商代 人物列表
昭明 Zhao Ming相土 Xiang Tu昌若 Chang Re曹圉 Cao Yu
子冥 Zi Ming王亥 Wang Hai王恒 Wang Heng上甲微 Shang Jiawei
报丁 Bao Ding报乙 Bao Yi报丙 Bao Bing主壬 Zhu Ren
主癸 Zhu Gui商汤 Shang Shang大丁 Da Ding卜丙 Pū Bing
仲壬 Zhong Ren太甲 Tai Jia沃丁 Wo Ding大庚 Da Geng
小甲 Xiao Jia雍己 Yong Ji太戊 Tai Wu中丁 Zhong Ding
外壬 Wai Ren河亶甲 He Danjia祖乙 Zu Yi祖辛 Zu Xin
沃甲 Wo Jia祖丁 Zu Ding南庚 Na Geng阳甲 Yang Jia
盘庚 Pan Geng小辛 Xiao Xin小乙 Xiao Yi武丁 Wu Ding
祖庚 Zu Geng祖甲 Zu Jia廪辛 Lin Xin庚丁 Geng Ding
武乙 Wu Yi文丁 Wen Ding帝乙 Di Yi纣王 Zhou Wang
武丁 Wu Ding
商代  (?~前1201年)
姓:
名:
网笔号: 商高宗
开端终结
在位前1259年前1201年
武丁前1259年前1201年

  商朝国君(公元前1259—1200年在位),军事统帅。子姓,名昭。商王小乙之子。相传少年时期遵父命行役于外,与平民一同劳作,得以了解民众疾苦和稼穑艰辛。继位后,勤于政事,任用工匠出身的傅说及甘盘、祖己等贤能之人辅政,励精图治,使商朝政治、经济、军事、文化得到空前发展。出土的武丁时期甲骨卜辞有“中师”之名,当是开创军队以“师”为最高建制单位,也有认为是初建右、中、左三师。鉴于方、土方经常侵扰商朝边地和属国,甚至联合威胁商西北边安全,乃采取各个击破之策,多次遣将发兵进攻,又亲自统兵出征,终将方、土方征服。用长达三年时间平定鬼方。发重兵击败羌方,俘获大批羌人充为奴隶(见武丁攻西北部族之战)。统兵南征,深入荆楚之地,击败荆楚军,俘获甚多。还出兵征伐夷方、巴方、蜀及虎方等。对周边方国、部族的战争,拓展了商朝版图和势力范围,促进了中原地区与周边部族的经济、文化交流,使商朝成为西起甘肃,东至海滨,北及大漠,南逾江、汉流域,包含众多部族的泱泱大国,史称“武丁中兴”。在位59年而卒,被追谥为高宗。
  
  生平事迹
  中国文明究竟起源于何时,这是一个至今仍争论不已的问题。国际史学界一直不承认中国古书文献中的第一个朝代——夏朝的存在。我认为商代以前可能已经有文明,但至多是一些不成熟,缺乏连续性的文明,目前考古学所能证实的第一个比较成熟的文明是我们从殷墟的古迹中看到的,也许,这些青铜器、甲骨文、商代建筑体现出来的文化,正是中国几千年传统文化的原点。
  在这其中,一位帝王的地位显得格外突出。在叙述他之前,我们先来看看商朝的发展。自文献记载中的商汤开国后,商朝曾经历过一段时间的稳定发展,但从仲丁时代开始商朝的统治阶层多次发生“弟子或争相代立”的事件,史称“九世之乱”。到盘庚继位,决定以迁都来化解政治危机,他选择了“左孟门而右漳、滏,前带河,后背山”的殷(在现在的河南安阳郊区)作为新都所在。从此,商朝的首都固定了下来,进入了历史上的“殷墟时代”……
  经过盘庚、小辛、小乙三代的短暂统治之后,商朝进入了它历史上的顶峰——武丁时代(历史上称为“武丁中兴”,但实际上,这个时代的成就远远超过之前的任何一个时代)。商王武丁,庙号高宗,在位59年(这在平均寿命不高的商代,确实是个奇迹)。他年轻时代被父亲小乙派到民间劳动体验生活,得以了解民间疾苦和稼樯艰辛。公元前 1250年继位,但即位后前三年一直不理朝政,“天下都听不到君主的声音”(有一种说法,认为他“三年不鸣”的原因是为父服丧,但这种说法颇不可信)。
  公元前1247年,据说武丁得到一个梦的启示,在民间找到一个筑墙的奴隶,将他任命为宰相,这个人就是历史上鼎鼎有名的傅说。武丁在傅说和甘盘等贤臣的辅助下,励精图治,力求巩固统治﹐增强国力﹐使商王朝得以大治。在武丁时代,开始形成了一个庞大的官僚机构,并组成了一支相对固定而庞大的军队。
  内政巩固之后,武丁就开始了大规模的征服。首先是迫使周边时叛时服的小邦完全臣服,接着攻打今山西南部、河南西部一带的小邦甫、衔、让等,扩大了版图。这时西北的少数民族鬼方、羌方和土方日益强大起来,成为中原王朝的心腹之患,也成为武丁对外用兵的重点,其中对鬼方的战争就持续了三年。经过多年的战争,终于打败了这些国家,解除了威胁。武丁还开拓南疆征服了荆楚地区的夷方、巴方、虎方等。到武丁末年,商朝已成为西起甘肃,东到海滨,北及大漠,南逾江汉,包含众多部族的泱泱大国,实际上奠定了秦始皇之前华夏族大体上的疆域。
  为了控制广大被征服的地区,武丁把自己的妻、子、功臣以及臣服的少数民族首领分封在外地,被分封者称为侯或伯,开了周代分封制的先河。其中周人的祖先就是在武丁时代被征服被接受了商的封号。
  中华文化的显著特征——祖先崇拜在这个时代已经定型。而对卜辞的迷信,也发展到了极至。这个时代流行用活人祭祀(主要来源可能是战俘),一次祭祀仪式用上百人做牺牲的记载就有多次。
  在目前殷墟所发现的商代甲骨文和青铜器中,相当大部分是来自武丁时代,“青铜器之冠”司母戊大方鼎就是武丁时代的杰作。在这些古物中,一位传奇女性——妇好所占的分量也不小。她是武丁的第一个王后,多次亲自带兵出征,征服了20多个小国,是武丁时代开疆拓土的头号功臣。武丁晚年后妃众多,以至引起宫廷内乱,逼死他的儿子孝己,公元前1192年,武丁去世,由子祖庚继位。在武丁之前,商朝的王位继承以兄死弟继为主,从武丁开始,逐渐确立了父死子继的制度.
  在中国历代文献中,武丁只是商代后期一个比较重要的王。但到目前为止,炎黄、尧、舜、禹、汤毕竟都只是古书中影影绰绰的人物。夏朝和商朝前期的王都迁移不定,盘庚迁殷第一次确立了长期的王都,到武丁时期,甲骨文发展成熟,青铜时代进入它的盛期,武丁建立了一套成型的官僚机构和一支稳定的军队,他的南征北战为华夏初步奠定了疆域,并在此基础上完善了分封制度。而武丁长达59年的稳定的统治是这个繁华时代的政治基础。一切似乎都在表明,武丁时代是中国历史上一个关键时期,是中华文明许多特征的源头。随着考古学发现的增加,这个时代的重要性越来越被人认识到。
  武丁是盘庚之弟小乙之子,即盘庚之侄。他年幼时,小乙曾让他到民间生活了一段时间,深知民众生活的艰难困苦。他即位以后,兢兢业业、不敢荒宁,励精图治,决意振兴大业。他四出征伐,对鬼方、土方、羌方、人方、虎方等方国进行征讨,战争的规模不小,往往动用数千兵力,最大的一次发兵一万三千人。在这些征战中,商王征服了许多小国,扩大了领土,也捉获了大量俘虏。武丁时期的文化遗存相当丰富,宫殿、墓葬、作坊等遗存都有发现。代表当时社会生产力发展水平的青铜业,有了突破性进展,如铜、铅、锡三元合金出现了;分铸技术已被广泛运用;青铜器生产数量大增,还出现了司母戊大方鼎、偶方彝、三联这样的重器。武丁之世在青铜业方面取得的成就,表明中国青铜时代进入繁荣时期。此外,在纺织、医学、交通、天文等方面,也都取得不小成就。武丁开创的盛世局面,为商代晚期社会生产的发展乃至西周文明的繁盛,打下了很好的基础。妇好是商王武丁60多位妻子中的一位,即祖庚、祖甲的母辈“母辛”,生活于公元前12世纪的前半叶武丁重整商王朝时期,是我国最早的女政治家和军事家。中国历史上第一位有据可查的女英雄。
  祭天祀祖在中国有着悠久的历史,在史前时期的考古中曾一再发现这类遗存。随着农业的出现,人们为祈求风调雨顺的好年景而产生对天崇拜。它是自然崇拜中的一种。祖先崇拜又叫灵魂崇拜。它源自对先人怀念,把梦中的情景理解为先人的灵魂作祟而产生。人们祭祀祖先,为的是求得先人的保佑。夏代开始的家天下局面,使原始宗教的内容发生很大变化。由于帝王是世上最高的统治者,为了维护他的统治,就把祖先崇拜与自然崇拜结合起来,创造了天或上帝这样的至上神。从文献中可以知道商代有“天”这个神,1899年因一个偶然的机会发现的商代甲骨文,把湮埋了三千余年的古老文字重新呈现在世人的面前并让人们识读。甲骨文的发现,使商代的存在无可争议,并使商代历史成为信史。安阳殷墟出土的十五万片甲骨卜辞,记录了商代社会中发生的许多事情。经过几代人的整理和研究,揭示了它所包藏的丰富内容,为研究商代历史开拓了重要的途径。甲骨文中则有“帝”或“上帝”。所以商汤伐夏桀时说,“有夏多罪,天命殛之”、“夏氏有罪,子畏上帝,不敢不正”,打出“天命”的旗号,鼓动军士和同盟者去执行上帝的意志,奋勇讨伐。但天上的上帝与地上的下帝(商王)是相对的。为了执行上帝的意志,下帝通过巫与上帝沟通。商王在祭祀祖先时,用五种祀典,对上甲以后的祖先轮番地、周而复始地进行。安阳殷墟王陵区的祭祀场中发现了上千个祭祀坑,武丁时一次使用人牲达数百人。这种情况反映了商王对祖先崇拜的重视,因为上帝既是至上神,又是宗祖神。
  武丁死后,他开创的太平盛世,没能长久延续下去。祖庚、祖甲以后诸王,特别是帝乙帝辛时期,国内矛盾十分尖锐,四方诸侯也起来反叛。面对这种情况,商王帝辛(纣)不思改变,不听忠谏,一味追求骄奢淫逸的生活,进一步激化了国内矛盾。同时,他穷兵黩武,调集大军征伐东夷,加重了民众的负担,也使国内兵力空虚。周武王的大军打到商郊牧野,商纣王才组织力量,仓促应战。结果,商王的军队毫无斗志,“前徒倒戈”,为武王的军队开道。帝辛看到大势已去,逃到鹿台,拿出珠玉宝货自焚而死。商王朝就此灭亡。
  
  商历代国王
  商汤—外丙—仲壬—太甲—沃丁—太庚—小甲—雍己—太戊—仲丁—外壬—河亶甲—祖乙—祖辛—沃甲—祖丁—南庚—阳甲—盘庚—小辛—小乙—武丁—祖庚—祖甲—廪辛—康丁—武乙—文丁—帝乙—商纣
  
  商政治制度
  商王朝的职官有中朝任职的内服官和被封于王畿以外的外服官之别。内服官中又分外廷政务官和内廷事务官。最高的政务官,是协助商王决策的“相”,又称“阿”、“保”、“尹”。王朝高级官吏统称卿士。三公,则是因人而设的一种尊贵职称、并不常设。另外有:掌占卜、祭祀、记载的史,掌占卜的卜、掌祈祷鬼神的祝,掌记载和保管典籍的作册(又称守藏史、内史),武官之长的师长,乐工之长的太师、少师。内廷事务官是专为王室服务的官员,主要是总管的宰和亲信的臣。臣管理王室各项具体事务,有百工之长的司工,掌粮食收藏的啬,掌畜牧的牧正,掌狩猎的兽正,掌酒的酒正,掌王车的车正,为商王御车的服(又称仆、御),侍卫武官亚,卫士亚旅,掌教育贵族子弟的国老,掌外地籍田的畋老。外服官主要有方国首领的侯、伯,有为王朝服役的男、有守卫边境的卫。
  商代在实行贡纳制度的同时,还有劳役租“助”,就是要求农人助耕公田(籍田),收获皆为统治者所得,其比例约占农人收获的十分之一。殷纣王加征赋税,用以充实鹿台和巨桥。
  商朝的政治理念是神权观念笼罩下的政治思想,商代统治者「尚鬼」、「尊神」。所奉行的最高政治原则,就是依据上帝鬼神的意志治理国家。
  
  商经济文化
  商人从一开始就是一农业为主的民族,商汤曾派毫人帮助葛人种地。甲骨卜辞中多次见到“其受年”(能获得丰收吗)的问语,反映商朝统治者对农业的重视。在畜牧业在商代出土的除了有六畜的遗骸外,还有象骨,说明当时北方还有训象。并且掌握了猪的阉割技术,开始了人工养淡水鱼。手工业全部由官府管理,分工细,规模巨,产量大,种类多,工艺水平高,尤以青铜器的铸造技术发展到高峰。成为商代文明的象征。而且商朝人已经发明了原始的瓷器,洁白细腻的白陶颇具水平,造型逼真,刻工精细的玉石器表现了商代玉工的高超技艺。丝织物有平纹的纨,绞纱组织的纱罗,千纹绉纱的縠,已经掌握了提花技术。
  商代农业和手工业的进步促进了商品交换的发展,出现了许多牵着牛车和乘船从事长途贩运的商贾。到商代后期,都邑里出现了专门从事各种交易的商贩,吕尚就曾在朝歌以宰牛为业,又曾在孟津卖饭。
  自商代起,中国音乐进入了信史时代。民间的音乐和宫廷的音乐,都有长足的进步。由于农、牧ˋ手工业的发展,青铜冶铸达到了很高的水平,从而使乐器的制作水平飞跃,大量精美豪华的乐器出现了。乐舞是宫廷音乐的主要形式。可考证的有《桑林》、《大护》,相传为商汤的乐舞,为大臣伊尹所作。从事音乐专业工作的,主要有“巫”、音乐奴隶和“瞽”三种人。有关商朝的民间音乐的材料很少,《周易·归妹上六》和《易·屯六二》就是商代的民歌。
  商代甲骨文兼有象形、会意、形声、假借、指事等多种造字方法,已经是成熟的文字。在出土的甲骨卜辞中,总共发现有四千六百七十二字,学者认识的已有一千零七十二字。甲骨文因刻写材料坚硬,故字体为方形。而同时的金文,因系铸造,故字体为圆形。
  
  商科学发展
  天文:商代日历已经有大小月之分,规定三百六十六天为一个周期,并用年终置闺来调整朔望月和回归年的长度。商代甲骨文中有多次日食、月食和新星的记录。
  数学:商代甲骨文中有大至三万的数字,明确的十进制,奇数、偶数和倍数的概念,有了初步的计算能力。
  光学知识在很早就得到应用,商代出土的微凸面镜,能在较小的镜面上照出整个人面。
  
  妻
  司母辛妇好(中国的女元帅将领,也是一方诸侯,是武丁的左右手,与武丁感情良好。)
  妇邢
  
  子
  孝己 即祖己
  祖庚
  祖甲
  
  女
  子妥
  子媚


  Shang Dynasty emperor (reigned 1259-1200 BC), military commander of. Sub-name, name of Zhao. Wang B Commerce son. According to legend, his childhood outside of compliance Fuming line to serve, together with the civilian labor, to understand the suffering of the people and with farming difficult. The throne, the diligent conduct of public affairs, appointment of a former craftsmen and Gan Fu plate, ancestors who have been so wise and competent Colonial, good, so that the Shang political, economic, military, culture has been an unprecedented development. Wu Ding period oracle bones unearthed inscriptions of "normal school" in name, when the army is to create a "division" as the highest organizational units, but also the beginning of the construction that is right, the left third division. Given  side, Turkish borderland and often intrusive Shang vassal, and even joint business northwest of security threats, are all taken to break the policy, many Qianjiang his troops attacked and personally Commission soldiers set off, eventually  side, Turkish conquest. With up to three years to put down a ghost party. Fat heavily defeated Qiang Fang, sufficient to capture a large number of slaves Qiang (see Wu Ding attack northwest of family warfare). Bing Nanzheng system, in-depth Chu place, beat Jingchu Jun, captured many. Also sent troops to conquest Yi Fang, Pakistan, Shu and Hu Fang. Peripheral side of the country, tribal wars, expanding territory and spheres of influence in the Shang Dynasty, and promote the Central Plains and neighboring tribal economic and cultural exchanges, to the Shang Dynasty to become the west of Gansu, east beach, the desert north and south over river , Han River, including the great country of many tribes, known to history, "Wu Ding Zhongxing." Reigned 59 years Ercu was chasing posthumous title for Zong.
  Whether the origin of Chinese civilization, when it is a question still endless debate. International historians have not recognized in the literature of Chinese ancient books the first dynasty - the existence of the Xia Dynasty. I think that may have been before the Shang civilization, but most are immature, lack of continuity of civilization, archaeologists can now confirm that the first mature civilization is that we see the monuments from the Yin Ruins, perhaps, these Bronze, Oracle, Shang building reflected the culture, is thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture of origin.
  1247 BC, King Wu Ding said to be a dream revelation in the civil construction of the wall to find a slave, he was appointed prime minister, that person is the history of Dingdingyouming of Fu. Wu Ding Fu and willing to drive in aid of such upright ministers, good, and strive to consolidate the rule, enhance national strength, so that the Shang dynasty to peace and order. In the era of Wu Ding, began to form a huge bureaucracy, and formed a relatively fixed and huge army.
  The salient features of Chinese culture - ancestor worship has been finalized at this time. The superstition of the inscriptions, but also to the extreme development. Popular with this age living sacrifice (the main source may be prisoners of war), a ritual sacrifice to do with the hundreds of people have repeatedly documented.
  Pan Geng's younger brother, Wu Ding is the son of a small B, that Pangeng nephew. When he was young, small B once told him to civil life for some time, well aware of the hardships of the people live. He ascended the throne after the hard, not waste rather, good, determined to revitalize the great cause. His four expeditions, the spirits side, earth, Qiang Fang, Fang, Hu Fang Fang States crusade, the war is not a small scale, often spend thousands of troops, the biggest his troops 13 000 people. In these expeditions, the Shang conquest of many small countries, to expand the territory, but also a large number of prisoners captured by. Wu Ding period of abundant cultural relics, palaces, tombs, workshops and other remains are found. At that time the level of development of social productive forces on behalf of the bronze industry, a breakthrough was made, such as copper, lead, tin alloy occurred; sub-cast technology has been widely used; bronze production increase in number, also appeared in the Division E generous mother Ding , even side Yi, triple that of weighing equipment. Wu Ding of the world bronze industry in the achievements that China entered the Bronze Age period of prosperity. In addition, textile, medicine, transportation, astronomy, etc., also have made no small achievement. Wu Ding to create the Golden Age of the situation, as the late Shang Dynasty Western Zhou Dynasty and even the development of social production and prosperous civilization, laid a good foundation. Wang Wuding good business women over 60 wife of one, that ancestral G, Zu Jia's mother's generation, "the mother Xin", living in the first half of the 12th century BC, Ye Wuding restructuring business dynasty, the first woman in China politicians and military strategists. A well documented history of China's first heroine.
  Heaven Sizu has a long history in China, in prehistoric times have been repeatedly found in archaeological remains such. With the emergence of agriculture, people to pray for good weather the good times and produce on the day of worship. It is a kind of nature worship in. Ancestor worship is also called the soul of worship. It comes from the memory of ancestors, the dream scenario to understand the mischief caused by the deceased's soul. People worship their ancestors, is obtained for the ancestors bless. The home of the world on behalf of the beginning of summer, enabling the contents of the original religion has greatly changed. As the king was supreme ruler of the world, in order to maintain his rule, ancestor worship and nature worship put together to create a Heaven or God this supreme god. Shang can know from the literature of "days" is God, because in 1899 a chance discovery of the Shang Dynasty Oracle, the submerged and buried 3,000 years of ancient text to re-present in front of the world and allow people to literacy. Oracle's found, so the existence of the Shang Dynasty undisputed, and to become a messenger of history the Shang Dynasty. Yin Ruins in Anyang oracle bones unearthed 150 000 inscriptions, recording the Shang society, many things happened. After the collation and study of several generations, revealed that it concealed the richness for the study of Shang history of developing an important way. Oracle is the "Emperor" or "God." So cutting Xia Jie Shang Dynasty, said, "There Chardonnay crime, bearing in mind the mandate of heaven", "Summer's guilt, the child afraid of God, not straight," playing "Fate" banner, encouraging non-commissioned officers and allies to carry out God will courageously crusade. But the God of heaven and earth under the Emperor (Shang) is relative. In order to implement the will of God, under the Emperor Wu with God through communication. Shang ancestors in the sacrifice, the sacrificial rites with five of the ancestors of a future turns, the cycle of fashion. Yin Ruins in Anyang area of the sacrificial field mausoleum discovered thousands of sacrificial pits, Wu Ding the first use of human sacrifice when hundreds of people. This situation reflects the importance of worship Commerce Wang Duizu first, because God is the supreme god, is Zongzu God.
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  Officials with the Shang dynasty Oral serving China and the DPRK officials and outside was closed to foreign service officers Ji apart. Oral official in another exceptionally Mountain Administrative Officers and the inner court services officer. The highest government official, is to assist the Shang decision-making "phase", also known as "A", "guarantee", "Yin." Senior officials collectively dynasty Qing Shi. Excellencies, it is designed for people of a noble title, is not permanent. Another: palm divination, sacrifice, documented history of divination of the Pu palm, palm pray the gods wish, fortune and custody of books of records for books (or keep possession of history, in history), military attache of the length of teachers, musicians Grand Preceptor of the long and less division. Inner Court Services Officers are the officials for royal service, primarily Explorer slaughter and confidant of the minister. Management of the royal minister of the specific issues the Secretary has entertainment industry for decades long work, food collection charge of Ho, the pastoral charge of livestock being, fortune hunting of animals is, palm wine is wine, palm Wang vehicles, are, for the business Wang Yu car service (also known as servants, Royal), guards military attache in Asia, health Shi-ya trip, telling the children with the old aristocratic education, palm foreign nationals old Tin Tin. Foreign Service officer well-State the major leaders of the Hou, Bo, promising dynasty service men have guarded border health.
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  From the Shang Dynasty, China's access to the messenger of the times. Folk music and court music, have made great progress. As agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft development, bronze smelting reached a high level, so that the level of musical instrument making a leap, a large number of exquisite luxury of instruments there. Dance is the main form of court music. Can research for "mulberry", "Great care", according to legend as the Shang Dynasty of music and dance, as the minister Yi Yin. Professional work in music, mainly the "witch", music, slavery and the "blind" three kinds of people. The Shang Dynasty that very little folk music, "sister in the sixth and Autumn" and "Yi Tuen 62" is the Shang Dynasty folk.
  Astronomy: the size of the Shang Dynasty on the calendar has been divided to provide for a period of 366 days, and used to adjust the year-end home women's apartment in New Moon, and return the length. Shang Dynasty Oracle has many solar and lunar eclipses and star of the record.
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