| 姓： | 武 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 名： | 曌 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 网笔号： | 则天顺圣皇帝 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 籍贯： | 并州文水 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 陵墓： | 乾陵 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
阅读武则天 Wu Zetian在百家争鸣的作品!!! 阅读武则天 Wu Zetian在诗海的作品!!! | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
武则天（624—705年），籍贯并州文水（今山西文水东），生于利州（今四川省广元市）。唐高宗李治的皇后，唐中宗李显、唐睿宗李旦之母，高宗去世后，武则天相继废掉两个儿子中宗和睿宗，自己做了皇帝，创造了“曌”（读音“zhào”），这个字意为“日月当空”，并改国号为“周”，史称“武周”。武则天统治的前期，重用酷吏，严厉打击反对他的元老重臣，勋贵旧族，就此打破大族控制政局，垄断高官的局面。定都洛阳。690—705年在位。世人据其尊号“则天大圣皇帝”称之为武则天（则，法则也，以为法则也。则天，即以天为法则，向上天学习，遵循上天的规律和要求的意思）。性巧慧，多权术。唐朝开国功勋武士彟的次女，生母杨氏是武士彟的续妻，陇右大士族、隋朝宰相、遂宁公杨达之女。
武则天是唐太宗李世民的才人，唐高宗李治的皇后。太宗称其为“媚娘”。她在协助高宗处理军国大事，佐持朝政三十年后，亲登帝位，自称圣神皇帝，废唐祚于一旦，改国号为周，成为中国历史上空前绝后的唯一女皇。从她参与朝政，自称皇帝，到病移上阳宫，前后执政近半个世纪，上承“贞观之治”，下启“开元盛世”，史称“贞观遗风”历史功绩，昭昭于世。诚如宋庆龄对她的中肯评价：武则天是“封建时代杰出的女政治家”。
武则天出生在唐初新贵显宦之家，显赫的权势，豪奢的生活，滋养了她无限量的权力欲。然而，初唐极重士族的门阀之风盛行，而武氏庶族的门第，低微的出身，又使她饱受流俗的轻视，而不甘埋没。这一特殊的境遇与遭际，强烈地刺激着青年时代的武则天，陶冶了她狂妄地去追逐和攫取最高权力，以达唯我是从的欲望，和以冷酷而不择手段地去报复一切的心理。这一点在她以后从政乃至于“南面称孤”的一系列政治斗争中，表现的尤为突出，成为她一生功过参差的修养。品德、性格和心理根源。
则天自幼聪慧敏俐，极善表达，胆识超人。父亲深感她是可造人才，遂教她读书识字，使她通晓世理。史载，则天十三、四岁时，已是博览群书，博闻强记，诗词歌赋也都奠定了一定基础，而且长于书法，字态卓荦不群。
贞观十一年（637年），14岁的武氏以长相俊美，入选宫中，受封“才人”。入宫之后，太宗遂赐号“媚娘”。后结识李治。
贞观二十三年（649年），太宗死去，则天与所有嫔妃，发送长安感业寺削发为尼。太宗九子李治即位后，因早先与则天暗通款曲，对她极有兴趣，遂借祭祀之名来到感业寺，两人一见面涕泗横流。宫中皇后王氏端庄矜持，不特意讨好李治，已被冷落多年，受宠的是萧淑妃，为李治生有一儿两女，因此，萧淑妃称霸后宫。与王皇后不和，且萧淑妃的儿子被封为雍王，按唐惯例，皇后的长子为太子，剩下的若干个儿子才有一个有可能封为雍王。萧淑妃的儿子受封，是不是意味着萧淑妃将由二品妃子升为一品，成为皇后？王皇后为保住自己的位子，特意授让皇上接武氏进宫，以免二人饱尝相思之苦。皇后这一关通过了。武氏便顺利进入宫内。王皇后原本认为武氏原是先帝的妾，而且身份低微，皇帝不会给她任何名分，接进宫内是让她打击萧淑妃，两败俱伤，自己坐收渔翁之利。可正是这样，她却给自己筑造了一个太大的坟墓，成为武则天上升之路的第一批牺牲品。两三年后武氏入官，晋封为“昭仪”。永徽六年（655年），极受高宗宠幸的武则天，在内宫的斗争中稳操胜券，并日促高宗立己为后。然而，在封建社会中，皇后的废立乃国之大事，须与重臣们商定。当高宗把废皇后王氏，立则天为皇后的打算向褚遂良、长孙无忌等忠贞重臣说明后，立即遭到强烈的反对。他们认为武氏出身卑微，不宜为后，且太宗崩时，曾言“佳儿佳妇”，不应废王皇后。但是，高宗的主张也得到武则天的同谋许敬忠以及李义府、等一些朝中挺武派的支持。后武则天亲的女儿突然夭折，便称为王皇后所杀，迫使高宗终于在这年的十月断然颁诏，废皇后王氏，正式册立则天为皇后，册立皇后后，武则天将王皇后、萧淑妃手脚砍断，将其放入酒缸中，称其为醉骨。狠狠骂道：“看你俩还能不能翻身！”这样萧淑妃和王皇后这两个年轻的生命就这样血腥的结束了。逼高宗逼死自己的亲舅舅长孙无忌.
则天登上皇后宝座后，机智精明，“通文史，多权谋”的长处，得到长足的发挥和发展，使高宗对她宠爱之余，别眼相看。她亦利用皇后的身份，皇上对己的宠爱，积极参与朝政， “百司奏事，时时令后决之”。从永徽六年（655年）到显庆四年（659年）的五年时间里，她广弄冤案，天下森森，大量清除政敌，贬尚书右仆射诸遂良，使其郁闷而死；黜同中书门下长孙无忌，逼其自缢；罢免朝中诸遂良、长孙无忌的支持者，巩固和扩大了自己的影响和权力，扫除了她参政道路上的障碍，贞观遗风之称的永徽之治结束。
显庆五年（660年），高宗李治因患风眩，目不能视，遂下诏委托武后协理政事。自此，则天从参政步人执政，“黜陟生杀，决于其口，天子拱手而已”，人虽在幕后，却遥控了朝廷实权。后来，高宗后悔，图谋收回大权，并密令中书侍郎上官仪草诏废后。岂知机事不密， “谋泄不果”，武后手辣心狠，先下手为强，立将上官仪处死。高宗之举，功亏一篑，反使武后更为警觉。
武则天，长子李弘因病去世，次子李贤被流放（后杀害），三子被废，四子待武则天登基后，改名武轮。
高宗虽厌其独行独断，许多国家大事又不能不倚重她。这样，就使武后逐渐从幕后走向前台，竟与高宗同临紫宸殿，一起接受群臣朝拜。上元元年（674年），高宗号天皇，皇后号天后，天下人谓之“二圣”。自此，高宗形同虚设，唐朝权柄，尽在武后则天掌握之中。
从上元元年（674年），则天以“天后”之尊开始执政，至天授元年（690年）正式称帝的16年中，武氏为当皇帝做了大量的长时间的准备，采取了多种有力有效的措施。首先，在王位的继承上，高宗想禅位于长子李弘。武后则不念母子之情，将李弘毒死，立次子李贤为太子。李贤被高宗委以临国之任，处理政务颇为精干，武后则废李贤为庶人，立三子李显为太子。弘道元年（683 年），高宗卒，中宗李显刚刚继位，武后则以皇太后名义临朝称制。一年后便废掉中宗，改封庐陵王，立四子李旦为帝，是睿宗。李显、李旦都是昏庸无能之辈，在皇帝位上也是傀儡，处处受制于武后。
其次，是修改《氏族志》为《姓氏录》，原来连《氏族志》都不能列入的武氏，在《姓氏录》中，却定为姓氏的第一等，这并没有改变门阀观念，只是武则天为了提高武的地位的一个表现。
再次，是变更官名，改东都洛阳为神都，为自己登位称帝，建立新秩序，迈出重要的一步。向举国表示自己大位一统至高无上的权力。武后的这些新政措施，很快遭到皇族李氏和许多士族官僚的反对。柳州刺史，唐初元勋徐世绩之后徐敬业，召十数万兵马率先于扬州发难，骆宾王写下名著一时的《讨武曌檄》，遍撒域中。宗室琅玡王李冲在博州，越王李贞在豫州也相继反武，举兵讨伐。则天武后对此毫不手软，坚决镇压，在她的直接指挥下，这些叛乱很快平息，徐敬业、李冲、李贞等主要发难者，或死于战场，或被捕杀，无一幸免。
恐怖的斩杀，广泛的株连，充分地暴露出武后的冷酷果断。
公元690年，武则天认为亲临帝位的条件成熟，先借佛僧法明之口，广造舆论：“武后为弥勒佛转生，当代唐为天子。”接着又一手导演了，以唐睿宗为首的六万臣民上表劝进，请改国号的壮举。至此，水到渠成，则天武后在“上尊天示”、“顺从众议”的“万岁”声中，登临大宝，实现了梦寐以求的夙愿，改唐为“周 ”，自号“圣神皇帝”。这年，她已是67岁的高龄。
如果说，武则天在称帝前三十余年参政执政的政治生涯中，已显示出惊人的政治谋略和手段。那么，在称帝之后的十余年中，则更充分地显示了她在用人、处事、治国等各个方面杰出的政治才能和政治家的气魄。
则天称帝后，更重视人才的选拔和使用。她认为“九域之广，岂一人之强化，必伫才能，共成羽翼”。凡能“安邦国”、“定边疆”的人才，她不计门第，不拘资格，一律量才使用。为了广揽人才，她发展和完善了隋以来的科举制度，放手招贤，允许自举为官、试官，并设立员外官。此外，她还首创了殿试和武举制度，为更多更广地发现人才，搜罗人才创造了有利的条件。比如，中唐名将郭子仪，就是“自武举异等出”。这样，在她施政的年代里，始终有一批“文似仁杰”，“武类休武”的能臣干将为其效命，有力地维护着武周的政权。
对于农业生产，则天也非常重视。她说：“建国之本，必在务农”，“务农则田垦，田垦则粟多，粟多则人富”。她规定，能使“田畴垦辟，家有余粮”的地方官升任；“为政苛滥，户口流移”的“轻者贬官，甚至非时解替”。这样，在她执政的年代里，农业和手工业都得到较大的发展。人口不断增加。据当时统计，永徽时全国户数为380万户，到则天临终的神龙元年，渐增为615万户，几乎增长一倍。仅此一点即可看出这一时期的农业经济发展情况。
在抗击外来入侵，保护边境安宁，改善相邻各国的关系方面，则天施政时期也做了很多努力。对吐蕃贵族的入侵和骚扰，则天给予坚决的抵御和反击。长寿二年（692年）她派大将王孝杰击败吐蕃，收复安西四镇，复置安西都护府于龟兹。之后，又在庭州设置北庭都护府，巩固西北边防，打通了一度中断的通向中亚地区的“丝绸之路”。在她施政的年代里，坚持边军屯田的政策。天授年间，娄师德检校丰州都督“屯田积谷数百万，兵以饶给”。大足元年（701年），郭元振任凉州都督，坚持屯田五年，“军粮可支数十年”。武氏的这种大范围的长期屯田。对边区开发、减轻人民转输之劳，以及巩固边防都有着积极的作用。
当然，在武曌掌权近半个世纪的较长时期内，也有很多过失。她重用酷吏，奖励告密。使不少污吏横行一时。他们刑讯逼供，滥杀无辜，诬陷于人，使不少文臣武将蒙受不白之冤。虽然对武周政权的巩固起过一些作用，但是，搞的统治集团内部矛盾激化，人人自危，必然影响国家的治理和生产的发展。她放手选官，使官僚集团急剧。增大，官僚机构膨胀，必然要加重人民的负担。她晚年好大喜功，生活奢靡，耗费大量财资和劳力。这都不同程度影响和延缓了生产力的发展。不过，这些错误和过失，毕竟是武则天政治生涯中的支流。她作为中国历史上唯一的女皇帝，能够排除万难，在统治长达半个世纪的年代，形成强有力的中央集权，社会安定，经济发展，上承“贞观之治”，下启“开元盛世”，革除时弊，发展生产，完善科举，破除门阀观念，不拘一格任用贤才，顺应历史潮流，大刀阔斧改革。武则天的每一项功绩都伴随着矛盾，正如林达先生所说的“每撒下一缕阳光，就投下一片阴影”。在武则天去世之后的一千多年里，人们对她的评价是反反复复在变，如唐前期对她的评价相对比较积极，比较正面；因为从唐中期开始儒学复兴，到南宋程朱理学在中国占据了思想上的主导地位，所以从南宋开始对武则天的评价持续走低，明末清初著名思想家王夫之对于武则天的评价是：“鬼神之所不容，臣民之所共怨”；到了近代由于女权运动的兴起，人们又赋予武则天妇女解放的色彩了。
705年，宰相张柬之乘武则天年老病危，拥立中宗复位，尊武氏为“则天大圣皇帝”。同年冬，武氏死，享年８２岁，遗诏“去帝号，称则天大圣皇后。”李白把武则天列为唐朝“七圣”之一。
据林语堂先生《武则天正传》，武则天一生共谋杀了九十三人（不包括其受到株连的亲属）。其中她自己的亲人二十三人，唐宗室三十四人，朝廷大臣三十六人（不包括其走狗）。这里面有多少是该死的，有多少是冤案；有多少确为武则天所害，有多少是别人对武则天的诬陷，这笔账，只好留给历史学家慢慢去算了。CCTV《百家讲坛》——蒙曼说唐之武则天，也有一些记载。
人物轶事
武则天也是一位女诗人，《全唐诗》等录有其诗58首，多为庙堂祭奠之作，然也间有记游抒情诗篇，其《如意娘》诗云：
看朱成碧思纷纷，憔悴支离为忆君。
不信比来常下泪，开箱验取石榴裙。
作为女皇的武则天，是一个铁腕人物，给人留下女中须眉的印象，然作为女人，也有情意缠绵，柔情若水的一面，于此诗可见。
武则天还有《腊日宣诏幸上苑》诗云：
明朝游上苑，火急报春知。
花须连夜发，莫待晓风吹。
这首诗后来流传为一个故事，说武则天于某年冬游上苑，令花神催开百花，花神奉旨，百花齐放，唯牡丹傲骨，独不奉诏。武后大怒，贬之洛阳，“故今言牡丹者，以西洛为冠首。”（高承《事物纪原》卷十《牡丹》）。案此诗写于６９１年，是武则天建立“武周”的第二年，《全唐诗》于此诗题解云：“天授二年，腊，卿相欲诈称花发，请幸上苑，有所谋也，许之。寻疑有异图，乃遣使宣诏云云。于是，凌晨名花布苑。群臣咸服其异。后托术以移唐祚。此皆妖妄，不足信也。”此说较为可信，所谓今花神催开百花，乃出于政治宣传的需要，实先有所布置。
据《新唐书·艺文志》录有武则天《垂拱集》一百卷，《金轮集》十务已佚。令人辑有《武则天集》行于世。
人物年谱
１岁，唐高祖武德七年（６２４年）正月二十三(公历2月17日)，生于利州（今四川省广元市）。父，武士彟，年４８岁，任工部尚书，判六曹尚书事。母，杨氏，年４６岁。异母兄武元庆、武元爽稍长，姐一人尚幼。
3岁，武德八年（６２6年）六月初四，李世民发动“玄武门之变”，杀其兄李建成、弟李元吉。初七，李世民被立为太子。八月初八，唐高祖李渊传位于太子李世民。九日，太子李世民即位，为太宗。封武士彟为豫州都督。
５岁，贞观二年（６２８年）六月十五日，李治（唐高宗）诞生。本年，袁天罡为武相面，在当地留下了朝天关、望云埔等传说。
１２岁，贞观九年（６３５年）五月初六日，高祖死于长安大安宫垂拱殿。武士彟在痛悼高祖中患病身亡，享年５９岁。十月二十七日，葬高祖于陕西三原献陵，庙号高祖，与太穆皇后合葬。之后，与母亲杨氏回文水（属山西吕梁市）葬父。
１４岁，贞观十一年（６3７年），太宗李世民听说武士彟之女美丽聪明有才华，召入宫中，立为才人，赐号“武媚”。
１６岁，贞观十三年（６３９年），全国有州府３５８，县１５５１。高丽、新罗、西突厥、吐火罗、康国、安国、波斯、疏勒、于阗、焉耆、高昌、林邑、昆明等酋长相继遣使朝贡。
２０岁，贞观十七年（６４３年）四月初七，太宗立李治为太子。
２３岁，贞观二十年（６４６年）三月初九，太宗病重，下诏军国机务并委太子李治处理。此后，太子隔日听政，朝罢，入侍药膳，武与太子开始接触，两人同在太宗身边侍疾。
２５岁，贞观二十二年（６４８年）正月，太宗作《帝范》１２篇，赐太子李治。
２６岁，贞观二十三年（６４９年）五月二十六日，太宗下诏长孙无忌、褚遂良辅佐太子李治。太宗驾崩。按当时的法律，皇上死后，没给皇上生皇子的妃子，要去做尼姑。二十八日，武在感业寺出家为尼。六月初一，太子李治即位，为高宗，时年２２岁。八月二十八日，葬太宗于昭陵，与长孙皇后合葬。
２７岁，永徽元年（６５０年）正月初六，高宗立妃王氏为皇后。五月二十六日，太宗忌日，高宗到感业寺行香，见到武媚。武氏哭泣，高宗伤感落泪。王皇后因无子失宠，得知此事，利用武媚而暗示武氏留长发，并劝皇上接其回宫。
２８岁，永徽二年（６５１年）八月，武入宫，为一般宫女，在王皇后身边。
２９岁，永徽三年（６５２年）七月初二，立李忠（陈王忠）为太子。十二日，户部奏：全国有户３８０万。本年冬，武生长子李弘。
３１岁，永徽五年（６５４）三月，封武为昭仪。三月十四日，唐高宗应武之请求，加赠武德功臣屈突通、武士彟等１３人官。六月，王皇后的舅父看出皇后宠衰的现实，自请罢官，改封为吏部尚书。十二月十七日，高宗离京师谒昭陵，武从行，生次子李贤于途中。
３２岁，永徽六年（６５５年）三月，武著《内训》一篇。六月，王皇后与其母柳氏为“厌胜”事发，高宗大怒，令柳氏不得入宫，后舅罢知政事。此时，在皇后废立问题上朝臣分为两派：长孙无忌、褚遂良、朝瑗、来济等反对立武则天为皇后；许敬宗、李义府、崔义玄、袁公瑜等拥护立武则天为后。十月十三日，王皇后、萧淑妃废为庶人。十九日，高宗下诏立武昭仪为皇后。十一月初一，举行隆重的册立皇后仪式，文武百官及蕃夷酋长朝皇后于肃仪门。初七，追赠武后父武士彟为司空。本月，武后处死王皇后、萧淑妃。
３３岁，显庆元年（６５６年）正月初六，降太子李忠为梁王、梁州刺史，立武后子李弘为太子。二月十七日，追赠武后父武士彟为司徒，赐爵周国公。三月十七日，武后祀先蚕于北郊。四月十四日，高宗与武后在安福门楼观玄奘迎御制慈恩寺碑文。自魏晋以来，佛事活动从无如此之盛大。九月十二日，武后制《外戚诫》献于朝。十一月初五，武后生第三子李显于长安。
３４岁，显庆二年（６５７年）二月十二日，封李显为周王。
３６岁，显庆四年（６５９年）六月二十二日，高宗下诏改《氏族志》为《姓氏录》，以皇族与后族为第一等，皇朝得五品官者皆刊入士流。七月，杀长孙无忌及柳奭。九月，高宗下诏以石、米、史、大安、小安、曹、拔汗那、悒怛、疏勒、朱驹半等国置州县府１２７个，全国疆域进一步扩大。
３７岁，显庆五年（６６０年）正月，高宗与武后及太子在东都洛阳过春节。二十三日，离洛阳到并州。二月初十、至并州。十五日，会见随从官员、诸亲及并州官属父老等。三月初五，武后宴请亲戚故旧邻里于朝堂，宴妇人于内殿。初八，高宗讲武于并州城西，引群臣阅兵。四月初八，高宗、武后一行离并回东都。十月九日，改封武后母代国夫人杨氏为荣国夫人，品第一。本月，高宗初患风眩病，委武后处理部分政务，从此，武后参与朝政，处事都符合高宗旨意。
３８岁，龙朔元年（６６１年）正月，武后请禁止天下妇女为俳优之戏（古代指演滑稽戏的艺人），高宗采纳并下诏。四月，高宗欲亲率大军进攻高丽，武后抗表进谏以为不可，被采纳。
３９岁，龙朔二年（６６２年）六月初一，武后生第四子李旦于蓬莱宫含凉殿，于殿内作佛事，供玉像。七月初一，以皇子李旦满月，大赦天下，赐宴三日。
41岁，麟德元年（６６４年）十二月，西台侍郎上官仪谋废皇后失败下狱。十三日，杀上官仪等，赐废太子忠死。此后，高宗视朝，武后垂帘于后，中外称之为“二圣”。约于本年，武后生太平公主。
４２岁，麟德二年（６６５年）十月二十八日，高宗、武后与太子去泰山封禅，从驾文武仪仗数百里不绝，东自高丽，西尽波斯，各国朝会者随从。本年，又获丰收。
４３岁，乾封元年（６６６年）正月初一，高宗祀昊天上帝于泰山之南。初二，封于泰山之上。初三，禅于社首山，武后为亚献。初五，礼毕，高宗御朝觐坛受朝贺，赦天下，改元乾封。六日，宴群臣。十九日，离泰山。二十四日，至曲阜，赠孔子为太师。二月二十二日，还至亳州，高宗等祭老君庙，尊之为太上玄元皇帝。三月十一日，高宗、武后回东都洛阳。令刻《登封记号文》，立于泰山。
４４岁，乾封二年（６６７年）九月初三，高宗久病不愈，令太子弘监国，改封殷王李旦为相王。
４５岁，总章元年（６６８）闰二月，高宗欲建明堂。二十五日，分长安、万年二县置乾封、明堂二县，以明志。九月十二日，李绩攻克平壤，擒高丽王高藏及其大臣男健等，完全征服高丽。
４６岁，总章二年（６６９）正月，封诸王嫡子皆为郡王。十二月初三，李绩病死。
４７岁，咸亨元年（６７０）正月初七，刘仁轨因年老辞官。三月十九日，许敬宗退休养老。八月初二，武后母杨氏病死于九成宫，享年９２岁。
４８岁，咸亨二年（６７１）正月初七，高宗与武后离京师长安到东都，留太子李弘监国，令戴至德、李敬玄等辅政。
４９岁，咸亨三年（６７２）正月，以梁积寿为帅，发兵讨叛“蛮”。昆明蛮１４姓３万户归顺，设殷、敦、总三州。
５０岁，咸亨四年（６７３）八月，高宗患疟疾，病重，令太子李弘于延福殿受诸司奏事。十一月，高宗监制乐章，有《上元》《二仪》《三才》《四时》《五行》《六律》《七政》《八风》《九官》《十洲》《得一》《庆云》等曲。
５１岁，上元元年（６７４）八月十五日，高宗追尊其祖先，以高祖为神尧皇帝，太宗为文武圣皇帝，高宗自称天皇，武后称天后，改元上元，大赦天下。九月初七，高宗下诏复长孙无忌官爵，陪葬昭陵，其曾孙长孙翼袭爵赵公。十月二十七日，武后上意见十二条，高宗赞同，令施行。
５２岁，上元二年（６７５）三月十三日，武后祀先蚕于邙山之南。本月，高宗风眩病加重，不能听政，政事皆由武后处理。高宗欲逊位于武后，宰相郝处俊谏止。武后引文学之士于宫中著书，参决表奏，被人们称为“北门学士”。四月二十五日，太子李弘被杀。五月初五，追谥太子李弘为孝敬皇帝。六月初五，立雍王李贤为太子，大赦天下。八月十九日，葬太子李弘于河偃师恭陵，高宗亲撰《孝敬皇帝睿德纪》。
５３岁，仪风元年（６７６）二月初七，武后劝高宗封禅中岳嵩山。十五日，高宗下诏今冬有事于嵩山。闰三月，吐善攻鄯、廓、河、芳四州，高宗下诏停封禅，遣相王李旦等率军抵御吐蕃。
５５岁，仪风三年（６７８）正月初四，百官及四夷酋长朝武后于光顺门。
５６岁，调露元年（６７９）五月初七，高宗令太子李贤监国。
５７岁，永隆元年（６８０）正月十九日，武后登洛阳城门楼，宴请诸王诸司三品以上及诸州都督刺史，太常奏新编《六合还淳》舞。八月二十二日，废太子李贤为庶人。二十三日，立英王李显为太子，改元永隆，大赦天下。
５８岁，开耀元年（６８１）正月初十，以太子初立，宴请百官及命妇于大明官。二十九日，高宗下诏免雍、岐、华、同四州两年地税。河南、河北遭水灾处免税一年。二月，武后表请赦杞王上金、鄱阳王素节之罪，乃以上金为沔州刺史，素节为岳州刺史，仍不许朝集。七月二十二日，太平公主下嫁薛绍。闰七月二十四日，高宗病，令太子李显监国。十一月初八，令废太子贤迁巴州。
５９岁，永淳元年（６８２）二月十九日，皇孙重照满月，改元永淳，大赦天下。三月二十五日，立皇孙李重照为皇太孙。
６０岁，弘道元年（６８３）正月初五，武后随高宗至少林寺，见其母旧营之所未偿完功，倍感凄凉，作诗并序，令武三思资金绢等物续成功德。七月，高宗下诏今年十一月有事于嵩山，不久因高宗病重改为来年正月。十一月初三，高宗病情加重，下诏罢来年封嵩山。十二月初四，改元弘道，大赦天下，高宗欲登则天门楼宣诏，气逆不能上马，乃召百姓入殿前宣诏。当夜，高宗崩于洛阳宫贞观殿，终年５６岁。遗诏皇太子柩前即位，裴炎等辅政，军国大事有不决者，兼取武后进止。十一日，太子李显即位，为中宗。尊武后为皇太后。
６１岁，光宅元年（６８４）正月初一，改元嗣圣，大赦天下，中宗立韦氏为皇后。武太后撰写《高宗天皇大帝溢议》及《述圣记》。二月六日，武太后与裴炎等废中宗为庐陵王，幽于别所。七日，立相王李旦为皇帝，为睿宗，改元文明，政事由武太后处理。八日，废皇太孙重照为庶人，流韦玄贞于钦州。九日，令丘神绩往巴州监视废太子李贤，以备外虞。以韦待价为山陵修作使，率兵民营造乾陵。三月初五，废太子李贤在巴州自杀。四月二十二日，迁庐陵王李显于房州，二十六日迁均州。五月十五日，高宗灵柩运往长安，武太后作《高宗天皇大帝哀册文》，留镇洛阳。八月十一日，葬高宗于乾陵，庙号高宗，刻述圣记碑立于陵前。九月初六，武太后改元光宅，改东都为神都。二十一日，武太后追王其祖：五代祖克己为鲁靖公，高祖居常为太尉、北平恭肃王，曾祖俭为太尉、金城义康王，祖华为太原安成王，父士彟为魏忠孝王。立五代祠堂于文水。二十九日，徐敬业以匡复为名在扬州起兵。十月初六，武太后令李孝逸等率兵３０万讨伐徐敬业。十八日，斩裴炎于都亭。十一月初四，武太后令左鹰扬卫大将军黑齿常之为江南道行军大总管讨伐徐敬业。十八日，徐敬业败逃，部将王那相杀徐敬业后投降。李孝逸令追捕余党，平定扬州。
６２岁，垂拱元年（６８５）正月初一，因平息徐敬业反叛，改元垂拱，大赦天下。二月初七，武太后下诏：“朝堂所置肺石及登闻鼓不预防守。有上朝堂诉冤者，御史受状以闻。”三月二十一日，再迁庐陵王李显于房州。四月，下《求贤制》，制令自举。十一月，武太后作《方广大庄严经序》，撰《臣规》两卷，普赐臣僚，以教为臣之道。
６３岁，垂拱二年（６８６）正月，武太后欲复政于睿宗李旦，李旦固让，请武太后继续理政。武太后开始起用酷吏。三月初八，武太后令铸铜匦，这是一个功能齐全的意见箱。十二月，免并州百姓庸、调二税，终其身。
６４岁，垂拱三年（６８７）正月初二，武太后封皇孙李成美为恒王，李隆基为楚王，李隆业为赵王。
６５岁，垂拱四年（６８８）正月初五，武太后在神都洛阳立高祖、太宗、高宗三庙，令四时享祀如京师太庙之仪。十一日，令毁乾元殿，就地建造明堂，由薛怀义督办。四月，武承嗣造瑞石，让唐同泰献上，其文曰：“圣母临人，永昌帝业。”武太后命名为“宝图”。五月十八日，武太后加尊号称“圣母神皇”。七月初一，武太后更名“宝图”为“天授圣图”，改洛水为永昌洛水，“宝图”所出为“圣图泉”，设永昌县于泉侧。封洛水神为“显圣侯”，嵩山为“神岳天中王”。又以先于汜水得瑞石，改汜水为广武。八月十七日，琅邪王李冲起兵反对武太后。武太后令丘神绩讨伐，未至，李冲已为地方军所败。二十三日李冲被其旧部杀掉。二十五日，越王李贞起兵于豫州，攻陷上蔡。九月初一，武太后令左豹韬卫大将军崇裕为中军大总管，岑长倩为后军大总管，讨伐李贞，削李贞属籍，改姓虺氏。十一日，兵临城下，李贞自杀，平豫州。十三日，杀韩王、鲁王等参与叛乱者。十二月二十七日，明堂建成，号“万象神宫”，富丽堂皇，准许民众入内参观。武太后又令于明堂之北起天堂，以贮夹像。颁《亲享明堂制》。
６６岁，载初元年（６８９）正月初一，武太后服皇帝衮冕，大飨万象神官，登则天门，改元永昌，大赦天下。初三，在明堂接受朝贺。初四，布政于明堂，颁九条以训百官。初五，在明堂飨群臣，吐蕃等遣使来贺。二月十四日，武太后尊其父魏忠孝王为周忠孝太皇，其母为周忠孝太后，文水陵为章德陵，咸阳陵为明义陵。置祟先府官。十五日，武太后再追王其祖：鲁靖公（克己）为太原靖王，北平王（居常）为赵肃恭王，金城王（俭）为魏义康王，太原王（华）为周安成王。十一月初一，武太后大享万象神官，改元载初，并始用周正（周历），即以十一月为正月，十二月为腊月，正月为一月。
６７岁，天授元年（６９０）正月初二，武太后布政于明堂。八日，下诏推行新造的字，其中新造字“曌（或作瞾）”为己名。改诏书为制书。二月十四日，武太后策试贡生于洛城殿，数日方休。贡生殿试自此开始。四月十一日，范履冰下狱死。告密之风起。七月，置制狱于丽景门，专理谋反案以扫除政敌。九月，远近百姓、四夷酋长、沙门道士６万余人上表，请改国号为周，赐皇帝姓武氏。睿宗皇帝也上表自请赐姓武氏。九日，武太后隆重登基称帝，大赦天下，降睿宗皇帝为皇嗣，赐姓武氏，改唐为周，改元天授，十二日，群臣上尊号曰“圣神皇帝”。十月十四日，改文水县为武兴县，县令品秩同赤县（京师长安），百姓世代免除赋税。
６８岁，天授二年（６９１）一月二十三日，杀丘神绩。二十八日，杀史务滋。二月，开始惩治酷吏，杀周兴、索元礼。九月二十五日，傅游艺下狱死。魏王武承嗣授意，凤阁舍人张嘉福使王庆之率数百人上表，请立武承嗣为太子，皇帝不许，王庆之即以死泣请，皇帝只得赐其印纸一张为出入凭信，才使他离去。后王庆之多次求见专言此事，皇帝怒，命凤阁侍郎李昭德赐杖。李昭德引王庆之出光顺门，立即杖杀，余党散去。之后，李昭德、狄仁杰都劝武则天立亲子为太子，无人再敢为武承嗣等求乞。
６９岁，长寿元年（６９２）一月初一，皇帝召见存抚使所推荐的人。全部试用，高者试凤阁舍人、给事中，次者试员外郎、侍御史、补阙、拾遗、校书郎。试官自此开始。二月初三，吐蕃、党项部落万余人归顺，分设十州。三月，五天竺国遣使朝贡。五月，吐蕃酋长曷苏率部请归降。六月，别部酋长咎捶率羌蛮８０００余人归降。八月，女皇帝令严善思按问旧狱，平反冤案８５０余人，罗织之风开始平息。十月，狄仁杰请放弃安西四镇，皇帝不纳。二十五日，武威军总管王孝杰大破吐蕃，收复龟兹、于阗、疏勒、碎叶四镇。置安西都护府于龟兹，发兵戍守。
７０岁，长寿二年（６９３）一月二十四日，前尚方监裴匪躬、内常侍范云仙私自拜见皇嗣李旦，被腰斩于市。又有人告李旦欲谋反。皇帝命来俊臣审问其随从人员，太常工人安金藏自剖其胸以证明李旦不反。皇帝亲临探视，叹曰：“吾有子不能自明，使汝至此。”即令停止审查此事。这是圣神皇帝第一次在人前承认错误。九月初九，武承嗣等５０００人上表请加尊号曰“金轮圣神皇帝”。皇帝在万象神宫举行庆典接受尊号。是年正月初二,皇嗣李旦之妃,窦德妃(唐玄宗的生母)及刘氏(肃明皇后)为武则天所杀,尸体下落不明.
７１岁，延载元年（６９４）一月初十，帝令娄师德为河源、积石、怀远等军营田大使，令做好边境营田。二月，王孝杰击败吐蕃、突厥各３万余人。韩思忠击败泥熟俟斤等万余人。十六日，帝命薛怀义为伐逆道行军大总管，率１８位将军讨伐默啜。八月十七日，蕃胡慕义，捐钱百万亿，请立天枢，以颂女皇帝功业。帝令于端门外铸天枢。
７２岁，天册万岁元年（６９５）正月初一，女皇加号“慈氏越古金轮圣神皇帝”，改元证圣，大赦天下。十六日夜，明堂起火，照城中如昼。二月初四，杀薛怀义。十六日，皇帝去除“慈氏越古”之号。四月初一，天枢铸成。天枢由工匠毛婆罗造模，武三思为文，刻百官及四夷酋长名，女皇亲自书写枢名：“大周万国颂德天枢”，群臣赋诗称赞。七月，吐蕃犯临洮，皇帝令肃边道大总管王孝杰讨伐。九月初九，皇帝合祭天地于南郊，加号为“天册金轮大圣皇帝”，赐宴九日，改元天册万岁，大赦天下。
７３岁，天册万岁元年（６９５）腊月初一（这时已进入６９６年），皇帝前往嵩山封禅。十一日，封嵩山为“神岳”，改元万岁登封，改嵩阳县为登封县，改阳成县为告成县。免天下百姓当年租税。三月十六日，新明堂建成，规模小于旧者，名曰通天宫。四月初一，皇帝行亲享之礼，改元万岁通天（辞海等附录作三月改元），大赦天下。五月十二日，营州契丹松漠都督李尽忠、归诚州刺史孙万荣举兵反叛，攻陷营州。李尽忠自称可汗，以孙万荣为先锋，兵至数万。二十五日，武则天令左鹰扬卫将军曹仁师、右金吾卫大将军张玄遇、左卫大将军李多祚、麻仁节等二十八将率军征讨。七月，皇帝令武三思为榆关道安抚大使，防备契丹。八月二十八日战于峡石谷，唐军大败。继而叛军又设计伏击，唐军全军覆灭。武则天再次发兵征讨。九月二十一日，默啜率部讨伐契丹，皇帝封其为迁善可汗。十月，默啜破松漠，虏李尽忠妻、子。皇帝加封默啜为颉跌利施大单于、立功报国可汗。在唐军与突厥的共同打击下，不久李尽忠兵败身亡。李尽忠死，孙万荣代领收拾其众，军势复振，数侵扰州县，攻陷冀州，河北震动。
７４岁，神功元年（６９７）四月初三，九州鼎铸成。十八日，武则天令武懿宗、何迦密率军征讨。五月初八，又令娄师德、沙吒忠义率军二十万征讨。六月初三，皇帝下《暴来俊臣罪状制》，杀来俊臣。三十日，斩杀孙万荣，讨平契丹，余部降于突厥。
７５岁，圣历元年（６９８）正月初一，皇帝祭通天宫，改元圣历。本月，皇帝下《条流佛道二教制》，禁止佛、道教徒相互毁谤。三月初九，托病，令徐彦伯召回庐陵王李显。二十八日，庐陵王至神都洛阳。八月十一日，武承嗣因求作太子不得忧愤而死。十三日，皇帝令武重规、张仁禀、李多祚等率兵３０万讨突厥。九月十五日，李旦固请让位于李显，皇帝准，立李显为太子。十七日，命太子为河北道元帅以讨突厥。二十一日，以狄仁杰为河北道副元帅，知元帅事，帝亲自送行。
７６岁，圣历二年（６９９）腊月二十五日，赐太子姓武氏。大赦天下。二月，登嵩山，过缑山，谒升仙太子庙，亲书升仙太子碑文，立碑于缑山升仙太子庙。四月，吐蕃赞婆等来降。十八日，皇帝为防止身后太子与武姓不相容，令太子、相王、太平公主与武攸暨等作誓文，告天地于通天宫，铭之铁券，藏入史馆。七月，吐谷浑１４００帐归顺。本年，改昊陵为攀龙台，顺陵为望凤台。
７７岁，圣历三年（７００）正月，以西突厥竭忠事主可汗斛瑟罗为平西大总管，镇守碎叶。三月初六，令东至高丽国，南至真腊国、西至波斯、吐蕃及坚昆都督府，北至契丹、突厥，并为入蕃，以外为绝域。四月二十九日，在三阳宫避暑，作成《宴石淙诗及序》。五月初五，服长生药病愈，改元久视，大赦天下，去“天册金轮大圣”之号。六月，令契丹降将李楷固击契丹余党，全部平定。七月，吐蕃将领麴莽布支侵犯凉州，围昌松，被唐休璟打败。十月初十，下诏复以正月为十一月，腊月为十二月，一月为正月。
７８岁，大足元年（７０１）正月初三，成州言佛迹现，故改元大足。八月，苏安恒上表请圣神皇帝还政，抑武兴唐。十月，皇帝与太子李显、相王李旦等从洛阳回到长安，改元长安，大赦天下。十一月，武则天以郭元振为凉州都督、陇右诸军大使。郭元振到任后，以南境硖口设和仁城，北境碛口设白亭军，控其要冲，拓宽州境一千五百里，突厥不敢侵扰。郭元振又令甘州刺史李汉通开置屯田，五年中夷夏畏慕，令行禁止，牛羊遍野，路不拾遗，积军粮可支数十年。十二月，武则天为其父立大周无上孝明高皇帝碑（又称攀龙台碑）于文水吴陵。碑高５丈，宽９尺，厚３尺，碑文６７００余字，是中国历史上第一大墓碑。碑文由唐代宰相李峤撰写，记载了武氏家族的起源及其父武士彟的一生经历，是一份重要的历史文献。是年,李显之女永泰郡主李仙蕙及其夫武延基因窃议二张事,被杀,郡主年仅十七岁,一起被杀的还有李显的世子邵王李重润.后郡主追封永泰公主,是中国历史上唯一一个坟墓被冠称为“陵”的公主.
７９岁，长安二年（７０２）正月十七日，首设武举选将才。六月，为其母立大周无上孝明高皇后碑于咸阳顺陵，也是一块巨大的墓碑。碑文由武则天的侄子梁王武三思撰写，记载了其母杨氏的一生经历。十一月一日，封相王李旦为司徒。命苏审查酷吏旧狱，昭雪者众多。十二月，设北庭都护府于庭州，使安定北境。
８０岁，长安三年（７０３）正月初一，令武三思、李峤、朱敬则等修《唐史》。四月初九，吐蕃遣使献马千匹、金二千两求婚。六月初一，突厥默啜又遣使请以女嫁太子之子。是年,武则天在麟德殿会见并设宴款待日本遣唐使粟田真人.
８１岁，长安四年（７０４）八月，病卧长生殿。十月二十二日，封秋官侍郎张柬之为同平章事。十一月初五，封天官侍郎韦承庆为行凤阁侍郎、同平章事，封张柬之为守凤阁侍郎。
８２岁，神龙元年（７０５）正月初一，改元神龙。病重。下诏：“自文明以来得罪者非扬、豫、博三州及诸反逆魁首，皆赦免。”二十二日，张柬之、崔玄暐等迎太子李显，杀张昌宗、张易之，进至皇帝寝宫，逼迫让位。二十三日，皇帝令太子李显监国。二十四日，传位于太子李显。二十五日，太子李显即帝位，是为中宗。封相王李旦为太尉，同三品。太平公主加号镇国。令免今岁税赋，放宫女３０００人。皇族中的流放者和籍没者，子孙皆复属籍，量叙官爵。二十六日，圣神帝移居上阳宫。二十七日，中宗李显率百官谒帝，上尊号“则天大圣皇帝”。二十九日，中宗李显封崔玄暐为守内史，敬晖、桓彦范为纳言，张柬之为天官尚书，袁恕己为凤阁侍郎，并同三品。二月初一，中宗率百官诣上阳官问则天大圣皇帝起居，此后每十日一往。初四，中宗复国号为唐，郊庙、社稷、陵寝、百官、旗帜、服色、文字均恢复永淳前原状。复改神都为东都，北都为并州。五月初四，中宗迁周七庙神主于西京崇尊庙。下诏：“武氏三代讳，奏事者皆不得犯。”立唐太庙社稷于东都，封张柬之等五人为王，降武氏诸王为公。十一月二十六日(公元705年12月16日)，则天大圣皇帝崩于上阳宫仙居殿，享年八十二岁.遗诏去帝号，与高宗合陵,并赦免王皇后及萧淑妃的族人。
神龙二年（７０６）五月十八日，葬则天大圣皇帝于乾陵。谥曰：“则天大圣皇后”。
景云元年（７１０）七月七日，改称“天后”。
景云元年（７１０）十月十八日，改称“大圣天后”。
延和元年（７１２）六月十七日，改称“则天后”。
天宝八年（７４９）六月十五日，追尊为“则天顺圣皇后”。
乾陵武则天无字碑
1.无字碑的简介
无字碑位于陕西省咸阳市区向西北方，五十公里处的乾陵。在乾陵司马道东侧，北靠土阙，南依翁仲，西与述圣纪碑相对，奇崛瑰丽，巍峨壮观。
乾陵是唐高宗李治和武则天的合葬陵，陵前并立着两块巨大的石碑，西侧的一块叫“述圣碑（或称述圣纪碑）”，东侧的就是武则天的无字碑。“述圣碑”是武则天为高宗歌功颂德而立的碑，她还亲自撰写了5000余字的碑文，黑漆碑面，字填金粉，光彩照人。东侧就是武则天的无字碑。自秦汉以来，帝王将相无不希望死后能树碑立传，中国历史上惟一一个女皇帝的石碑却没有刻一个字。
无字碑是用一块完整的巨石雕凿而成的是中国历代群碑中的巨制，高7.53米，宽2.1米，厚1.49米，重量达98.9吨，给人以凝重厚实，浑然一体的美感。碑额未题碑名，只有碑首雕刻了八条螭龙，巧妙地缠绕在一起，鳞甲分明，筋骨裸露，静中寓动，生气勃勃。碑的两侧有升龙图，各有一条腾空飞舞的巨龙，线刻而成，龙腾若翔，栩栩如生。碑座阳面还有线刻的狮马图（或称狮马相斗图），其马屈蹄俯首，温顺可爱；雄狮则昂首怒目，十分威严。碑上还有许多花草纹饰，线条精细流畅，因而这座无字碑历来闻名遐迩。
据有关史书记载，唐高宗死后，乾陵的选址、设计以及营建，都是在武则天直接指导下进行的。作为乾陵地面的主要大型石雕——无字碑也很有可能是当时树立的。又从无字碑与述圣纪碑相互对应来看，很可能两碑是同时树起的。由此看来，无字碑无疑是武则天树立的。这块武则天精心设计并树立的无字碑在整个乾陵陵园的石雕中，不仅因处于显著位置而引入注目，而且以其精湛的雕刻艺术，独特的丰姿韵味，以及种种富于传奇色彩的传说故事而倍受青睐，名播八方。游客们到乾陵来，几乎都要在无字碑前驻足，或凝眸注视，或摄影留念，或指点评说。无字碑在无数游人眼中不仅是乾陵的象征，更是女皇武则天的象征。
2.无字碑无字的秘密对于武则天立无字碑的原因，历史上主要有三种说法。一说武则天认为自己功高德大，不是文字所能表达的。二说武则天自知罪孽深重，刻了碑文恐怕更招世人辱骂，还是不写为好。三说武则天想让后人去评说她的一生。这种说法与前一种说法恰恰相反。武则天对自己一生还是颇感自豪的。作为一个女流之辈，能在政治斗争中脱颖而出，并到达权力的巅峰。她要后人客观地评价她的文治武功，雄才大略，而与自己有利益冲突的儿子李显肯定不会对自己作出客观、公允的评价。鉴于此，武则天要将无字碑交与后人，就是要让后人对自己一生的功过是非作出评价。这三种说法似乎每一种都很有道理，至于哪一种说法是她的本意，现已无从考证。这三种解释都不科学。
大家知道，无字碑是武则天死后立的，与她本人的活动没有关系。我国古代的陵寝制度规定，皇帝的功绩太大的，不立碑。而武则天是一个善于标新立异的皇帝，非要给给他老公唐高宗立了一块碑，上面刻了一篇文字：“述圣记”。武则天死后，帝王立碑成为一个新的传统，她的儿子李显就给她立了一块碑。碑立好了，麻烦也出来了，上面的文字怎么写？这倒成了一个问题。直到唐玄宗天宝八载，她的尊号才最后定下来“则天顺圣皇后”。这时离武则天去世已过去近半个世纪，在如此漫长的岁月里，没有人能够给武则开一个定评，于是刻碑的事情，也就一拖再拖，最后不了了之。于是有了我们今天看到的无字碑。
3.新的发现和推断
陕西文物研究所在一次考查时，无意间发现在无字碑的阳面，从上到下刻满了方格子，经考证，这些并不是后人刻上去的。这些方格子每个长4厘米，宽5厘米，排列整齐。只有一种可能，它们就是当初准备在石碑上刻字用的，而且已经准备好了碑文。根据留在碑面上的格子计算，碑文大约有3300多字。那么，为什么已经准备好的碑文没有刻在石碑上呢？
历史学家做出了这样的推测：武则天生前已经撰写好了碑文，并交给了李显，武则天叱咤风云几十年，但张柬之、崔玄暐等迎太子李显、逼迫武则天退位后，武则天被迫让位给李显，将国号“周”恢复为“唐”，李显虽是武则天的亲生儿子，却长期在惶恐中度日，重登皇位后虽然不能发泄憎恨，但也讲不出对母亲歌功颂德的好话，只好不说不刻，为武则天留下了一块无字碑。
中国女皇帝一览表
公元528年 北魏殇帝（元姑娘①） 年号：武秦 在位不到１年
公元653年 文佳皇帝（陈硕真） 年号：无 在位不到１年
公元690—705年 大周圣神皇帝（武曌、武则天）
年号：天授、如意、长寿、延载、证圣、天册万岁、万岁登封、万岁通天、神功、圣历、久视、大足、长安、神龙 在位１６年
公元1164—1178年 西辽承天皇帝（耶律普速完②） 年号崇福
在位14年
注：
①公元５２８年，北魏孝明帝元诩被胡太后杀死，国不可一日无君，胡太后遂从后宫抱来一个女婴，假称是孝明帝之子，让女婴做皇帝，改元“武秦”，不久胡太后为了避免被众人知晓此事，于是杀死该名女婴，另立元晖之子元钊为帝，是为北魏幼主。因此该名女婴在胡太后的操纵之下，匆匆登位又匆匆死去，故历史上连她的名字都没留下，一般可称“元姑娘”，胡太后之后匆匆给女婴加上谥号殇帝（一般正史不可见），所以北魏元姑娘才是中国历史上第一位女皇帝。
②耶律普速完：西辽仁宗耶律夷列之女，公元１１６３年，仁宗病死，由于太子耶律直鲁古年幼，遗命耶律普速完称制；公元１１６４年，耶律普速完正式称制，改元崇福，号承天太后，后由于公爹萧斡里刺和驸马萧朵鲁不的控制，耶律普速完号称皇帝，称承天皇帝，不到几天，消息走漏，耶律普速完被杀，耶律直鲁古即位。耶律直鲁古谥号“承天太后”，她也是中国历史最后一位女皇帝。
后世评价
陈子昂对武则天的评价，说到则天的用人之道: 欲收人心 尤务拨起,弘委任之意,开汲引之门,进用不疑,求访无倦,非但人得荐士,亦得自举其才.所荐必行,所举则试 以至当代谓知人之明,累朝赖多士之用......
毛泽东这样评价武则天：武则天确实是个治国之才，她既有容量，又有识人之智，还有用人之术。
郭沫若对武则天的评价：“政启开元，治宏贞观”。
亲王
1. 唐太宗李世民（武则天初入宫为李世民才人，也即后宫嫔妃之一，二人无子嗣）
2. 唐高宗李治
男宠
1. 薛怀义
2. 沈南缪
3. 张昌宗
4. 张易之
子
1. 孝敬皇帝(代王)(曾有庙号——唐义宗) 李弘
2. 章怀太子(潞王，后改封雍王) 李贤（曾改名李德）
3. 中宗李显（曾用名李哲）
4. 睿宗李旦（曾用名李旭轮、李轮）
女
1. 安定公主早殇，后来武则天收养唐高祖女千金公主，并改其封号为安定公主。
2. 太平公主李令月
杂录
相传唐太宗在世时，曾请天文师算命，天文师认为，不出三十年，李氏皆亡于一个姓武的人手里。于是太宗屠杀武氏朝臣，没想到所算者竟是他身边的武媚娘。
相传感业寺时期，李治有次前往祭拜，看到武则天后便魂不守舍。当时，与萧淑妃争宠的王皇后，便趁此纳武则天为自己派系，跟萧淑妃对抗，没想到两人皆亡于武则天之手。
武则天称帝后，亦有多名男宠。其中最出名者乃冯小宝（薛怀义），武则天后派他在洛阳东的白马寺出家，法名怀义，但仍与武则天私通。某年盂兰盆节，当时已经逐渐失宠的怀义，为讨武则天注意，火烧明堂，火势蔓延整个洛阳。
武则天为了改革文化，创造了则天文字。部分的则天文字还传到日本、韩国，甚至成为某些日本人的人名用字。
Li Shimin of the Tang Empress Wu is the only person Gaozong Li Zhi, the Queen. Taizong called "seductive woman." To help deal with her military affair Zong, Sato holding court administration three years later, pro-an emperor, the emperor claimed the Holy Spirit, in the event of waste Zuo Tang, changed its title to week, becoming the only unprecedented in Chinese history the Queen. From her participation in affairs of state, claimed the emperor, to move the sun palace disease, nearly half a century after the ruling, deck "Golden Years", the next Kai "Golden Age Kaiyuan", known to history as "Zhen Guan legacy" historical achievements, Visible known to the world. As an impartial evaluation of her Soong Ching Ling: Empress Wu is "feudal outstanding female politicians."
The days of his childhood Satoshi Huimin Li, extremely good expression, courage Superman. Her father was deeply possible to create people, then teach her to read and write, so she understands the World management. History set, then the days of 13, four, has been read, encyclopedic knowledge, poetry and songs also laid a foundation, and longer than the calligraphy, the word state does not base Zhuo Luo.
Zhenguan 10 year (637 years), 14-year-old Vu Thi with handsome looks, selected the Palace, and a glimpse of "that person." Palace, the Emperor Taizong then give number "seductive woman." Met Lee after treatment.
Zhenguan 20 years (649 years), Taizong died, the days with all concubines, sent Chang a sense of industry, he shaved his head for the Nepalese temple. The nine Taizong Li Zhi's reign, due to earlier and the day got very dark through kindness, her great interest, then by a sense of sacrifice in the name of the industry came to Temple, the two met Tisi a cross flow. Queen's palace Wang dignified modesty does not specifically favor Li Zhi, has been ignored for years, favored the Xiaoshu Fei for Li Zhisheng has a child and two women, therefore, Xiao Shufei dominate the harem. And the king and queen did not, and Yong Wang Xiao Shufei son was given the title, according to Tang practice, the Queen's eldest son as crown prince, son of the rest have a number of possible labeled Yong Wang. Xiaoshu Fei's son a glimpse of, is not meant Xiaoshu Fei will be promoted to a product of the second concubine, a Queen? Empress Wang to keep his seat, deliberately so that the emperor granted access Vu Thi palace, so that two persons have suffered the pain Acacia. Queen hurdle passed. Vu Thi then successfully entered the palace. Queen thought the King was originally Xiandi Vu Thi concubine, and the low status of the emperor would not give her any birthright, then let her inside the palace against Xiaoshu Fei and losses, beneficiary of their own. May be doing so, she gave themselves too much about constructing a tomb, Empress Wu rose to become the first victim of the road. After two or three years into the official Vu Thi, Jin called "Zhao Yi." Yonghui six years (655 years), very popular favorite of the Empress Wu Zong, including the Palace of the struggle is certain to win, and to date has been established to promote the post-Zong. However, in feudal society, the Queen of the waste legislation is the affairs of state and minister of state have agreed to. When the Empress Wang Zong to waste, establish the day as the Queen's intention to Chu Sui-liang, a senior official description Sun loudly and so loyal, immediately met with strong opposition. They think that Vu Thi humble, not the post, and Taizong collapse, he had made "good children good wife" should not waste Empress. However, the Empress Wu Zong claims have also been complicit in Xujing Zhong and Li Yifu, and some very weapons the DPRK to send support. Suddenly, after the daughter of Empress Wu died pro, then known as the king of Queen's killed, forcing Gaozong finally in October this year categorically Ban Zhao, waste Empress Wang, formally established the day as the Queen's books, books up the queen, the Empress Wu Empress Wang, Xiao Shufei hands and feet cut off, put it in the jar, the called drunk bone. Severely cursed: "Look you two can not stand up!" This Xiaoshu Fei and Wang Queen's two young lives ended so bloody. To force the death sentence for his pro-uncle, Zong Sun loudly.
Significant celebrate five years (660 years), suffering from wind Zong Li Zhi, dizzy, head can not be regarded, then issued an edict Empress Wu associate political affairs commission. Since then, the day people from further political participation in power, "demote and promote life and death, depends on its mouth, just hand over the Son of Heaven," although people behind the scenes, but real power remote control of the court. Later, Gojong regret, attempts to recover the power, and secretly ordered the book after the abolition of assistant minister Chao Norm grass. It turned out that machines do not close, "seeking vent to no avail," Empress Wu Shou La harden, pre-emptive, legislation will be the Norm and death. Gojong move, fall short, even more vigilant against making Empress Wu.
Empress Wu, the eldest son of Li Hong died of illness, the second son of Li Xian exile (later killed), three sons were spent, and the fourth to be crowned Empress Wu, the renamed Wu wheel.
Although tired of his act arbitrarily Zong, many national issues can not but rely heavily on her. Thus, to Empress Wu gradually from behind the scenes to the front, has come up with Pro Capital Pavilion Zong temple to worship with the acceptance of the ministers. Lantern reign (674), No. Gojong Emperor, Empress of days later, the whole world that the "two holy." Since then, Gojong useless, Tang power, all in the hands of Empress Wu the day.
Second, is to amend the "clan-chi" to "registered name", the original with "clan-chi" can not be included in the Vu Thi, in the "Last Name recorded" in, but as the name of the first and so on, this does not change the Family Idea only Empress Wu to improve the status of a military performance.
Terror beheaded, a wide range of the movement, fully exposed the Empress Wu of the cold and decisive.
AD 690, Empress Wu that the person throne of the conditions are ripe, the first method specified by Foseng mouth widely preparing public opinion: "Empress Wu Buddha reincarnation as contemporary as the emperor of Tang." Followed by single-handedly directed, to 60,000, led by Tang Yejong subjects on the table urged forward, please change the country's soul. Thus, the conditions are ripe, the days of Empress Wu in the "last days show respect," "obedience rather controversial" and "Long live" sound, the boarding big treasure long to realize the dream, changing Tang for "weeks", since the number "Holy Emperor" . This year, she is 67 years old.
If, Empress Wu in the 30 years before the emperor in power politics and political career, has shown surprising political strategy and means. So, ten years after the emperor, even more fully demonstrated her employer, doing things, all aspects of running the country and other excellent political skills and courage of politicians.
For agricultural production, the days are very seriously. She said: "The founding of the country, will be in farming," "farming the field cultivated, cultivated field were more than millet, millet as many people rich." She provides, make "Tianchou reclaim home with surplus grain" of local officials promoted; "for the government harsh abuse, account current shift" and "mild cases Demotion, even for non-time solution." Thus, the ruling in her era, agriculture and handicrafts have been developed greatly. Growing population. At that time, Yonghui as 3.8 million households in the entire country, to the day of death of the dragon emperor, cumulative 615 million, nearly doubled. This alone can see that this period of agricultural economic development.
Of course, Wu Zhao power nearly a half century long period of time, and many mistakes. She re-oppressive officials reward informers. So many officials rampage. They torture, indiscriminate killing of innocent people falsely accused others, so many Wenchen generals 蒙受不白之冤. Although the right to consolidate Wuzhou Zheng played some role, however, rule out internal conflicts intensify, insecurity will inevitably affect the country's governance and production. She let go and election officials to make dramatic bureaucracy. Increased expansion of the bureaucracy is bound to increase the people's burden. She later years grandiose, extravagant living, Treasury-consuming and labor. This is a varying degree and delay the development of productivity. However, these errors and mistakes, after all, is the Empress Wu's political career in the tributaries. As she was the only female emperor in history, be able to overcome the era of the rule for half a century, the formation of a strong centralized, social stability, economic development, the contractor, "Golden Years", the next Kai "Kai Yuan Golden Age ", get rid of the current problems, develop production, improve the examination, get rid of Family Idea, eclectic capable personnel appointments, follow the historical trend, drastic reform. Empress Wu's achievements are accompanied by each of the conflict, as Mr. Lin Da-called "ray of sunshine per cast, it cast a shadow." Empress Wu's death in a thousand years after, people's evaluation of her repeatedly changed, such as Tang Dynasty evaluation of her relatively positive, more positive; since the middle of the revival of Confucianism from the Tang to the Song Neo-Confucianism in China accounts for ideological dominance, so from the Southern Song Dynasty Empress Wu's evaluation of the continued low, the famous thinker Ming and Qing Wang Fu-chih for the evaluation of Empress Wu is: "The spirits are not to be, subjects of the total complaints"; to modern feminism as movement, it also gives the color of Empress Wu women's liberation.
705 years, the prime minister of Cambodia by Empress Wu Zhang old in critical condition, his position in the cases of reduction, respect for Vu Thi as "the days of the Great Sage King." In the same year the winter, Vu Thi died at the age of 82 years, Yi Zhao, "to No. Timor, saying the days of the Great Sage Queen." Li Bai, the Tang Dynasty Empress Wu as a "seven holy" one.
According to Lin Yutang, "Empress Wu Story," Empress Wu life murder of 90 persons total (not including their being involved in the family). Including her own relatives Twenty-three, thirty-four of Tang imperial family, court minister 36 (not including their lackeys). This is a damn how much inside, how many cases of injustice; number indeed victimized by Empress Wu, the number of people falsely accused of the Empress Wu, this account had to be left to historians to forget slowly. CCTV "Lecture Room" - montmin that Tang Dynasty Empress Wu, there are some records.
People Stories
Empress Wu is also a poet, "Full Tang" and have their poems recorded in 58, mostly temples and pay homage to the making, however also have in mind travel between the lyric poem, the "ideal mother" poem:
Zhu Cheng Bisi have to see, haggard fragmented as Yijun.
Do not believe in tears compared to regular, out of the box experience to take good graces.
As the Queen of Empress Wu, was a strong man, giving the impression left behind Girls eyebrows, however, as a woman, there are lingering affection, tenderness Flow's side, this poem can be seen.
Empress Wu also "Fortunately, the Prince Court on Xuan Zhao," a poem:
Tour the Ming Court, Huo Ji know of spring.
Send flowers to night, Mo to be dawn wind.
According to "New Book of Tang Yi Wen," recorded with Empress Wu "Chuigong set" 100 volume "Wheel Set" 10 works has been Lost. It is series of "Empress Wu Collection" line known to the world.
People Chronicle
1-year-old Emperor in Tang Wu De seven (624), 23 the first month (calendar February 17), was born in Lee State (now in Guangyuan City in Sichuan Province). Father, warrior Yue, 48 years old, he was appointed minister of works and sentenced six Cao Shang things. Mother, Yang, 46 years old. Half-brother Wuyuan Qing, Wu Yuan Shuang longer, one sister is still immature.
3-year-old ethics have eight (626) June fourth day, Li Shimin launched "Xuanwu Gate Incident", kill his brother Li Jiancheng, Di Li Yuanji. Seventh day, was established as a crown prince Li Shimin. August eighth day, Emperor in Tang prince Li Shimin Li Yuan Chuan is located. On the 9th, came to the throne Prince Li Shimin, the Emperor Taizong. Military governor for the Yuzhou samurai Yue Feng.
5 years old, Zhen Guan years (628 years) June 15, Li Zhi (Gaozong) was born. This year, 袁天罡 physiognomy for the military, left overturned in the local customs, such as Wang Yun Po legend.
12 years old, nine-Zhen Guan (635) early in May on the 6th, emperor died long Anda An Palace Chuigong Hall. Warrior emperor of Yue sick in mourning the death at the age of 59 years. October 27, buried emperor in Sanyuan Xianling, Temple name emperor, and Queen Mu buried too. After the water with his mother Yang palindrome (an Shanxi Luliang City) buried father.
14 years old, eleven years Zhen Guan (637), Taizong Li Shimin heard of samurai Yue talented daughter of beautiful, intelligent, selecting him for the palace, established as a person, give number "Wu Mei."
16 years old, Zhen Guan 10 years (639 years), there are 358 state capital, county 1551. Korea, Silla and Western Turki, Tocharian, Hong States, Yasukuni, Persian, Kashgar, Khotan, Yanqi, Gao, Lin Yi, Kunming and other chiefs have sent envoys tribute.
20 years old, Zhenguan 17 years (643) April seventh day, Taizong Li Li Zhi, the crown prince.
23 years old, Zhenguan years (646) March Chujiu, Taizong was seriously ill, even ordered the military State Committee of Prince Li Zhi, Maintenance and treatment. Since then, Prince Edward hearings the next day, North Korea stop, Rushi Diet, Wu and the prince came into contact with, the two serve the same side in Taizong disease.
25 years old, Zhen Guan 2 years (648 years) the first month, Taizong as "Emperor Fan" 12, gave Prince Li Zhi.
26 years old, twenty-three years Zhen Guan (649) May 26, Taizong issued an edict Sun loudly, Chu Sui-liang Lee Prince adjuvant treatment. Taizong Jiabeng. Under the old law, the emperor's death, not to the emperor's concubine Health prince, to do nun. On the 28th, Wu Temple monks and nuns in the sense of industry in Nepal. June started this, Prince Li Zhi ascended the throne, as Gojong, when he was 22 years old. August 28, buried Taizong in Zhaoling, buried with the Empress.
27-year-old Yong Hui first year (650 years) the first month sixth day, Zong Li Fei Wang empress. May 26, Taizong and death, Gojong to the Temple of the Hong sense of industry, see Wu Mei. Vu Thi cry, Gaozong sad tears. Queen Wang no child fell out of favor, that this, use Wu Mei and implied Vu Thi long hair, and persuaded the emperor received the Hui Gong.
28-year-old Yong Hui years (651 years) in August, Wu palace, palace ladies in general, the king of Queen's side.
29 years old, Yonghui three years (652 years) two days in July, Li Zhong (Chen Wangzhong) the crown prince. On the 12th, the Ministry of play: 3.8 million households across the country. Winter this year, the eldest son of Li Hong Takefu.
31-year-old Yong Hui five years (654) March, as Zhao Yi Feng Wu. March 14, Gaozong should force the request, bonus hero Qu conflict through military ethics, warrior Yue and other 13 officials. Jun, Wang Chong Queen Queen's uncle to see the reality of decline, from please Dismissed from Office, Board of Civil Shang change labeled. December 17, from Imperial Zong Ye Zhao Ling, Wu from the line, the second son of Li Xian in the way of Health.
33 years old, was Qingyuan years (656 years) the first month sixth day, falling as the King of Liang Prince Zhong, Liang prefectural governor, the crown prince Li Hong Li Wu Houzai. February 17, posthumously as Empress Wu Yue warrior father Stuart, Awarding Zhouguo Gong. March 17, Empress Wu silkworm in the northern suburbs before worship. April 14, Zong and Empress Wu Ying Xuan Zang in the concept of Anfu gate Emperor Jionji inscription. Since Wei has never had such a grand Buddhist activities. September 12, Empress Wu system "Dukes Commandments" offer to the DPRK. November fifth day, the third son of Li Xian Wu Housheng at Chang'an.
34 years old, was celebration two years (657 years) on February 12, Xian Feng Zhou Wang.
36 years old, was celebrate four years (659 years) June 22, Gaozong edict to change, "clan-chi" to "registered name" to the royal family and the family after the first such official by key dynasty were five items Journal of persons into the stream. July, killing Sun loudly and Liu-seok. September, Gaozong edict to stone, rice, history, Ta, Andy Cao, pull sweat it, miserable DA, Shule, Chu Ju semi-government and other countries home to 127 counties, the national territory expanded.
37 years old, was celebrate five years (660 years) the first month, Zong and Empress Wu and Prince Edward in Luoyang in the New Year. On the 23rd, and from Luoyang to the state. February tenth day, to and state. On the 15th, met with followers officials, and various pro-and elders and other state Guan Zhu. March fifth day, Empress Wu entertain relatives and old friends neighbors in Chodo, feast woman in the Inner Temple. Eighth day, Zong-Wu Yu and states west of the city say, lead the ministers parade. April eighth day, Gojong, Empress Wu and his party from and back to the East are. October 9, change letters on behalf of the Lady Yang Wu stepmother who was Rongguo Fu, quality first. This month, the wind dizzy patients suffering from early Gojong, dealing with part of the Administrative Committee of Empress Wu, since then, Empress Wu participate in affairs of state, doing things in line with Gojong decree.
38 years old, guang first year (661 years) the first month, Empress Wu please Comedians women against the world of opera (the ancient artists that comic acts), Gaozong adopted and issued an edict. April, want to personally led troops attacked Korea Zong, Empress Wu remonstrances against the table that can not, be adopted.
39 years old, guang years (662 years) in June in retaliation, Wu Housheng fourth son Li Dan was cool of Penglai Palace with the house for Buddhist services at the hall for like jade. July started this month by Prince Li Dan, Amnesty world, Ciyan three days.
41 years old, Lin Tak first year (664 years) in December, seeking abolition of the West Queen Norm Taiwan assistant minister failed to imprison. On the 13th, killing Norm and so on, giving Prince Zhong dead waste. Since then, Gojong as North Korea, Empress Wu curtain on, the foreign call "two holy." About this year, Wu Housheng Princess Taiping.
42 years old, Lin Tak years (665 years) on October 28, Gojong, Empress Wu and Prince Edward to Mount Fengshan, civil and military guards of honor from driving hundreds of miles is not absolute, since the Korea East and West do the Persian, were followers of States and North Korea. This year, thereby facilitating harvest.
43 years old, Qian Feng first year (666 years) the first month in retaliation, high Zongsi Haotian God in the south of Mount Tai. First two days, closing on top of Mount Tai. The temple, Zen in the first mountain community, Empress Wu to Asia offer. Fifth day, Libi, Gaozong Royal Hajj Forum by Asaga, pardon the world, reign title Qian Feng. On the 6th, banquet ministers. On the 19th, from Taishan. On the 24th, to Qufu, Confucius as Grand Preceptor gift. February 22, also from Bozhou, such as offering Laojunmiao Zong, too, on the respect for the Emperor Xuan Yuan. March 11, Gojong, Empress Wu back of Luoyang. Order engraved "Dengfeng mark the text," stand Taishan.
44, Qian Feng years (667) in September the temple, Gojong prolonged diseases, so that Prince Philip supervise the country, changing Yin Feng Wang Li Dan was with the king.
45 years old, the first year of the total chapter (668) Run in February, Zong Yu Jian Ming Tang. On the 25th, sub-Chang, years two county home Qian Feng, Ming Tang 2 counties to Ming-chi. September 12, Lee Ji captured Pyongyang Korea Wang escapement and the high Tibetan male health minister, is simply to conquer Korea.
46 years old, the total chapter two (669) the first month, letters are all kings Dizi Dukes. The temple in December, Li Ji died.
47 years old, Xianheng first year (670) first month, seventh day, Liu Rengui resign due to old age. March 19, Xu Jingzong retirement pension. August the first two days, Wu Yang stepmother died in the sublime, at the age of 92.
48 years old, Xianheng years (671) first month, seventh day, Zong and Empress Wu from the capital Chang'an to the east are, left Prince Li Hong supervise the country, so Daizhi De, Li Jingxuan and other Colonial.
49 years old, Xianheng three years (672) the first month, to beam product life as handsome, fat Bingtao rebel "Man." 14 surname 30 000 Kunming quite allegiance, set Yin, London, with a total Tri-State.
50, Xianheng four years (673) in August, Gojong malaria, seriously ill, so that the house of Prince Li Hong Yu Yan-fu Zou Shi Shou Zhu Division. November, Gojong producer movement, the "Lantern" and "Two instrument" the "three powers" "4:00", "Five Elements" "Six Laws", "7 G" and "Eight Wind" and "Nine officials" and "Island 10" "may 1 "" Hing Wan "and other songs.
51, Lantern first year (674) August 15, Gaozong Zhuizun their ancestors, to emperor as God Emperor Yao, Emperor Taizong as the civil and military saint, Gojong claimed Emperor, Empress Wu said days later, reign title Lantern Amnesty world. September seventh day, Sun Zong edict complex loudly official post, buried Zhaoling, the grandson of Sun Wing Xijue Zhao public. October 27, Empress Wu on the views of 12, Gojong agree that implementation.
52, Lantern years (675) March 13, Empress Wu worship at Mang Shan to the south of the first silkworm. This month, Gaozong wind dizzy disease aggravated, not hearings, handling government affairs rests with Empress Wu. For Johnson in the Empress Wu Zong, Prime Minister Chun Hao Department admonished only. Empress Wu Shi literature cited in the palace, books, reference, summary table play, known as the "North Gate Bachelor." April 25, Prince Li Hong was killed. Fifth month, chasing posthumous honor the emperor as prince Li Hong. June fifth day, Li Yong Wang Li Xian as Crown Prince, Amnesty world. August 19, buried in the river Yanshi Christine Prince Edward Lee Hong Ling, high clan Piece "honor the emperor Rui De-ji."
53 years old, Miriam the wind first year (676) February seventh day, Empress Wu Zong Fengshan Zhongyue advise Songshan. On the 15th, Gojong even ordered something in the Songshan Mountain this winter. Run in March, good spit attack Shan, profile, river, Fong four states, Gaozong edict stop Fengshan, removal phase such as Wang Dan Lee led his army against Tibet.
55 years old, Miriam the wind three years (678) first month, fourth day, the King and Shii chiefs towards Empress Wu in the fairing doors.
56 years old, first year transfer disclosed (679) May seventh day, that Prince Li Xian Zong supervise the country.
57, Wing Lung Dynasty (680) the first month on the 19th, Wu Hou Dengluo Yangcheng gateway, hosted kings and states were all over the Division Three Grades of provincial governor captaincy, too often played the New "Luk Chun also" dance. August 22, waste Prince Li Xian as common people. On the 23rd, Li Xian as Crown Prince, King, reign title of Wing Lung, Amnesty world.
58 years old, the first year of opening Yiu (681) the first month during the first ten, in order to establish the early Prince, dinner at the Ming Ming Fu Baiguan and officials. On the 29th, issued an edict to avoid Zong Yong, Qi, China, with four states for two years rent. Henan, Hebei Branch tax year by floods. February, Empress Wu Qi Wang on the table, please pardon Kim, Wang Su Festival Poyang crime, is more money for the Mianyang prefectural governor, the prime festival for the mountain prefectural governor, the DPRK is still not allowed to set. July 22, Tai Ping Shao Xue Princesses. Run on July 24, Gojong disease, so Prince Li Xian supervise the country. November eighth day make waste Tai Zixian move Bazhou.
59 years old, Yong Chun first year (682) February 19, according to Huang Sun re the full moon, reign title Yong Chun, Amnesty world. March 25, according to Li Chung-Li Huang Sun Huangtai Sun.
61-year-old, light house the first year (684) the first month started this reign title heir St., Amnesty world, were established in Webster for the Queen. Empress Wu wrote, "Great Emperor Yi Zong discussion" and "stated St. mind." February 6, Empress Wu and Pei Yan and other waste in were Luling Wang, quiet on the other. On the 7th, with Wang Li Li Dan for the emperor, as Yejong, reign title of civilization, governed by the Empress Wu processing. On the 8th, according to the common people waste Huang Taisun weight, flow Wei Xuanzhen in Qinzhou. On the 9th, so Hill Kamiomi to monitor waste Bazhou Prince Li Xian, to prepare for external danger. Wei price to be revised to make hills, shuaibing people create Qianling. March fifth day, spent in Bavaria, Prince Li Xian suicide. April 22, moved to Luling Wang Xian in the room states, on the 26th to move all states. May 15, Gaozong coffin destined for Chang, Empress Wu as a "text book Zong Emperor Great Sorrow", leaving the town of Luoyang. August 11, buried Gojong in Qianling, Temple name Gojong, engraved monument stand out front of the tombs St. mind. September sixth days, reign title Empress Wu light house, changed both the East are to God. On the 21st, Empress Wu chase Wang Qizu: Five Zook has to Lujing Gong, emperor home often Qiu, Beijing Gong Su Wang, ancestor as Qiu Jian, Jin Cheng Yi Kang, Zu Huawei Wang Taiyuan security into the parent Shi Yue To Weizhong Xiao Wang. Li Wen-Five Ancestral water. On the 29th, the name of Xu Jingye to Kuangfu raise an army in Yangzhou. October sixth day, Empress Wu shuaibing 300,000 such that Li Xiaoyi Xu Jingye crusade. On the 18th, cut Pei Yan at all booths. November fourth day, Empress Wu Wei Ying Yeung that left a large black teeth are constantly General South Road for the march of great crusade Xu Jingye Explorer. On the 18th, Xu Jingye rout, the Department will kill Xu Jingye phase after the King surrendered. Li Xiaoyi make chase rump, put down Yangzhou.
62 years old, Chuigong first year (685) the first month in retaliation, because calm Xu Jingye rebel, reign title Chui Gong, Amnesty world. February seventh day, Empress Wu issued an edict: "Chodo the home and Teng Wen Shi Lung Kwu not prevent observe. Have the Chodo Grievance who like to hear by the censor." March 21, then moved to Luling Wang Xian in the state rooms. In April, under the "Seeking" system, the system so that bootstrap. November, Empress Wu as "a solemn side by large order," Writing "Chen Regulation," two volumes, general give court officials in order to teach the road for the minister.
63 years old, Chuigong years (686) the first month, Wu Empress Dowager Fu government to Yejong Li Dan, Li Dan solid so, please continue to governance Empress Wu. Empress Wu started to use merciless. March eighth day, Empress Wu's correct to make bronze, which is a fully functional suggestion box. December, Yong-free and the state population, adjusting the second tax, the end of its body.
64 years old, Chuigong three years (687) the first month the second year, Empress Wu Feng Huang Sun Cheng-Mei Li Hang Wang, Li Longji to the king, Long-industry for the King of Zhao.
65, Chuigong four years (688) the first month fifth day, Empress Wu Li Gao Zu in God, Luoyang, Taizong, Gaozong three temples, such as the Imperial Ancestral Temple offer sacrifice to make 4:00 the instrument. On the 11th, so Qianyuan destroyed the house of local construction Mingtang by Xue Huaiyi supervision. April, Rui Shi Wu Chengsi made for Tang presented with Thailand, the paper said: "Our Lady Pro people, Yongchang the empire." Empress Wu named "treasure map." May 18, Empress Wu Zun Canada known as "Our Lady Queen of God." July started this, Empress Wu was renamed the "treasure map" to "Tianshou St map" to change the Lo is the Lo Yongchang, "treasure map" as the the "holy Map Spring", located on the spring side of Yongchang County. Feng Luoshui God "Vision Hou", Song for the "God King Yue days." You Yi Rui Shi obtained before sishui, change sishui for the wide arms. August 17, Lang Ya Wu Wang Li Chong raised his army against the Queen Mother. Empress Wu Ji crusade to make Confucius God, before the arrival of Lee Chong has been defeated by local troops. On the 23rd Li Chong killed by his old unit. On the 25th, King Yue Li Zhen raise an army in Yuzhou, captured shangcai. In September started this, so left Empress Wu Wei Tao Bao Chong Yu Tai was in the Army, General large mains, Cen Changqian for the military after the big mains, crusade Li Zhen, Li Zhen is cut nationality, surname snake's. On the 11th, a hope, Christine suicide, flat Yuzhou. On the 13th, killing Han Wang, Lu Wang to take part in the rebels. December 27, Mingtang completed, number "Vientiane Shrine" magnificent, allowing people into the garden. Empress Wu has also made in the Ming Tang of the North from heaven, to storage folders like. Awarded "pro enjoy Mingtang system."
71 years old, first year extension set (694) January tenth day, God made Lou teaching ethics Heyuan, the stone, Huaiyuan Ambassador Tian barracks, so do the border camp field. February, Wang Xiaojie beat Tibetan, Turkic and 3 thousand people. Hansi Zhong beat the mud and cooked as soon as such some thousand pounds. On the 16th, Di Ming Xue Huaiyi as cutting a large march against the Road Explorer, the rate of 18 general crusade against Mochuo. August 17, Fan Hu Muyi, donate money to one hundred trillion, please stand Tianshu to Chung King exploits women. Royal Order on-side door hinge cast days.
73 years old, long live the days of the first year book (695) who started the twelfth lunar month (this time has entered the 696), the emperor to the Songshan Fengshan. On the 11th, sealing the Songshan for "Kamioka," Long live the reign title Dengfeng, Songyang County, Dengfeng County, change, change into a county Yang Gaocheng county. Year tax-free world people. March 16, the new Joss House built, smaller than the old, it is called through the temple. April started this line of pro-enjoy gift of the emperor, reign title Viva Babel (Ci Hai, etc. Appendix for March reign title), Amnesty world. May 12, Camp Desert State Qidan Song Li loyal military governor, in the final prefectural governor Sun Wanrong Ju-Bing Cheng rebel, captured the state camp. Lee Khan claimed loyal to Sun Wanrong for Pioneer, Bingzhi tens of thousands. On the 25th, Empress Wu Wei, General Cao Ren Ying Yeung that teacher left, right Kingo General Zhang Xuan Wei big event, Samori Great General Lee Da Zuo, Maren Festival 28 will lead the army crusade. In July, the Emperor Yu Guan Road that Wu Sansi comfort for the Ambassador, preparedness Khitan. Aug. 28 fight at Gap Point Valley, Tang Jun defeat. Then they design the rebels ambushed, Jun Tang army was collapsing. Empress Wu once again send troops conquered. September 21, Mochuo troops to suppress the Khitan emperor made it as Qian Shan Khan. October, Mochuo break loose desert, Krupp Li loyal wife and child. King sealed Mochuo to Jie Li SHI Chanyu down, meritorious service to serve the country Khan. In the fight against the Turks Tang Jun, the near death of Lee loyal defeat. Li faithful dead, Sun Wanrong to receive the pack of their congregation, the military potential revival, the number of intrusive counties, and capturing Jizhou, Hebei vibration.
74 years old, magic the first year (697) three days of April, Kyushu Ding cast. On the 18th, Empress Wu Ling-Wu Yizong, Ho led his army's campaign against Caramel. May eighth day, also makes Lou morality, loyalty his troops 200 000 sand upbraid crusade. June the temple, the emperor, "violence to Junchen count" system, kill to Junchen. On the 30th, beheaded Sun Wanrong to discuss the level Khitan, remnants down in the Turks.
75, St calendar year (698) the first month in retaliation, the Emperor Ji Tong Temple, reign title undergoes. This month, the emperor "of Buddhism and Taoism article flow system" to prohibit the Buddha, Taoists slander each other. March Chujiu, plead illness, so that recall Luling Wang Xian Xu Yanbo. On the 28th, Luling Wang Luoyang to God. August 11, due to demand for Prince Edward Wu Chengsi not Anger died. On the 13th, the emperor to make weapons re-regulation, Zhang Ren intrinsic, Li Zuo and so many discussions shuaibing 300,000 Turks. September 15, Li Dan solid let in Xian, Emperor prospective, Li Xian as Crown Prince. On the 17th, life for the Hebei Road, Prince Edward Marshal to discuss Turks. On the 21st to the Hebei Road Di Renjie Vice Marshal, Marshal know something, God himself off.
76 years old, St calendar years (699) the twelfth lunar month on the 25th, giving Prince named Vu Thi. Amnesty world. February, Tang Song-Shan Guo Gou, Ye becoming immortal Prince Edward Temple, Prince of becoming immortal in the pro-book inscription, erected a monument in the Gou Shan Temple Prince of becoming immortal. April, the Tibetan woman and so favor down. On the 18th, the emperor behind the Prince to prevent incompatible with the surname Wu, so Prince, with the king, Pacific Princess and Wu You cum such as agreement, the heaven and earth to pass Temple, Ming-iron coupons into possession of the Academia Historica. July, 1400 Tuyuhun account submission. This year, change as the Penlon units Hao Ling, Shun Ling is looking Fengtai.
78 years old, big enough the first year (701) three days of the first month, the Buddha made into a trace state is, therefore reign title big enough. August, Suan Heng on the table, please Holy Emperor governance, suppressing Wu Xing Tang. October, the Emperor and Prince Li Xian, Li Dan, etc. with the king returned from Luoyang, Chang'an, Favor of the Yuan Chang, Amnesty world. November, Empress Wu to Guo Yuanzhen as Liangzhou military governor, ambassador Longyou armies. Guo Yuanzhen after arrival, located south of the border population and Yan Xia Town, Northern Territory Qikou white booths set up military, control of its strategic position and expand throughout the state 1500, the Turks not intrusive. Guo Yuanzhen also foster the prefectural governor Lee Han Gan through open set Farming, Wei Mu minoritites five years, curried, sheep everywhere, Lubushiyi, product rations can be supported for decades. December, Empress Wu as his father established Supreme Takaaki great week high and the emperor Monument (also known as Penlon Taiwan Monument) in water, Wu Wen Ling. Monument High 5 of feet wide and 9 feet, 3 feet thick, the inscription of more than 6700 words, is the largest tomb in Chinese history. Inscription written by the Tang dynasty prime minister Li Qiao, recorded the family's origins and his father, Vu Thi warrior Yue's life experience is an important historical document. Is, the daughter of Wing Tai Jun Zhu Xian Li Xianhui and husband Wu Yanji proposed two things because of theft, murder, Sheriff of only 17 years old, were killed along with the eldest son of Shao Xian Li Chung Yun Wang. Princess bestowed upon Yong Tai is the only tomb in Chinese history was the highest known as the "tomb" of the princess.
79-year-old, Chang years (702) the first month on the 17th, the first election will be set before the Wu. June, mother of Great week for the Supreme Takaaki high monument in Xianyang along Queen's Tomb is a large tombstone. Inscription by the nephew of Empress Wu Liang Wangwu think twice written, recorded Young's mother's life experience. November 1, Feng Wang Li Dan was with Stuart. Review of the old Soviet prison life cruel officials, who reversed many. December, the government established the North Chamber is to protect the state court, so that stability and Northern Territory.
80 years old, Chang'an three years (703) the first month in retaliation, so that Wu Sansi, Li Qiao, Zhu Jing, etc. to repair, "historian of Tang." April Chujiu, Tibet sent envoys offering horse 1000, gold 2200 marriage proposal. June started this, they sent envoys please Turkic Mochuo woman married the son of Prince. Is, the Empress Wu in the Lin-De, met with and hosted a dinner for the house of the Japanese Imperial Japanese embassies Awada live.
81-year-old, Chang four years (704) in August, the patient lying Palace of Eternal Youth. October 22, sealing Adam assistant minister of Cambodia for the same Pingzhang Shi Zhang. November fifth day, closing day of official assistant minister Wei Chengqing assistant minister for the line of Phoenix Court, with Pingzhang Shi, Feng Zhang Shou Phoenix Court for the assistant minister of Cambodia.
82 years old, Dragon Dynasty (705) the first month started this reign title dragon. Ill. Edict: "Since civilization has been offended by non-Yang Yu, Ji Zhu Bo Tri-State inverses ringleader, are forgiven." On the 22nd, Zhang Cambodia of Cui Ying Xuan Wei, etc. Prince Li Xian, killing Zhang Changzong, Zhang and Yi, Jin to the emperor chambers, forced to make way. On the 23rd, the Emperor Xian supervise the country, so Prince. On the 24th, mass at Prince Li Xian. On the 25th, Prince Li Xian Ji Diwei, is the case. Li Dan was with Wang Feng Qiu, with Mishina. Princess Taiping Town, plus the country. Make tax-free and this year, up odalisque 3000. The royal family in exile and nationality were not, children and grandchildren are nationals are complex, the amount Syria official post. On the 26th, the Holy Spirit moved on Emperor Yang Palace. On the 27th, in case the rate Baiguan Ye Xian Emperor, the appellation "the days of the Great Sage King." On the 29th, in the cases of Li Xian Feng Cui Xuan Wei to keep within the history of King Hui, Huan Yan Fan for the ears, and Zhang for the days of the official Book of Cambodia, Yuan Shu had been assistant minister for the phoenix chamber, and with Mishina. February started this, in case the rate Baiguan Yang Yi, on the day of the Great Sage asked the emperor official daily, one to every ten days thereafter. Fourth day, the number of recovery cases Tang, Suburban, Sajik, mausoleum, the King, flags, clothing color, before the original text were restored Yong Chun. All of God complex change for the East are, and the North are the state. May fourth day, the temples were moved to week of respect for the ancestral temple in Xijing Chong. Edict: "Vu Thi three generations of a limb, Zou Shi by key not guilty." Sajik Li Tang Imperial Ancestral Temple in East Du, Feng Zhang of the other five were Cambodian king, kings Wushi down for the public. November 26 (AD 705 December 16), the last big Shenghuangdibeng Xianju Yang Gong Temple at the age of 80-year-old. Yizhao to Timor number together with Gojong Ling and Wang Queen's pardon and Xiao Shufei of the tribe.
Dragon years (706) on May 18 and was buried the day of the Great Sage Emperor Qianling. Posthumous said: "the days of the Great Sage Queen."
King Wan first year (710) July 7, renamed "days."
King Wan first year (710) October 18, renamed "Story days."
Extension and the first year (712) June 17, renamed "the days."
Tempo eight (749) June 15, Zhuizun as "the Skyway St Queen."
Qianling Stele of Empress Wu
1. Absent monument's profile
Stele of Xianyang city in the north west, fifty kilometers Qianling. Qianling Sima Road in the east, north soil Que, south Weng Zhong, Shu-sheng Ji Monument West and the relative, Peculiar magnificent, majestic and impressive.
Qianling is Gaozong Li Zhi and buried Empress Wu Ling, Ling side by side with the former two giant stone, a piece of the west side called the "holy monument above (or the name called St. Clement's Monument)", the east is the Empress Wu, an absent monument. "Stated Saint-monument" is singing the praises of Empress Wu Zong standing for the monument, she also wrote a 5,000 word personal inscription, black tablet surface, powder filling word, brilliant. The east is the Empress Wu of the absent monument. Since the Qin and Han dynasties since the emperor want the death to glorifying, the only woman in Chinese history but not the emperor's monument engraved a word.
3. The new discovery and inference
Shaanxi Institute of Cultural Relics in a test when I discover the sun in an absent monument surface, from top to bottom lined with lattice, by research, these are not descendants afterwards. The lattice of each 4 cm long, 5 cm wide and arranged in neat rows. There is only one possible, they are the original lettering on the stone used to prepare, and ready inscription. According to remain in the tablet surface grid computing, inscriptions about more than 3300 words. Why, then, has prepared the inscription engraved on the stone it does not?
Historian to make such a guess: Empress Wu has written well before his death the inscription, and handed over to Xian, Empress Wu shared the field for several decades, much of Cambodia, Prince Ying Cui Xian Xuan Wei, etc., forced the Appellation, the Empress Wu was forced to give way to Xian, the name of "The Week" to restore the "Tang", Xian Although the natural son of Empress Wu, but long and live in fear, though re-registration can not vent their hatred upon the throne, but could not speak mother singing the praises of the good things, had no say engraving, for the Empress Wu left an absent monument.
List of female emperor of China
Northern Wei Dynasty in 528 AD, Emperor of Shame (per girl ①) reign: the reign of Wu Qin less than 1 year
653, Emperor Wen Jia (Chen Shuo true) reign: no less than 1 year in office
Spirit of the Great 690-705 AD, Emperor Zhou (Wu Zhao, Empress Wu)
Reign: Tianshou, wishful, longevity, extension set, holy cards, books day long live, long live the Dengfeng, long live the heavens, divine, holy calendar, as long, large enough, Chang'an, Dragon 16-year reign
Edward Liao emperor in AD 1164-1178 (Yelv general speed End ②) reign Chongfu
14-year reign
Note:
① 528 AD, Emperor Yuan Xu Northern Wei Xiaoming Hu Empress was killed, the National not get no monarch, Empress Wu then hold to a baby girl from the harem, falsely claiming that the son of Emperor Ming Xiao, let the baby do the emperor, reign title "Wu Qin, "Empress Wu soon everyone know to avoid this, then kill the baby, the son of a separate element Hui Yuan Zhao as emperor, is the main Northern child. So that the baby under the manipulation of the Empress Wu, was hurriedly hurriedly came to the throne died, so her name in history with no leaves, generally referred to as "per girl," Empress Wu rushed to the baby girl with posthumous title after No. War Emperor (General Masashi not visible), so the Northern Wei Yuan girl is the first female emperor in Chinese history.
② Yelv general speed End: Liao Yi Ren Yelv out daughter, AD 1163, Ren died, as ancient young Prince Yelv straight Lu, testament Yelv & P said the system completion rate; the year 1164, Jellinek & P official said the completion rate system, reign title Chongfu, No. Empress Dowager, the latter in turn as Gongdie stabbed and Fuma Xiao Xiao Lu is not the control flowers, Yelv general speed End-called Emperor, said Edward King, less than a few days, news leaked, Yelv general speed End killed, Yelv straight Lu ancient throne. Yelv straight rugu posthumous title of "Empress Dowager", she is also the last female emperor in Chinese history.
Later evaluation
Ang on Empress Wu's evaluation, said the days of use of personnel: For income people in particular, aside from the service, meaning the appointment of Philip, Pumping opened the door, enter with no doubt, no tired of visits, not only persons who were recommended also may bootstrap their only. The recommended inevitable, the move is tested, and the modern that Zhirenzhiming, Lei Zhao Lai toast for use ......
Empress Wu Mao commented: Empress Wu was indeed a country of talent, she has both the capacity, but also the wisdom of knowing people, but also employing the technique.
Empress Wu Guo commented: "The government Kai Kai Yuan, Wang Zhen Guan governance."
Wales
1. Taizong Li Shimin (Empress Wu Li Shimin was first brought to the palace for the people, that is one of the harem concubines, two no heirs)
2. Gaozong Li Zhi
Nanchong
1. Xuehuai Yi
2. Shen Miao
3. Zhang Changzong
4. Zhang Yi of
Son
1. Honor the Emperor (on behalf of the King) (had posthumous names - Tang Yizong) Li Hong
2. Zhang Huai Prince (Lu Wang, Yong Wang closure after change) Li Xian (who renamed Li)
3. In the cases of Li Xian (Former Zhe)
4. Yejong Li Dan (formerly Li Xu round, Lee round)
Female
1. Stability Princess early martyrs, was the daughter of Princess Empress Wu adoption female Emperor in Tang dynasty, and changed its title as the Princess and stability.
2. Taiping Princess Li month
Miscellany
According to legend, Emperor Taizong was alive, had asked the teacher telling astronomy, astronomy teacher that the next three years, Li Jie Wang in the hands of a person surnamed Wu. Taizong then killing Vu Thi courtier, did not expect the operators belonging to his side arms seductive woman.
According to legend, a sense of industry Temple period, Li Zhi, a time to worship, see the Empress Wu went down from the clouds. At that time, rivalry with Xiaoshu Fei Wang, Queen, Empress Wu Na have taken their own faction, with Xiao Shufei confrontation, did not expect the two Jie Wang in the hands of Empress Wu.
After Empress Wu and many Nanchong. One of the most famous residents is of course Feng Xiao Bao (Xuehuai Yi), Empress Wu sent him after the White Horse Temple in Luoyang East monk, Farmington Kaneyoshi, but still with Empress Wu adultery. Obon in a particular year, then have gradually fallen out of favor Wai Yi, Empress Wu to discuss attention, fire Ming Tang, the Luoyang fire spread.
Empress Wu order to reform the culture, creating the days of text. Part of the day word also spread to Japan, South Korea, even as the names of some Japanese characters.