后梁 人物列表
朱温 Zhu Wen朱友圭 Zhu Yougui朱友贞 Zhu Youzhen
朱温 Zhu Wen
后梁  (852年912年)
网笔号: 神武元盛孝皇帝
庙号: 太祖
陵墓: 河南伊阙县
开端终结
在位907年912年
开平907年4月911年4月
乾化911年5月915年10月

  朱温(852-912),汉族,唐朝宋州砀(音当)山(今安徽砀山)人,唐大中六年(公元852年)十月二十一日出生于砀山午沟里。最初曾参加黄巢起义军,后来降唐,被唐僖宗赐名全忠,在称帝建立后梁时,又改名为晃,取如日之光的意思,在位时间:907-912年;谥号:神武元盛孝皇帝。庙号太祖;安葬地:河南伊阙县。
  朱温幼时,随母在萧县刘崇家当佣工。后参加黄巢领导的农民起义军,随军入长安。唐中和二年(882)正月,黄巢以朱温为同州(今陕西大荔)防御使。同年九月朱温叛变,降于唐河中节度使(今山西永济西)王重荣,僖宗任命朱温为金吾卫大将军,充河中行营副招讨使,赐名全忠。次年,改宣武军节度使(今河南开封),加东北面都招讨使。四年,全忠与李克用等联兵镇压黄巢起义军。以后十余年间,同年,宰相崔胤召全忠入关,杀死劫迁昭宗的宦官,送昭宗出城。昭宗还长安后,全忠尽诛宦官,废神策军,从此昭宗为全忠全权控制,成为傀儡。天佑元年(904)﹐全忠迫昭宗迁都洛阳﹐随即遣人杀之,立其子(哀帝)。后又贬杀宰相独孤损等朝官三十余人。
  四年﹐朱全忠废李代唐称帝,改名晃,是为后梁太祖。都开封(后曾一度迁都洛阳),国号梁,史称后梁。改元开平。也由此掀开了五代十国的篇章。
  朱温在称帝前,对农业生产就比较重视,曾任张全义为河南尹,以恢复洛阳地区的生产。开平二年(908),令诸州灭蝗以利农桑。三年,他与据有太原的沙陀贵族李克用、李存勖父子连年征战,损耗了大量的人力和财物,逐渐丧失军事上的优势。他生性残暴,滥行诛戮。晚年,因皇位继承人未定,皇室内部矛盾尖锐。干化二年(912),为次子朱友珪所杀。
  唐朝衰落
  在中国历史上,最强盛、文化最发达的莫过于唐朝了。从唐高祖李渊武德元年(公元618年)称帝建立唐朝,到开平元年(公元907年)朱温灭唐建立后梁,前后近三百年时间,中国的政治、经济、文化乃至法律等方面都有了最辉煌的时期。但到了开元元年(公元713年)唐玄宗登基之后,唐王朝也走到了转折时期。前期的唐玄宗励精图治,任用贤臣,开创了历史上著名的“开元盛世”,唐朝经济展到了鼎盛时期,大诗人杜甫晚年写下追忆的诗句:“忆昔开元全盛日,小邑犹藏万家室”,但大唐江山正是从唐玄宗统治后期开始走向了衰落。 天宝十四年(公元755年),安禄山发动叛乱,此后长达八年的安史之乱更使衰落的唐朝雪上加霜。内忧外患层层叠叠,起义叛乱连绵不断,辉煌的唐王朝最后走上了一条衰亡之路。
  虽然唐朝灭亡的直接原因是黄巢起义,但黄巢起义爆发的原因却综合了多方面因素,这大概可以总结为三类:藩镇割据、宦官专政和朋党之争,这些原因导致了政治的腐败与黑暗,腐败与黑暗又导致民不聊生,人民在走投无路的时候不得不为求生存而暴动起义,这就是历史上常说的官逼民反。水能载舟,又能覆舟,唐太宗认识到的经验子孙们没有长期恪守,最终,百姓的滔滔之水就将这个王朝倾覆了。
  藩镇最初并未形成较强的割据势力,但唐玄宗晚年时重用宦官高力士,日益昏庸,政治的黑暗使藩镇有了好的发展时机,再加上一些宦官与之内外勾结,割据之势逐步形成。后来灭唐的朱温握兵权占据一方,也是对这种藩镇割据形式的继承。可以说,藩镇割据就是唐朝覆灭的一个政治毒瘤。
  至于宦官专政,则是直接导致政治黑暗的重要原因。在唐玄宗发动政变灭韦皇后,杀太平公主,完全秉政的过程中,宦官起了很大作用。因此,唐玄宗开始重用高力士,但此时宦官还未专权。到安史之乱发生,唐朝皇帝对武将也开始妄加猜疑,宦官则大受宠信,开始内掌军队,外监诸将,发展到最后竟视皇帝如掌中之物。同时皇帝只知昏庸享乐,饱食终日,不理政事,听任江山日益败损。
  宦官仇士良很有代表性,他这样指点弟子们:“皇帝不能让他闲着,要经常用美女歌舞和锦衣美食使之沉醉其中,而且要日日变化花样,这样他就没功夫想别的事了,那我们就可以放心大胆地去做事了。同时尽量不让他读书,更不能给他接近书生的机会,那样他会看到前朝的灭亡,心中一旦忧虑国家前途,那我们就要被疏远遭斥责了。”宦官专政也是导致唐朝灭亡的重要原因,后来被朱温诛杀殆尽,也算是历史的惩罚。
  唐朝灭亡的第三类原因是朋党之争。为争权夺势不顾国家安危,这是朋党之争的一大特点。党派之争使得朝政在根本上败坏,两党相争也使得宦官势力无法根除,相反,有的却与宦官勾结打击对方,即使到了黄巢起义,社稷危亡之际,大臣们依旧争权夺势,听凭唐朝从弥留走向死亡。
  黄巢起义
  黄巢最初参加了王仙芝起义,后来王仙芝战死,黄巢便成为起义首领,率领起义军南征北战。 当时的唐朝皇帝唐僖宗继位不久,是一个地道的昏君。喜欢声色犬马,擅长斗鸡打,特别是打球技艺超群,自以为是球场上的状元。他昏庸到让人以打球来赌西川节度使的地步,他还与亲王斗鹅,一只鹅赌资高达五十万钱。有一次,在京城地区发生蝗灾,地方官报告说:“这些蝗虫不吃皇家庄稼,都吓得抱着荆棘自尽了。”而唐僖宗对这些谎言却深信不疑,对民间疾苦、旱涝灾害不闻不问。王仙芝、黄巢起义爆发后,虽知道调兵镇压,但是终归无法阻止祖宗传下来的江山社稷走向覆灭。
  黄巢是曹州冤句(今山东曹县西北)人,世代贩盐为生,喜好击剑骑射。早年多次参加科举考试都未中举,王仙芝起义军攻克曹州时,黄巢聚众响应。起义军在中原取得重大胜利后震动了唐朝廷,唐朝廷又重新调兵镇压。起义军则分兵对抗,攻占了今湖北、河南、安徽的一些地区,唐朝廷极为恐慌,害怕江南漕运被起义军掌握,断了江南粮食的来源。于是使人招降王仙芝。王仙芝经不起诱惑,竟欲投降,遭到将士反对。黄巢知道后痛斥王仙芝,还将他痛打一顿,破坏了唐朝廷的诱降阴谋。 后来,黄巢起义军打到宋州(今河南商丘市),大败唐军,朱温也就在这一年参加了黄巢起义军,追随黄巢南征北战,屡立战功,最终成为黄巢手下的一员大将。
  黄巢起义给朱温提供了一个绝好的崭露才干的机会。第二年,起义军转入两浙地区,攻克杭州,后又进军福建,再克广州,此后又北伐,最终攻克东都洛阳,然后乘胜破潼关,攻入唐都城长安。在长安建“大齐”政权,这时的朱温已是东南面行营先锋使,驻守在东渭桥(今西安东北),并招降了唐夏州节度使诸葛爽。后来又奉命转战河南一带,攻占了邓州(今河南邓州),从而阻断了唐军由荆襄北攻起义军的道路,使“大齐”政权东南面局势稳定下来。朱温得胜回长安时,黄巢还亲自到灞上犒赏三军。接着,黄巢又调朱温到长安西面,抗击纠集起来的唐朝军队,朱温又获大胜,然后挥师击败了唐将李孝昌等军。不久,朱温受命任同州(今陕西大荔)防御使,并攻下了同州,经过短短的五年的南征北战,三十而立的朱三已经成了“大齐”政权的功臣,成为起义军中的一员大将,但是顺心的朱温很快又陷入了困境。
  叛降唐朝
  和朱温隔河对峙的唐朝河中节度使王重荣有精兵数万,他投降过起义军,在唐僖宗逃到蜀地后号召各地将领围攻起义军时又重新叛归唐朝。由于兵少,朱温几次战败,只得向黄巢求救,但书信总是被负责军务的孟楷拦阻扣压,再加上起义军内部混乱腐败,朱温一筹莫展。 谋士谢瞳趁机进言献策道:“黄巢起家于草莽之中,只是趁唐朝衰乱之时才得以占领长安,并不是凭借功业才德建立的王业,不值得您和他长期共事。现在唐朝天子在蜀,各路兵马又逐渐逼近长安,这说明唐朝气数未尽,还没被众人厌弃。将军您在外苦战立功,政权内部却为庸人所制约,这就是先前章邯背叛秦国而归楚的原因。”
  朱温看谢瞳说的句句在理,正合自己的心意,为了生存,为了自己的前途,便杀掉监军使严实,率部投降了对面的王重荣。 唐僖宗在得到朱温归降的消息后,不禁大喜,兴奋地说:“这真是天赐我也!”他似乎看到了复兴祖业的希望之光。但万万没有想到,引进来的却是一只真正的“狼”。唐僖宗喜过之后,立即下诏任命朱温为左金吾大将军、河中行营招讨副使。还赐给朱温一个名字:全忠。但朱温并没有完全忠于他,忠于唐朝,就像原来没有忠于黄巢、忠于大齐一样,而是完完全全地叛了唐朝、灭了唐朝。
  霸业成就
  朱温当初参加黄巢起义,并非为了什么劳苦大众的幸福,更没有什么替天行道的思想,而仅仅是出于一种图富贵、出人头地的私心,为的是以后做官衣锦还乡,以此“回报”邻里对他的鄙视与轻蔑。在黄巢军中无法混下去时,为了生存为了富贵前途,他听从谋士谢瞳的计策背叛黄巢而投降了唐朝廷,在唐朝廷内朱温的官职步步高升,最后竟也做起了最高级的富贵梦:称帝。而且,一步步实施起来。
  朱温投降唐朝廷后,唐朝廷任命朱温为汴州(今河南开封)刺史、宣武军节度使,但要等收复京城长安后才能去赴任。朱温便与各路唐军合围长安,和昔日并肩作战的兄弟军队兵戎相见。黄巢无法抵挡,只得退出长安,突围后向南转移,然后又奔向河南。黄巢在攻打蔡州(今河南汝南)时,唐蔡州节度使秦宗权投降,在黄巢死后,他取而代之,继续反唐。
  这种朝秦暮楚、反复无常的叛变行为不仅唐末存在,五代中也是比比皆是。乱世之中,什么正义和良心都抛之脑后了,兄弟相杀,朋友反目,成了五代时期最黑暗的一面。 朱温乘胜追击黄巢军,一直打到汴州,此后,朱温便以汴州为他的根据地,汴州最后做了后梁的首都。 以后,朱温又为解陈州(今河南淮阳)之围,和黄巢军作战大小四十余次,取得全胜。又与唐河东节度使的精锐骑兵合击黄巢军于郾城(今河南郾城),再败黄巢军于中牟(今河南中牟北)北面的王满渡,黄巢大将葛从周等归降朱温。因为追剿黄巢有功,朱温被加封为检校司徒、同中书门下平章事为使相,封沛郡侯,后又进封吴兴郡王,地位显赫。所谓使相是一种合称,使指的是节度使,相指的是宰相,而唐朝没有宰相这一官名,同中书门下平章事的职权就相当于宰相,所以朱温此时称为使相。
  因为追剿黄巢而立功升官,又因为这个朱温结下死敌,对立交战直到他被儿子杀死,这个死敌就是河东节度使李克用。在王满渡朱温与李克用联合击败了黄巢军后,朱温邀请李克用到汴州休整军队。在一次宴会上,年轻气盛、恃才自傲仅二十八岁的李克用喝了些酒之后,说了一些对大他四岁的朱温有点不恭敬的话。
  二虎相争必有一伤,朱温一怒之下就想除掉这个狂徒,那样也会在将来少一个对手。朱温在宴席上隐而不露,等李克用回到驿馆,便命人放火围攻。偏巧遇上狂风暴雨,李克用侥幸逃脱,几百名士兵却全部阵亡。这场雨大概是场雷阵雨,历史上常将这些自然现象附会某人,说有神人相助。其实,当时正是夏日多雷雨的季节,朱温趁乌云压城的黑夜动手,却没想到乌云也能带来雷雨和大风,救了李克用一命。
  朱温成帝业得益于狡诈,但又受害于狡诈。杀李克用不成,反树立了一个日后最大的也是最近的一个敌人。最后,后梁就是灭在李克用的儿子李存勖之手,父仇子报,朱温的儿子败在了李克用的儿子手下。 在黄巢败亡之后,降将秦宗权继续反唐,但却到处骚扰残害百姓,还妄自称帝,并攻占了河南的许多地方,成为与朱温在中原较量的首要对手。朱温虽然兵少,却毫不示弱。一面派人到山东募兵壮大队伍,一面向兖州(今山东兖州)的朱瑾、郓州(近山东东平西北)的朱宣寻求支援。先后多次战胜秦宗权的骄纵部将,尤其是在汴州北面孝村一战取胜之后,秦宗权开始居于下风,并走向衰落,最后灭于朱温之手。
  大敌已破,朱温又狡诈地对付小敌,甚至对曾经相助的朋友也不放过。因为西面秦宗权的威胁已除,朱温将目标对准了东边,他制造借口,诬陷帮他打败秦宗权的朱宣诱他的兵士背叛他,在书信中对朱宣横加指责,朱宣无法忍受他这种恩将仇报的行径,回信中也毫不相让。然后朱温便抓住这些他自己制造的把柄,令朱珍、葛从周袭击曹州(今山东曹县),击败朱瑾兄弟,两人仅以身免。
  紧接着,朱温又将矛头指向了淮南地区。原先的淮南节度使高骈在争战中被杀,唐朝廷任命朱温兼淮南节度使、东南面招讨使,遭到了淮南实力派杨行密(即十国之一的吴国的创立者)的反对,也受到占有徐州(今江苏徐州)的时溥的抵制,朱温和他们的矛盾日益激化,但朱温还是先集中兵力解决了西面的秦宗权。
  朱温被唐僖宗任命为蔡州四面行营都统,负责对秦宗权的围攻。不久,唐僖宗病逝,其弟弟唐昭宗李哗继位。朱温此时并没有立即进攻处于劣势的秦宗权,而是四处扩张自己的势力。派人北上,拉拢魏博兵变的获胜者,建立起黄河以北东面的同盟者。又派大将葛从周北上救援被李克用围攻的张全义,建立黄河以北西面牵制对抗河东势力的同盟者。
  北方之患稳定后,恰好唐昭宗为促使朱温早日解决秦宗权又加封他为检校侍中,朱温便顺水推舟,调集大兵强攻蔡州。城破之时,秦宗权被部将拘拿送给朱温。秦宗权被押到长安处死,朱温则进封东平郡王,并加检校太尉兼中书令。 秦宗权势力消灭后,西面之忧解除,朱温又回师向东,对付时溥和原先逃脱的朱瑾兄弟。朱温率兵攻克徐州,时溥及其家眷自焚于燕子楼。
  第二年,多次取胜的朱温又与朱瑾兄弟大战,以火攻取胜,最后擒杀朱宣,朱瑾逃奔杨行密。 经过多年的征战,朱温扫清了一个个对手,完全控制了黄河以南淮河以北的中原大地,超过李克用成为最大的地方势力。 从25岁参加黄巢起义军,到光化二年(公元899年)攻太原(今山西太原)、占榆次(今山西榆次)时47岁,朱温二十余年经营之后,羽翼丰满,野心开始膨胀,下一个目标他瞄上了皇帝宝座。
  幕后贤妻
  朱温的霸业之所以能够成功,主要得益于两个人,一个是他的军师敬翔,另一个就是他的妻子张惠。虽然史书上对张惠的记载并不多,但从字里行间可以看出,张惠对朱温所起的作用是很大的。 张惠和朱温是同乡,都是砀山人,张惠家住在渠亭里。她家在当地是有名的富裕之户,父亲还做过宋州的刺史。 张惠生于富裕之家,既有教养,又懂得军事与政治谋略,可见从小父亲对她的传教也是很多的。
  张惠既有温柔的一面,又有英武的一面,体贴照顾朱温的同时常有让朱温钦佩的计谋。在这位刚柔相济、贤惠机智的妻子面前,朱温的狡诈反而显得粗浅,暴躁的朱温也收敛了许多。不但内事做主,外事包括作战也常让朱温心服口服。凡遇大事不能决断时就向妻子询问,而张惠所分析预料的又常常切中要害,让朱温茅塞顿开。因此,对张惠越加敬畏钦佩。有时候朱温已率兵出征,中途却被张惠派的使者赶上,说是奉张夫人之命,战局不利,请他速领兵回营,这位就立即下令收兵返回。
  朱温本性狡诈多疑,加上战争环境恶劣,诸侯之间你死我活的争夺,更使朱温妄加猜疑部下,而且动不动就处死将士。这必然影响到内部的团结和战斗力,张惠对此也很明了,就尽最大努力来约束朱温的行为,使朱温集团内部尽可能少地内耗,一致对外。朱温的长子朱友裕奉命攻打朱瑾,但没有追击俘获朱瑾,回来后朱温非常恼怒,怀疑他私通朱瑾,意欲谋反,吓得朱友裕逃入深山躲了起来。 张惠为让父子和好,就私下派人将他接了回来,向父亲请罪。
  朱温盛怒之下命人绑出去斩首。这时,张惠光着双脚从内室匆匆跑出来,拉住朱友裕的胳膊对朱温哭诉道:“他回来向你请罪,这不是表明他没有谋反吗?为何还要杀他?” 朱温看着妻子和儿子,心软了下来,最终赦免了儿子。 一波暂平,一波又起。朱瑾战败逃走之后,他的妻子却被朱温得到,张惠见朱温动了邪念,便让人把朱瑾的妻子请来,朱瑾妻赶忙向张惠跪拜行礼,张惠回礼后,对她推心置腹地说:“我们本来是同姓,理应和睦共处。他们兄弟之间为一点小事而兵戎相见,致使姐姐落到这等地步,如果有朝一日汴州失守,那我也会和你今天一样了。”说完,眼泪流了下来。 朱温在一旁内心也受到触动,想想自己也愧对朱瑾。当初如果没有朱瑾的援兵相助,他也不会大败秦宗权,在河南站稳脚跟。
  这次开战也是自己用了敬翔的计谋,妄加指责朱瑾诱降自己的将士才出兵的。此时已占领朱瑾领地,目的已经达到,何必再强占他的妻子呢。况且妻子已经知道内情,不如顺水推舟做个人情。 最后,朱温将朱瑾的妻子送到寺庙里做了尼姑,但张惠却始终没有忘记这个有些不幸的女人,常让人去送些衣物食品,或许也算为朱温弥补一点过失。
  张惠和朱温共同生活了二十余年,在朱温灭唐建后梁前夕却染病去世。朱温得到张惠病重的消息,急忙赶了回来。 临终前,张惠还对朱温劝道:“既然你有这种建霸业的大志,我也没法阻止你了。但是上台容易下台难,你还是应该三思而后行。如果真能登基实现大志,我最后还有一言,请你记下。” 朱温忙说:“有什么尽管说,我一定听从。” 张惠缓缓说道:“你英武超群,别的事我都放心,但有时冤杀部下、贪恋酒色让人时常担心。所以‘戒杀远色’这四个字,千万要记住!如果你答应,那我也就放心去了。”
  张惠死后,不仅朱温难过流泪,就连众多将士也是悲伤不已。由于朱温多疑,常滥杀属下,杀人时没有人敢出来求情,只有张惠得知后时常来解救,几句温柔在理的话就使朱温暴怒平息,因此许多被被救的将士都对张惠感激不尽,其他将士对张惠这种爱护将士之情也充满了敬仰。 张惠为人和善,对朱温的两个妾也是如此,没有丝毫嫉妒,更不用说加害她们了。朱温因为张惠的贤惠,也没有像其他人那样娶三妻四妾。但是,张惠死后,朱温却放纵声色,忘了妻子临死时的忠言,后竟然和儿媳乱伦,终于是不听忠言,惨死刀下,遭了报应。 张惠为朱温生有一子,即梁末帝朱友贞,朱温被唐朝封为魏王时,张惠也被封为魏国夫人。朱温称帝后,一直没有立皇后,大概是怀念这位贤惠而又有智谋的妻子吧。等到梁末帝继位时,才将母亲追加谥号为“元贞皇后”和“元贞皇太后”。
  灭唐建梁
  围攻凤翔
  光化三年(900)十一月,宦官刘季述等幽禁唐昭宗,立太子李裕为帝。次年初,与朱温关系密切的宰相崔胤与护驾都头孙德昭等杀刘季述,昭宗复位,改年号为天复,进封朱温为东平王。此后,崔胤想借朱温之手杀宦官,而韩全诲等宦官则以凤翔(今属陕西)李茂贞、邠宁(今彬县、宁县)王行瑜等为外援。这年十月,崔胤矫诏令朱温带兵赴京师,朱温乘机率兵7 万由河中攻取同州、华州(今华县),兵临长安近郊。韩全诲等劫持昭宗到凤翔投靠李茂贞。朱温追到凤翔城下,要求迎还昭宗。韩全诲矫诏令朱温返镇。天复二年,朱温在一度返回河中之后再次围攻凤翔,多次击败李茂贞。前来救助李茂贞的鄜坊节度使李周彝也被拦截而归降朱温
  控制唐昭宗
  凤翔被围日久,城中食尽,冻饿死者不可胜计。李茂贞无奈,于天复三年(903)正月杀韩全诲等 20 人,与朱温议和。朱温挟昭宗回长安,昭宗从此成了他的傀儡。昭宗也深知自己的境遇,他对朱温说:“宗庙社稷是卿再造,朕与戚属是卿再生。”因此他对朱温唯命是从。不久,朱温杀第五可范等宦官 700 多人。唐代中期以来长期专权的宦官势力受到了彻底的打击。朱温则被任命为守太尉、兼中书令、宣武等军节度使、诸道兵马副元帅,进爵为梁王,并加赐“回天再造竭忠守正功臣”的荣誉头衔和御制《杨柳词》5首。
  然而朱温的目的是要取而代之。在任命他为诸道兵马副元帅之前商量正元帅的人选时,“崔胤请以辉王祚为之。上曰:‘濮王长’。胤承全忠密旨利祚冲幼,固请之。己卯,以祚为诸道兵马元帅”。天祐元年(904)正月,朱温再次表请迁都洛阳(今属河南),当昭宗“车驾至华州,民夹道呼万岁。上泣谓曰:‘勿呼万岁,朕不复为汝主矣!’”又对他的侍臣说:“朕今漂泊,不知竟落何所!”朱温把昭宗左右的小黄门、打毬供奉、内园小儿等200 余人全部缢杀而代之以他选来的形貌大小相似的亲信。“昭宗初不能辨,久而方察。自是昭宗左右前后皆梁人矣!”
  建梁称帝
  迁都洛阳后,朱温仍担心 38 岁的昭宗有朝一日利用李茂贞、李克用等东山再起,就令朱友恭、氏叔琮、蒋玄晖等杀昭宗,借皇后之命立13 岁的李柷为帝,是为昭宣帝。为了推卸罪责,他在事前带兵离开洛阳到河中前线去讨伐新附于李茂贞的杨崇本。事后他回到洛阳演了一出戏:“朱全忠闻朱友恭等弑昭宗,阳惊号哭,自投于地曰:‘奴辈负我,令我受恶名于万代!’癸巳,至东都,伏梓宫恸哭流涕。又见帝自陈非己志。”随后,他杀朱友恭和氏叔琮以灭口。天祐二年(905)二月,朱温又杀李裕等昭宗九子于九曲池。六月,杀裴枢、独孤损等朝臣 30 余人,投尸于滑州(今滑县东)白马驿附近的黄河,说是要让这些自诩为“清流”的官员成为“浊流”。
  朱温迫不及待地要废唐称帝,令唐宰相柳璨、枢密使蒋玄晖等加紧筹划。柳、蒋一则认为“魏晋以来,皆先封大国,加九锡殊礼,然后受禅,当次第行之”。再则认为“晋、燕、岐、蜀,皆吾勍敌,王遽受禅,彼心未服,不可不曲尽义理,然后取之”。因而建议朱温按部就班依例而行。天祐二年十一月,昭宣帝任命朱温为相国,总百揆,并进封魏王,以宣武等 21 道为魏国,兼备九锡之命。这本是柳璨等为朱温正式称帝铺设的一块跳板,可是朱温认为是柳璨等人有意拖延时日以待变,怒而不受此命,先后杀蒋玄晖、柳璨等人,进一步加快了夺权的步伐。
  天祐四年(907)四月,朱温在表面上由唐宰相张文蔚率百官劝进之后,正式称帝,更名为朱晃,庙号太祖。改元开平,国号大梁,史称后梁。升汴州为开封府(今河南开封),建为东都,而以唐东都洛阳为西都。废 17 岁的昭宣帝为济阴王,迁往曹州济阴囚禁。次年二月,将其杀害。
  朱温之死
  朱温的荒淫,行同禽兽,即使在封建帝王中也罕有其匹。朱温为黄巢同州刺史时,娶砀山富室女张氏为妻。张氏“贤明有礼”,朱温“深加礼异”, “每军谋国计,必先延访。或已出师,中途有所不可,张氏一介请旋,如期而至,其信重如此”。天祐元年张氏病死后,朱温开始“纵意声色,诸子虽在外,常征其妇入侍,帝往往乱之”。
  乾化二年,“太祖兵败蓨县,道病,还洛,幸全义会节园避暑,留旬日,全义妻女皆迫淫之”。张全义之子愤极要手刃朱温,为张全义苦苦劝止。至于朱温的儿子们对朱温的乱伦,不仅毫无羞耻,竟然利用妻子争宠,博取欢心,争夺储位,真是旷古丑闻!养子“朱友文妇王氏色美,帝(朱温)尤宠之,虽未以友文为太子,帝意常属之”。朱温病重时,打算把朱友文从东都召来洛阳付以后事。其亲子“友珪妇亦朝 夕侍帝侧,知之,密告友珪曰:‘大家(指朱温)以传国宝付王氏怀往东都,吾属死无日矣!’”朱友珪随即利用他掌握的宫廷宿卫侍从及其亲信韩勍所部牙兵发动宫廷政变,“中夜斩关入”,“友珪仆夫冯廷谔刺帝腹,刃出于背。友珪自以败毡裹之,瘗于寝殿”。这样,朱温最后于乾化二年(912)六月被亲子友珪所害,终年 61 岁。
  皇室成员
  兄弟
  广德靖王朱全昱
  朗王朱存
  儿子
  郴王朱友裕
  博王朱友文
  次子郢王朱友圭
  福王朱友璋
  贺王朱友雍
  建王朱友徽
  康王朱友孜
  三子末帝(均王)朱友贞
  义子
  博王朱友文(原名康勤)
  冀王朱友谦(原名朱简)
  左龙虎统军朱友恭(原名李彦威)
  朱友让(原名李七郎)
  女儿
  安阳公主,长女,下嫁罗廷规,开平二年八月追封。
  长乐公主,下嫁赵岩,开平元年五月十一日封。
  普宁公主,下嫁王昭祚,开平元年五月十一日封。
  金华公主,开平二年十月封。为罗廷规继室。罗廷规死后,开平四年被父亲下令出家,以全妇节。
  真宁公主,乾化三年十月五日封。
  历史评价
  总结朱温一生,在治理国家方面还是做了一些事情的,这应该肯定。但朱温的滥杀无辜,荒淫无耻也是历史上极为突出的,为历代人所不齿。 称帝后,对外作战时,朱温也实施了一套安邦定国的措施,以期江山永固。他转变了只重军事的做法,认识到民众和土地对稳固政权的重要性。因此,他尽最大努力去恢复生产,奖励农耕,采取了一些与民休息的宽容政策,中原的经济得到一些恢复。同时,为保证地方行政的顺利,朱温又下令给各地将领,不论其军阶多高,部队多少,在行政事务方面一律居地方官之下,听从地方官吏管束、安排。
  这样就从根本上保证了地方治安的稳定,使军队的作用发挥在保民上,而不是割据一地扰民乱国。朱温又吸取唐末地方将领无法节制终成大祸的教训,对手下大将严加防范,一旦有骄横的人出现,立即除掉,或杀或囚,以绝后患。但朱温却没有自己约束自己这种多疑和嗜杀的品性,相反,嗜杀自始至终还表现为滥杀无辜。朱温对部下、战俘、士人均滥杀成性。战争时期为整肃军纪,利于调遣,从严治军是应该的,但朱温却严得残酷,杀得残忍。五代时期的法律严酷得令人发指,在中国法制史上五代就是以法律严酷而出名的。为保证战斗力,对待士兵极为严厉,每次作战时,如果将领战死疆场,所属士兵也必须与将领与阵地共存亡,如果生还就全部杀掉,名为“跋队斩”。
  所以,将官一死,兵士也就纷纷逃亡,不敢归队。朱温又让人在士兵的脸上刺字,如果思念家乡逃走,或者战役结束后私自逃命,一旦被关津渡口抓获送回,必死无疑。无独有偶,现代史上的直系军阀吴佩孚也是在这种方法的基础上加以改造,以这种野蛮的方式提高战斗力。只不过吴佩孚的“效率”更高,让督战队手持大刀到前线执行任务,一遇退缩者,就地砍头。吴佩孚就这样在军阀混战中扩张自己的势力,但最终败在了勇猛无敌的叶挺手下,虽然枪毙许多连营长也无济于事。
  毛泽东曾经评价他说:“朱温处四战之地,与曹操略同,而狡猾过之。”


  The decline of the Tang Dynasty
  Military governors were not initially form a strong separatist forces, but the eunuch Gao Lishi Emperor reuse old age, more stupid, the political darkness to military governors have a good development opportunities, plus a number of eunuchs with collusion, separatist trend gradually formation. Then shake off Taizu of Later Liang Tang military power occupied side, also inherited form of this disparate administrative regions. We can say that disparate administrative regions is a political cancer in the Tang Dynasty was collapsing.
  Tang extinction because of the third class struggle between cliques. Wins the struggle for the right to disregard national security situation, which is a major dispute clique characteristics. Partisan so fundamentally corrupt affairs of state, the competition between the two parties also made eunuchs forces can not be eradicated, on the contrary, there is collusion with the eunuchs against each other, even to the Huang Chao Uprising the boat peril occasion, ministers are still fought for power potential, allow the Tang Dynasty from the dying to die.
  Taizu of Later Liang Huang Chao Uprising to provide an excellent opportunity to reveal its abilities. The second year, the rebels into the Outward region, captured Hangzhou, then into Fujian, Guangzhou, then g, and subsequently the Northern Expedition, the final capture of Luoyang, and then follow up a victory Tongguan break, scoring the Tang capital of Chang'an. Chang built in the "big homogeneous" regime, when the Taizu of Later Liang is the pioneer to the southeast line of business, stationed in East Wei Bridge (now Xi'an Northeast), and summon somebody to surrender the state Jiedushi Zhuge Shuang Tang Xia. And later fought in Henan was ordered to the area, captured Dengzhou (today Dengzhou), thus blocking the Tang Jun Jingxiang North attack the rebels from the road, so that "large homogeneous" regime to stabilize the situation in the south-east. Success will come when Taizu of Later Liang Chang, Huang Chao personally to the Ba River on the reward the soldiers. Then they transferred Taizu of Later Liang Huang Chao west to Chang'an, the Tang Dynasty banded together to fight the army, Taizu of Later Liang and thereby facilitating their victory, and then commanded the troops defeated the Tang army to Li Xiaochang so. Soon, Taizu of Later Liang ordered any of the same state (now of drinking) defense to, and capture the same state, just five years after the Civil war, volunteer work has become Zhu three "big Qi" power The hero, a rebel army in a general, but liking the Taizu of Later Liang quickly into a corner.
  Taizu of Later Liang Huang Chao had participated in the uprising, was not happy for what the working class, but nothing for good ideas, but only out of a plan of wealth, get ahead of selfishness, for the subsequent official returned home gloriously, this "return "neighborhood of his disdain and contempt. Huang Chao, diving in the military can not, in order to survive for future wealth, his grateful pupil of the plan follow advisers betrayal and surrender the Tangzhao Ting Huang Chao, the official in the Tang Zhaoting rise higher and higher within the Taizu of Later Liang, and finally had to start with the most advanced The wealth of the Dream: emperor. And step by step to implement.
  This fickle, erratic behavior not only Tang mutiny there is everywhere in the Five Dynasties. Among the chaos, what of justice and conscience are thrown behind, and brothers to kill, friends enemies, became the darkest side of the Five Dynasties period. Taizu of Later Liang win the Huang Chao Army, has been hit Bianzhou Since then, Taizu of Later Liang have to Bianzhou for his base, Bianzhou finally made the capital of Later Liang. After Taizu of Later Liang Chen has the solution state (today Huaiyang) in circumference, and Huang Chao size of four dozen military operations, a total victory. Also Jiedushi Dong Tang Huang Chao military elite cavalry joint attack on Yan City (today Yan City), Zaibai Huang Chao Army in Zhongmu (today Zhongmu North), crossing over the north of the king, Huang Chao Ge general from Week clique are surrendering Taizu of Later Liang . Huang Chao active as hunting, Taizu of Later Liang was sealed for the calibration Stuart, Ha Ping Zhangshi with the book for the magnitude and angle, seal Pei Jun Hou, then enter letters Wuxing Dukes position in society. The so-called magnitude and angle is a collectively to refer to the military commissioner, he means that the prime minister, but no prime minister, the Guan Ming Tang, Ping Zhangshi studied under the same terms in the book equal to prime minister, so Taizu of Later Liang now known as the magnitude and angle.
  Huang Chao and meritorious service being promoted because of hunting, but also because the Taizu of Later Liang formed sworn enemy, fighting against his son until he was killed, the deadly enemy that is using Li Ke Dong Jiedushi. Man crossing Taizu of Later Liang Wang and Li Ke Huang Chao with a joint army defeated, the Taizu of Later Liang invited Rick used Bianzhou break the army. At a banquet, the young and fit, only the 20-year-old Shi Cai Li Ke proud to use after drinking some wine, he said some of the largest year-old Taizu of Later Liang somewhat respectful words.
  Enemy has been broken, Taizu of Later Liang has to deal cunning little enemy, even the friends who assisted him let go. Because the west of Qin were right threat except, Taizu of Later Liang targeting the east, his excuse, framed to help him defeat the Qin were right ZHU, lured his soldiers betrayed him, in letters on ZHU, unwarranted charges, ZHU, can not stand He acts this good deed goes unpunished, no reply to give way also. Then they take advantage of these Taizu of Later Liang made his own handle, so Zhu Zhen, Ge Zhou attacks from Caozhou (now Shandong Cao County), defeated Zhu Jin brothers, only two body free.
  Northern suffering from stable, just Emperor Tang Zhaozong order to facilitate the early settlement of Taizu of Later Liang Qin were then sealed his power calibration sijung, Taizu of Later Liang will help things along, the mobilization of soldiers storming Cai Zhou. City break when the right of the Qin were arrested by the Department will take to give Taizu of Later Liang. Chang Qin were taken to the execution of the right, then enter letters Taizu of Later Liang Tung Ping Dukes, and add calibration Qiu and Zhong Shuling. Qin forces were eliminated right after the lifting of the west of the worry, Taizu of Later Liang they return in triumph to east, on Fushi Pu and Zhu Jin brothers originally escaped. Taizu of Later Liang shuaibing captured Xuzhou, Pu and their family members when the self-immolation to swallow floor.
  The rule of Taizu of Later Liang's success is due largely to two people, one of his army, division, Jing Xiang, and the other is his wife, Zhang Hui. Although historical records on Hui-not much, but between the lines can be seen on the Taizu of Later Liang Zhang Hui role is significant. Zhang Hui and Taizu of Later Liang is a fellow, who is Dangshan, Zhang Hui lived in drainage pavilion. Her family is famous in the prosperity of local households, the father also did the provincial governor the state of Song. Zhang Huisheng in wealthy homes, both education and also in the military and political strategy, showing that the father of her missionary childhood is a lot.
  Zhang Hui's death, not only Taizu of Later Liang sad tears, and even many men are very sad over. As Taizu of Later Liang suspicious, often killing their to kill them when no one dared to intercede, and only after that from time to time to rescue Zhang Hui, a few gentle and reasonable, then on to Taizu of Later Liang fury subsided, many soldiers have been rescued grateful to the Zhang Hui, Zhang Hui such other officers and men of the feeling of love is full of men admire. Hui-man kind of Taizu of Later Liang's two concubines too, there is no jealousy, not to mention the harm they had. Taizu of Later Liang Zhang Hui's virtuous because, like other people do not marry a third wife and four concubines. However, Zhang Hui died, Taizu of Later Liang is sensual indulgence, forgetting the advice of him when his wife died, after the surprise and daughter incest, finally, do not listen to counsel, the tragic death of the sword, was the reward. Zhang Hui birth to a son for the Taizu of Later Liang, Liang Mo Di Zhu Youzhen that, Taizu of Later Liang was labeled the king and when the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Hui has also been called Ms. Wei Guo. Taizu of Later Liang emperor, has failed to set up the queen, probably miss the virtuous and the resourcefulness of his wife right there. Modi to the throne until the beam only when the mother additional posthumous title of "Motosada Queen" and "Yuan Zhen Queen Mother."
  Taizu of Later Liang's licentious, line with the animal, even in the feudal monarchs in their horses are rare. Taizu of Later Liang Huang Chao with the prefectural governor for the time, married women Dangshan Zhang Fu Room wife. Zhang, "wise and courteous," Taizu of Later Liang "deep plus ceremony differences," "State of dollars every military plan, we must first extended visit. Or apprenticeship, has not dropped, she was ordinary, please rotation, predictable, the letter re- so. " God Bless Zhang died after the first year, Taizu of Later Liang began to "vertical intended sensual, thinkers though out, and often signs his wife Rushi, God often to chaos."
  Brothers
  Son
  Second son Ying Wang Zhu Yougui
  Jian Wang You-hui Zhu
  Noriko
  Jun Zhu Yougong left Dragon and Tiger systems (formerly Liyan Wei)
  Anyang princess, the eldest daughter, married Rothin regulations, Kaiping bestowed two years in August.
  Jinhua Princess, Kaiping closed two October. Following the room for the Rothin regulations. Rothin rules death by his father ordered the monk Kaiping four years to all women's section.
  Evaluation of Mao Zedong once said: "Taizu of Later Liang Department, the land of four wars, and Cao Cao come first, but it had been cunning."
后梁朱温 Zhu Wen
(907年912年)
后一君主 >>: 郢王 朱友圭
    

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