Raising standards (feeding standard) Is based on a large number of breeding experiments and animal production practices, lessons learned, specific animals of various nutrients needed to make the provisions of the fixed, fixed, and this system of nutrition information collectively referred to as feeding standards. In short, the system _set_s a specific animal nutrition is keeping fixed standard, referred to as "standards." "Standard" is a traditional professional terminology, its meaning and accuracy of research conditions and technological progress by the degree constraints. The early "feeding standards" is basically a direct response to the animal in the actual intake of nutrients under the conditions of production the number of "standard" relatively narrow scope of application. Current feeding standards are more precise and systematic manner expressed by the specific animal experimental studies (different species, sex, age, weight, physical condition, production performance, different environmental conditions, etc.) of energy and nutrients of fixed values. Category: Based on animal nutrition and feed science research and progress, raising standards to the development of animal-based classification. Raising the standard types can be divided into two categories, one is issued by the state and raising the standard, known as the national standard; the other is a large breeding companies according to their breed improved varieties or strains of the characteristics developed in line with the species or strains of the nutritional needs of breeding standards, known as application-specific standard. Raising standards should be used flexibly depending on the circumstances. Raising the standard indicators: (A) or air intake to dry matter intake of dry matter said. Raising standards in the provision of feed intake is based on principles of animal nutrition and a lot of test results, the scientific requirements of the animal at different growth (Li) phase of the intake. (B) the existence of energy in feed digestion and utilization problems, so there is digestible energy (de), metabolizable energy (me), net energy (ne), said. General energy needs of poultry with me that the pig on the energy requirements, some countries use, de, with me, said some countries, such as the United States, Canada, China, with a, de, while the European multi-use me, there are The use of de. The energy needs of ruminants multi-ne said. (C) the general use of pig and chicken protein crude protein (cp) expressed protein needs. Digestible crude protein is generally used cattle (dcp) expressed protein needs. (D) raising the standard amino acids listed in the essential amino acids (eaa) of the requirements, the usefulness of expression per head per day (only) how much that useful to express the concentration of nutrients and other units. For monogastric animals, the actual amino acid nutrition protein nutrition with amino acids that animals can be used for protein requirements will also be the future direction of development. (E) fat-soluble vitamins generally use international units iu vitamin requirements, said the water-soluble vitamin requirements in mg / kg or μg / kg, said. (F) mineral constants are listed in the main minerals calcium, phosphorus, zinc, sodium and chloride requirements, with the percentage of expression; trace elements listed in iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium requirements. Ruminants also lists the requirements for cobalt, trace elements usually in mg / kg, said. Raising standards and developments: Raising standards is a nutritionist for scientific experiments and production practice of summary, the rational design of fodder for people to provide a technical basis. Raising the standard of nutrition indicators provide energy (metabolizable energy, digestible energy, net energy), protein (crude protein, digestible crude protein), protein energy ratio, crude fat, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus (phosphorus, total phosphorus ), amino acids, a variety of trace minerals and vitamins, these nutritional deficiencies and excess on indicators of animal performance will be adversely affected. 1, raising the standard use: Depending on the animal's physical characteristics and nutritional needs of different characteristics, reasonably determine the different nutrient requirements. Major attention: Energy levels with changes in environmental conditions to adjust. The energy needs of poultry affected by many factors, breed, sex, weeks of age, nutritional status, dietary and environmental factors and so affect the energy needs of poultry, chicken is generally weight than hens with high basal metabolism, the energy needs also higher than the layer, so diets should generally be in the oil to meet its energy needs, otherwise it will affect the broiler. Impact on the energy requirements of pigs factors: dietary factors, environmental factors, activity level, group size, when high levels of dietary protein or protein quality is poor, the energy requirements of pigs increased; the ambient temperature is too high or too low will increase the energy requirements of pigs. Young cattle less than the energy supply will lead to growth retardation and delayed puberty, and dairy energy supply, will result in decreased milk production, lack of serious long-term energy function can also cause reproductive decline. Pig and chicken rearing standards are listed in the requirements of essential amino acids, or often a percentage of diet per head per day (only) How many grams of that. To get the best production performance, the diet must provide sufficient quantities of essential amino acids. Ruminants because rumen microbes can be synthesized microbial protein, essential amino acids and therefore need not as important as the pig and chicken. Pig and chicken rearing standards listed 12 kinds of minerals, including calcium, phosphorus, sodium, ammonia, potassium, magnesium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc. Ruminants also need sulfur, cobalt and molybdenum. Excessive dietary calcium can interfere with phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, zinc and other elements of the absorption and utilization for non-laying hens, the calcium and non-phytate P (phosphorus), the ratio is about 2:1, more appropriate, but the capacity layers of high calcium requirements, the ratio of calcium and non-phytate should reach 12:1. Pig corn - soybean meal-based diets, calcium and phosphorus ratio of 1 to 1.5:1. Ruminant diets need vitamin a, d, e. Rumen microorganisms can synthesize vitamin k and b vitamins, so in addition to young ruminant animals, is generally not a lack of these vitamins. If the diet of ruminants a considerable number of high-quality forage, generally not a lack of vitamin a, d, e, as a high-quality forage in the vitamin precursors, β-carotene and vitamin e, vitamin hay d, if fed silage or lack of sunlight, you need to add fat-soluble vitamins. Pig and chicken in vivo synthesis of vitamin c, generally meet the needs of only the stress conditions under which vitamin c, vitamin a, d, e, k, b, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, choline, niacin, vitamin b6 , biotin, folic acid, vitamin b12 supplement should be carried out. 2, raising the standard of comparison: with nrc standard on the chickens, pigs, cattle-breeding standard classification phase, requirements and assessment of indicators of three aspects of the system comparison.
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百科 Daquan
siyang biaozhun Raising standards feeding standard Different uses for the raising of livestock and the recommended nutritional requirements. Is the basis for the preparation of feed, livestock production to improve efficiency and cost savings are important. National feeding standards are not consistent. China since 1983, it has already developed a pig, chickens, cows and beef cattle breeding standards, are widely used. A Brief History of livestock husbandry standards are fixed in the empirical and the subsequent development of fodder to feed livestock digestion and metabolism of chemical assessment and testing, etc., based on the gradual production, perfect. The first standard should be attributed to the German scholar A. Gentile in 1810 assisted in Aiyinhuofu made hay equivalent doctrine. He put all kinds of feed are converted into the equivalent ratio of 1 kg grass hay (such as 0.91 kg clover hay, or 2 kg potatoes, or 6.25 kg of fresh fodder beet is equal to a hay equivalent), which _set_ out the feeding of livestock equivalence scale. Since then, with the protein, fat and carbohydrate chemistry routine analysis, the text to Gloucester in 1859 on the above analysis is based on the chemical composition, first proposed raising the standard text ─ ─ Gloucestershire Standard. In 1864, the German Wolf also proposed the concept of digestible nutrients, which must be fed daily livestock weight of dry matter should contain digestible protein, digestible fat and digestible amount of sugar, known as the Wall Cardiff feeding standard. Revised by G. Lehmann 1894, renamed the Wolf - Lyman standards. Another German O. Körner feed is made to reflect the net energy value of starch equivalent system, according to digestible protein and starch equivalent of two indicators provides livestock needs, as Koerner standards. 1915 American Henry Wolf - Lyman standard was updated. Since then, his successor H. Morrison has once again been revised. To dry matter, digestible crude protein, total digestive nutrients and nutrition than the four main indicators for horses, cattle, sheep, pigs developed a day requirements. This in his name to raise the standard popular in the world for decades. Since the mid-20th century, due to the livestock of energy metabolism, protein and amino acid nutrition, vitamins and trace elements and other aspects of nutrition and intermediary metabolism of the growing wealth of knowledge, raising standards are maturing. Many countries now have a standard built on the animals on the basis of minimum nutritional requirements, in order to improve feed efficiency, feed costs and savings to play the maximum production potential of livestock purposes. Raising the standard formulation and application of standard-_set_ting first need to digest the test and balance test to obtain the feed digestion and utilization of data. Total digestible nutrients feed the energy of protein, fat and carbohydrate energy of 3 points and breeding. Can be obtained accordingly digestible energy (energy × total feed digestibility), metabolizable energy (digestible energy × metabolic rate) and products (metabolic energy × conversion rate). One protein due to special physiological function, it is raising standards in a separate entry, use of pigs and poultry has been essential amino acids that form proteins; ruminant livestock in the past has been used for crude protein, and protein degradation are beginning to switch to non- a new system of protein degradation. Due to different animal species (such as monogastric animals and ruminants) digestion completely different structure and physiological function, the same kind of livestock is also utterly different purposes (such as cows and served with beef, broilers and layers), so the nutritional needs of animals vary to calculate very complex. Feed standards often require the help of mathematical statistical processing, the use of factorial analysis of law determination. General nutritional requirements of livestock can be summarized as maintenance requirements and production requirements of two parts, with the determination of the following formula: Raising standards generally expressed in tabular form, the table _set_s out a variety of livestock nutrients required daily amount or a percentage of the ingredients. Keeping workers as a basis, with reference to the source of feed, the price, nutrient content and palatability, etc., _select_ mix, composed of the full price of feed. Calculation formula are many types of feed for the simple recipes and nutrition indicators available trial and error method, a square law. For many species, multiple indicators of feed formula shall be used linear programming to obtain the exact amount with the best formula. With computing, enables more accurate operation quickly. On the market of feed, generally based on raising standards, prepared by a feed plant. (Yang Sheng)