美国 人物列表
非马 William Marr爱伦·坡 Edgar Alan Poe爱默生 Ralph Waldo Emerson
惠特曼 Walt Whitman狄更生 Emily Dickinson斯蒂芬·克兰 Stephan Crane
史蒂文斯 Wallace Stevens弗罗斯特 Robert Frost卡尔·桑德堡 Carl Sandberg
威廉斯 William Carlos Williams庞德 Ezra Pound杜丽特尔 Hilda Doolittle
奥登 Wystan Hugh Auden卡明斯 E. E. Cummings哈特·克莱恩 Hart Crane
罗伯特·邓肯 Robert Duncan查尔斯·奥尔森 Charles Olson阿门斯 A. R. Ammons
金斯堡 Allen Ginsberg约翰·阿什伯利 John Ashbery詹姆斯·泰特 James Tate
兰斯敦·休斯 Langston Hughes默温 W. S. Merwin罗伯特·勃莱 Robert Bly
毕肖普 Elizabeth Bishop罗伯特·洛威尔 Robert Lowell普拉斯 Sylvia Plath
约翰·贝里曼 John Berryman安妮·塞克斯顿 Anne Sexton斯诺德格拉斯 W. D. Snodgrass
弗兰克·奥哈拉 Frank O'Hara布洛茨基 L.D. Brodsky艾米·洛威尔 Amy Lowell
埃德娜·圣文森特·米蕾 Edna St. Vincent Millay萨拉·梯斯苔尔 Sara Teasdale马斯特斯 Edgar Lee Masters
威廉·斯塔福德 William Stafford艾德里安娜·里奇 Adrienne Rich大卫·伊格内托 David Ignatow
金内尔 Galway Kinnell西德尼·拉尼尔 Sidney Lanier霍华德·奈莫洛夫 Howard Nemerov
玛丽·奥利弗 Mary Oliver阿奇波德·麦克里许 阿奇波德麦 Kerry Xu杰弗斯诗选 Robinson Jeffers
露易丝·格丽克 Louise Glück凯特·莱特 Kate Light施加彰 Arthur Sze
李立扬 Li Young Lee斯塔夫理阿诺斯 L. S. Stavrianos阿特 Art
费翔 Kris Phillips许慧欣 eVonne杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格 Jerome David Salinger
巴拉克·奥巴马 Barack Hussein Obama朱瑟琳·乔塞尔森 Josselson, R.詹姆斯·泰伯 詹姆斯泰伯
威廉·恩道尔 Frederick William Engdahl马克·佩恩 Mark - Payne拉吉-帕特尔 Raj - Patel
海伦·亨特·杰克逊 Helen Hunt Jackson
美国 美国重建和工业化  (1830年10月18日1885年8月12日)

现实百态 Realistic Fiction《蕾蒙娜》

阅读海伦·亨特·杰克逊 Helen Hunt Jackson在小说之家的作品!!!
  海伦·亨特·杰克逊(Helen Hunt Jackson,1830—1885)是位多产的女作家,主要以同情印第安人、维护印第安人利益的作品为人们喜爱。1881年她发表《世纪的耻辱》一文,揭露美国政府虐待印第安人,引起较大反响,后被委任为美国政府特派员,专门调查加利福尼亚印第安人的生活状况,为她创作《蕾蒙娜》一书积累了丰富的素材。这是第一部正面描写印第安人的作品,作者怀着对印第安人的极大同情,塑造了具有印第安人血统的混血儿蕾蒙娜和勤劳勇敢、英俊豪放的印第安剪毛手亚历山德罗的形象。由于故事真实可信,情节生动曲折,引人入胜,催人泪下,所以一出版即引起轰动,作者也因此成名。本书自1884年问世以来,已重印一百多次,三次搬上银幕,舞台上也久演不衰,成为美国文学中的“经典作品”,“最具魅力的现代小说”。
  杰克逊才思敏捷,文笔流畅,作品还有长篇小说《黔西·菲尔伯利克的选择》,《海蒂的奇怪历史》,诗歌《十四行诗和抒情诗》,以及一些游记和儿童读物。


  Helen Maria Hunt Jackson (October 18, 1830 – August 12, 1885) was an American writer who became an activist to improve United States government treatment of Native Americans. She wrote newspaper articles and directly to government officials. In 1882, she published A Century of Dishonor, about the adverse effects of government actions, and sent a copy to each member of the US Congress.
  She gained the widest public with her novel Ramona, dramatizing the ill treatment by the United States (US) government of Native Americans in Southern California. It was generally received more as a romance than political novel. In addition to remaining in print, it was adapted for a play and three films, released from 1925 to 1936.
  
  Biography
  
  Helen Fiske was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, daughter of Nathan Welby Fiske and Deborah Waterman Vinal. She had two brothers, both of whom died after birth, and a sister named Anne. Her father was a minister, author, and professor of Latin, Greek, and philosophy at Amherst College.
  Fiske was orphaned at a relatively young age. Her mother died in 1844 when she was fourteen, and her father died three years later in 1847, when she was seventeen. Her father had provided for Helen to be cared for by an aunt. Before he died, he had ensured her education. Helen Fiske attended Ipswich Female Seminary and the Abbott Institute, a boarding school run by Reverend J.S.C. Abbott in New York City. She was a classmate of the poet Emily Dickinson, also from Amherst. The two corresponded for the rest of their lives, but few of their letters have survived.
  [edit]Marriage and family
  
  In 1852 at age 22, Helen Fiske married United States Army Captain Edward Bissell Hunt. They had two sons. Murray Hunt died as an infant in 1854 of a brain disease. Shortly after in 1863, her husband died in a military accident. Her second son, Rennie Hunt, died of diphtheria in 1865. At only age 35, Helen was a widow and childless. In 1875, she remarried to William Sharpless Jackson, a wealthy banker and railroad executive. They had met while visiting at Colorado Springs, Colorado, at the resort of Seven Falls.
  [edit]Career
  
  Jackson began writing after suffering the deaths of her family members. She published her first work anonymously.
  She also traveled a great deal. In the winter of 1873-1874 she was in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in search of a cure for tuberculosis. Over the next two years, she published three novels in the anonymous No Name Series, including Mercy Philbrick's Choice and Hetty's Strange History.
  Jackson was moved by the issues of Native Americans, as she learned about government defaulting on treaties, the Indian Wars, and removal of Indians to reservations. She wrote the book, A Century of Dishonor (1882), about US government treatment of Native Americans.
  Becoming involved as an activist, Jackson wrote numerous articles for newspapers and magazines. She was appointed an agent of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to collect information and make recommendations to improve the lives of Mission Indians in Southern California, who had been mostly dispossessed of former lands. After sending her 56-page report to the Bureau, she was pleased to learn of legislation incorporating many of her recommendations. It passed the Senate but died in the House.
  Determined to capture people's hearts to force change, she wrote the novel, Ramona (1884), dramatizing the ill treatment of Indians in Southern California. It gained quick and broad success after its publication, but people responded to it mostly as a romance novel.
  Jackson died of stomach cancer in 1885.
  Scholars refer to her as Helen Hunt Jackson. She did not use that name, but went by her married names: Helen Hunt and Helen Jackson.
  [edit]Helen Jackson and US government policy on American Indians
  
  In 1879 her interests turned to the Native Americans after hearing a lecture in Boston by Ponca Chief Standing Bear. He described the forcible removal of the Ponca from their Nebraska reservation. Upset by learning about the mistreatment of Native Americans by government agents, Jackson became an activist. She started investigating and publicizing government misconduct, circulating petitions, raising money, and writing letters to The New York Times on behalf of the Ponca.
  A fiery and prolific writer, Jackson engaged in heated exchanges with federal officials over the injustices committed against Indians. Among her special targets was U.S. Secretary of Interior Carl Schurz, whom she once called "an adroit liar." She exposed the government's violation of Indian treaties. She documented the corruption of Indian agents, military officers, and settlers, who encroached on and stole Indian lands.
  She won the support of several newspaper editors who published her reports. Among her correspondents were editor Willliam Hayes Ward of the New York Independent, Richard Watson Guilder of the Century Magazine, and publisher Whitelaw Reid of the New York Daily Tribune.
  Jackson also wrote a book summarizing and condemning state and federal Indian policy, as well as the history of broken treaties. Because she was in poor health, she wrote with haste. A Century of Dishonor, calling for significant reform to government policy towards Native Americans, was published in 1882. Jackson sent a copy to every member of Congress with an admonishment printed in red on the cover, "Look upon your hands: they are stained with the blood of your relations." To her disappointment, the book had little impact on government policies and actions.
  
  
  Helen Hunt Jackson, before 1885
  Jackson went to southern California for respite. Having been interested in the area's missions and the Mission Indians on an earlier visit, she began an in-depth study. While in Los Angeles, she met Don Antonio Coronel. The former mayor of the city, he had also served as State Treasurer. A well-known authority on early Californio life in the area, he had served as the former inspector of missions for the Mexican government.
  Coronel told her about the plight of the Mission Indians after 1833. They were buffeted by secularization policies of the Mexican government, as well as later US policies, both of which led to their dispersal from mission lands. Under its original land grants, the Mexican government provided for resident Indians to be allowed to continue to occupy lands. After taking control of the territory, the US generally disregarded such occupancy claims. In 1852, there were an estimated 15,000 Mission Indians in Southern California. By the time of Jackson's visit, they numbered fewer than 4,000 people.[citation needed]
  Coronel's account inspired Jackson to action. She was noted by the U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Hiram Price, who recommended she be appointed an Interior Department agent. Jackson's assignment was to visit the Mission Indians, ascertain the location and condition of various bands, and determine what lands, if any, should be purchased for their use. With the help of Indian agent Abbot Kinney, Jackson traveled around Southern California and documented conditions. At one point, she hired a law firm to protect the rights of a family of Saboba Indians facing dispossession from their land at the foot of the San Jacinto Mountains.
  In 1883, Jackson completed her 56-page report. In it, she recommended extensive government relief for the Mission Indians, a program including the purchase of new lands for reservations and the establishment of more Indian schools. A bill embodying her recommendations passed the U.S. Senate but died in the House of Representatives.
  Jackson refused to be discouraged by the Congressional rejection. She decided to write a novel to depict the Indian experience "in a way to move people's hearts."[citation needed] She was inspired by Uncle Tom's Cabin, written years earlier by her friend Harriet Beecher Stowe. "If I can do one-hundredth part for the Indian that Mrs. Stowe did for the Negro, I will be thankful," she told a friend.
  Although Jackson started an outline in California, she began writing the novel in December 1883 in her New York hotel room, and completed it in about three months. Originally titled In The Name of the Law, she renamed it Ramona (1884). It featured a part-Indian orphan raised in Spanish Californio society and her Indian husband, Alessandro, based on some of the people she knew and incidents she had encountered. The book achieved rapid success among a wide public.
  Encouraged by the popularity of her book, Jackson planned to write a children's story about Indian issues. But, less than a year after the publication of Ramona, she died of cancer in San Francisco, California.
  Her last letter was written to President Grover Cleveland; she urged him to read her earlier work A Century of Dishonor. Speaking to a friend, Jackson said, "My Century of Dishonor and Ramona are the only things I have done of which I am glad. They will live and bear fruit."
  Biographer Valerie Sherer Mathes writes:
  "Ramona may not have been another Uncle Tom's Cabin, but it served, along with Jackson's writings on the Mission Indians of California, as a catalyst for other reformers .... Helen Hunt Jackson cared deeply for the Indians of California. She cared enough to undermine her health while devoting the last few years of her life to bettering their lives. Her enduring writings, therefore, provided a legacy to other reformers, who cherished her work enough to carry on her struggle and at least try to improve the lives of America's first inhabitants."
  Jackson's A Century of Dishonor is still in print, as is a collection of her poetry.
  [edit]In popular culture
  
  The public has responded to the novel more as a romantic love story than as a tract of political reform. Having had many editions, Ramona is still in print. The novel of Ramona was adapted as a play and for three films. Each year, the city of Hemet, California stages The Ramona Pageant, an outdoor play based on Jackson's novel.
  The films featured Mary Pickford in Rosita (1923), Dolores del Río in Ramona (1928), and Loretta Young in Ramona) (1936). Young was partnered by Don Ameche.
  [edit]Memorial
  
  Her grave is in Evergreen Cemetery, Colorado Springs, Colorado
  The Helen Hunt Jackson Branch is a Mission/Spanish Revival style building built in 1925 as a branch of the Los Angeles Public Library; it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
  The largest collection of the papers of Helen Hunt Jackson is held at Colorado College.
  A high school in Hemet, California, and an elementary school in Temecula were named after her.
  Helen Hunt Falls, located below Seven Falls, was named in her memory.
    

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