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杜洛杜斯 杜洛 dos维庸 Francois Villon杜·贝莱 Joachim du Bellay
高乃依 Pierre Corneille维克多·雨果 Victor Hugo夏尔·波德莱尔 Charles Baudelaire
斯特芳·马拉美 Stephane Mallarme魏尔伦 Paul-Marie Veriaine洛特雷阿蒙 Comte de Lautréamont
兰波 Arthur Rimbaud古尔蒙 Remy de Gourmont保尔-让·图莱 Paul-Jean Toulet
弗朗西斯·雅姆 Francis Jammes法尔格 Léon-Paul Fargue克洛岱尔 Paul Claudel
保尔·瓦雷里 Paul Valery夏尔·佩吉 Charles Peguy苏佩维埃尔 Jules Supervielle
布洛东 André Breton艾吕雅 Paul Eluard阿波里奈尔 Guillaume Apollinaire
雅克·普莱维尔 Jacques Prévert阿拉贡 Louis Aragon保尔·福尔 Paul Fort
亨利·米修 Henri Michaux埃雷迪亚 José Maria de Heredia阿尔托 Antonin Artaud
勒韦迪 Pierre Reverdy拜斯 Saint-John Perse普吕多姆 Sully Prudhomme
勒内·夏尔 René Char伊凡·哥尔 Yvan Goll博斯凯 Alain Bosquet
博纳富瓦 Yves Bonnefoy勒内·格鲁塞 Rene Grousset阿兰·佩雷菲特 Alain Peyrefitte
米歇尔·大卫-威尔 Michelle David - Will白晋 Joachim Bouvet卡特琳娜·耐 Katrina resistant
若泽·弗雷什 José Frèches米歇尔-施奈德 Michelle - Schneider尼古拉·萨科齐 Nicolas Sarkozy
阿娜伊斯·宁 Anaïs Nin让·多米尼克·鲍比 Jean-Dominique Bauby米歇尔-安托瓦纳·布尼耶 Michel-Antoine Burnier
米歇尔·孔达 Michel Contat埃莱娜·格里莫 Hélène Grimaud塔丽塔·特里帕亚 Tarita Teriipaia
让·菲利普 To Philip尼玛·扎玛尔 尼玛扎玛尔克洛维一世 Clovis I
克洛泰尔一世 Clothaire Ier希尔德里克三世 Childeric III丕平 Pepin III
查理大帝 Charlemagne路易一世 Louis the Pious查理二世 Charles II (le Chauve)
路易二世 Louis II路易三世 Louis III卡洛曼二世 Carloman II
埃米勒·弗朗索瓦·卢贝 Émile François Loubet
法国 法兰西第三共和国  (1838年12月31日1929年12月20日)
开端终结
在位1899年1906年

  左派共和主义者 1899年2月18日 1906年2月18日


  Émile François Loubet (31 December 1838 - 20 December 1929) was a French politician and the 8th President of France.
  
  Early life
  
  He was born the son of a peasant proprietor and mayor of Marsanne (Drôme). Admitted to the Parisian bar in 1862, he took his doctorate in law the next year. He was still a student when he witnessed the sweeping triumph of the Republican party in Paris at the general election in 1863, during the Second French Empire. He settled down to the exercise of his profession in Montélimar, where in 1869 he married Marie Louis Picard. He also inherited a small estate at Grignan.
  Political career
  
  At the crisis of 1870, which brought about the Empire's end, he became mayor of Montélimar, and thenceforward was a steady supporter of Léon Gambetta. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 by Montélimar, he was one of the famous 363 who on 16 May 1877 (Seize Mai) passed the vote of no confidence in the ministry of the duc de Broglie.
  
  In the general election of October he was re-elected, local enthusiasm for him being increased by the fact that the government had driven him from the mayoralty. In the Chamber he occupied himself especially with education, fighting the clerical system established by the Loi Falloux, and working for the establishment of free, obligatory and secular primary instruction. In 1880 he became president of the departmental council in Drôme. His support of the second Jules Ferry ministry and his zeal for the colonial expansion of France gave him considerable weight in the moderate Republican party.
  
  He had entered the Senate in 1885, and he became minister of public works in the Tirard ministry (December 1887 to March 1888). In 1892 President Sadi Carnot, who was his personal friend, asked him to form a cabinet. Loubet held the portfolio of the interior with the premiership, and had to deal with the anarchist crimes of that year and with the great strike of Carmaux, in which he acted as arbitrator, giving a decision regarded in many quarters as too favourable to the strikers. He was defeated in November on the question of the Panama scandals, but he retained the ministry of the interior in the next cabinet under Alexandre Ribot, though he resigned on its reconstruction in January.
  President of the French Republic (1899-1906)
  
  His reputation as an orator of great force and lucidity of exposition and as a safe and honest statesman procured for him in 1896 the presidency of the Senate, and in February 1899 he was chosen president of the republic in succession to Félix Faure by 483 votes as against 279 recorded by Jules Méline, his only serious competitor.
  
  He was marked out for fierce opposition and bitter insult, as the representative of that section of the Republican party which sought the revision of the Dreyfus affair. On the day of President Faure's funeral Paul Déroulède met the troops under General Roget on their return to barracks, and demanded that the general should march on the Elysée. Roget sensibly took his troops back to barracks. At the Auteuil steeplechase in June, the president was struck on the head with a cane by an anti-Dreyfusard. In that month President Loubet summoned Waldeck-Rousseau to form a cabinet, and at the same time entreated Republicans of all shades of opinion to rally to the defence of the state. By the efforts of Loubet and Waldeck-Rousseau the Dreyfus affair was settled, when Loubet, acting on the advice of General Galliffet, minister of war, remitted the ten years' imprisonment to which Dreyfus was condemned at Rennes.
  
  Loubet's presidency saw an acute stage of the clerical question, which was attacked by Waldeck-Rousseau and in still more drastic fashion by the Combes ministry. The French ambassador was recalled from the Vatican in April, 1905, and in July the separation of church and state was voted in the Chamber of Deputies. Feeling had run high between France and Britain over the mutual criticisms passed on the conduct of the South African War and the Dreyfus affair respectively. These differences were composed, by the Anglo-French entente, and in 1904 a convention between the two countries secured the recognition of French claims in Morocco in exchange for non-interference with the British occupation of Egypt. President Loubet belonged to the peasant-proprietor class, and had none of the aristocratic proclivities of President Faure. He inaugurated the Paris Exhibition of 1900, received the Tsar Nicholas II of Russia in September 1901 and paid a visit to Russia in 1902. He also exchanged visits with King Edward VII, with the king of Portugal, the king of Italy and the king of Spain. During the king of Spain's visit in 1905, an attempt was made on his life, a bomb being thrown under his carriage as he was proceeding with his guest from the Opéra Garnier to the Palais d'Orsay. When his presidency came to an end in January 1906, he became the first President of the Third Republic to have served a full term. He retired into private life and died nearly 24 years later. In 1904 he was appointed a Knight of the Norwegian lion by King Oscar II of Norway.
  Loubet’s Ministry, 27 February – 6 December 1892
  
   * Émile Loubet – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior
   * Alexandre Ribot – Minister of Foreign Affairs
   * Charles de Freycinet – Minister of War
   * Maurice Rouvier – Minister of Finance
   * Louis Ricard – Minister of Justice and Worship
   * Jules Roche – Minister of Commerce, Industry, and the Colonies
   * Godefroy Cavaignac – Minister of Marine
   * Léon Bourgeois – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
   * Jules Develle – Minister of Agriculture
   * Yves Guyot – Minister of Public Works
  
  Changes
   * 8 March 1892 – Godefroy Cavaignac succeeds Roche as Minister for the Colonies. Roche remains Minister of Commerce and Industry.
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(1899年1906年)
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