| zì： | wèi tíng | ||||||
| wǎngbǐhào： | róng 'ān | ||||||
| jíguàn： | hé nán xiàng chéng | ||||||
| |||||||
zì wèi tíng（ yòu zuò wèi tíng）， hào róng 'ān， hàn zú， hé nán xiàng chéng rén， shì zhōng guó jìn dài shǐ shàng zhù míng de fǎn miàn zhèng zhì rén wù。
céng shì běi yáng jūn fá de lǐng dǎo rén， zài xīn hài gé mìng hòu，
tā céng dān rèn guò qīng dì guó de jūn jī dà chén、 zhù cháo xiān de dài lǐ zǒng dū。
1859 nián 9 yuè 16 rì，
shū zǔ yuán jiá sān yǐ dū bàn 'ān huī tuán liàn zhèn yā niǎn jūn qǐ jiā， lěi guān zhì cáo yùn zǒng dū。 fù yuán bǎo zhōng xì dì fāng háo shēn。
shū fù yuán bǎo qìng céng zài jiá sān jūn zhōng dài bīng， guān zhì jiāng nán yán xún dào，
1876 nián（ guāng xù 'èr nián） hé 1879 nián，
yuán jiā zài qīng dào guāng nián jiān kāi shǐ xīng shèng，
zǒng dū cháo xiān zhǎn lòutóu jiǎo
1882 nián cháo xiān fā shēng rén wǔ jūn luàn， cháo xiān gāo zōng lǐ xī zhī fù xīng xuān dà yuàn jūn lǐ shì yìng lì yòng jūn duì huá biàn， chéng gōng duó quán； cháo xiān“ shì dà dǎng” yǔ dà yuàn jūn yòu xì， qǐng qiú qīng tíng chū bīng píng luàn，
1884 nián jīn yù jūn děng“ kāi huà dǎng” rén shì fā dòng jiá shēn zhèng biàn shì tú tuī fān wéi“ shì dà dǎng” jí mǐn fēi suǒ bǎ chí de zhèng quán， zhù zhāorì jūn yì chèn jī xíng dòng yù xié zhì wáng shì； guó wáng lǐ xī bēn fù qīng yíng qiú zhù，
1894 nián jiá wǔ zhàn zhēng bào fā， qīng jūn hǎi lù jiē bài，
1882 nián 8 yuè， cháo xiān fā shēng“ rén wǔ bīng biàn”。 dāng shí cháo xiān hé zhōng guó yòu zōng fān guān xì， wú cháng qìng shòu mìng qián wǎng zhèn yā。
chuàng lì xīn jūn píng bù qīng yún
1898 nián wù xū zhèng biàn qián， dì dǎng rén wù céng jì wàng yú yuán de xīn jūn， tán sì tóng jí céng miàn quàn
1899 nián dōng， yīn yì hé tuán zài shān dōng de pái wài xíng wéi yǐn qǐ gè guó bù mǎn， qīng tíng bèi pò chè huàn zòng róng quán mín de shān dōng xún fǔ yù xián， dài zhī yǐ
1895 nián 12 yuè，
《 xīn chǒu tiáo yuē》 qiān dìng hòu， qīng zhèng fǔ pò yú nèi wài xíng shì， shī xíng xīn zhèng。
yǎng jīng xù ruì dōng shān zài qǐ 1901 nián lǐ hóng zhāng qù shì hòu，
1908 nián guāng xù huáng dì jí cí xǐ tài hòu xiāng jì qù shì， pǔ yí jì wèi， chún qīn wáng zài fēng shè zhèng。 zài fēng yīn wéi fǎn duì
1911 nián 10 yuè 10 rì wǔ chāng qǐ yì， 1911 nián 11 yuè 1 rì qīng tíng xuān bù jiě sàn huáng zú nèi gé， rèn mìng
běi yáng jí tuán shì lì de kuò zhāng， duì zhǎng wò zhōng yāng zhèng bǐng de mǎn zú qīn guì jí tuán de shì xí dì wèi gòu chéng yán zhòng wēi xié， shuāng fāng quán lì zhī zhēng rì qū jī huà。 huáng shì qīn guì shān dòng yī xiē yù shǐ shàng shū lǚ tánhé
fù jiā：
guāng xù huáng dì sǐ yīn zhī mí：
2003 nián kāi shǐ， qīng xī líng wén wù guǎn lǐ chù yǔ zhōng yāng diàn shì tái biān dǎo zhōng lǐ mǎn cháng shì jiè yóu xiàn dài fǎ yī shǒu fǎ， yóu guāng xù suǒ yí liú máo fā yǔ yí hái zhōng jiǎn yàn chū gāo liàng shēn chéng fèn， xiǎn shì shēng qián yòu bèi pī shuāng dú hài de kě néng xìng。 huā liǎo 5 nián shí jiān， fǎn fù yàn zhèng guāng xù shī tǐ shàng de tóu fā、 yī wù， 2008 nián 11 yuè 1 rì， běi jīng shì gōng 'ān jú fǎ yī jiǎn yàn jiàn dìng zhōng xīn、 zhōng guó yuán zǐ néng kē xué yán jiū yuàn、 qīng xī líng wén wù guǎn lǐ chù yǔ zhōng yāng diàn shì tái lián hé zhào kāi jì zhě huì， fā biǎo“ qīng guāng xù huáng dì sǐ yīn yán jiū bào gào”， què dìng guāng xù shì yīn wéi pī shuāng zhòngdú 'ér wáng。
guān yú shì hé rén wéi dú sǐ guāng xù dì de yuán xiōng， yòu guān zhuān jiā fēn chéng liǎo liǎng pài yì jiàn： yī shuō shì cí xǐ tài hòu， èr shuō shì
zhī chí
cí xǐ yǔ guāng xù shì zhèng zhì de zhēng dǒu， zuò wéi yī gè zhèng zhì jiā， tā hěn qīng chǔ tā sǐ hòu bù kě néng jì xù cháo zhe tā suǒ jì dìng de cè lüè zǒu xià qù， ér qiě tā yě huì míng bái wéi xīn biàn fǎ shèn zhì shè huì gǎi liáng shì lì shǐ bì rán， zài tā lín sǐ de jǐ nián zhōng shí jì shàng zuò liǎo xǔ duō， kāi yì huì shè nèi gé， gǎi gé lì dù yuǎn dà yú guāng xù de wéi xīn biàn fǎ， tā de duó quán gèng shì yī zhǒng zhèng zhì yě xīn hé bǎo hù jì dé lì yì de xū yào， suǒ yǐ， tā méi bì yào jiā hài yú guāng xù。 jiù suàn shì tā sǐ liǎo， guāng xù chóngxīn zhǎng quán， tā yě zhào yàng pèi xiǎng zōng miào， dòng bù liǎo tā de quán wēi， zhè shì bì rán de。 zài yī gè céng miàn lái shuō， cí xǐ yǔ guāng xù bì jìng hái yòu yī céng xuè yuán guān xì， shì tā mèi mèi de 'ér zǐ， yě shì tā de yǎng zǐ， cí xǐ zài yīn dú， yě dú bù dào zhè gè fèn shàng。
ér pǔ yí de huí yì lù《 wǒ de qián bàn shēn》 zhōng yě yòu lèi sì jìzǎi， shuō cí xǐ tài hòu lín zhōng qián yī tiān， běn lái“ shàng wǔ hái hǎohǎo de guāng xù huáng dì， chī liǎo yī jì yào biàn tū rán huài liǎo shì， hòu lái cái zhī dào， nà yī jì yào shì
ruǎn yìng jiān shī jiù rèn zǒng tǒng
1911 nián 10 yuè 10 rì wǔ chāng qǐ yì， xīn hài gé mìng bào fā， nán fāng gè shěng fēn fēn xuān bù dú lì。 běi yáng xīn jūn chéng wéi qīng shì wéi yī kě yǐ dǐ kàng gé mìng de lì liàng， yú shì zài yòng
2 yuè 15 rì， nán jīng cān yì yuàn zhèng shì xuǎn jǔ
1913 nián 2 yuè， yǐ jù lín shí yuē fǎ， jǔ xíng liǎo zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng dì yī cì guó huì xuǎn jǔ。 guó mín dǎng suǒ dé yì xí zuì duō， àn yuē fǎ jīng shén yìng yóu gāi dǎng lǐ shì cháng sòng jiào rén chū rèn nèi gé zǒng lǐ。 3 yuè 20 rì， sòng jiào rén què zài shàng hǎi yù cì shēn wáng， quán guó dà huá。 gé mìng yuán xūn sūn wén、 huáng xīng děng jūn zhǐ yuán shì shòu yì 'àn shā，
10 yuè 6 rì， guó huì zài jūn jǐng yā lì xià， xuǎn jǔ
hóng xiàn chēng dì mèng duàn zǐ jìn
1915 nián 12 yuè
yuán shì de dēng jī chēng dì zhī jǔ， shòu dào dāng shí dà bù fèn guó rén de fǎn duì， bāo kuò yuán shì xīn fù jiànglǐng féng guó zhāng、 duàn qí ruì děng， duàn qí ruì zhì diàn
cài 'è mì mì táo chū běi jīng， lián tóng yún nán de jūn rén zài yún nán zǔ zhì hù guó jūn， yú 1915 nián 12 yuè 25 rì qǐ bīng tǎo yuán。 jiē zhe， gè shěng jiē lián xuān bù dú lì， suí zhe dì zhì zāo dào guǎng fàn fǎn duì 'ér shī bài， yuán shì jìn shī rén xīn， zhǐ dé yú 1916 nián 3 yuè 22 rì xuān bù qǔ xiāo dì zhì dì hào， chēng dì jǐn 83 tiān。 qǔ xiāo dì zhì dì hào zhī yú， yuán shì xiàn rù zhòng pàn qīn lí de kùn jìng， yù xù rèn dà zǒng tǒng yì bù kě dé， zài xīn lǐ de zhòng dà dǎ jī jí jiā zú yí chuán xìng táng niào bìng jiāo jiān zhī xià， yú 6 yuè 6 rì bìng sǐ。
lì shǐ píng jià
yǐn zì《 qīng cháo zǎi xiāng chuán》
guān yú tā de lì shǐ， zhōng wài yǐ yòu bù shǎo lùn zhù。 zhè xiē yán jiū chéng guǒ， shì běn shū jìn yī bù tàn tǎo de jī chǔ。 běn shū zài xiě zuò guò chéng zhōng， cān yuè liǎo yòu guān
1911 nián xīn hài gé mìng bào fā， qīng wáng cháo xiàn yú bēng kuì de jué jìng。 lì shǐ fā zhǎn zào chéng liǎo yī zhǒng xīn de jú shì hé tiáo jiàn， shǐ dé yǐ jīng shī shì sān nián de
mín zhù pài duì
zhōng wài lì shǐ shàng céng jīng chū xiàn guò bù shǎo wàng xiǎng niǔ zhuǎn lì shǐ chē lún qián jìn de chǒujué， zhè lèi chǒujué méi yòu yī gè bù shì yǐ shēn bài míng liè 'ér gào zhōng。
duì yú
rán 'ér yuán shì dāng guó shí qī， wéi gǒng gù gè rén dú cái quán lì， bù shǒu yuē fǎ、 jiě sàn guó mín dǎng， shǐ gāng dàn shēng de zhōng huá mín guó shī qù zài zhì dù xià jiàn kāng fā zhǎn de jī huì。 yòu rén zhǐ tā shì 'àn shā guó mín dǎng lǐ shì cháng sòng jiào rén de yuán xiōng， dàn shí jì yuán xiōng kě néng shì qí tā rén； ér wú lùn yuán běn rén shì fǒu céng shòu yì shā sòng， cǐ shì chéng wéi dǎng rén fā dòng 'èr cì gé mìng tǎo yuán de yǐn bào diǎn， jiēguǒ zào chéng liǎo zhōng guó de nán běi fēn liè。
1915 nián
sì hòu yuán shì wéi bèi mín guó gōng yì， chēng dì dēng jī， zāo dào quán guó fǎn duì， zhì cǐ yuán shì zhī wēi wàng chè dǐ pò chǎn。 chēng dì zhī jǔ kān chēng yuán shì zhèng zhì shēng yá zhōng suǒ fàn zhī zuì dà cuò wù。
yòu rén rèn wéi， yuán shì shì yī gè tóu jī fènzǐ。 zài guāng xù dì wěi yǐ dà rèn shí， tā què tóu kào cí xǐ tài hòu yī dǎng。 dào xuān tǒng jì wèi hòu， bèi shè zhèng wáng qiǎngpò tuì xiū de tā， zài xīn hài gé mìng bào fā hòu qiǎngpò shè zhèng wáng tuì wèi， zhǎng wò qīng tíng dà quán， běn yìng píng dìng gé mìng de tā， fǎn guò lái wéi zì jǐ de lì yì， zhī chí gé mìng pò shǐ qīng dì tuì wèi 'ér dé rèn mín guó zǒng tǒng。 zhè quán shì xuǎn yòu lì yì de yī fāng tóu kào de xíng wéi。
guān yú
wéi rì běn qù yī dà dí；
kàn zhōng guó zài zào gòng hé。
yáng dù wǎn
gòng hé wù mín guó， mín guó yì wù gòng hé， bǎi shì 'ér hòu zài píng cǐ yù
jūn xiàn fù míng gōng， míng gōng shí fù jūn xiàn， jiǔ quán zhī xià sān fù sī yán
lí yuán hóng wǎn
huá xià rì chóngguāng， huí sī dì zào jiān nán， yì zhào shēng líng yìng gǎn qì
xūn míng tiān bù xiǔ， tài xī shòu zhōng wēi jí， wàn jǐ bò huà shī shī zī
féng guó zhāng wǎn
wéi tiān xià tòng， gèng kū qí sī， yī zhù cún wáng guān qì yùn
rú sì shí xíng， chéng gōng zhě tuì， qiān qiū huá xià yǎng wēi líng
luò bǎo shàn kǒu zhōng de
（ xià wén gēn jù： luò bǎo shàn 2006 nián 8 yuè 19 rì zài fèng huáng wèi shì zuò de yī qī jié mù《 < shì jì dà jiǎng táng >： mín guó rén wù xì liè zhī
（ 1） qīng mò xīn zhèng zhōng de
wǎn qīng shí nián de xīn zhèng shì dāng shí zhōng guó dāng zhèng de zhù liú shì lì zài zhōng guó quán miàn yí zhí xī fāng de shēng chǎn fāng shì、 zhèng zhì zhì dù de yī gè nǔ lì。 zài xīn zhèng dāng zhōng，
tā zài zhí lì zǒng dū rèn shàng， quán miàn dì dà dāo kuò fǔ dì zài hé běi shěng zhè lǐ jìn xíng liǎo zī běn zhù yì de gǎi gé。
zài jīng jì lǐng yù lǐ biān， tā zài hé běi zhè lǐ jìn xíng liǎo quán miàn de chàng dǎo， tuī dòng shí yè de fā zhǎn， jiù shì jiàn shè gōng yè， fā zhǎn gōng yè。 bǐ rú shuō dāng shí de luán zhōu méi kuàng， jiù shì hòu lái de kāi luán méi kuàng de yī bù fēn liǎo， xiàng táng shān de shuǐ ní chǎng， qǐ xīn yáng huī gōng sī， dōushì zhè shí hòu tā zhù dǎo jiàn lì qǐ lái de。 tā hái gǔ lì mín jiān， mín yíng de zī běn dà liàng fā zhǎn gōng yè， gèng kě guì de shì， tā zài zhí lì quán shěng gè zhōu xiàn tuī xíng zhè zhǒng shí yè de jiàn shè。 tā cháng yán， guān kě yǐ bù zuò， shí yè bù néng bù fā zhǎn。 yī zhí dào tā bà liǎo guān， huí lǎo jiā， tā hái duō cì biǎo shì， bà guān bù suàn shénme， dàn shì shí yè jiù guó shì wǒ niàn niàn bù wàng de yī jiàn shì qíng。 zài jūn shì fāng miàn， dà jiādōu zhī dào de， tā biān liàn de běi yáng xīn jūn， nà jiù shì dāng shí zhōng guó zuì jìn dài huà de jūn duì。 zài zhèng zhì zhì dù fāng miàn， tā shǒu xiān zài tiān jīn zhè lǐ jìn xíng liǎo fǎ zhì fāng miàn de gǎi gé， yí zāi xī fāng de sī fǎ zhì dù。 zài tiān jīn shǒu xiān shí xíng yì huì zhì dù， rán hòu zài zhè qǔ dé jīng yàn， xiàng quán shěng tuī guǎng， zuò wéi shí xíng lì xiàn， shí xíng xiàn zhèng de jī chǔ cuò shī。 tā zài quán guó jī jí chàng dǎo shí xíng jūn zhù lì xiàn， tā cháng yán， guān kě yǐ bù zuò， xiàn fǎ bù néng bù lì， nà jiù shuō， wǒ men de jūn zhù lì xiàn shì jué duì yào shí xíng de。 zài wén huà lǐng yù，
tā hái lián hé liǎo qí tā de dì fāng dū fǔ， bǐ rú xiàng hú guǎng zǒng dū zhāng zhī dòng， hú nán xún fǔ duān fāng， yī qǐ lián hé shàng zòu zhé， yào qiú qīng cháo zhèng fǔ fèi chú kē jǔ， jié shù bā gǔ kǎo shì， dào liǎo 1905 nián， qīng cháo zhèng fǔ zuì zhōng jiē shòu liǎo tā men de jiàn yì， fèi chú liǎo kē jǔ， jiù shì bù zài bā gǔ qǔ shì liǎo。 yī qiān duō nián de kē jǔ kǎo shì， yóu qí shì míng qīng yǐ lái liù bǎi nián de zhè zhǒng qǔ shì zhì dù， rén cái lù yòng zhì dù dé dào liǎo chè dǐ de gǎi gé。 zhè shì yī jiàn hěn liǎo bù qǐ de dà shì 'ā。 dāng shí de dú shū rén dū kào kē jǔ chī fàn 'ā， xiàn zài bù kǎo jǔ rén、 jìn shì、 xiù cái liǎo， dōuyào shàng xīn xué liǎo， nà shì yī gè hěn dà de shè huì zǔ lì yā， tā men xiǎng liǎo xǔ duō bàn fǎ， ràng zhè gè jiù de kǎo shì hé xīn xué jiē guǐ， jiè yòng yī gè cí bā， shì shí xiàn liǎo zhè zhǒng fèi chú kē jǔ de ruǎn zhe lù， méi yòu yǐn qǐ tài dà de shè huì zhèn dòng。
kě yǐ jǔ yī gè lì zǐ， dāng shí
tā zài zhí lì zǒng dū rèn shàng yòu 7 gè nián tóu， shí jì shàng yòu zhěng zhěng 6 nián， 1901 dào 1907， rán hòu 1907 nián de nián zhōng， shàng diào zhōng yāng， qù dāng jūn jī dà chén jiān wài wù bù shàng shū， zài liù gè jūn jī dà chén dāng zhōng， tā de zī lì zuì qiǎn， dàn shì tā de cáigàn zuì gāo， guǎn shì yě zuì duō。 dāng liǎo yī nián de jūn jī dà chén， dào tā 1908 nián， tā xū líng 50， zài běi jīng zhè lǐ jǔ xíng liǎo yī gè shèng dà de 50 shòu chén de qìng diǎn， zhè shí hòu
dào xīn hài gé mìng qiāng xiǎng zhī qián，
shí nián qián de gēng zǐ nián jiān， róng lù shǒu xià de nà gè“ wǔ wèi jūn” wǔ jūn， quán jūn fù méi liǎo， bèi bā guó lián jūn dǎ bài guāng liǎo， zhǐ yòu
xīn hài gé mìng yī qǐ， zhōng guó rén， wài guó rén， cháo yě， cóng huáng shì dào gé mìng dǎng， yī zhì rèn wéi zhǐ yòu
（ 2） èr shí yī tiáo bìng fēi chēng dì jiāo huàn tiáo jiàn
rì běn jiè zhe 'ōu zhàn zhī jī xiàng zhōng guó tí chū liǎo 'èr shí yī tiáo。 rì běn zhù huá dà shǐ rì zhì yì bǐng chéng rì běn zhèng fǔ de xùn lìng， jìn jiàn
hǎo duō shǐ shū， xiǎo shuō jiā yě shuō， rì zài xiàng
nà me， zài zhè yàng yī gè lì shǐ tiáo jiàn xià， wéi yī néng zuò de， nà jiù shì yòng jiān kǔ de tán pàn， yòng jiān kǔ de gòu zhēngzhá yī diǎn duì zì jǐ yòu lì de tiáo jiàn。 zài zhè yàng yī gè zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng xià， wǒ men zhǐ néng shuō huàn huàn bié de shì lì， huàn huàn bié de rén dāng zhèng， dāng shí yě zhǐ néng zhè yàng liǎo。 suǒ yǐ zuì hòu 'èr shí yī tiáo bèi pò zài yòu tiáo jiàn de qíng kuàng xià jiē shòu liǎo。 wǔ . jiǔ， guó jiā dìng wéi guó chǐ jì niàn rì， shuō shì qí chǐ dà rǔ， zhè què shí shì。 zài wǔ jiǔ qiān zì zhī qián， wǔ . bā， wǔ yuè chū bā nà yī tiān，
（ 3） chēng dì shì yí hàn。
zài wǒ men zhè gè guó jiā yā， jǐ qiān nián de dì zhì， táo yě de zhè gè zhōng guó rén 'ā， yòu nà zhǒng jiē shòu dú cái hé zhuān zhì de jī yīn， wǒ jiǎng dào jī yīn， shèn zhì yú wǒ men zhè gè nǎo dài guā lǐ miàn yòu nà zhǒng chuán tǒng de guān niàn， wǒ men jiē shòu dāng shùn mín zhè gè guān niàn shì fēi cháng róng yì de， suǒ yǐ
1915 nián 1 yuè， rì běn xiàng zhōng guó zhèng fǔ tí chū de， qǐ tú bǎ zhōng guó de lǐng tǔ、 zhèng zhì、 jūn shì jí cái zhèng děngdōu zhì yú rì běn de kòng zhì zhī xià de 'èr shí yī tiáo wú lǐ yào qiú。
1915 nián 1 yuè 18 rì， rì běn zhù huá gōng shǐ rì zhì yì jìn jiàn
èr shí yī tiáo shì rì běn dì guó zhù yì yǐ tūn bìng zhōng guó wéi mùdì 'ér qiáng jiā yú zhōng guó de dān fāng miàn“ tiáo yuē”， yuán zhèng fǔ shì hòu yě bù dé bù shēng míng cǐ xiàng tiáo yuē shì yóu yú rì běn zuì hòu tōng dié 'ér bèi pò tóng yì de。 cǐ hòu lì jiè zhōng guó zhèng fǔ jūn wèi chéng rèn qí wèiyòu xiào tiáo yuē。
ān yáng yuán lín
wèi yú 'ān yáng shì běi jiāo huán shuǐ běi 'àn de lín fǔ zhuāng běi dì， shì
zài suǒ yòng 70 duō wàn yín yuán zhōng， běi yáng zhèng fǔ chū yín 50 wàn liǎng， qí yú bù fēn yóu
jù shuō dāng nián de yuán fén sì zhōu zhú pái zāizhòng yòu yáng shù、 bǎi shù、 huái shù， zhōu wéi hái yòu dà piàn de jì tián。 cóng yī fú yuán lín jùn gōng hòu pāi shè de zhào piàn shàng kàn dào， dāng shí huán hé běi 'àn de fáng wū hé jū mín hěn shǎo， guī mó páng dà de yuán fén zài yī piàn kōng kuàng zhōng hè rán tū xiàn。 yuán fén sì zhōu guǒ rán yòu chéng pái de shù mù， zhǐ shì wǒ bìng méi yòu fēn biàn chū zhè xiē dào dǐ shì hé zhǒng shù mù。 yuán gōng lín jùn gōng yǐ hòu， shí rèn dà zǒng tǒng、
yuán lín de shè jì zhě shì dé guó de gōng chéng shī， tā de jiàn zhù“ fǎng míng líng 'ér lüè xiǎo”。 zhù tǐ jiàn zhù zì nán 'ér běi yǐ cì wéi zhào bì、 cāo shí qiáo、 qīng bái shí qiáo、 pái lóu mén、 wàng zhù、 shí xiàng shēng、 bēi tíng、 dōng xī zhí fáng、 táng yuàn dà mén、 dà dān bì、 dōng xī pèi diàn、 jǐng rén táng、 mù tái。
zǎo zài
duì yú
qīng xián fēng jiǔ nián（ 1859），
zuò wéi zhí lǔ yān hóu、 píng hàn tiě lù zhòng zhèn de 'ān yáng， zài
1905、 1906 nián běi yáng lù jūn lián xù liǎng nián jǔ xíng liǎo dà guī mó de jūn shì huì cāo， qí zhōng 1906 nián 9 yuè de huì cāo shì zài zhāng dé jǔ xíng de，
1908 nián guāng xù huáng dì hé cí xǐ tài hòu xiāng jì dēng tiān， yǔ
qī qiè zǐ nǚ
qī qiè
yuán pèi yú shì， zhǎngzǐ yuán kè dìng
dà yí tài tài shěn shì， méi yòu zǐ nǚ
èr yí tài tài lǐ shì， cháng nǚ bó zhēn、 wǔ zǐ kè quán、 qī zǐ kè qí、 shí zǐ kè jiān、 shí 'èr zǐ kè dù。 liù nǚ lù zhēn
sān yí tài tài jīn shì。 cì zǐ kè wén、 sān zǐ kè liáng、 sān nǚ shū zhēn、 bā nǚ（ zǎo wáng）、 shí nǚ sī zhēn。
sì yí tài tài wú shì。 sì zǐ kè duān、 cì nǚ zhòng zhēn（ jià gěi liǎo liǎng jiāng zǒng dū duān fāng de zhí zǐ）、 sì nǚ（ zǎo wáng）、 qī nǚ fù zhēn。
wǔ yí tài tài yáng shì。 liù zǐ kè huán、 bā zǐ kè zhěn、 jiǔ zǐ kè jiǔ、 shí yī zǐ kè 'ān、 wǔ nǚ jì zhēn、 shí wǔ nǚ（ zǎo wáng）、 jiǔ zǐ kè jiǔ（ qǔ mín guó lí yuán hóng de nǚ 'ér wéi qī）
liù yí tài tài yè shì。 shí sì zǐ kè jié、 shí qī zǐ kè yǒu、 jiǔ nǚ fú zhēn、 shí yī nǚ qí zhēn、 shí 'èr nǚ ruì zhēn。
qī yí tài tài zhāng shì。 méi yòu zǐ nǚ，
bā yí tài tài guō shì。 shí sān zǐ kè xiāng、 shí wǔ zǐ kè hé、 shí sì nǚ hù zhēn。
jiǔ yí tài tài liú shì。 shí liù zǐ kè fān， zǎo sǐ； nǚ 'ér yí zhēn páiháng shí sān， xù wǔ yí tài de nǚ 'ér jì zhēn jià sū zhōu lù zhuàng yuán jiā。
zǐ
zhǎngzǐ kè dìng
cì zǐ kè wén
sān zǐ kè liáng
sì zǐ kè duān
wǔ zǐ kè quán
liù zǐ kè huán
qī zǐ kè qí
bā zǐ kè zhěn
jiǔ zǐ kè jiǔ
shí zǐ kè jiān
shí yī zǐ kè 'ān
shí 'èr zǐ kè dù
shí sān zǐ kè xiāng
shí sì zǐ kè jié
shí wǔ zǐ kè hé
shí liù zǐ kè fān
shí qī zǐ kè yǒu
nǚ
cháng nǚ bó zhēn（ chéng nián hòu jià yǔ qīng liǎng jiāng zǒng dū zhāng rén jùn de 'ér zǐ）
cì nǚ zhòng zhēn（ jià gěi liǎo liǎng jiāng zǒng dū duān fāng de zhí zǐ）
sān nǚ shū zhēn
sì nǚ（ zǎo wáng）
wǔ nǚ jì zhēn
liù nǚ lù zhēn（ jià mín guó zǒng lǐ sūn bǎo qí de 'ér zǐ）
qī nǚ fù zhēn
bā nǚ（ zǎo wáng）
jiǔ nǚ fú zhēn
shí nǚ sī zhēn
shí yī nǚ qí zhēn
shí 'èr nǚ ruì zhēn
shí sān nǚ yí zhēn（ xù wǔ yí tài de nǚ 'ér jì zhēn jià sū zhōu lù zhuàng yuán jiā）
shí sì nǚ hù zhēn（ hù zhēn jià gěi liǎo mín guó zǒng tǒng cáo kūn de 'ér zǐ， hòu lí hūn qù liǎo měi guó）
shí wǔ nǚ（ zǎo wáng）
yī qī jiǔ qiè gòng shēng liǎo 17 gè 'ér zǐ、 15 gè nǚ 'ér； 17 gè 'ér zǐ yòu wéi
1859 nián 9 yuè 16 rì ( xián fēng jiǔ nián）
1876 nián（ guāng xù 'èr nián）
1879 nián（ guāng xù wǔ nián）
1881 nián（ guāng xù qī nián）
1882 nián（ guāng xù bā nián）
cháo xiān fā shēng rén wǔ jūn luàn， dāng nián 23 suì de
1884 nián（ guāng xù shí nián）
jīn yù jūn děng“ kāi huà dǎng” rén shì fā dòng jiá shēn zhèng biàn， zhù zhāorì jūn yì chèn jī xíng dòng yù xié zhì wáng shì； guó wáng lǐ xī bēn fù qīng yíng qiú zhù，
1894 nián（ guāng xù 'èr shí nián）
jiá wǔ zhàn zhēng bào fā， qīng jūn hǎi lù jiē bài，
1895 nián（ guāng xù 'èr shí yī nián）
1897 nián（ guāng xù 'èr shí sān nián）
zhuó zhí lì（ jīn hé běi） àn chá shǐ， réng zhù chí liàn bīng
1898 nián（ guāng xù 'èr shí sì nián）
yuán jiāng wù xū biàn fǎ de xiāo xī gào sù zhōng yú cí xǐ tài hòu de róng lù， jiēguǒ wù xū biàn fǎ shī bài， huáng dì shī qù zhèng quán bìng zāo ruǎn jìn。 6 yuè，
1899 nián（ guāng xù 'èr shí wǔ nián）
dōng， yīn yì hé tuán zài shān dōng de pái wài xíng wéi yǐn qǐ gè guó bù mǎn， qīng tíng bèi pò chè huàn zòng róng quán mín de shān dōng xún fǔ yù xián， dài zhī yǐ
1901 nián（ guāng xù 'èr shí qī nián）
1901 nián 11 yuè， jì lǐ hóng zhāng shǔ lǐ zhí lì zǒng dū jiān běi yáng dà chén。
1902 nián（ guāng xù 'èr shí bā nián）
shí shòu
1903 nián（ guāng xù 'èr shí jiǔ nián）
qīng zhèng fǔ zài běi jīng shè lì liàn bīng chù，，
1905 nián（ guāng xù sān shí yī nián）
běi yáng liù zhèn biān liàn chéng jūn， měi zhèn yī wàn 'èr qiān wǔ bǎi yú rén， chú dì yī zhèn xì mǎn zú guì zú tiě liáng tǒng shuài de qí bīng wài， qí yú wǔ zhèn dōuzài
1907 nián（ guāng xù sān shí sān nián）
diào rèn jūn jī dà chén， chéng wéi zhōng shū zhòng chén。 tóng nián， zài
1908 nián（ guāng xù sān shí sì nián）
guāng xù huáng dì jí cí xǐ tài hòu xiāng jì qù shì， pǔ yí jì wèi， yuán chēng jí fǎn huí hé nán， zuì chū yǐn jū yú huī xiàn， hòu zhuǎn zhì 'ān yáng。 yuán zài cǐ qī jiān tāo guāng yǎng huì， àn dì lǐ réng guān xīn zhèng shì， děng dài shí jī fù chū。
1911 nián（ xuān tǒng sān nián）
10 yuè 10 rì wǔ chāng qǐ yì， 1911 nián 11 yuè 1 rì qīng tíng xuān bù jiě sàn huáng zú nèi gé， rèn mìng
1912 nián（ zhōng huá mín guó yuán nián）
1 yuè 16 rì，
1913 nián（ zhōng huá mín guó 'èr nián）
1913 nián 2 yuè， yǐ jù lín shí yuē fǎ， jǔ xíng liǎo zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng dì yī cì guó huì xuǎn jǔ。 guó mín dǎng suǒ dé yì xí zuì duō， àn yuē fǎ jīng shén yìng yóu gāi dǎng lǐ shì cháng sòng jiào rén chū rèn nèi gé zǒng lǐ。 3 yuè 20 rì， sòng jiào rén zài shàng hǎi yù cì shēn wáng， quán guó dà huá。 gé mìng yuán xūn sūn wén、 huáng xīng děng jūn zhǐ yuán shì shòu yì 'àn shā，
1914 nián（ zhōng huá mín guó sān nián）
1 yuè，
1915 nián（ zhōng huá mín guó sì nián）
1916 nián（ zhōng huá mín guó wǔ nián）
3 yuè 22 rì，
Was the leader of the Northern warlords, the 1911 Revolution, Yuan stolen fruits of the revolution, became the first ROC president, the latter due to betray the Republic, the restoration of emperor was overthrown.
A three-granduncle Yuan to supervise the crackdown Nien Anhui militia started, tired and was appointed the Governor of water transport. Yuan Bao place in the parent Department of the landlord.
1876 (Guangxu years), and 1879, Yuan Shikai, none of the two examinations held in the comprehensive examination, then the text must abandon the military account. May 1881, Yuan Shikai to Shandong Dengzhou, surrendered to the BQ's sworn brother Wu Changqing, any "Qing Army" Camp Department will do. Wu Changqing for the Huai Jun Tongling, six battalions stationed in the military command celebrate Dengzhou, supervision Shandong defense. .
Governor Korean budding
1884 Jinyu equal, "civilized party" to launch a Coup attempt to overthrow the "something big party," and Min Fei-dominated regime in North Korea want to hijack the Japanese royal family also took the opportunity to action; King Li Xi went to help clean camp, Qing Yuan command Army repel the Japanese, to maintain imperial suzerainty in Korea and other privileges.
New Army created a meteoric rise
Reform Movement before the coup in 1898, Emperor Yuan party figures who looked at the new army, which had surface advised Yuan Tan troops laid siege to the home of the Summer Palace, the Empress Dowager Cixi. Yuan told to shift loyalty to the Empress Dowager Cixi of the news Rong Lu, results of the late Qing, the emperor lost power and was under house arrest. But Yuan's decision at that time, the success of the Hundred Days Reform, is of decisive influence, are still controversial. The past is generally believed that the message conveyed to Rong Lu Yuan is the main cause of the Reform Movement failed coup, but in recent years, studies have found that after the party staged a coup, before the real whistle-blower from the Yuan. Even said to Yuan Shikai was to master the new military strength, it can not fight against orders from the Rong Lu stationed near Beijing, a number of troops in. Although Yuan informant is not the root causes of the coup led to the Reform Movement, however, because the Reform Movement is a result of Yuan's informant devastating results. The coup initially, Empress Dowager Cixi in Shangyu in just reprimanded Kang, "herbicides made by the political chaos," Tan, who was not reprimanded, but "herbicides nonsensical political" offense is not serious, at first on Kang's actions are only to be suspended Participation, while troops Wai Yuan Tan Park punish urged upon the plotters is a serious sin. Yuan Zhili was listening to when he was in Iraq, said provincial judge YANG Chong-wei had been dismissed when the Senate and Tan persuaded to send troops laid siege to the Empress Dowager Cixi fear regarding the exposure, implicated himself, then made Rong Lu informant, the Empress Dowager smell of rage, ordered the arrest of Kang Leung Morohito imprison, and Heaven's Six Gentlemen. This shows that the Reform Movement of the coup, although not incurred by Yuan informant, but was denounced Yuan, only to make the reform movement led to devastating consequences.
The winter of 1899, as the Boxers in Shandong xenophobia caught the discontent, the Qing court was forced to replace the connivance of the governor of Shandong Boxers Yu Xian, replacing Yuan. This is the first time as aspects of high officials Yuan. Yuan, after the arrival of a treatment policy change Yuxian, strong suppression of the Boxers, so that it can not be based in Shandong Province, fled to Tianjin, Beijing area, the Empress Dowager Cixi gas available to the public connivance Boxer. The following year war broke out in eight major powers, under the rule of Shandong Province in the Yuan remained stable, and joined the Defence of Southeast.
December 1895, by the Military Affairs Department, Minister of Rong Lu Yuan, Li and other play and training camp in Tianjin small station expansion of fixed military force, renamed the "New Army." German officers who employ more than a decade as instructors, and from Tianjin Military Academy students to select any of hundreds of officers at all levels, and reference, and to cultivate a group of private cronies to strengthen military control. Most of these people into the Late Qing Dynasty after the military and political figures. If Shichang, Duan Qi-rui, Feng Guozhang, Wang Shizhen, Cao Kun, Zhang Xun, etc.. Small station military training of the late development of new turning point, but also laid the foundation of Yuan's life. Since then, the reputation of high reputation, soared. In 1897, pull out of Zhili (now Hebei) provincial judge, still presided over training. June 1898, Yuan was promoted to Municipal You Shilang. December, acting governor of Shandong, led all the new army (they were called "Bue Youjun") to Jinan. Shandong territory when the Boxer Rebellion broke out, he finds that the Boxers as a "heretical cult", sent troops to brutally suppress all counties. Leaped into the strength attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign people. November 1901, following Li Zhili Governor and the Acting Minister for the Northern, the following year actually granted, is more prominent power.
"Boxer Protocol" was signed, the Qing Government was forced by internal and external situation, the implementation of the New Deal. Yuan said the strong support and opportunity to expand their own power. 1902, part-time Chief Minister and Home Affairs Department Intervention in training ministers in the Northern Baoding train a standing army (referred to as the Northern Army). The following year, the Qing government in Beijing training Department, Prince Qing Yi Kuang for the Prime Minister, Minister Yuan Shikai any will do, power. Various Military Academy was founded, and employ a large number of Japanese military officers as instructors. 1905 Six Town Code Nerishige the Northern Army, the town of 12 500 per hundred people, in addition to the first town of the Manchu nobility Tieliang command line of criminals, the other five towns are under his control, an important general almost are small station trusted officers during training. Meanwhile, Yuan also serves as Minister of Telecommunication in supervision, supervision of the Railway Minister and the Conference of the Ministers about. During this period, he was in the development of the northern mining industry and the construction of railways, set up patrol, rehabilitation of local government and set up new schools and so on, are fairly effective. New Deal through the process, he was able to "marry you within and outside the tree party assistance," deliberately expansion of power, he soon formed a large Northern led military-political group.
Gold reserve comeback in 1901 after the death of Li, Yuan Zhili Governor successor, the Northern Secretary, became chief Jiang Chen. 1907 transferred to military minister, a senior official hub. Xiang Yuan strong praise the New Deal, including the abolition of the examination, supervision of the new army, building schools, run industries, the first Chinese police have also set up in Tianjin.
2003, Qingxiling Heritage Management Office and China Central Television director bell filled with attempts to by modern forensic techniques, by the hair and the remains left by Guangxu detect high levels of arsenic in the composition, show alive the possibility of being poisoned by arsenic. It took 5 years to repeatedly verify the body Guangxu hair, clothing, November 1, 2008, the Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Forensic Identification Laboratory Center, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Qingxiling heritage management and CCTV jointly held a press conference , issued a "death of the Qing emperor report" to determine the dynasty died because of arsenic poisoning.
October 10, 1911 Wuchang Uprising, 1911 Revolution broke out, southern provinces have declared independence. Northern New Army as Qing court only against the revolutionary forces, so then Yuan Shikai, the first allowed for the Hubei and Hunan Governor, Rotary allowed the Prime Minister.
February 1913, according to the Provisional Constitution, the first time in Chinese history was held parliamentary elections. Most seats from the KMT, by some method should be the party chairman of the spirit of Song Jiaoren as Prime Minister. March 20, Song was assassinated in Shanghai, China storm. Revolutionary fathers of Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing Yuan Deng Jun that incite the assassination, is to deny Yuan; was evidence pointing to Prime Minister Zhao Bingjun when he was arrested for abetting murder, there is no direct evidence of Yuan Shikai, I instructed. In July, the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen organized the party, launching the second revolution, force crusade Yuan, but failed.
December 1915 China Yuan announced the resumption of the monarchy, the establishment of the Chinese empire, and reign title Hongxian. Presidential Palace to Xinhua. However, the Yuan emperor initiatives have not been widely supported. Not only the Sun Yat-sen, Liang and others strongly opposed to the monarchy, the Northern generals Duan Qirui, Feng Guozhang were also deeply unhappy. Imperialist powers have also been warned against him. December 25, Cai E, Tang Jiyao so that the uprising in Yunnan, protect the country launched the war, crusade against Yuan Shikai. Guizhou and Guangxi have to respond. Northern Pine internal perilous. Yuan was forced to March 22, 1916 announced the abolition of the monarchy, restoration of "Republic of China" reign of establishing Duan Qirui as secretary of state and army chief, the Northern forces in an attempt to rely on paragraph unity and support him to continue as president. But the uprising provinces do not recognize that he has presidential qualifications. Duan Qirui also forced him to hand over military power. Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Hunan, Sichuan, have declared independence or power to sever ties with the Yuan individuals. Anger as illness in late May. June 6, 1916, Yuan Shikai died because of uremia, and died in the whole country to denounce the sound, when he was 57 years old. 24 August the same year the official burial site in Anyang.
Yuan last emperor, his eldest son, Prince Yuan Keding obsession is inseparable from power and position, the most serious is the Yuan Keding forged "Shuntian Times", to create the atmosphere of Japan's support for Monarchy (this was the second son of Yuan Yuan Kewen and daughter Yuan Shuzhen accidentally discovered), Yuan Yuan Keding has been responsible for "bullying father and the country." But, after all, can not be forced to Yuan Yuan Keding emperor, Yuan Shikai's imperial ideology is its own determinant of emperor.
Yuan (1859 ~ 1916), is the modern history of China a very important representative, a disguised reform of feudal autocracy. His name has become a modern China synonymous with reactionary politics, every modern Chinese history books fail to mention him.
Yuan began the political arena of the time, comes under the yoke of the feudal system in China will finish the long dark journey of their age, it is also brought pain to the Chinese people before and after the trauma of the Sino-Japanese War. Before the war, he is a warlord Li Huai, a budding group of pawns. After the war, while the timing of the decline of Huai warlord, he practiced in the small station of a new army record, and use it as capital, destroyed the bourgeois reformists of the reform movement, the fight against the anti-imperialist Boxer movement in foreign reactionaries one cheers, climbed the Zhili Governor and the Northern Minister eminent position. He was keenly aware that the dynasty declined and people's democratic revolution wave after wave of waves, such as not seeking a new approach, it is difficult to continue to maintain its rule. Therefore, from 1901 to 1908, he wore a "radical reformer" mask to "as the body, Western learning for" the Westernization program theory as the guide to that modern army as the core support, by running the "New Deal" , organized a large northern military and political groups. This new group is a continuation of Huai warlord groups and development of the Qing Government's "New Deal" the result is divided by the imperialist invasion of China policy to "preserve the (Qing Dynasty) policy," the product. Yuan is relying on the power of the group, spare no effort to support the tottering feudal absolute monarchy, undermining the bourgeois democratic revolution is booming sport. However, when the democratic revolution led by Sun Yat-sen storm on the eve of his meeting with the hereditary Manchu Qingui group suffered a crushing defeat in the political struggle, crestfallen to withdraw from the political stage.
The outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, the Qing dynasty collapse of an impasse. Historical development has created a new situation and conditions in which Yuan had been losing ground for three years to play the "end of the world hero" role. He quickly assembled from the Northern Group of military and political force, won the imperialists and domestic constitutionalists dependence and support, the first name of "constitutional monarchy" on the cover, to usurp all the powers of the Qing government; they meet the trend of the times, give the "in favor of the republic," the cover, skillfully took the first provisional president from office. However, the autocratic imperial heroes and pretenders, simply do not believe in the democratic republic of China can be. The reason why he wants to compromise the democratic camp led by Sun Yat-sen, shake hands, in practice, is to strangle the revolution as soon as possible. Therefore, a power he would stop at nothing to enhance personal power, undermine the rule of law, trampling of democracy, the pursuit of the unity of dictatorship; and democracy as a centralized way to the biggest obstacle to democracy has not yet consolidated their positions by the occasion, pressing harder and harder, forcing them to withdraw from the government, reduction of the revolutionary army, then they mercilessly dip in a pool of blood inside them. He also dissolved Congress, tearing up the "Laws" traces of democracy against the net will do. However, it strangling national life of all the reactionary behavior, they are "unified state" and "save the nation" and "defend the republic" slogan sounds done under cover.
Yuan's perverse, resulting in destitution, public resentment. The anger of the people in many parts of the developing disturbance or uprising. Size is small, it is quite common, just like small at first, into a vast river, rough and overwhelming. Sun rallied to clear the position of the revolutionary democrats and the dauntless heroism and the dictator was desperate struggle. Internal struggle to change the situation quickly so that the world desires Yuan to establish family and that he represents the common interests of the Group produced a sharp confrontation between the so Progressive Party and the suspicion of those who cherish the monarchy also aware of the Northern Warlords do not put aside Yuan can not keep them on behalf of the interests of the social forces. So, they and had to be eliminated and the exclusion of Yuan Shikai of all social forces come together and "anti-Yuan." Short-lived dynasty, Hung constitution against the various forces making for 83 days under the just disappeared. Mercilessly mocked the Yuan history: He was going to pursue a hereditary absolute dictatorial power, the end result being all his vested power of the lost.
Chinese and foreign history, has come up a lot of wishful thinking to reverse the course of history of the clown, no one of these clowns is not to ruin the end. Yuan's history yet again: those who disregard the requirements of the historical development of society, against the will of the people and perverse people, no matter how much he was arrogant and overbearing, mighty, the end result must be to be thrown into the dustbin of history.
However, when the country during the Yuan, to consolidate the power of personal dictatorship, non-compliance law, the dissolution of the KMT, to the birth of the Republic of China has just lost in the system healthy development. Some people say that he is the chief culprit in the assassination of Sung Chiao-jen, chairman of the KMT, but the real culprit may be the other person; regardless of whether I have been instructed to kill Yuan Song, this second revolution as anti-Yuan revolutionaries launched the tipping point, resulting in a China's North-South divide.
Some people think that the Yuan is a opportunist. In the Guangxu Emperor entrusted large office, he surrendered a one-party Empress Dowager Cixi. To Xuantong throne after being forced to retire his Regent, after the outbreak of the Revolution forced the Prince Regent to abdicate control imperial power, he should put down the revolution, in turn, for their own interests, to support the revolution forced the Qing emperor to abdicate and was appointed President of the Republic of China. This election has the interests of all parties join their behavior.
Japan to an enemy;
Republic of Republicans wrong, wrong Republican Republican suppression, Best Solar and then square this prison
Chinese-Japanese re-light, thinking back to create a hard, billions of lives should be Ganqi
Pain for the world, more selfish cry, the survival of a column off gas transport
(Hereinafter under: Luo Baoshan August 19, 2006 in Phoenix to do a show ": Yuan Republic of China People Series" for finishing)
He Zhili Governor's office, the comprehensive here in Hebei Province drastic reform of capitalism.
Inside the economic area, Hebei, where he conducted a comprehensive initiative, to promote industrial development, is the construction industry, industrial development. For example, mine was Luanzhou is the later part of the Kailuan Coal Mine, as the cement plant in Tangshan, Kai Cement Company, is leading this time he built up. He also encouraged the people, the capital of a large number of private industrial development, even more valuable, he Zhili province in the implementation of the various counties of this industrial building. He often said, officials can not do it, industry can not develop. Bale has been to his officials, returned home, he has also repeatedly said that nothing was dismissed from office, but the industrial salvation is one thing I have in mind. On the military side, we all know, he compiled the Northern New Army training, and that is when China's recent military modernization. In the political system, he first made legal here in the Tianjin area of reform, transplanting Western legal system. First of all, a parliamentary system in Tianjin, and then gain experience in this, to promote the province as the implementation of constitutional, the constitutional basis for the implementation of the measures. He advocates a constitutional monarchy in the country, he often said, officials can not do it, the constitution can not stand, it said that our constitutional monarchy is absolutely to be implemented. In the cultural field, Yuan, Hebei Province in the implementation of the new development of education and set up, which made a very impressive achievement. Himself personally, founder of universities, secondary schools, primary schools, in the ten years during the New Deal, that is, before the 1911 Revolution, he became the Governor of Zhili so years, the province of Zhili has established two universities, specialized schools, like at present there are 29 technical secondary schools, normal schools at all levels, more than 40 secondary schools 22. Now about a district, a county schools are more than 22, then to 22 secondary schools in Hebei Province, which is big deal ah.
Yuan deeply understand and implement the New Deal's most important is hiring talent, talent cultivation and use of his New Deal period, the comprehensive training new talent, cultivate new talent first approach is to build schools, primary schools, the leading force teachers, then a large number of normal development and training teachers, a variety of long-term, short-term normal set up dozens. Their training was too late, we use come in, be sent on way. Japan was China's example, it is the most successful example. And Japan from China recently, also with the text of it, so Japan is a large number of students sent to the place.
Can give an example, then please Yuan Yan Xiu, Tianjin is a great educator, Nankai University, Nankai Middle School founder, asked him to head the school reform Zhili. Yan Xiu Yuan Everything from hiring accepted. Yan Xiu raised, I first went to Japan to study, come back I would accept you to this appointment, Yuan said, I have experience, and before that, I invite Wu Rulun, he said he went to visit, come back he quit, you start to office , office, and accepted my appointment, you go visit. Yan Xiu 40 old, then how old is already an old man of 40, he took a very capable team to Japan to study the three-month study. Morning, afternoon, day two to four field visits to Japan from the Japanese Ministry of Education kindergartens, universities, primary, secondary, Yan Xiu themselves, each trip to a personal, hands-on, going there to visit, movement of people officials ask. To primary schools, kindergartens, people sitting in it listening to lectures, and even extra-curricular activities that the students how to do, how to organize, he has hands-learn, that spirit, ah, ah attitude that is very impressive, later people can catch up, and tell the truth, not many, not without. Yuan was also satisfied that the extension of large numbers of overseas talent, with the light of the occasion, we sent the first batch of Chinese students in America, there are hundred and twenty individuals, this gang was first to be accepted into the Northern Li's screen, he completely to receive down overall.
Prior to the 1911 Revolution gunshots, Yuan is playing back home this time, the past was banished to the officers, their popularity soon gone, but only among the Yuan in the past three years, his reputation is not only not declined, but in the section by section up, then ruling and opposition parties want the government to reactivate the Qing Yuan, in this context the following, Revolution gun sound, and the Qing government to Yuan Shikai, please come again, when the Viceroy, to the front to suppress the revolutionary party.
(2) 21 is not the emperor in exchange for
A lot of history books, the novelist also said that Japan submitted to the Yuan, when the text says 21, please step soaring president again, which means that you accept that 21, I became the emperor of Japan to support you, we achieve this political deal Yuan hand over this betrayal is the most important basis. In fact, back in the early 30s, Wang Yunsheng in essays series "60 years, China and Japan," we pointed out that it was groundless, substandard affair, not reliable. Yuan command the whole 21 of the negotiating process, and now we can see, Yuan on 21 of the original, 21 of the amended version, the text of the Japanese an ultimatum, which had three things, Yuan on top red pen on the red crayon, ink made with the approval, in many places do deserve special attention focused, in addition to these deserve special attention, the Yuan to the 21 provisions of the instructions are more than 70, the length of the approval. That a state of absolute territorial sovereignty aside, the Japanese interests in China to expand, the forces of development to the hinterland of the Yangtze River, the development of the fifth to the southeast coast of the content, which we all know, the V content is absolutely not talk about. This one not only can not admit that simply can not talk, hold that one can not talk. He instructed the Foreign Ministry, to make clear the strength of the poor, patient negotiations, to talk about the conditions in their best interest. Also said that he hoped dragged into negotiations to Japan as much as possible to stretch that time frame, because the Japanese made in secret negotiations, he wants to delay the process, I hope to attract the attention of European and American powers, international interference. This has dragged on for months, dragged in May, when an ultimatum Japan, Europe and the United States did not come out to support one, even as Russia also intends to looting. Yuan Yuan have also sought their views on government civil and military, of you that we are accepted, is for Japan to fight a civil and military officials agreed that the only acceptable not to fight. Japan to 21 in the whole process, people's emotions and fear and hatred of Japan on the emotional, the two exist simultaneously, hatred, then hatred of Japanese looting, make such harsh terms to destroy China, which hatred of the gas is really a gas investors, but the strength of the people and not the backing of the people can only be an inferior gas gas. This fear of Japan sentiment, fear of the disease date is indeed real, historical retrospect, from 1895 to the present 1916,20, in these 20 years, the first Sino-Japanese War in 1895, the Chinese beat , defeated the Qing dynasty, in 1905, Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese defeated the Czarist Empire, while Japan defeated the Qing dynasty, defeated Russia's remaining prestige that the arrogance of the world, with Europe and the United States is not in the eyes of all look at you What kind of China. Only in these conditions, so unscrupulous that he dare to bully.
So, in such a historical condition, the only can do that with the difficult negotiations, struggling with a little hard enough conditions to their advantage. In such a situation, we can only say that a change of other forces, a change of other people in power, was only the case. So the last 21 forced conditionally accepted. 5. 9, national anniversary as a national humiliation that is the insult, it really is. Before signing the 59, 5. 8, May eighth day of the day, Yuan on the country informed of last resort, and only signed, which is in fact a great insult, insult the people that this was before the insult he admitted that this is. When this is the negotiations history in such conditions, no way. At that time abroad, studying abroad in China's elite Hu, Hu has been a very famous saying, that the negotiations should be said that in the previous history of China which is not off, when the soft supple, that just when the just, for the blinked on their best. Wang Yunsheng editor in the early 30 "60 years, China and Japan," we said, recalling the negotiations, Yuan's command and leadership, it should be said is no big mistake, and then some historians, such as Chen Christine Lu's "Modern Times History of "ah, like the Chiang Ting-fu's" modern history "ah, it is affirmed, this time 21 of the representations. Should be said that this conclusion is pertinent. That he hand over betrayal, at least there is no historical basis. But then later after the conclusion of 21, he immediately proclaimed himself emperor, and, as a political deal ah, who can not guarantee that they are no behind the scenes of political exchange. They took his political opponents to attack the target, it is only natural.
Yuan and "21"
January 18, 1915, the Japanese Minister to China Hioki audience with Yuan Shikai, submitted 21 requests for documents, and requested the Yuan government "absolutely confidential, reply as soon as possible." 21 consists of five items: ① recognized that Japan inherited all the rights and interests of Germany in Shandong, Shandong Province shall not transfer or lease of other countries. ② The Japanese have admitted over and eastern Inner Mongolia in the South live, contacts, other items of operating the business sector and mining privileges. Port Arthur and Dalian and the South over the lease period, the period of esteeming the two railway management were extended to 99 years for the Yuan Lin arch limit. ③ Hanyeping Japanese companies to jointly mine near the mining allowed people outside the company. ④ all of China's coastal harbors, islands shall not lease or vacate his country. ⑤ Japanese Chinese government employment for political, military, financial and other advisers. Sino-Japanese joint police and Arsenal. Wuchang to Nanchang, Nanchang to Hangzhou and Nanchang to the railway construction between Chaozhou right to Japan. Japan in Fujian and mining, ports and shipyards and road construction priority and so on. 21 requirement would severely damage China's sovereignty, Yuan not immediately accepted. After the news spread, anti-Japanese public opinion. Damage to their European and American powers of Japan's aggression in China the same rights of discontent have to attack. Formal negotiations on February 2, 1915 start. Japan to support the Monarchy to lure the former, after the threat of force in an attempt to make Yuan Shikai government entirety. Anti-Japanese patriotic struggle against the Chinese people become increasingly high, the Japanese see the seriousness of the situation, they face the fifth for the hope that conditions are advised to nature; side put forward a new case, the scope of the original requirements 1-4 is basically the same, only the use of certain provisions of an exchange of letters. May 7 issued an ultimatum to Japan, promised within 48 hours limit. Yuan expect Europe and the United States powers to interfere fall, afraid to offend Japan, the emperor would fail, then to the ground in China unable to resist foreign aggression, on May 9 replies submitted that, apart from the fifth volume in the future of each consultation, all to accept Japan's request . May 25 signed in Beijing the so-called "Sino-Japanese Treaty" and "exchange of notes."
21 annexation of the Japanese imperialism imposed on China for the purpose of China's unilateral "Treaty", Yuan after the government had to declare that the treaty is due to the Japanese ultimatum forced to agree. After that no previous Chinese government recognition as an effective treaty.
Huan Yuan tomb is located north of water, the construction took two years to the time. "An area of 138 acres of the nine-eight cents Bali nine suddenly six silk, silver dollar spending 732,754 yuan corner of the ninth of a PCT", these figures are a faithful record of the "Yuan Gonglin Cemetery workers report "in the list. In that turbulent era of dynasties alternately, there are those who can calm the mind like water carefully to neglect the area of precision, accurate to determine the capital is, indeed, impressive.
Yuan Lin designed by German engineers, it's construction, "imitation of Ming Tombs, but slightly smaller." The main building from south to north, respectively screen wall, rough stone bridge, clean stone bridge, arch door, looking columns, stone statues, Beiting, what the value of rooms, hospital entrance hall, large Danbi, East and West side hall, Jingren Church, Cemetery Taiwan.
Yuan Why was buried in Anyang?
For the final burial site of Xiangcheng Yuan does not cause more consistent and his claim that life experience, family related.
1905,1906 held for two consecutive years in the Northern Army, a large-scale military parade, which in September 1906 the parade was held in Akinori Yuan was minister of the military parade. The parade is the Hunan and Hubei provinces of Zhili Army combat exercises, selected out of the Northern officers and men to participate in the exercise of 4 million people, is also by foreign officials and journalists more than 500 participants. This is a Northern army since the Sino-Japanese War the largest first appearance, but also on their family property Yuan a big show off, so they are the pillars of the court as a minister.
Wives
2 concubine Li, Bo Chen eldest daughter, five sons grams of the right to Seven grams of Qi Jian Ten grams, 12 grams sub-degree. Chen and six women 箓
5 concubine Yang. Six sub-gram Huan, eight sub-gram Zhen, nine sub-grams for a long time, 11 sub-Sok, five women quarter of Chen, 15 women (premature death), 9 sub-grams for a long time (to marry the daughter of the Republic of China Li)
8 concubine Kuo. 13 sub-g phase, 15 sub-grams and, 14 women presume Chen.
Eldest son Keding
Four sons g-side
Seven grams of Qi
Ten grams of kin
13 sub-g phase
16 sub-g-fan
Daughter Bo Zhen (adult married Jiang Qing, the son of the Governor Zhang Renjun)
Four women (premature death)
Fu Chen and seven women
10 Female Si Chen
13 Female Yi-Chen (continued Mistress's daughter, five-season champion Chen Lu to marry at home in Suzhou)
Concubine of a wife and nine of 17 symbiotic son, daughter, 15; 17 son born to Yuan 22 grandchildren, 25 grandchildren, children and grandchildren the sum of up to 79 people.
Yuan was born in Henan Province, Xiang Yuan Walled City Ming Town Officials in a large family for generations. Qing Fu Zu mostly dignitaries, weight side
Provincial Examination Yuan none of the two comprehensive examinations, then the force must account abandon paper
1882 (Guangxu years)
Jinyu equal, "civilized party" to launch a Coup, also took the opportunity to operations in the DPRK want to hijack the Japanese royal family; King Li Xi went to help clean camp, Yuan Qing defeat the Japanese army command, maintain the imperial suzerainty in Korea and other privileges. By the Governor and the Northern Minister Li Zhili played move, either in Seoul, Qing Yuan, "Prime Minister camp Office, will do the Korean defense."
1895 (Guangxu 20 year)
Zhuo Zhili (now Hebei) provincial judge, still presided over training
1899 (Guangxu 20 years)
November 1901, following Li Zhili Governor and the Acting Minister of the Northern.
1903 (Qing Dynasty,)
Six Town Code Nerishige Northern Army, the town of 12 500 per hundred people, in addition to the first town of the Manchu nobility Tieliang command line of criminals, the other five towns are under the control of Yuan Shikai
1908 (Guangxu 30 years)
Wuchang Uprising on October 10, November 1, 1911 announced the dissolution of the Qing royal cabinet, the appointment of Yuan to the Prime Minister.
1913 (Republic of China two years)
January, Yuan ordered the dissolution of parliament. Yuan after the repeal Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, in May launched a new "Republic of China Constitution", to change the cabinet system for the presidential system. Changes after the presidential election law so that the president can be re-elected indefinitely, the new president from the president appointed.
1916 (Republic of China five years)
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