know the existence of elk. In 1894, Beijing Yongding River flood, the flood swept away the walls of The Chase, and many elk fled away, things become a starving people to feed their families. In 1900, the Boxer Rebellion invaded Beijing, the South China Sea son robbed and killed an elk in the West out empty, the local extinction of deer in China. Over time, several zoos in Europe in captive elk have died, shrinking population size. From 1898 onwards, the British heavily XI Duke of Bedford the original kept in Paris, Berlin, Cologne, Antwerp and other places in the zoo bought all 18 elk stocked in the London area of 3,000 acres north of Temple Manor Diu inside. This 18 elk elk become the ancestors of all of the earth. World War II, the population reached 255, Diu Temple Manor for fear of war, the zoo began to transfer some of the world largest elk. To the end of 1983, the world elk to 1320. China hopes the home of elk elk to return to their homes. 1956 and 1973, respectively, the Beijing Zoo got a pair and two pairs of elk, but not reproductive failure and the environment, has been unable to recovery populations. In 1985, the efforts of the World Wildlife Fund, the British government decided, London Zoo, five deer to the Chinese provided free of charge. August 1985, 22 elk were shipped from England by plane in Beijing, the South China Sea sub-delivered to the original night of the Royal Chase, strange beast back to its place in China and finally disappeared. August 1986, 39 elk from the United Kingdom, seven elected by the Shanghai Zoo, arrived in Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province, wild elk return to its ancestral habitat of the coastal beach last. Now, China is in Beijing, Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province, City, Hubei Province, Henan Province, Yuanyang County and other free-range elk implementation plan, currently has a population, the country has long elk in 2000. Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve in Jiangsu Province have already elk 648, effective population has reached 50, which indicates that the protected areas has created the world's first elk gene pool, the genetic elk will no longer lost. March 2003, the world's first pure wild elk born in the Dafeng elk in protected areas. Now, the largest elk herds in the Dafeng Milu Nature Reserve in life. Jane Regained animals - elk Elk is good teamwork, good swimming, like the tender grass and other aquatic plants for food. Courtship began in estrus by the end of June for 6 weeks, 7 months, culminating in late. Male beast suddenly become irritable temperament, not only bursts of sounds occurred, but also to pick the angle, the shot of urine, rolling, fluid secreted from the infraorbital gland smear the tree trunk. Frequent confrontations between male beast, gladiator phenomenon. Females of the gestation period of 270 days, is the deer in the longest gestation period, litter size usually from April to May the following year. Newborn cubs weigh about 12 kg, and a white coat color orange 6-8 weeks after the white spot disappeared after 3 months of birth, weight at 70 kilograms. 2 at the age of sexual maturity, life expectancy is 20 years old. Elk shape not only unique but also extremely legendary life experience - the discovery of dramatic and tragic Pirates of the operation, displaced in the troubled times, fortunately, return, etc., thus become one of the world famous rare animals in the world share the history of zoology very special one. Elk was widely distributed in China, especially in the Yellow River and Yangtze River region, but also a large number of farming in the ancient royal hunting venue, around the time of extinction of wild populations in the Ming and Qing generation. Autumn 1865, the French envoy will be a missionary in Beijing, the South China Sea sub Arman Royal David Chase's wall glimpse into this strange species, and in January 1866 to 20 two full wages costs, in exchange for two hides and a skull, shipped back to Paris, and immediately caused a sensation, so the elk in a foreign country is also known as "David deer." Since 1894 the Hun River (Yongding) a flood and washed out the Royal Court of the fence hunting, many deer fled, Power Allied Forces invaded China in 1900, and the Court of elk hunting all disappeared in the war. Only the world between 1865 to 1894 were shipped to Europe after another Pirates of the number of elk kept in a zoo, and now all the world's elk descendants of these populations, the total development to nearly 2,000. April 1956, the Zoological Society of London to return home in order to achieve the aspirations of elk, presented two pairs of pups to the China Zoological Society, after half a century in their native land farewell, the Beijing zoo animals again appeared in Jane elk, however, not appropriate to the ecological environment, they and their three offspring were 60-70 years have died. December 1973, the British Hui Pu Sinai presented to the Chinese zoo has two pairs of cubs, two of the elk and their offspring in zoos across China to survive and reproduce, and the re-introduction of elk and accumulated work experience. However, with the return to their homeland as the first pair of deer, elk this 2 on the high rate of dystocia, from 1975 to 1979, their symbiotic child under 7, including 2 tires are giving birth. This shows that elk difficult to adapt to the zoo a small space, and artificial environment, farming methods, etc., were kept in the zoo if it continues, will gradually produce the physical degradation, childbirth, infertility and to the decline. The solution is as Diu Temple and other zoos abroad, as to free them to dissipate into the atmosphere, allowed free feeding, free-by even a large number of activities, often bathing in order to ensure that they are not physical degradation, fertility is not weakened. In nature conservation cause, "then introduced" refers to a range of distribution in the original have disappeared back to the origin of species re-introduced, and efforts to restore its natural populations of the action, is to protect endangered species an important tool. Elk re-introduction of the work in 1980, start preparing, first _select_ the location of the Beijing South China Sea in children, because here was a Chinese elk finally disappeared in the place, and to a species so accurately into its origin in the world, then the introduction of work is unique, very historic. In addition, the _select_ion re-introduced in Beijing to work for access to government, scientific community and the support of the community, and international cooperation has its own unique advantages. However, elk populations breeding in China, there are also some problems. Such as the Beijing Milu Park, the South China Sea because of sub-land near the sand businessman contracted to sell the daily use of large-scale sand mining engineering vehicles, and slowly erected a "garbage mountain", causing serious pollution, the accidental occurrence of the elk plastic bags and contaminated drinking water and deaths. Let them thrive troubled elk normal early _set_tlement of the problem, it re-development and growth in the homeland and restore past prosperity. Elk story home Elk, is the specialty of the rare animals, and 100 years ago, it has become extinct in China itself. This year, when the Chinese native elk disappeared when the 100th anniversary coincides with Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve "elk released into the wild" experiment a success. From 1000 years ago, massive human elk hunting elk to the new millennium will be released into the wild; from 100 years ago, China native elk disappeared to the end of the century to return to their homeland wandering elk, moose life experience seems to be complicated and confusing interpretation of one legend. Magic species symbol of good luck Elk due to "corner like deer, face like horse hooves like cattle, like donkey tail" and is known as the "Sibu Xiang", was an animal unique to China, population size Zengyi billion dollars. Elk is known as auspicious objects since ancient times, it has a long history of life 300 million years, but in the period up to several times in recent years the verge of extinction. Gods of the ancients to be able to mount Jiang Taigong means elk and no one imagined that it symbolizes the Chinese nation's distant elk with my complex. Elk's image and spirit of Chinese culture since ancient times, people melting. From Qu Yuan, Gu, Du Fu, Liu and Su Shi and other literary masters, to Shen Kuo, Li and other scientific celebrities, until the emperor, the emperor Qianlong, etc., a Chinese cultural history, leaving many of the elk's description and praise of the chapter. In civil society, elk amazing thing is, auspicious objects. It is not only the object of hunting ancestors, totem worship and ritual sacrifice in an important, but also a vigorous (antlers in mid-fall and rebirth) of the signs and symbols of wealth promoted (blessing "Paul" hi life). Reduced local extinction horizon That was in 1865 (four years wen) fall day, the French naturalist and missionary David Ireland, a look of warm dust in the southern suburbs of the animal and plant visits in Beijing, after South Garden Royal Chase, David from the Court redoubt on the inward foreign spy, his eyes light up, a group of wonderful, strange, probably there is no record of animal taxonomy deer. His horror is justified, because it is the world's only surviving group of elk. Royal forbidden helpless outsiders are not allowed. Until the second year, David managed to bribe the officer to keep Court, in a "dark and stormy night", hunting Court Shouzu private, to 20 taels of silver for the cost of a pair of deerskin to the David deer bone. A year later, after the identification of zoologists, the news of discovery of new species of David will be a sensation in Western countries. Animal practice in accordance with the academic, should be "discoverer" is named this deer, elk from China since ancient times that the animals will be prestigious as Father David deer, has the English, or Pere David's Deer. Qing Dynasty, elk smash hit for the sake of David, from the "keep in the deep Court did not know" suddenly "became famous world to know" the. Autumn 1900, while eight-corrupt Qing government, defense and scored the empty one fell swoop, Beijing, burning Yuanmingyuan Garden, the South swept the Royal Chase. China's domestic elk finally last night in a cold, wet, as were brought as prisoners of war, warships, and began a tumultuous century of wandering career. China's vast, never see a trace of elk. Acclimatized survivor Those living in a foreign country, a number of European zoos are captive elk, due to the deterioration of ecological environment (pens replaced wetlands), which have gradually reduced the population size die, the more care less. Then there was one survivor who make elk: England XI Duke of Bedford, he likes animals, especially deer. In 1898, he raised a large amount of money the original in Paris, Berlin, Cologne, Antwerp and other zoo elk, a total of 18 full-bought, which became the Earth dying, the only remaining group of incense. Collected from around the 18 elk have been stocked in the UK 70 km north of London, an area of 12.1 square kilometers and Diu Temple Manor. This manor lush, verdant forests, secluded desert Yoshino, winding path around the lake. It is said that those who depend on others elk day boredom, listlessness Dai Li waterside, pulling a long face, facial expression, dead on the Advantages and Disadvantages, such as harm, like homesickness, but after all, can reproduce the normal, In 1914, a war broke out, Diu has reached 88 elk temple, World War II has reached 255. Before World War II, Diu temple master always been to "keep the world's only elk herds in the" proud to be one is not willing to sell, but the war to encroach on the German World War II England, inherited his father was a small Bedford finally changed his mind, proposed : "put all your eggs in one basket is dangerous." he begged once again the only group of deer who were descendants of the reviled destroyed in the war, they put a Diu to the temple of the elk transfer of a number of major domestic and foreign zoos . To the end of 1983, the world has reached 1 320 elk head, elk are descendants of the original 18. Throughout Asia, Europe, Africa, America and Australia continents, but did not return to their generation but only live in the hometown: China. Strong and prosperous motherland elk home China is home to elk, with the strength, stability, and many Chinese zoologists call: wandering elk is also home to overseas. In fact, this is the wish of the owner and Diu Temple. August 24, 1985, a sunny day. 22 elk special plane to return to their homeland from the United Kingdom and Diu Temple in Beijing, night elk sub-delivered to the South China Sea Court, finally return to the long-cherished wish elk years. Later, the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in London, Chinese leaders at a welcome banquet speech visit to Britain, once the return of elk problems with Hong Kong as a major event in Sino-British diplomatic history. In 1999, the then British Ambassador to Germany in the high sense of humor had to say in Chinese: "elk Zengyin lost to Europe, and now she finally has home and wish it will never be lost." Elk home, as the Chinese people, when we remember the name of David Ireland warm, remember XI, XII Duke of Bedford, remember that they protect the elk, deer to save the historical merits. Also not forget that 100 years ago, China native elk disappeared in shame unforgettable period of history. Elk population to rejuvenation until the elk return to nature, require more spacious living space. Chinese and foreign scientists to the north along the east coast of the Liao River, south to the North Sea, the old haunt elk distribution was difficult investigation. The spring of 1985, and his party drove elk expert Cao Keqing study in the Yellow Sea tidal flats. Here Gouhe Gangcha horizon, the light flat stretch, reed marshes around, grass Maolin deep, on the beach million hectares of coastal habitat was half the original. Here is a piece of the Pacific West Coast's largest wetlands, biodiversity is very rich in fossils unearthed in recent years, there have been moose. That day, the moist sea breeze blowing weed trees, flocks of red-crowned cranes and egrets in the Mizobe play. Suddenly, a deer from the roadside grass teeth he went to the road, tilted his head curiously looking at the vehicle inspection. Caused the dramatic circumstances of great interest to experts. Dental deer and elk has always been associated egret species, where the haunt of elk, deer teeth usually accompanied. Smart bird deer teeth timely appearance before the eyes of the Expedition, implicitly conveys the mysterious nature of the information. Stocking successful return to nature August 14, 1986, in the world of Nature and Natural Conservation Union, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the joint efforts of the Chinese Ministry of Forestry, established in Jiangsu coastal world's first, and so far the largest stocking in the wild elk - Dafeng Milu Reserve. 39 elk to return home. Here is a vast coastal beach, warm climate, dense forests, abundant aquatic plants is stocking wild elk naturally the ideal place. Back to the homeland of the elk themselves, such as birds owned forest, with deer with the drama, and the crane dance. Rapid recovery of populations. The whole country of more than 1000 elk head. Jiangsu Dafeng Milu Nature Reserve, only to have 819, of the world for nearly a third of the existing elk to become the world's largest elk populations. The fall of 1998, Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve, was a landmark scientific experiments. They opened the gate and will be a _select_ion of eight (male 2, female 4, David 2) elk actually released into the wild from the deer park. By confinement for centuries, has been in captivity, semi-wild state's elk had vanished in the Yellow Sea, an oasis in the grass. As a result, hundreds of wild elk interrupt the life of the chain is re-connected at that moment. By radio tracking and field observations, eight elk have been in the Yellow Sea tidal flat on the ground safe and sound through the first winter and spring. March 18, 1999, pregnant doe safety in the field so far the world's first real estate out of wild elk head, pups for the restoration of the wild elk population has taken a welcome step. 1998 and 2002, Dafeng has 2 to 14 elk stocked and wild success. October 26, 2003 morning, 1 000 meters from the ocean on the beach, the staff reluctantly opened the fence gate, 18 elk in the eyes of people's attention, calmly toward the nature, began their wild breeding journey. It is now stocked in 2003 that has 2 years later, living elk reintroduction of how well it? Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve staff told us that wild elk elk than the net bar, Biaoqing better. The most significant change is the wild has increased, the ability to protect themselves stronger, more alert, activities to increase the area several times. Living habits is more unpredictable. In protected areas, and now the survival of wild deer has reached 52, I believe this figure will be further expanded. Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve, responsible man, and a national experiment in elk released into the wild deer, said senior experts DING Yuhua, Dafeng elk in the number of protected areas, rapid growth, which is a protected area for 20 years to implement the scientific management measures taken to save the endangered animals, to promote effective protection of the results of elk. Future, but to expand wild populations, ex situ establishment of new protected areas. Let us bless elk it. Dafeng elk town Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve, Yancheng City in Jiangsu Province, the territory of East Asia, the Pacific West Bank, one of the largest wetland. This complete series of ecological succession of wetland biodiversity is extremely rich. Wetlands are widely distributed around the world, is rich in biodiversity on the planet, and higher productivity ecosystems. Wetlands against floods, regulate runoff, pollution control, climate regulation, landscaping, etc. play an important role, both as natural reservoirs on land, but also many wild animals and plants, especially rare and the breeding and wintering waterfowl, It can provide water and food to human beings. Wetlands and human closely linked with the valuable human resources, wetlands known as the "cradle of life", "kidney of the earth." June 16, 2006, Dafeng City, Jiangsu, China Wildlife Conservation Association has been awarded the "Hometown of Chinese deer" title. As of June 12, 2006, Jiangsu Dafeng Milu Nature Reserve, the elk breeding period of birth to 188 pups, so that the protected area up to 1007 population as the world's first breakthrough within the one thousand mark Milu Nature Reserve. Legends of the South China Sea sub-elk Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing, the southern suburbs of the South China Sea sub-area of 210 square kilometers, an area equivalent to 3 times the old Beijing city. South China sub-terrain northwest to southeast, altitude 42 meters to 25 meters. South China Sea is not only beautiful child, there is a magical animal --- elk. It is rare and unique large deer. Located in Liaoning Province, the ancient elk Campion, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, south, west Shanxi Xiangfen, east of the east coast and islands of this vast region. Since a large number of ancient hunting ancestors, and the early development of human activities undermine the ecological environment to adapt to living elk, wild elk populations significantly reduced. About from the Qin and Han dynasties, Chinese wild elk populations gradually disappeared in the wilderness. Ming and Qing Dynasties, only the South China Sea at the Royal Yuanyou yard, but also the preservation of a small number of elk. Elk 2 meters in length, shoulder height of 1 meter. Light brown fur, the back darker, abdomen lighter. Shape of male elk with beautiful horns. Elkhorn convex surface, in a black texture, shape, charming. Deer's tail is longer than the other deer species, tufted tail gave birth, so called "big-tailed deer." It's large deer hoof, and be able to separate, you can run like a champ in the swamp. Even more strange is that it looks, but not like a deer horn deer, but not the neck like a camel hump, hooves like cattle but not cattle, but not the ass like a donkey tail. Therefore, the civil commonly known as elk as "Sibu Xiang", the elk as a "monster." Emperor Qianlong wrote two deer "paper" Even more strange is that each year the winter solstice, elk horn that off on their own, while the other deer are in the summer off angle. This strange phenomenon actually caused great curiosity Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong wrote this two articles of elk horn. Started, the Qianlong emperor that moose or caribou is an old saying of "moose" and "deer and elk are all solution angle in the summer, not in the winter." Twenty-seven years of Qianlong (1762) he wrote an article entitled "antlers in mind," the world does not identify corner solutions in the winter, deer, deer and elk are the corner solutions in the summer. But "on order" Why record that elk in the winter Solutions cents? In this regard, the Qianlong emperor failed to "study it from", has been brooding, puzzled. After 5 years, that is, three years of the Qing Emperor Qianlong (1767) Winter, Qianlong emperor from beyond the Great Wall in Chengde Mountain Resort and returned to Beijing. The second day of the winter solstice, the Qianlong emperor sudden impulse, I think of Nanyuan yard possessor of that group of sea called the "stag" (zhǔ) big deer, will not the winter solstice Solutions cents? Elk years August 14, 1900, eight-invasive Beijing. They burn the Yuanmingyuan North, South swept the Royal Chase, since, elk, extinct in China. August 24, 1985, 20 elk from the United Kingdom and Diu Temple shipped back home - Beijing Milu Park South China sub. Currently, the elk breeding in China has survived more than 800 head. World has more than 2,000 head. Elk Court is located 10 kilometers south of Beijing in the South Court, it is not only protecting the diversity of study sites elk, or a for natural, historical, cultural ecology and environmental protection activities featuring education base. Positive elk extinction of 100 years in China on the occasion, we came this close to acres of protected areas. Recalling the history of elk extinction in China, will enhance people's environmental awareness, environmental education has played an active role in strengthening. Recovered China is home to elk, so that "wandering abroad" return to the hometown of Chinese zoologists have the voice for many years, but also the wish of the owner and Diu Temple. In 1984, the University of Oxford zoologist Maya Bo Boyd President to visit China China elk playback location, and she agreed with the Chinese experts, the South China Sea that Beijing is the best playback children, the owner immediately decided to gift Diu Temple 20 elk to China, so that they return to the place once extinct. August 24, 1985, a friendship between Chinese and British people filled the plane, will be 20 elk arrived from the United Kingdom and Diu Temple in Beijing, the evening will be sent to the South China Sea sub-Elk Court. In this way, after a lapse of nearly a century, the "wandering abroad" finally home. Back to nature After _set_tling in the South sub-elk, researchers reproduce the work carried out immediately. They can be _set_ up in the Elk Garden 300 acres of pasture growing field of governance of the waters, gradually built a deer house and research stations, for the elk to provide good conditions for the lives and breeds. Summer of 1986, a 14 doe pregnant, in March 1987, back home doe started the first birth, there are 10 deer born safely. September 1987, the United Kingdom and Diu and presented to the South China Sea Temple Court, 18 female sub-elk elk, which in turn accelerated the elk breeding and rejuvenation. According to statistics, since the country began in 1986 has grown to 800 bull elk, and the Beijing Milu Park, nearly 200. Domestication and breeding of elk in the South China Sea, the success child has greatly encouraged the researchers, who after investigation, launched another major project --- to elk return to nature. Elk is a typical wetland animals. They waterside living can escape predators encountered rivers, lakes or swamps to escape. After a large number of researchers examine the evidence and feasibility analysis, that the first city in the Yangtze River in Hubei stone the old course is suitable for elk growth. Where the area of 3 hectares, is typical of wetlands, a year-round elk eating the grass, where in 1992 the State established the Swan Island Nature Reserve. 1993 and 1994, respectively, the South China Sea sub-64 Milu deer to the Swan Island Nature Reserve. The original habitat of the environment, natural grass food, good natural conditions for deer quickly adapt to the natural life, and growth and reproduction of smooth, a few years to develop to the 120 long, and gradually restore the natural population. Elk return to nature works so smooth, so researchers are excited, and to expedite the completion of the work of biodiversity conservation, the Beijing Milu Ecological Experimental Center again ready to rock this year, the first conveyor 30 elk, this will lead to faster natural populations of elk grow and develop. Perhaps in the near future, elk can cast off the "national level to protect animals," the hat. Education posterity Beijing Milu Park is not only the protection of elk in the study site, or to carry out a natural, historical, cultural and ecological characteristics of environmental protection education base on young people to nature education, environmental education and education in patriotism rare large outdoor classroom, by the Chinese Association for Science Education as the first national science base. Into the Court, people not only learn about the knowledge of elk in the tour along the visitors can see many problems board, positive is the problem, open is the answer, such as "What 20th century extinction of wild animals? "open question board glance that there are elk, Xinjiang tiger, Saiga antelope. Along the way there are some "green phrase" very enlightening. In the Beijing Milu Park, people will understand that once deer are extinct in China, but also by the concerted efforts of Chinese and foreign protection of wild animals to rescue, they recovered, the human "too late", "lost" the awakening consciousness of ecological protection embodied. For future generations know that the Earth is our only home, but she does not only belong to man, only protect the worlds of species diversity, can we make our own prosperity, stability and sustainable development are protected. Located in the central Yellow Sea, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve, with 7.8 million hectares of wetlands, the landscape from the forest, reed marshes, marsh, swamp, salt, composed of bare land, is a typical tidal wetland in the Yellow Sea. This breeds a wide range of globally important biodiversity, 2002 are included in the List of Wetlands of International Importance. July 2002, UNDP / GEF "China Wetland Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use" project was officially launched in protected areas, this project through capacity building, community outreach, public training, equipment assistance and other activities, greatly improving the protected areas management level. Into this vast expanse of coastal wetlands, full of primitive, simple style, there are 315 kinds of birds, 12 species of mammals, 27 species of amphibians and reptiles, 150 species of fish, 599 kinds of insects, 499 kinds of plants, One state, the second category there are 31 kinds of protection to the "protection of migratory birds in the agreement on" protection of birds, 93 species. Groups of rare birds, the boundless expanse of blue in the reed marshes, one attached to a red fruit salt Artemisia filling eyes, constitute a fascinating ecological landscape, at the same time formed a natural beauty of plants and animals kingdom. Related text: Volume 17 on the sixth grade for Jiangsu, "elk" Alias Sibu Xiang, are deer, scientific name Elaphurus davidianus. Body length of 200 cm, weight 100 (female) to 200 (male) kg, their heads like horses, like deer horn, tail like an ass, like cattle and commonly known as the Four Unlikeness hoof. Bucks only horned, neck and back relatively thick, thick limbs. Can be separated from the main foot wide, Digits membrane skin health, well-developed side of the shoe, suitable for walking in the swamp. Summer hair reddish brown, brown, gray winter hair; newborn pups orange coat color, and white. Suggested by the fossil record, elk native to the humid eastern plains, basins, north of Liaoning, Hainan, west from Shanxi, Hunan, East arrived in the East China Sea are distributed. For the herbivores, feeding a variety of grasses, Carex, and fresh leaves. Hi gregarious, more female, one male and estrus; usually start mating in July, 315 ~ 350 days of pregnancy, births per 1, Aberdeen. Originating in Liaoning, North China, the Yellow River and Yangtze River. 18th Century Chinese wild deer populations have become extinct, only in Beijing Royal Nanyuan reared specifically for deer hunting, looted after the Boxer Rebellion, Pirates of the operation abroad. Since 1985, China brought back from abroad in groups of more than 80 only, keeping in Beijing and Jiangsu Nanyuan County. Dissipate into the atmosphere of the County of Jiangsu Province has established a large elk reserve, for the elk restoration in nature protection and management of wild populations and carried out scientific research. Belong to the state level to protect animals. (B) of the elk is a species unique to China, but its scientific name of the official English name is the name of foreigners; it had lived in China for millions of years, the early 20th century was found in his homeland disappeared; 20th century, 80's, it Yuanshe oceans, to return home. Twists and turns of fate elk, making it the object of world attention. Fossils have been unearthed that wild elk, deer originated in more than 200 million years ago, dating back some 10,000 years ago to about 3,000 years ago when the most prosperous in China Elk fossils point whether the number of points or a fossil the number of specimens are extremely rich. However, dating back some 3,000 years after the Shang and Zhou dynasties are rapidly fading, until the Qing dynasty the final extinction of wild elk. Most experts believe that deer, elk extinct important reason is that a large number of various dynasties in history hunt, resulting in a catastrophic reduction in elk populations. Meanwhile, many parts of the low-lying coastal swamps or reclaimed wasteland into farmland is so only for elk habitat in the marshes there is no roof over our head, becoming the plain of the earliest victims of ecological disasters. The last wild elk habitat is the Yangtze River near the mouth of coastal areas. Although elk once widespread in eastern and central regions of the Yangtze River north and south, but the main distribution center is still the Yangtze River Delta coastal areas. They are very fond of the swamp waters warm and humid, and even like the contact with sea water, fresh seaweed title. Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve is located in the region, where elk density distribution of fossils, from 1967 to 1998 have unearthed fossils of 12 elk. Archaeological discoveries, 1 million years to 4,000 years ago unearthed human remains in the number of elk bones, roughly similar number of pig bones. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qing Dynasty, the ancients on account of elk without a break in the book. It is not only the object of hunting ancestors, but also an important ritual sacrifice. "Mencius" in the account, "Mencius see King Hui of Liang, Wang marsh on the stand, Gu Hongyan elk, saying: 'Sage has this music almost'", which proved at least in the Zhou Dynasty, the garden of the Royal has been a domesticated elk. After the Han dynasty, diminishing the number of wild elk. Yuan established, good riding and shooting of the royal family to catch wild elk transported from the Yellow Sea tidal flats to Dadu (Beijing), for the royal grandchildren riding shot. The gradual extinction of wild elk. To the Qing dynasty, China had only a group of about three hundred captive elk at 210 square kilometers of Beijing Nanhaizi Royal Chase. At this time, the international animal scholars do not know the existence of elk. In 1894, Beijing Yongding River flood, the flood swept away the walls of The Chase, and many elk fled away, things become a starving people to feed their families. In 1900, the Boxer Rebellion invaded Beijing, the South China Sea son robbed and killed a deer by Western powers empty, the local extinction of deer in China. Over time, several zoos in Europe in captive elk have died, shrinking population size. From 1898 onwards, the British heavily XI Duke of Bedford the original kept in Paris, Berlin, Cologne, Antwerp and other places in the zoo bought all 18 elk stocked in the London area of 3,000 acres north of Temple Manor Diu inside. This 18 elk elk become the ancestors of all of the earth. World War II, the population reached 255, Diu Temple Manor for fear of war, the zoo began to transfer some of the world largest elk. To the end of 1983, the world elk to 1320. China hopes the home of elk elk to return to their homes. 1956 and 1973, respectively, the Beijing Zoo got a pair and two pairs of elk, but not reproductive failure and the environment, has been unable to recovery populations. In 1985, the efforts of the World Wildlife Fund, the British government decided, London Zoo, five deer to the Chinese provided free of charge. August 1985, 22 elk were shipped from England by plane in Beijing, the South China Sea sub-delivered to the original night of the Royal Chase, strange beast back to its place in China and finally disappeared. August 1986, 39 elk arrived from England via Shanghai Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province, wild elk return to its ancestral habitat of the coastal beach last. Now, China is in Beijing, Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province, City, Hubei Province, Henan Province, Yuanyang County and other free-range elk implementation plan, currently has a population, the country has long elk in 2000. Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve in Jiangsu Province have already elk 648, effective population has reached 50, which indicates that the protected areas has created the world's first elk gene pool, the genetic elk will no longer lost. March 2003, the world's first pure wild elk born in the Dafeng elk in protected areas.
