Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States, so much in the latter case that the novel intensified the sectional conflict leading to the American Civil War.
Stowe, a Connecticut-born preacher at the Hartford Female Academy and an active abolitionist, focused the novel on the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters—both fellow slaves and slave owners—revolve. The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings.
Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century, and the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States alone. The book's impact was so great that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War, Lincoln is often quoted as having declared, "So this is the little lady who made this big war."
The book, and even more the plays it inspired, also helped create a number of stereotypes about black people, many of which endure to this day. These include the affectionate, dark-skinned "mammy"; the "pickaninny" stereotype of black children; and the Uncle Tom, or dutiful, long-suffering servant faithful to his white master or mistress. In recent years, the negative associations with Uncle Tom's Cabin have, to an extent, overshadowed the historical impact of the book as a "vital antislavery tool."
References for the novel
An engraving of Harriet Beecher Stowe from 1872, based on an oil painting by Alonzo Chappel.
Stowe, a Connecticut-born teacher at the Hartford Female Academy and an active abolitionist, wrote the novel as a response to the 1850 passage of the second Fugitive Slave Act (which punished those who aided runaway slaves and diminished the rights of fugitives as well as freed blacks[citation needed]). Much of the book was composed in Brunswick, Maine, where her husband, Calvin Ellis Stowe, taught at his alma mater, Bowdoin College.
Stowe was partly inspired to create Uncle Tom's Cabin by the autobiography of Josiah Henson, a black slave who lived and worked on a 3,700 acre (15 km²) tobacco plantation in North Bethesda, Maryland owned by Isaac Riley. Henson escaped slavery in 1830 by fleeing to the Province of Upper Canada (now Ontario), where he helped other fugitive slaves arrive and become self-sufficient, and where he wrote his memoirs. Stowe eventually acknowledged that Henson's writings inspired Uncle Tom's Cabin. When Stowe's work became a best-seller, Henson republished his memoirs as The Memoirs of Uncle Tom, and traveled extensively in the United States and Europe. Stowe's novel lent its name to Henson's home—Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site, near Dresden, Ontario—which since the 1940s has been a museum. The actual cabin where Henson lived while he was a slave still exists in Montgomery County, Maryland. It is now a part of National Park Service National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program.
American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, a volume co-authored by Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters, is also a source of some of the novel's content. Stowe also said she based the novel on a number of interviews with escaped slaves during the time when Stowe was living in Cincinnati, Ohio, across the Ohio River from Kentucky, a slave state. In Cincinnati the Underground Railroad had local abolitionist sympathizers and was active in efforts to help runaway slaves on their escape route from the South.
Stowe mentioned a number of the inspirations and sources for her novel in A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853). This non-fiction book was intended to verify Stowe's claims about slavery. However, later research indicated that Stowe did not actually read many of the book's cited works until after the publication of her novel.
Publication
Uncle Tom's Cabin first appeared as a 40-week serial in National Era, an abolitionist periodical, starting with the June 5, 1851 issue. Because of the story's popularity, the publisher John Jewett contacted Stowe about turning the serial into a book. While Stowe questioned if anyone would read Uncle Tom's Cabin in book form, she eventually consented to the request.
Fullpage illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom's Cabin (First Edition: Boston: John P. Jewett and Company, 1852). The engraving shows Eliza telling Uncle Tom that she has been sold and is running away to save her child.
Convinced the book would be popular, Jewett made the unusual decision (for that time) to have six fullpage illustrations by Hammatt Billings engraved for the first printing. Published in book form on March 20, 1852, the novel soon sold out its complete print run. A number of other editions were soon printed (including a deluxe edition in 1853, featuring 117 illustrations by Billings).
In the first year of publication, 300,000 copies of Uncle Tom's Cabin were sold. The book was translated into all major languages, and eventually became the second best-selling book after the Bible. A number of the early editions carried an introduction by Rev James Sherman, a Congregational minister in London noted for his abolitionist views.
Uncle Tom's Cabin sold equally well in Britain, with the first London edition appearing in May 1852 and selling 200,000 copies. In a few years over 1.5 million copies of the book were in circulation in Britain, although most of these were pirated copies (a similar situation occurred in the United States).
Plot summary
Eliza escapes with her son, Tom sold "down the river"
The book opens with a Kentucky farmer named Arthur Shelby facing the loss of his farm because of debts. Even though he and his wife, Emily Shelby, believe that they have a benevolent relationship with their slaves, Shelby decides to raise the needed funds by selling two of them—Uncle Tom, a middle-aged man with a wife and children, and Harry, the son of Emily Shelby’s maid Eliza—to a slave trader. Emily Shelby hates the idea of doing this because she had promised her maid that her child would never be sold; Emily's son, George Shelby, hates to see Tom go because he sees the man as his friend and mentor.
Simon Legree assaulting Uncle Tom.
When Eliza overhears Mr. and Mrs. Shelby discussing plans to sell Tom and Harry, Eliza determines to run away with her son. The novel states that Eliza made this decision because she fears losing her only surviving child (she had already miscarried two children). Eliza departs that night, leaving a note of apology to her mistress.
While all of this is happening, Uncle Tom is sold and placed on a riverboat, which sets sail down the Mississippi River. While on board, Tom meets and befriends a young white girl named Eva. When Eva falls into the river, Tom saves her. In gratitude, Eva's father, Augustine St. Clare, buys Tom from the slave trader and takes him with the family to their home in New Orleans. During this time, Tom and Eva begin to relate to one another because of the deep Christian faith they both share.
Eliza's family hunted, Tom's life with St. Clare
During Eliza's escape, she meets up with her husband George Harris, who had run away previously. They decide to attempt to reach Canada. However, they are now being tracked by a slave hunter named Tom Loker. Eventually Loker and his men trap Eliza and her family, causing George to shoot Loker. Worried that Loker may die, Eliza convinces George to bring the slave hunter to a nearby Quaker settlement for medical treatment.
Back in New Orleans, St. Clare debates slavery with his Northern cousin Ophelia who, while opposing slavery, is prejudiced against black people. St. Clare, however, believes he is not biased, even though he is a slave owner. In an attempt to show Ophelia that her views on blacks are wrong, St. Clare purchases Topsy, a young black slave. St. Clare then asks Ophelia to educate her.
After Tom has lived with the St. Clares for two years, Eva grows very ill. Before she dies she experiences a vision of heaven, which she shares with the people around her. As a result of her death and vision, the other characters resolve to change their lives, with Ophelia promising to throw off her personal prejudices against blacks, Topsy saying she will better herself, and St. Clare pledging to free Uncle Tom.
Tom sold to Simon Legree
Fullpage illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom's Cabin (First Edition: Boston: John P. Jewett and Company, 1852). Cassy, another of Legree's slaves, is shown ministering to Uncle Tom after his whipping.
Before St. Clare can follow through on his pledge, however, he dies after being stabbed while entering a New Orleans tavern. His wife reneges on her late husband's vow and sells Tom at auction to a vicious plantation owner named Simon Legree. Legree (a transplanted northerner) takes Tom to rural Louisiana, where Tom meets Legree's other slaves, including Emmeline (whom Legree purchased at the same time). Legree begins to hate Tom when Tom refuses Legree's order to whip his fellow slave. Legree beats Tom viciously, and resolves to crush his new slave's faith in God. Despite Legree's cruelty, however, Tom refuses to stop reading his Bible and comforting the other slaves as best he can. While at the plantation, Tom meets Cassy, another of Legree's slaves. Cassy was previously separated from her son and daughter when they were sold; unable to endure the pain of seeing another child sold, she killed her third child.
At this point Tom Loker returns to the story. Loker has changed as the result of being healed by the Quakers. George, Eliza, and Harry have also obtained their freedom after crossing into Canada. In Louisiana, Uncle Tom almost succumbs to hopelessness, as his faith in God is tested by the hardships of the plantation. However, he has two visions, one of Jesus and one of Eva, which renew his resolve to remain a faithful Christian, even unto death. He encourages Cassy to escape, which she does, taking Emmeline with her. When Tom refuses to tell Legree where Cassy and Emmeline have gone, Legree orders his overseers to kill Tom. As Tom is dying, he forgives the overseers who savagely beat him. Humbled by the character of the man they have killed, both men become Christians. Very shortly before Tom's death, George Shelby (Arthur Shelby's son) arrives to buy Tom’s freedom, but finds he is too late.
Final section
On their boat ride to freedom, Cassy and Emmeline meet George Harris' sister and accompany her to Canada. Once there, Cassy discovers that Eliza is her long-lost daughter who was sold as a child. Now that their family is together again, they travel to France and eventually Liberia, the African nation created for former American slaves. There they meet Cassy's long-lost son. George Shelby returns to the Kentucky farm and frees all his slaves. George tells them to remember Tom's sacrifice and his belief in the true meaning of Christianity.
Major characters in Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom
Illustration of Tom and Eva by Hammatt Billings for the 1853 deluxe edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Uncle Tom, the title character, was initially seen as a noble, long-suffering Christian slave. In more recent years, however, his name has become an epithet directed towards African-Americans who are accused of selling out to whites (for more on this, see the creation and popularization of stereotypes section). Stowe intended Tom to be a "noble hero" and praiseworthy person. Throughout the book, far from allowing himself to be exploited, Tom stands up for his beliefs and is grudgingly admired even by his enemies.
Eliza
A slave (personal maid to Mrs. Shelby), she escapes to the North with her five-year old son Harry after he is sold to Mr. Haley. Her husband, George, eventually finds Eliza and Harry in Ohio, and emigrates with them to Canada, then France and finally Liberia.
The character Eliza was inspired by an account given at Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati by John Rankin to Stowe's husband Calvin, a professor at the school. According to Rankin, in February, 1838 a young slave woman had escaped across the frozen Ohio River to the town of Ripley with her child in her arms and stayed at his house on her way further north.
Eva
Eva, whose real name is Evangeline St. Clare, is the daughter of Augustine St. Clare. Eva enters the narrative when Uncle Tom is traveling via steamship to New Orleans to be sold, and he rescues the 5 or 6 year-old girl from drowning. Eva begs her father to buy Tom, and he becomes the head coachman at the St. Clare plantation. He spends most of his time with the angelic Eva, however.
Eva constantly talks about love and forgiveness, even convincing the dour slave girl Topsy that she deserves love. She even touches the heart of her sour aunt, Ophelia.
Eventually Eva falls terminally ill. Before dying, she gives a lock of her hair to each of the slaves, telling them that they must become Christians so that they may see each other in Heaven. On her deathbed, she convinces her father to free Tom, but because of circumstances the promise never materializes.
A similar character, also named Little Eva, later appeared in the children's novel Little Eva: The Flower of the South by Philip J. Cozans (although this ironically was an anti-Tom novel). To a certain degree, the Little Eva portrayed by Cozans could be the same Eva introduced by Stowe.
Simon Legree
A cruel slave owner—a Northerner by birth—whose name has become synonymous with greed. His goal is to demoralize Tom and break him of his religious faith; he eventually beats Tom to death out of frustration for his slave's unbreakable belief in God. The novel reveals that, as a young man, he had abandoned his sickly mother for a life at sea, and ignored her letter to see her one last time at her deathbed. He sexually exploits Cassie, who despises him, and later sets his designs on Emmeline.
Other characters
There are a number of secondary and minor characters in Uncle Tom's Cabin. Among the more notable are:
* Arthur Shelby, Tom's master in Kentucky. Shelby is characterized as a "kind" slaveowner and a stereotypical Southern gentleman.
* Emily Shelby, Arthur Shelby's wife. A deeply religious woman who strives to be a kind and moral influence upon her slaves. She is appalled when her husband sells his slaves with a slave trader. As a woman, she has no legal way to stop this, as all property belongs to her husband.
* George Shelby, Arthur and Emily's son, who sees Tom as a "friend" and as the perfect Christian.
* Augustine St. Clare, Tom's second owner and father of Eva. Of the slaveowners in the novel, the most sympathetic character. St. Clare is complex, often sarcastic, with a ready wit. After a rocky courtship he marries a woman he grows to hold in contempt, though he is too polite to let it show. St. Clare recognizes the evil in chattel slavery, but is not willing to relinquish the wealth it brings him. After his daughter's death he becomes more sincere in his religious thoughts, and starts to read the Bible to Tom. He plans on finally taking action against slavery by freeing his slaves, but his good intentions ultimately come to nothing.
* Topsy, A "ragamuffin" young slave girl. When asked if she knows who made her, she professes ignorance of both God and a mother, saying "I s'pect I growed. Don't think nobody never made me." She is transformed by Little Eva's love. During the early-to-mid 1900s, several doll manufacturers created Topsy and Topsy-type dolls. The phrase "growed like Topsy" (later "grew like Topsy"; now somewhat archaic) passed into the English language, originally with the specific meaning of unplanned growth, later sometimes just meaning enormous growth.
* Miss Ophelia, is Augustine St. Clare's pious, hard-working, abolitionist cousin from Vermont. She displays the ambiguities towards African-Americans felt by many Northerners at the time. She argues against the institution of slavery yet, at least initially, feels repulsed by the slaves as individuals.
Major themes
"The fugitives are safe in a free land." Illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom's Cabin, First Edition. The image shows George Harris, Eliza, Harry, and Mrs. Smyth after they escape to freedom.
Uncle Tom's Cabin is dominated by a single theme: the evil and immorality of slavery. While Stowe weaves other subthemes throughout her text, such as the moral authority of motherhood and the redeeming possibilities offered by Christianity, she emphasizes the connections between these and the horrors of slavery. Stowe pushed home her theme of the immorality of slavery on almost every page of the novel, sometimes even changing the story's voice so she could give a "homily" on the destructive nature of slavery (such as when a white woman on the steamboat carrying Tom further south states, "The most dreadful part of slavery, to my mind, is its outrages of feelings and affections—the separating of families, for example."). One way Stowe showed the evil of slavery was how this "peculiar institution" forcibly separated families from each other.
Because Stowe saw motherhood as the "ethical and structural model for all of American life," and also believed that only women had the moral authority to save the United States from the demon of slavery, another major theme of Uncle Tom's Cabin is the moral power and sanctity of women. Through characters like Eliza, who escapes from slavery to save her young son (and eventually reunites her entire family), or Little Eva, who is seen as the "ideal Christian", Stowe shows how she believed women could save those around them from even the worst injustices. While later critics have noted that Stowe's female characters are often domestic clichés instead of realistic women, Stowe's novel "reaffirmed the importance of women's influence" and helped pave the way for the women's rights movement in the following decades.
Stowe's puritanical religious beliefs show up in the novel's final, over-arching theme, which is the exploration of the nature of Christianity and how she feels Christian theology is fundamentally incompatible with slavery. This theme is most evident when Tom urges St. Clare to "look away to Jesus" after the death of St. Clare's beloved daughter Eva. After Tom dies, George Shelby eulogizes Tom by saying, "What a thing it is to be a Christian." Because Christian themes play such a large role in Uncle Tom's Cabin—and because of Stowe's frequent use of direct authorial interjections on religion and faith—the novel often takes the "form of a sermon."
Style
Eliza crossing the icy river, in an 1881 theater poster
Uncle Tom's Cabin is written in the sentimental and melodramatic style common to 19th century sentimental novels and domestic fiction (also called women's fiction). These genres were the most popular novels of Stowe's time and tended to feature female main characters and a writing style which evoked a reader's sympathy and emotion. Even though Stowe's novel differs from other sentimental novels by focusing on a large theme like slavery and by having a man as the main character, she still set out to elicit certain strong feelings from her readers (such as making them cry at the death of Little Eva). The power in this type of writing can be seen in the reaction of contemporary readers. Georgiana May, a friend of Stowe's, wrote a letter to the author stating that, "I was up last night long after one o'clock, reading and finishing Uncle Tom's Cabin. I could not leave it any more than I could have left a dying child." Another reader is described as obsessing on the book at all hours and having considered renaming her daughter Eva. Evidently the death of Little Eva affected a lot of people at that time, because in 1852 alone 300 baby girls in Boston were given that name.
Despite this positive reaction from readers, for decades literary critics dismissed the style found in Uncle Tom's Cabin and other sentimental novels because these books were written by women and so prominently featured, "women's sloppy emotions." One literary critic said that had the novel not been about slavery, "it would be just another sentimental novel," while another described the book as "primarily a derivative piece of hack work." In The Literary History of the United States, George F. Whicher called Uncle Tom's Cabin "Sunday-school fiction", full of "broadly conceived melodrama, humor, and pathos."
However, in 1985 Jane Tompkins changed this view of Uncle Tom's Cabin with her book In Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction. Tompkins praised the style so many other critics had dismissed, writing that sentimental novels showed how women's emotions had the power to change the world for the better. She also said that the popular domestic novels of the 19th century, including Uncle Tom's Cabin, were remarkable for their "intellectual complexity, ambition, and resourcefulness"; and that Uncle Tom's Cabin offers a "critique of American society far more devastating than any delivered by better-known critics such as Hawthorne and Melville."
Reactions to the novel
Uncle Tom's Cabin has exerted an influence equaled by few other novels in history. Upon publication, Uncle Tom's Cabin ignited a firestorm of protest from defenders of slavery (who created a number of books in response to the novel) while the book elicited praise from abolitionists. As a best-seller, the novel heavily influenced later protest literature.
Contemporary and world reaction
Immediately upon publication, Uncle Tom's Cabin outraged people in the American South. The novel was also roundly criticized by slavery supporters.
Acclaimed Southern novelist William Gilmore Simms declared the work utterly false, while others called the novel criminal and slanderous. Reactions ranged from a bookseller in Mobile, Alabama who was forced to leave town for selling the novel to threatening letters sent to Stowe herself (including a package containing a slave's severed ear). Many Southern writers, like Simms, soon wrote their own books in opposition to Stowe's novel (see the Anti-Tom section below).
Some critics highlighted Stowe's paucity of life-experience relating to Southern life, saying that it led her to create inaccurate descriptions of the region. For instance, she had never set foot on a Southern plantation. However, Stowe always said she based the characters of her book on stories she was told by runaway slaves in Cincinnati, Ohio, where Stowe lived. It is reported that, "She observed firsthand several incidents which galvanized her to write [the] famous anti-slavery novel. Scenes she observed on the Ohio River, including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart, as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews, contributed material to the emerging plot."
In response to these criticisms, in 1853 Stowe published A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, an attempt to document the veracity of the novel's depiction of slavery. In the book, Stowe discusses each of the major characters in Uncle Tom's Cabin and cites, "real life equivalents" to them while also mounting a more, "aggressive attack on slavery in the South than the novel itself had." Like the novel, A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin was also a best-seller. It should be noted, though, that while Stowe claimed A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin documented her previously consulted sources, she actually read many of the cited works only after the publication of her novel.
Despite these criticisms, the novel still captured the imagination of many Americans. According to Stowe's son, when Abraham Lincoln met her in 1862 Lincoln commented, "So this is the little lady who started this great war." Historians are undecided if Lincoln actually said this line, and in a letter that Stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with Lincoln no mention of this comment was made. Since then, many writers have credited this novel with focusing Northern anger at the injustices of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law and helping to fuel the abolitionist movement. Union general and politician James Baird Weaver said that the book convinced him to become active in the abolitionist movement.
Uncle Tom's Cabin also created great interest in England. The first London edition appeared in May 1852, and sold 200,000 copies. Some of this interest was because of British antipathy to America. As one prominent writer explained, "The evil passions which 'Uncle Tom' gratified in England were not hatred or vengeance [of slavery], but national jealousy and national vanity. We have long been smarting under the conceit of America — we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen. Our clergy hate her voluntary system — our Tories hate her democrats — our Whigs hate her parvenus — our Radicals hate her litigiousness, her insolence, and her ambition. All parties hailed Mrs. Stowe as a revolter from the enemy." Charles Francis Adams, the American minister to Britain during the war, argued later that, "Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life among the Lowly, published in 1852, exercised, largely from fortuitous circumstances, a more immediate, considerable and dramatic world-influence than any other book ever printed."
The book has been translated into almost every language, including Chinese (with translator Lin Shu creating the first Chinese translation of an American novel) and Amharic (with the 1930 translation created in support of Ethiopian efforts to end the suffering of blacks in that nation). The book was so widely read that Sigmund Freud reported a number of patients with sado-masochistic tendencies who he believed had been influenced by reading about the whipping of slaves in Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Literary significance and criticism
As the first widely read political novel in the United States, Uncle Tom's Cabin greatly influenced development of not only American literature but also protest literature in general. Later books which owe a large debt to Uncle Tom's Cabin include The Jungle by Upton Sinclair and Silent Spring by Rachel Carson.
Despite this undisputed significance, the popular perception of Uncle Tom's Cabin is as, "a blend of children's fable and propaganda." The novel has also been dismissed by a number of literary critics as, "merely a sentimental novel," while critic George Whicher stated in his Literary History of the United States that "Nothing attributable to Mrs. Stowe or her handiwork can account for the novel's enormous vogue; its author's resources as a purveyor of Sunday-school fiction were not remarkable. She had at most a ready command of broadly conceived melodrama, humor, and pathos, and of these popular cements she compounded her book."
Other critics, though, have praised the novel. Edmund Wilson stated that, "To expose oneself in maturity to Uncle Tom's Cabin may … prove a startling experience." Jane Tompkins states that the novel is one of the classics of American literature and wonders if many literary critics aren't dismissing the book because it was simply too popular during its day.
Over the years scholars have postulated a number of theories about what Stowe was trying to say with the novel (aside from the obvious themes, such as condemning slavery). For example, as an ardent Christian and active abolitionist, Stowe placed many of her religion's beliefs into the novel. Some scholars have stated that Stowe saw her novel as offering a solution to the moral and political dilemma that troubled many slavery opponents: whether engaging in prohibited behavior was justified in opposing evil. Was the use of violence to oppose the violence of slavery and the breaking of proslavery laws morally defensible? Which of Stowe's characters should be emulated, the passive Uncle Tom or the defiant George Harris? Stowe's solution was similar to Ralph Waldo Emerson's: God's will would be followed if each person sincerely examined his principles and acted on them.
Scholars have also seen the novel as expressing the values and ideas of the Free Will Movement. In this view, the character of George Harris embodies the principles of free labor, while the complex character of Ophelia represents those Northerners who condoned compromise with slavery. In contrast to Ophelia is Dinah, who operates on passion. During the course of the novel Ophelia is transformed, just as the Republican Party (three years later) proclaimed that the North must transform itself and stand up for its antislavery principles.
Feminist theory can also be seen at play in Stowe's book, with the novel as a critique of the patriarchal nature of slavery. For Stowe, blood relations rather than paternalistic relations between masters and slaves formed the basis of families. Moreover, Stowe viewed national solidarity as an extension of a person's family, thus feelings of nationality stemmed from possessing a shared race. Consequently she advocated African colonization for freed slaves and not amalgamation into American society.
The book has also been seen as an attempt to redefine masculinity as a necessary step toward the abolition of slavery. In this view, abolitionists had begun to resist the vision of aggressive and dominant men that the conquest and colonization of the early 19th century had fostered. In order to change the notion of manhood so that men could oppose slavery without jeopardizing their self-image or their standing in society, some abolitionists drew on principles of women's suffrage and Christianity as well as passivism, and praised men for cooperation, compassion, and civic spirit. Others within the abolitionist movement argued for conventional, aggressive masculine action. All the men in Stowe's novel are representations of either one kind of man or the other.
Creation and popularization of stereotypes
Illustration of Sam from the 1888 "New Edition" of Uncle Tom's Cabin. The character of Sam helped create the stereotype of the lazy, carefree "happy darky."
In recent decades, scholars and readers have criticized the book for what are seen as condescending racist descriptions of the book's black characters, especially with regard to the characters' appearances, speech, and behavior, as well as the passive nature of Uncle Tom in accepting his fate. The novel's creation and use of common stereotypes about African Americans is important because Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel in the world during the 19th century. As a result, the book (along with images illustrating the book and associated stage productions) had a major role in permanently ingraining these stereotypes into the American psyche.
Among the stereotypes of blacks in Uncle Tom's Cabin are:
* The "happy darky" (in the lazy, carefree character of Sam);
* The light-skinned tragic mulatto as a sex object (in the characters of Eliza, Cassy, and Emmeline);
* The affectionate, dark-skinned female mammy (through several characters, including Mammy, a cook at the St. Clare plantation).
* The Pickaninny stereotype of black children (in the character of Topsy);
* The Uncle Tom, or African American who is too eager to please white people (in the character of Uncle Tom). Stowe intended Tom to be a, "noble hero." The stereotype of him as a, "subservient fool who bows down to the white man" evidently resulted from staged "Tom Shows," over which Stowe had no control.
In the last few decades these negative associations have to a large degree overshadowed the historical impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin as a "vital antislavery tool." The beginning of this change in the novel's perception had its roots in an essay by James Baldwin titled "Everybody’s Protest Novel." In the essay, Baldwin called Uncle Tom’s Cabin a, "very bad novel" which was also racially obtuse and aesthetically crude.
In the 1960s and '70s, the Black Power and Black Arts Movements attacked the novel, saying that the character of Uncle Tom engaged in "race betrayal," saying that Tom made slaves out to be worse than slave owners. Criticisms of the other stereotypes in the book also increased during this time.
In recent years, however, scholars such as Henry Louis Gates Jr. have begun to reexamine Uncle Tom's Cabin, stating that the book is a, "central document in American race relations and a significant moral and political exploration of the character of those relations."
Anti-Tom literature
In response to Uncle Tom's Cabin, writers in the Southern United States produced a number of books to rebut Stowe's novel. This so-called Anti-Tom literature generally took a pro-slavery viewpoint, arguing that the issues of slavery as depicted in Stowe's book were overblown and incorrect. The novels in this genre tended to feature a benign white patriarchal master and a pure wife, both of whom presided over child-like slaves in a benevolent extended-family-style plantation. The novels either implied or directly stated that African Americans were a child-like people unable to live their lives without being directly overseen by white people.
Among the most famous anti-Tom books are The Sword and the Distaff by William Gilmore Simms, Aunt Phillis's Cabin by Mary Henderson Eastman, and The Planter's Northern Bride by Caroline Lee Hentz, with the last author having been a close personal friend of Stowe's when the two lived in Cincinnati. Simms' book was published a few months after Stowe's novel and it contains a number of sections and discussions disputing Stowe's book and her view of slavery. Hentz's 1854 novel, widely-read at the time, but now largely forgotten, offers a defense of slavery as seen through the eyes of a northern woman—the daughter of an abolitionist, no less—who marries a southern slave owner.
In the decade between the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin and the start of the American Civil War, between twenty and thirty anti-Tom books were published. Among these novels are two books titled Uncle Tom's Cabin As It Is (one by W.L. Smith and the other by C.H. Wiley) and a book by John Pendleton Kennedy. More than half of these Anti-Tom books were written by white women, with Simms commenting at one point about the "Seemingly poetic justice of having the Northern woman (Stowe) answered by a Southern woman."
Dramatic adaptations
Tom shows
Main article: Tom Shows
1886 poster for "Stetson's Uncle Tom's Cabin"
Even though Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century, far more Americans of that time saw the story as a stage play or musical than read the book. Eric Lott, in his book Uncle Tomitudes: Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production, estimates that at least three million people saw these plays, ten times the book's first-year sales.
Copyright issues
Given the lax copyright laws of the time, stage plays based on Uncle Tom's Cabin—"Tom shows"—began to appear while the story itself was still being serialized. Stowe refused to authorize dramatization of her work because of her puritanical distrust of drama (although she did eventually go to see George Aiken's version, and, according to Francis Underwood, was "delighted" by Caroline Howard's portrayal of Topsy). Stowe's refusal left the field clear for any number of adaptations, some launched for (various) political reasons and others as simply commercial theatrical ventures.
There were then no international copyright laws. The book and plays were translated into several languages; Ms. Stowe saw no money, as much as "three fourths of her just and legitimate wages."
On the plays
All Tom shows appear to have incorporated elements of melodrama and blackface minstrelsy. These plays varied tremendously in their politics—some faithfully reflected Stowe's sentimentalized antislavery politics, while others were more moderate, or even pro-slavery. Many of the productions featured demeaning racial caricatures of Black people, while a number of productions also featured songs by Stephen Foster (including "My Old Kentucky Home," "Old Folks at Home," and "Massa's in the Cold Ground"). The best-known Tom Shows were those of George Aiken and H.J. Conway.
The many stage variants of Uncle Tom's Cabin "dominated northern popular culture… for several years" during the 19th century and the plays were still being performed in the early 20th century.
One of the unique and controversial variants of the Tom Shows was Walt Disney's 1933 Mickey's Mellerdrammer. Mickey's Mellerdrammer is a United Artists film released in 1933. The title is a corruption of "melodrama", thought to harken back to the earliest minstrel shows, as a film short based on a production of Uncle Tom's Cabin by the Disney characters. In that film, Mickey Mouse and friends stage their own production of Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Mickey Mouse was already black-colored, but the advertising poster for the film shows Mickey dressed in blackface with exaggerated, orange lips; bushy, white sidewhiskers made out of cotton; and his now trademark white gloves.
Film adaptations
Uncle Tom's Cabin has been made into a number of film versions. Most of these movies were created during the silent film era (with Uncle Tom's Cabin being the most-filmed story of that time period). This was due to the continuing popularity of both the book and Tom shows, meaning audiences were already familiar with the characters and the plot, making it easier for the film to be understood without spoken words.
The first film version of Uncle Tom's Cabin was one of the earliest full-length movies (although full-length at that time meant between 10 and 14 minutes). This 1903 film, directed by Edwin S. Porter, used white actors in blackface in the major roles and black performers only as extras. This version was evidently similar to many of the Tom Shows of earlier decades and featured a large number of black stereotypes (such as having the slaves dance in almost any context, including at a slave auction).
Still from Edwin S. Porter's 1903 version of Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was one of the first full length movies. The still shows Eliza telling Uncle Tom that she has been sold and that she is running away to save her child.
In 1910, a three-reel Vitagraph Company of America production was directed by J. Stuart Blackton and adapted by Eugene Mullin. According to The Dramatic Mirror, this film was "a decided innovation" in motion pictures and "the first time an American company" released a dramatic film in 3 reels. Until then, full-length movies of the time were 15 minutes long and contained only one reel of film. The movie starred Florence Turner, Mary Fuller, Edwin R. Phillips, Flora Finch, Genevieve Tobin and Carlyle Blackwell, Sr.
At least four more movie adaptations were created in the next two decades. The last silent film version came in 1927. Directed by Harry A. Pollard (who'd played Uncle Tom in a 1913 release of Uncle Tom's Cabin), this two-hour movie spent more than a year in production and was the third most expensive picture of the silent era (at a cost of $1.8 million). Black actor Charles Gilpin was originally cast in the title role, but was fired after the studio decided his "portrayal was too aggressive." James B. Lowe then took over the character of Tom. One difference in this film from the novel is that after Tom dies, he returns as a vengeful spirit and confronts Simon Legree before leading the slave owner to his death. Black media outlets of the time praised the film, but the studio—fearful of a backlash from Southern and white film audiences—ended up cutting out controversial scenes, including the film's opening sequence at a slave auction (where a mother is torn away from her baby). The story was adapted by Pollard, Harvey F. Thew and A. P. Younger, with titles by Walter Anthony. It starred James B. Lowe, Virginia Grey, George Siegmann, Margarita Fischer, Mona Ray and Madame Sul-Te-Wan.
For several decades after the end of the silent film era, the subject matter of Stowe's novel was judged too sensitive for further film interpretation. In 1946, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer considered filming the story, but ceased production after protests led by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
A movie poster from Kroger Babb's 1965 production of Uncle Tom's Cabin
A German language version, Onkel Toms Hütte, directed by Géza von Radványi, appeared in 1965 and was presented in the United States by exploitation film presenter Kroger Babb. The most recent film version was a television broadcast in 1987 directed by Stan Lathan and adapted by John Gay. It starred Avery Brooks, Phylicia Rashad, Edward Woodward, Jenny Lewis, Samuel L. Jackson and Endyia Kinney.
In addition to film adaptations, versions of Uncle Tom's Cabin have featured in a number of animated cartoons, including Walt Disney's Mickey's Mellerdrammer (1933), which features the classic Disney character performing the play in blackface with exaggerated, orange lips; the Bugs Bunny cartoon Southern Fried Rabbit (1953), where Bugs disguises himself as Uncle Tom and sings My Old Kentucky Home in order to cross the Mason-Dixon line; Uncle Tom's Bungalow (1937), a Warner Brothers cartoon supervised by Tex Avery; Eliza on Ice (1944), one of the earliest Mighty Mouse cartoons produced by Paul Terry; and Uncle Tom's Cabaña (1947), an eight-minute cartoon directed by Tex Avery.
Uncle Tom's Cabin has also influenced a large number of movies, including Birth of a Nation. This controversial 1915 film deliberately used a cabin similar to Uncle Tom's home in the film's dramatic climax, where several white Southerners unite with their former enemy (Yankee soldiers) to defend what the film's caption says is their "Aryan birthright." According to scholars, this reuse of such a familiar cabin would have resonated with, and been understood by, audiences of the time.
Among the other movies influenced by or making use of Uncle Tom's Cabin include Dimples (a 1936 Shirley Temple film), Uncle Tom's Uncle, (a 1926 Our Gang (The Little Rascals) episode), its 1932 remake Spanky, the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I (in which a ballet called "Small House of Uncle Thomas" is performed in traditional Siamese style), and Gangs of New York (in which Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day-Lewis's characters attend an imagined wartime adaptation of Uncle Tom's Cabin).
外文名称 Onkel Toms Hütte
更多外文片名： Uncle Tom's Cabin
导演： Géza von Radványi
主演：
John Kitzmiller
赫伯特·罗姆 Herbert Lom
国家/地区： 德国
上映 1965年
剧情
19世纪中叶，美国北方肯塔基州农场主谢尔比家有一名忠心维护主人利益的黑奴，大家都称呼他为汤姆叔叔。因主人在股票市场投机失败而破产，主人只好将此汤姆等十名黑奴价卖给奴隶贩子利格里抵债。一起乘船运回南方。在船上一个得了不治之症的小女孩，特别喜欢汤姆叔叔唱歌，就坚决请求她的父亲圣克莱尔买了下汤姆叔叔、由于圣克莱尔主张解放黑奴，利格里等奴隶主对他恨之入骨，隧下毒手将他暗杀，从此，汤姆叔叔又落入奴隶贩子利格里手中。汤姆叔叔为解救不愿充当利格里玩物的奴女卡茜，被车撞得重伤致命。他在生命奄奄一息的时刻，终于悟出了只有斗争才会有自由的真理。他督促黑奴们尽快离开这人间地狱，于是黑奴们砸开水闸在白人的帮助下，与利格里展开斗争。这时汤姆叔叔躺在他的小屋里，眼看着利格里自认失败落魄离去，对自己黑人同胞能取得胜利，以及有许多白人都站在他们一边而无限欣慰地离开了人间。
小说背景
《汤姆叔叔的小屋：卑贱者的生活》（Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly），又译作《黑奴吁天录》、《汤姆大伯的小屋》，是美国作家哈里特·比彻·斯托（斯托夫人）于1852年发表的一部反奴隶制小说。这部小说中关于非裔美国人与美国奴隶制度的观点曾产生过意义深远的影响，并在某种程度上激化了导致美国内战的地区局部冲突。《汤姆叔叔的小屋》，波士顿版
出生于康涅狄格州的斯托夫人，是哈特福德女子学院（Hartford Female Academy）的一名教师，同时，她也是一位积极的废奴主义者。全书围绕着一位久经苦难的黑奴汤姆叔叔的故事展开，并描述了他与他身边人——均为奴隶与奴隶主——的经历。这部感伤小说深刻地描绘出了奴隶制度残酷的本质；并认为基督徒的爱可以战胜由奴役人类同胞所带来的种种伤害。
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》这部小说是19世纪最畅销的小说（以及第二畅销的书，仅次于最畅销的书《圣经》）并被认为是刺激1850年代废奴主义兴起的一大原因。在它发表的头一年里，在美国本土便销售出了三十万册。《汤姆叔叔的小屋》对美国社会的影响是如此巨大，以致在南北战争爆发的初期，当林肯接见斯托夫人时，曾说到：“你就是那位引发了一场大战的小妇人。”后来，这句话为众多作家竞相引用。
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》以及受其启发而写作出的各种剧本，还促进了大量黑人刻板印象的产生，不少的这些形象在当今都为人们所熟知。譬如慈爱善良的黑人保姆、黑小孩的原型、以及顺从、坚忍并忠心于白人主人的汤姆叔叔。最近几十年来，《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的这些消极成分，已在一定程度上弱化了这本书作为“重要的反奴隶制工具”的历史作用。
小说的起源
出生于康涅狄格州的斯托夫人，是哈特福德女子学院（Hartford Female Academy）的一名教师，也是一名积极的废奴主义者。1850年，美国通过了第二部《逃亡奴隶法》，将协助奴隶逃亡定为非法行为予以惩处，并限缩逃亡者与自由黑人所拥有的权利；为了回应这部法律，斯托夫人写成了这部小说。小说的绝大部分都是在缅因州的不伦瑞克镇完成的；斯托夫人的丈夫卡尔文·斯托（Calvin Stowe）在任教于当地他的母校鲍登大学。
1872年的一幅斯托夫人的雕版图
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的一部分创作灵感来自乔赛亚·亨森的自传。亨森是一位黑人男性，他曾是奴隶主艾萨克·赖利（Isaac Riley）所拥有的一名奴隶，生活并劳作于马里兰州北贝塞斯达地区的3,700英亩（15平方千米）烟草种植园中。1830年，亨森逃到了上加拿大省（即今安大略省），并摆脱了奴隶身份；此后，他协助了一些逃亡奴隶抵达该地，自己也过上了自给自足的生活，并写出了他的回忆录。斯托夫人自己也曾明确地承认，是亨森的作品启发了她，从而让她写出了《汤姆叔叔的小屋》。当斯托夫人的书闻名于世后，亨森以《汤姆叔叔的回忆录》（The Memoirs of Uncle Tom）为名再度发表了他的自传，并在美国与欧洲得到了广泛的传播。斯托夫人在她的小说中借用了亨森家的名称。亨森的家在1940年代成为了一座博物馆，即今日安大略省德累斯顿附近的汤姆叔叔的小屋历史遗迹。而亨森在奴隶时期所居住的那间小屋，至今还遗存在马里兰州的蒙哥马利县境内。
西奥多·德怀特·韦尔德与格里姆克·西斯特斯合著的《美国的奴隶制度：千人目击证词》（American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses）一书，亦被确认为小说的部分材料来源。斯托夫人也表示说，当她居住在与蓄奴的肯塔基州一河相隔的俄亥俄州辛辛那提市时，她曾采访过大量逃亡至该地的奴隶，而此中获得的材料后来亦成为了其小说的基础。在辛辛那提市，有着一些地下铁路秘密网络的废奴主义支持者，他们积极于帮助那些从南方逃亡的奴隶。
在1853年发表的《汤姆叔叔小屋题解》一书中，斯托夫人提到了写作这部小说的大量灵感与材料来源。斯托夫人发表《题解》这部写实作品的原因，是为了支持她对奴隶制度恶行的主张。不过，后来的研究也指出，在出版《汤姆叔叔的小屋》之前，斯托夫人实际上并未阅读过《题解》中提到的不少作品。
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》具有19世纪感伤小说与家庭小说（亦称做女性小说）中常见的感性与戏剧性的风格。在斯托夫人的时代，这一类型的小说是最为流行的小说：它们趋向于去描述女性主角，其写作风格常能唤起读者的同情与感动尽。管如此，《汤姆叔叔的小屋》与其他的感伤小说所不同的是，前者将其中心焦点集中于奴隶制这种大型话题，并以一名男性作为故事的主角；不过，斯托夫人亦试图去引出读者的某种强烈情感（譬如让读者为小伊娃的死而哭泣）。这一写作类型的力量可通过同时代读者的反应显现出来。斯托夫人的一位朋友乔治亚娜·梅（Georgiana May）曾经写信给她谈到：“我昨晚子夜醒来，耗尽终夜读完了这本书。此后，我再也不能望着小孩子垂死而无动于衷。”。据描述，另一名读者完全地着迷于这本小说，他甚至考虑把自己的女儿改名为伊娃。显而易见的是，小伊娃的死对当时的许多读者造成了影响：单在1852年，波士顿便有300名女婴被取名为伊娃。
尽管在读者中得到了肯定，但在其发表后的几十年里，文艺评论家们都否定了《汤姆叔叔的小屋》以及其他感伤小说中展现出的这种风格，因为这类小说是由女性写成，并过于突出地描写了“女性多愁善感的情感”一位文艺评论家认为，如果这部小说与奴隶制没有关联，“它不过就是一部普通的感伤小说”。另外一名评论家则将这本书描述为“基本上就是一堆苦力劳作出的毫无意义的碎片”。乔治·惠彻（George Whicher）在他的《美国文学史》（Literary History of the United States）中对这本书嗤之以鼻，将之斥为“周日学校小说”，并充满着“露骨描述的情节、幽默与悲伤”。
然而，在1985年时，简·汤普金斯（Jane Tompkins）在她划时代的《杰出的设计：美国小说的文化成果》（In Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction）一书中改变了这一观点。汤普金斯盛赞了其他评论家拒绝承认的感伤风格，并提出，感伤小说展现了女性的情感拥有改善世界的力量。她还认为，包括《汤姆叔叔的小屋》在内的流行于19世纪的家庭小说，有着“理智的复杂性、雄心与机智”；而《汤姆叔叔的小屋》“对美国社会的批判要比霍桑与梅尔维尔这些更知名小说家的批评更具毁灭性。”
尽管后来关于《汤姆叔叔的小屋》风格的观点已有所改变，但由于这部小说的写法与绝大多数现代小说大相径庭，今日的读者往往会觉得这部作品的内容晦涩、做作、“甚至老掉牙了”。
为了反击《汤姆叔叔的小屋》，美国南方的作家们发表数量众多的作品以反驳斯托夫人的小说。所谓的反汤姆文学，一般都站在维护奴隶制度的立场上，认为斯托夫人笔下描述的奴隶制度是夸张不实的。这一类的作品大都展现了家长式的白人奴隶主与其纯洁的妻子，他们都十分乐善好施，在其家庭式的种植园里照顾着那些孩子般的奴隶们。在这些小说中，非裔美国人都被含蓄或直接地描述为孩子般的人，离开白人的监护就无法独立生活。
最著名的几本反汤姆作品有威廉·吉尔摩·西姆斯的《剑与梭》、玛丽·亨德森·伊斯门的《菲莉丝阿姨的小屋》以及卡罗琳·李·亨茨的《种植园主的北方新娘》[88]，其中最后一位作者在辛辛那提时曾与斯托夫人有过一段亲密的朋友关系。西姆斯的书出版于斯托夫人小说发表的几个月后，其中的许多章节与议论都围绕着辩驳斯托夫人的书及其观点而展开。亨茨的小说出版于1854年，在当时曾广受传阅，但现在基本上已被遗忘了；这本小说通过描述一位嫁给南方奴隶主的北方妇女——一名废奴主义者的女儿——的所见所闻，为奴隶制度进行了辩护。
在《汤姆叔叔的小屋》出版到南北战争爆发前的近十年间，总共有20到30部反汤姆作品面世。其中有两本书的书名为《这才是汤姆叔叔的小屋》（Uncle Tom's Cabin As It Is，其一为W·L·史密斯所作，另一为C·H·威利作），此外，还有一本是约翰·彭德尔顿·肯尼迪的作品。有超过一半的反汤姆作品都由白人女性写成，西姆斯曾为此讽刺说：“让一位南方女性去反驳北方女性（指斯托夫人）看起来是善恶应得的报应。”
戏剧改编
1886年《斯特森的〈汤姆叔叔的小屋〉》海报舞台演出
尽管《汤姆叔叔的小屋》是19世纪最畅销的小说，但更多的美国人是通过舞台剧和音乐剧来了解到整个故事的，而不是通过原书。埃里克·洛特（Eric Lott）在他的《托米图德斯叔叔：种族话剧与作品模式》（Uncle Tomitudes: Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production）中估计，至少有三百万人曾观看过这类演出，其数目是小说发表头一年里发售量的十倍之多。
由于当时并不严格的著作权法律，基于《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的舞台作品在小说还在连载时便已经出现了。斯托夫人拒绝亲自将小说改编为戏剧，因为她对戏剧有着清教徒式的不信任（尽管她在后来去看过乔治·艾肯改编的版本，而据弗朗西斯·安德伍德（Francis Underwood）描述，她对卡罗琳·霍华德（Caroline Howard）饰演的托普西感到十分“欣喜”）。斯托夫人的这一拒绝，让舞台作品的领域得以被众多改编作品占据，部分改编作品的目的是为了实现（各种各样的）政治原因，但其馀的只不过是为了进行商业投机。
情节剧与黑脸杂秀是这些舞台作品的共有元素。这些作品的政见有着巨大的差异——有一部分如实地反映了斯托夫人伤感的反奴隶制度的政见，另一部分则比较中性，甚至还有一些维护奴隶制度政见的作品。许多作品都蓄意地对黑人进行了种族讽刺；还有不少作品采用了斯蒂芬·大众特创作的歌曲（其中有“我的肯塔基故乡”、“故乡的亲人”与“Massa's in the Cold Ground”）。最著名的一出舞台作品是由乔治·艾肯与H·J·康韦（H.J. Conway）合编的 。
在19世纪，《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的许多舞台改编作品“在好几年里……支配了北方的流行文化”，到了20世纪早期，有一部分剧作依然还在演出中。
电影改编
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》有着许多的电影版本。大部分的这些影片都摄制于默片时代（在当时，《汤姆叔叔的小屋》是被拍成电影次数最多的故事）。由于小说与舞台作品持续地受到欢迎，许多观众都已经十分熟悉剧情中的角色，因此他们在观看不带对话的默片时并不会感到十分困难。
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的第一个电影版本是最早的“全长”电影之一（在当时，“全长”意味着电影的长度大约在10到14分钟之间）。这部1903年的电影由埃德温·斯坦顿·波特导演，由白人演员扮装黑人主角，而黑人演员则只充当临时演员。这一版本与先前的许多舞台作品都十分类似；此外，这部电影还描绘出了许多黑人的刻板印象（譬如在几乎每个场合都由黑奴在跳舞，包括一场黑奴拍卖会上）。
1910年，美国维塔格拉夫制片厂制作了由J·斯图尔特·布莱克顿导演并由尤金·马林（Eugene Mullin）改编的三卷长电影。据《戏剧之镜》（The Dramatic Mirror）上的描述，这部电影是电影史上的“一次明显的革新”，也是“第一次一家美国公司”发布三盘胶卷的戏剧电影。在当时，一部一盘胶卷的“全长”影片长约15分钟。这部电影由弗洛伦斯·图尔纳、玛丽·富勒、埃德温·R·菲利普斯（Edwin R. Phillips）、弗洛拉·芬奇、热纳维耶芙·托宾与小卡莱尔·布莱克韦尔主演。
在其后20年里，至少有4部以上的电影改作问世。最后的一部默片版本发行于1927年，由哈里·A·波拉德（他曾在1913年版的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中饰演汤姆叔叔）导演。这部2小时长的电影花费了一年多的时间进行制作，也是默片时代预算花费第三多的电影（计180万美元）。在这部电影中，黑人演员查尔斯·悉尼·吉尔平本是原定的汤姆叔叔饰演者，但却由于他的“表演过于叛逆”而被制片厂取消了表演资格，并为詹姆斯·B·洛所取代。这部电影与小说的一个不同的情节是，当汤姆叔叔死后，他变成了一个复仇的幽灵，并最终导致了赛门·勒格里的死亡。当时的黑人电台曾盛赞这部电影，但惧怕引起南方与白人电影观众激烈反应的制片厂，最终剪掉了争议性的情景，包括影片开始时的黑奴拍卖会（其中，一位母亲被迫与自己的幼子生生分离）。这部电影的剧本由波拉德、哈维·F·休（Harvey F. Thew）与A·P·扬格改编，字幕由沃尔特·安东尼撰写；主要演员有：詹姆斯·B·洛、弗吉尼亚·格雷、乔治·西格曼、玛加丽塔·菲舍尔、莫娜·雷与苏泰文女士。
在默片时代结束后的几十年间，这部小说中的主题因被认为太过敏感而未被继续拍成电影。1946年，米高梅曾决定将这部小说再次搬上银幕，但却由于全国有色人种协进会领导的抗议而无疾而终。
1965年，出现了一部由格察·冯·劳德瓦尼（Géza von Radványi）导演的德语版本，后来被剥削电影导演克罗格·巴布引入了美国。迄今为止，最后的一个电影版本是1987年在电视上播映的版本。该版本由斯坦·莱森导演，约翰·盖伊（John Gay）改编，出演主要演员的角色有埃弗里·布鲁克斯、菲丽西亚·拉沙德、爱德华·伍德沃德、珍妮·刘易斯（Jenny Lewis）、塞缪尔·L·杰克逊与金尼（Endyia Kinney）。
除了真人电影对《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的改编外，还有许许多多的动画卡通的改编版本。这样的动画有：华特迪士尼的《米奇的情节剧》（1933年），其中迪士尼的经典角色被涂上了夸张的黑脸与橙红的嘴唇；兔八哥卡通《南方油炸兔》（1953年），其中兔八哥把自己装扮成了汤姆叔叔，并唱着“我的肯塔基故乡”企图越过梅森-狄克逊线；《汤姆叔叔的平房》（1937），一部由特克斯·埃弗里监制的华纳兄弟卡通；《冰上的伊丽莎》（Eliza on Ice，1944年），由保罗·特里制作的《太空飞鼠》卡通最早的几集之一；以及《汤姆叔叔的小屋》（Uncle Tom's Cabaña，1947年），由特克斯·埃弗里导演的一部8分钟长的卡通。
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》还曾对大量的电影产生过影响，包括1915年的电影《一个国家的诞生》。这部颇具争议性的电影故意地将一个类似于汤姆叔叔家的小屋引入到了剧情的高潮：在小屋中，南方白人与他们从前的敌人（北方军）联合了起来，去一同捍卫“雅利安人的天赋权利”。学者认为，对类似小屋的重用，会让当时的观众理解其涵义并同电影产生共鸣。
其他受《汤姆叔叔的小屋》影响的电影，还包括有：《涟漪》（Dimples，1936年秀兰·邓波儿主演的电影）、“汤姆叔叔的叔叔”（“Uncle Tom's Uncle”，系列电影《我们这一伙》在1926年的一集）、罗杰斯和哈默施泰因的音乐剧《国王与我》（其中有一场以传统暹罗风格表演的芭蕾舞“托马斯叔叔的小房子”，“Small House of Uncle Thomas”）以及《纽约黑帮》（其中，莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥与丹尼尔·戴-刘易斯饰演的角色加入了一场改编自《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的假想战争）。