dōng hàn mò nián，
huàn guān zhuān zhèng，
wài qī zhēng quán，
zhèng zhì fǔ bài，
dà xìng háo zú dú bà jīng jì，
lǒng duàn jiào yù，
jūn fá cán bào，
guān lì tān wū。
mín jiān qǐ yì céng chū bù qióng，
gōng yuán 184
nián，
tài píng qīng dào shǒu lǐng zhāng jiǎo shuài lǐng huáng jīn jūn qǐ yì "
qī zhōu '
èr shí bā jùn tóng shí jù fā。 ""
tiān xià xiǎng yìng，
jīng shī zhèn dòng "。
dōng hàn wáng zhāofā dòng gè lù dà jūn zhèn yā。
zài cān jiā zhèn yā de duì wǔ zhōng，
qí dū wèi cáo cāo yīn jūn gōng tū chū，
zhàn hòu bèi rèn wéi Jǐnán xiāng ;
sūn jiān yīn jūn gōng bèi rèn wéi bié bù sī mǎ ;
liú bèi yě yīn jūn gōng bèi rèn wéi '
ān xǐ xiàn wèi。
zài zhèn yā huáng jīn jūn hòu，
quán guó bèi dì de jūn fá suǒ gē jù，
wú chù bù zài hùn zhàn。
yǐ cáo cāo wéi zǎi xiāng de dōng hàn zhèng fǔ tǒng yī liǎo zhōng guó běi bù。
cáo cāo kòng zhì liǎo zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ。 220
nián cáo cāo de '
ér zǐ cáo pī duó dé zhèng quán，
bǎ huáng dì liú xié gǎn xià bǎo zuò，
jiàn lì wèi wáng cháo。
yī nián hòu，
yǐ huáng zú zì jū de liú bèi zài sì chuān jiàn lì shǔ hàn wáng cháo，
yòu míng nián，
sūn quán zài wǔ chāng jiàn lì wú wáng cháo。
chéng sān guó dǐng lì。
shǐ chēng sān guó。
sān guó（
xiá yì 220
nián － 280
nián，
guǎng yì 184
nián、 190
nián huò 208
nián－ 280
nián）
shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng de yī duàn shí qī，
yòu wèi、
hàn、
wú sān gè guó jiā。
hàn mò sān guó zhàn zhēng bù duàn，
shǐ dé rén kǒu xià jiàng，
jīng jì shòu sǔn，
sān guó jiē zhòng shì jīng jì fā zhǎn。
yóu yú zhàn zhēng xū qiú，
gè zhǒng jì shù dōuyòu jiào dà fā zhǎn。
sān guó shí qī kāi shǐ de shí jiān xué zhě gè yòu bù tóng jiàn jiě，
yī bān fēn chéng xiá yì jí guǎng yì。
xiá yì shì 220
nián cáo pī bī dōng hàn xiàn dì shànràng，
jiàn guó cáo wèi，
shǐ dōng hàn miè wáng kāi shǐ。
guǎng yì yī bān rèn wéi yòu 184
nián dōng hàn huáng jīn zhī luàn kāi shǐ。
zhè yuán zì hàn líng dì wéi jiě jué huáng jīn zhī luàn '
ér chéng lì zhōu mù zhì dù，
gāi zhì dù dǎo zhì dì fāng gē jù，
tiān xià fēn liè。
qí tā guān diǎn hái yòu： 190
nián dǒng zhuó xié hàn xiàn dì lí kāi luò yáng kāi shǐ，
zhè shí dōng hàn cháo tíng yǐ jīng bēng kuì； 208
nián chì bì zhī zhàn hòu kāi shǐ，
zhè shí sān guó dǐng lì xíng chéng chú xíng。
lì shǐ xué jiā duō zhù zhòng sān guó dǐng lì de xíng chéng yǔ guò chéng，
zì 184
nián dōng hàn yǐ kāi shǐ shī qù zhèng quán shí tǐ、
qún xióng gē jù，
xíng chéng sān guó chú xíng zhí dào wèi dài hàn wéi zhǐ，
suǒ yǐ wǎng wǎng jiāng zhè duàn 184
nián dào 220
nián de shí jiān nà rù sān guó shí qī jiā yǐ tǎo lùn。
sān guó shí qī rén cái bèi chū，
hòu shì cháng cháng zhuī sī dāng shí fēng yún rén wù。
zài táng sòng shī cí zhōng chū xiàn dà liàng sān guó nèi róng。
yuán míng qīng qī jiān，
sān guó shì jì gèng jiā shēn rù rén xīn，
chéng wéi xì jù hé mín jiān yì shù wén xué cháng jiàn huà tí。
míng dài luó guàn zhōng yǐ zhè duàn lì shǐ wéi lán běn，
biān zhuàn lì shǐ xiǎo shuō《
sān guó yǎn yì》
chéng wéi liǎo zhōng guó sì dà míng zhù zhī yī。
qí fēng fù duō cǎi de lì shǐ nèi hán yě liú chuán dào yà zhōu jí shì jiè gè dì，
yǐng xiǎng liǎo zhè xiē dì qū。
jìn dài chén shòu suǒ zuò《
sān guó zhì》，
hòu jīng péi sōng zhī zhù yǐn，
pō yòu cān kǎo jià zhí。
zhí dào jīn tiān，
sān guó de zhù míng rén wù、
shì jiàn réng shì '
ěr shú néng xiáng，
chéng wéi diàn shì、
diàn yǐng huò yóu xì tí cái zhī yī。
gèng yòu sān guó tí cái xiǎo shuō《
dǒu zhuǎn xīng xié》
bèi fān pāi chéng diàn shì jù。
sān guó jú miàn de xíng chéng 189
nián，
hàn líng dì jià bēng，
liú biàn jì wèi bèi lì wéi shǎo dì。
zhí zhèng de hé tài hòu zhī xiōng hé jìn lián luò yuán shào，
shā huàn guān jiǎn shuò。
shào、
jìn děng mì móu jìn shā huàn guān，
bìng zhào dǒng zhuó rù luò yáng wéi yuán。
dāng huàn guān shā hé jìn，
ér shào yòu shā jìn huàn guān zhī shí，
zhuó shuài bīng rù luò yáng，
jìn lǎn cháo zhèng。
tā fèi chù shǎo dì，
lìng lì liú xié wéi dì，
jí hàn xiàn dì。
zhuó zhī zhuān héng jī qǐ liǎo dōng hàn cháo chén hé dì fāng mù shǒu de fǎn duì，
niàng chéng dà guī guī mó de nèi zhàn。
zhuó rù luò yáng hòu，
shào chū bēn jì zhōu，
qiáo mào jiǎ jiè cháo tíng sān gōng míng yì，
yào qiú zhōu jùn xīng bīng tǎo fá zhuó，
guān dōng zhōu jùn fēn fēn xiǎng yìng。
tā men fēn tún yào hài，
tuī shào wéi méng zhù，
xiàngjī jìn gōng zhuó。 190
nián，
zhuó bì guān dōng bīng fēng，
xié chí xiàn dì xī qiān cháng '
ān。
guān dōng lián jūn bǐ cǐ qī zhà bìng tūn，
bù jiǔ jiù fēn bēng lí xī liǎo。 193
niáncháng'ān bīng biàn，
zhuó bèi shā，
guān zhōng hùn luàn bù yǐ。
jīng guò jī liè de hùn zhàn yǐ hòu，
dào 196
nián shí，
quán guó xíng chéng xǔ duō gē jù qū yù：
yuán shào zhàn jù jì、
qīng、
bìng sān zhōu，
cāo zhàn jù yǎn、
yù '
èr zhōu，
hán suì、
mǎ téng zhàn jù liáng zhōu，
gōng sūn zàn shì liáo dōng，
táo qiān、
liú bèi、
lǚ bù xiān hòu zhàn jù xú zhōu，
yuán shù zhàn jù yáng zhōu de huái nán bù fēn，
liú biǎo zhàn jù jīng zhōu，
liú zhāng zhàn jù yì zhōu，
sūn cè zhàn jù yáng zhōu de jiāng dōng bù fēn，
shì xiè zhàn jù jiāo zhōu。
cǐ wài，
zhāng lǔ yǐ dào jiào de zǔ zhì xíng shì bǎo jù hàn zhōng dì qū，
zhì jì jiǔ yǐ zhì mín。
zài zhè xiē gē jù zhě zhōng，
shì lì zuì qiáng yě zuì huó yuè de shì yuán shào hé cáo cāo。
zhuó rù luò yáng hòu，
cáo cāo táo zhì chén liú，
jù bīng fǎn kàng，
chéng wéi guān dōng lián jūn de yī zhī。
tā zài jì běi yòu jiàng huáng jīn jūn sān shí wàn zhòng，
xuǎn qí jīng ruì，
biān wéi qīng zhōu bīng；
yòu lù xù shōu nà yī xiē háo qiáng dì zhù wǔ zhuāng。
jiàn '
ān yuán nián，
tā bǎ xiàn dì qiān dào xǔ xiàn，
qǔ dé liǎo fèng tiān zǐ yǐ lìng bù chén zhī shì；
tún tián xù zī。 200
nián，
cáo、
yuán liǎng jūn jìn xíng guān dù zhī zhàn，
cāo yǐ ruò shèng qiáng，
quán jiān yuán jūn zhù lì；
yòu lì yòng shào '
èr zǐ de máo dùn gōng zhàn yuán shì de yè chéng，
xiāng jì zhàn lǐng qīng、
jì、
yōu、
bìng sì zhōu zhī dì，
tǒng yī liǎo běi fāng dà bù。 207
nián，
cáo jūn chū lú lóng sài，
dǎ bài qīn rǎo běi fāng de wū huán。 208
nián，
cáo jūn nán xià，
gōng zhàn liú biǎo zhī zǐ liú cóng suǒ jù de jīng zhōu。
yǐ tuō yú jīng zhōu de liú bèi xiàng nán bēn táo。
lǔ sù shòu sūn quán zhī mìng yǔ bèi huì wù，
shāng tǎo duì cè，
zhū gé liàng yòu shòu bèi zhī mìng，
yú chái sāng yǔ sūn quán jié méng，
gòng kàng cáo jūn。
sūn、
liú lián jūn yǐ shǎo shèng duō，
dà bài cáo jūn yú chì bì，
pò shǐ cáo jūn tuì huí zhōng yuán。
cù shǐ xíng chéng sān guó dǐng lì jú miàn。
cāo běi guī yǐ hòu，
yòng bīng yú guān zhōng、
lǒng xī，
bǎ tǒng yī fàn wéi kuò jí zhěng gè běi fāng，
bù jiǔ cáo cāo zì fēng wèi wáng。 211
nián，
bèi shuài bù jìn rù yì zhōu，
zhú bù zhàn jù liǎo yuán lái liú zhāng de dì pán。 219
nián，
bèi cóng cáo jūn shǒu zhōng duó dé hàn zhōng，
guān yǔ yě xiàng cáo jūn fā qǐ jìn gōng，
dàn shì sūn quán qiǎn jūn xí shā guān yǔ，
zhàn lǐng jīng zhōu dà bù，
gé sān xiá yǔ liú bèi jūn xiāng chí。 222
nián，
hàn jūn chū xiá yǔ wú jūn xiāng chí yú yí líng，
xiāo tíng yī zhàn，
bèi wú jiāng lù xùn jī bài，
tuì huí shǔ zhōng。
xiāo tíng zhī zhàn yǐ hòu bù jiǔ ,
shǔ、
wú huī fù jié méng guān xì，
gòng kàng cáo wèi，
zhì cǐ，
sān guó dǐng lì jú miàn zhèng shì xíng chéng。
nán běi zhī jiān suī rán hái cháng yòu zhàn shì fā shēng，
yòu shí guī mó hái bǐ jiào dà，
dàn shì zǒng de shuō lái，
lì liàng dà tǐ píng héng，
dǐng zú zhī shì wéi chí liǎo sì shí yú nián zhī jiǔ。
sān guó jiǎn jiè wèi suí zhe hàn chéngxiàng cáo cāo duì běi fāng de tǒng yī hé tún tián zhì、
zū diào zhì de shī xíng，
běi fāng shè huì qū yú wěn dìng，
shēng chǎn zhú jiàn huī fù。
zhèng fǔ xiū zhěng dào lù，
xīng jiàn shuǐ lì，
biàn lì liǎo jiāo tōng hé cáo yùn。
huī fù de yě tiě yè zhōng，
shuǐ pái dé dào tuī guǎng，
sī zhì yè yě xīng shèng qǐ lái。
shāng pǐn jiāo huàn jiàn yòu qǐ sè，
wèi míng dì shí chóngxīn bān yòng qián bì。
luò yáng、
yè chéng dū rì qū fán huá。
cáo cāo jìn zhù jì zhōu hòu bān xíng zū diào zhì。
jiàn '
ān '
èr shí yī nián，
cáo cāo chēng wèi wáng，
jiàn lì wèi guó。 220
nián zhēngyuè，
cáo sǐ；
shí yuè，
zǐ cáo pī chēng dì，
guó hào wèi，
dū luò yáng，
jiàn yuán huáng chū。
wèi dé běi fāng。
wèi zhì sī、
yù、
yǎn、
qīng、
xú、
liáng、
yōng、
jì、
yōu、
bìng、
jīng、
yáng děng zhōu。
qí zhōng liáng zhōu lǐng wù jǐ xiào wèi hù xī yù；
yōu zhōu dì jìng dá yú liáo dōng；
nán bù zhū zhōu dà zhì yǐ qín lǐng、
huái hé fēn bié yǔ hàn、
wú xiāng jiē，
wèi yòu hù liù shí liù wàn yú，
rén kǒu sì bǎi sì shí yú wàn；
wèi jiàn lì bù jiǔ，
zhèng quán kāi shǐ fǔ bài。
qí wáng fāng zài wèi shí fā shēng liǎo fǔ zhèng de zōng shì cáo shuǎng hé tài wèi sī mǎ yì de quán lì zhī zhēng。
cáo shuǎng zhòng yòng míng shì sān gǒu jí lǐ shèng、
bì guǐ、
děng rén，
gǎi yì cháo diǎn，
pái chì yì。
sī mǎ shì shì dōng hàn yǐ lái de shì jiā dà zú，
yì běn rén yòu fù yú móu lüè，
lǚ yòu jūn gōng。 238
nián，
tā shuài jūn píng dìng gōng sūn yuān，
shǐ liáo dōng guī rù wèi bǎn tú。 249
nián，
yòu chéng cáo shuǎng fèng qí wáng fāng chū luò yáng chéng yè gāo píng líng de jī huì fā dòng zhèng biàn，
bī pò shuǎng qū fú，
bìng chù sǐ shuǎng jí qí dǎng yǔ，
dú lǎn cháo zhèng，
shǐ chēng gāo píng líng shì biàn。
hòu lái，
yì jí zǐ sī mǎ shī、
sī mǎ zhāo lù xù yā píng liǎo qǐ zì huái nán de wáng líng（ 251
nián）、
wú qiū jiǎn（ 255
nián）、
zhū gé dàn（ 257
nián）
de jūn shì pàn luàn hé qí tā cháo chén de fǎn kàng，
gǒng gù liǎo sī mǎ shì de tǒng zhì。
yǐ zhú lín qī xián wéi dài biǎo de yī pī xuán xué míng shì duì sī mǎ shì chí xiāo jí fǎn kàng tài dù，
qí zhōng de jī kāng bèi sī mǎ shì yǐ fēi huǐ míng jiào hé yù zhù wú qiū jiǎn wéi luàn zhī zuì míng shā hài。
tā men zhī zhōng de dà bù fēn zài wèi hé xī jìn chū dū lù xù guī fú yú sī mǎ shì。
dāng fǎn kàng lì liàng dōubèi xiāo miè yǐ hòu，
sī mǎ shì chèn shí lì gōng，
yú 263
nián chū bīng miè hàn。
liǎng nián hòu，
sī mǎ yán yǐ jiē shòushàn ràng wéi míng，
dài wèi wéi jìn。
lì wǔ dì，
gòng sì shí liù nián。
wèi huáng dì cáo pī cáo ruì cáo fāng cáo máo cáo huàn miào hào shì hào fēng hào míng zì zài wèi shí jiān wú gāo huáng dì wú cáo téng wú tài huáng dì wú cáo sōng tài zǔ wǔ huáng dì wèi wáng cáo cāo（
wèi guó dì zào zhě， 216
nián chēng wáng，
zài wèi 4
nián）
shì zǔ wén huáng dì wú cáo pī（
wèi guó jiàn lì zhě， 220
nián chēng dì，
zài wèi 7
nián）
liè zǔ míng huáng dì wú cáo ruì（ 226
nián jí wèi，
zài wèi 13
nián）
wú wèi '
āi dì qí wáng（
lì gōng）
zhāo líng xiàn gōng cáo fāng（ 239-254
zài wèi 15
nián）
wú fèi dì gāo guì xiāng gōng cáo máo（ 254-260
zài wèi 6
nián）
wú yuán huáng dì chén liú wáng cáo huàn（ 260-265
zài wèi 6
nián）
hàn （
shǐ xué chēng zhī wéi【
jì hàn】、【
shǔ hàn】）
188
nián，
hàn zōng shì liú yān chū rèn yì zhōu mù。
yān sǐ，
zǐ zhāng jì rèn。
yān、
zhāng xiāng jì yā píng liǎo dāng dì háo qiáng de fǎn kàng。 207
nián，
liú bèi yāo zhū gé liàng wéi fǔ zuǒ，
tí chū “ lóng zhōng duì ” zhàn lüè sī xiǎng。 211
nián zhāng yāo qǐng liú bèi rù shǔ，
shǐ jī bǎo jù hàn zhōng de zhāng lǔ。 214
nián，
bèi zhàn jù yì zhōu； 219
nián jìn zhù hàn zhōng，
zì chēng hàn zhōng wáng。
shì nián，
liú shǒu jīng zhōu de guān yǔ bèi sūn quán jūn xí shā。 221
nián，
bèi zài chéng dū chēng dì，
guó hào hàn，
shì chēng shǔ，
yòu chēng shǔ hàn，
jiàn yuán zhāng wǔ。
hàn zhì yì zhōu，
zì qín lǐng zhì yú nán zhōng。
yòu hù '
èr shí bā wàn，
kǒu jiǔ shí sì wàn，
lì sì wàn，
bīng shí wàn yú；
bèi wéi zhēng duó yǐ shī de jīng zhōu，
yú cì nián chū xiá，
yí líng zhī zhàn，
bài tuì rù shǔ，
bìng sǐ bái dì。
liú chán jì lì。
bèi sǐ，
liàng fǔ liú chán。
xiǎo guó ruò mín，
chǔjìng kùn nán。
xī nán yí jiē lián pàn luàn。
yì zhōu jùn háo qiáng yōng kǎi zhí tài shǒu，
qiú fù yú wú。
zāng kē tài shǒu zhū bāo、
yuè guī tài shǒu gāo dìng dū xiǎng yìng yōng kǎi，
nán zhōng dì qū dòng luàn kuò dà。 225
nián，
liàng nán zhēng，
liàng jūn xī píng yuè guī，
mǎ zhōng jūn dōng píng zāng kē，
rán hòu yǔ zhōng lù lǐ huī suǒ bù gòng zhǐ yì zhōu jùn。
cǐ shí mèng huò yǐ dài yōng kǎi jù jùn。
liàng bài huò，
bìng '
àn mǎ sù“
gōng xīn wéi shàng”
duì mèng huò qī qín qī zòng，
zhōng shǐ huò guī xīn，
nán zhōng píng dìng。
liàng bǎ yí rén qú shuài yí zhì chéng dū wéi guān，
bǎ nán zhōng qīng qiāng biān wéi jūn duì，
bìng yǔn xǔ dà xìng zhāo yǐn yí rén zuò bù qū；
yǐ nán zhōng de niú mǎ tè chǎn chōng shí hàn guó jūn zī。
xī nán yí rén dì qū de bìsè zhuàng tài，
cóng cǐ yòu suǒ gǎi biàn。
nán zhōng zhàn zhēng jié shù，
hàn wú jié méng yě qǔ dé yuán mǎn chéng guǒ。
liàng 227
nián shuài jūn jìn zhù hàn zhōng，
tóng wèi zhǎn kāi zhēng duó guān lǒng de jī zhàn。
liàng zài yì zhōu pí bèi qíng kuàng xià jí yú qiú zhàn，
yī fāng miàn lì tú yǐ běi fá lái gǒng gù“
xīng fù hàn shì，
hái yú jiù dū”
de zhèng tǒng dì wèi；
yī fāng miàn zé yǐ gōng wéi shǒu，
jiè yǐ tú cún。 228
nián，
zhū gé liàng běi fá kāi shǐ。
yǐ hòu sān nián，
liàng yòu lǚ cì běi fá，
dū yóu yú jūn liáng bù jì，
méi yòu chéng guǒ。 234
nián zài cì běi fá，
jìn jūn wèi shuǐ nán miàn de wǔ zhàng yuán，
bìng sǐ jūn zhōng，
hàn jūn chè huí，
běi fá tíng dùn。
liàng sǐ hòu，
jiǎng wǎn、
fèi yī、
dǒng yǔn děng rén xiāng jì wéixiàng，
yīn xún shǒu chéng '
ér yǐ。 258
nián yǐ hòu，
huàn guān shàn quán，
zhèng zhì fǔ bài。
jiāng wéi běi fá，
láo '
ér wú gōng。 263
nián，
wèi miè shǔ zhī zhàn kāi shǐ，
nián dōng miè hàn。
lì '
èr dì，
gòng sì shí sān nián。
hàn huáng dì miào hào shì hào fēng hào míng zì zài wèi shí jiān wú hàn zhāo liè dì shǔ xiān zhù liú bèi (
kāi guó huáng dì 221-223
zài wèi 2
nián )
wú xiào huái huáng dì shǔ hòu zhù liú chán (223-263
zài wèi 41
nián )
wú huáng jīn qǐ yì shí，
sūn jiān suí zhū jùn dào zhōng yuán zhèn yā huáng jīn，
hòu zhuǎn zhàn yú liáng zhōu hé jīng zhōu jiāng nán zhū jùn。
dǒng zhuó zhī luàn shí，
jiān cān jiā tǎo fá dǒng zhuó de guān dōng lián jūn，
lì shǔ yú yuán shù，
zài huái nán huó dòng，
jiān sǐ，
zǐ cè tǒng lǐng bù zhòng，
yuē yú 194
nián kāi shǐ xiàng jiāng dōng fā zhǎn。
dé dào zhōu yú děng rén de zhù lì，
qū zhú liú yáo，
bī jiàng wáng lǎng。 196
nián xiàn dì qiān xǔ yǐ hòu，
cè jù shù '
ér lián cáo cāo，
shòu fēng wéi wú hóu。 199
nián，
cè jī pò lú jiāng tài shǒu liú xūn，
tūn bìng qí bù，
bìng qǔ dé yù zhāng jùn dì。 200
nián cè sǐ，
cè dì sūn quán tǒng zhòng。 208
nián quán yóu wú xǐ zhì jīng chéng。
chóuhuà chì bì zhī zhàn，
shì lì dá yú jīng zhōu； 210
nián zhāo fù shì xiè xiōng dì，
qǔ dé dōng nán bàn bì。 211
nián quán xǐ zhì mò líng，
cì nián，
gǎi mò líng wéi jiàn yè。 219
nián quán pò guān yǔ，
zhàn yòu jīng zhōu quán jìng。
yí líng zhī zhàn shèng lì，
xiàn zhì liǎo hàn chū xiá fā zhǎn de kě néng。 229
nián，
quán chēng dì，
qiān dū jiàn yè，
jiàn lì wú guó。
yòu yáng、
jīng、
jiāo sān zhōu。
yòu hù wǔ shí '
èr wàn yú，
kǒu '
èr bǎi sān shí wàn，
lì sān wàn yú，
bīng '
èr shí sān wàn。
quán shàng cún de kùn nán，
yī shì duì fù shān yuè de bù níng，
yī shì zài cháo hú dì qū kàng jù cáo wèi de yā lì。
dōng nán zhōu jùn shān qū de shān yuè rén，
zǔ xiǎn gē jù，
shèn zhì běi lián cáo wèi，
fǎn duì sūn quán shì lì xiàng nán fāng nèi dì kuò zhāng。
quán yǔ shān yuè jìn xíng guò duō cì zhàn zhēng，
lǚ huò shèng lì， 234
nián zhū gé gé shuài jūn jìn gōng dān yáng shān yuè，
jīng sān nián wéi kùn，
shān yuè shí wàn rén chū shān tóu jiàng，
qí zhōng sì wàn dīng zhuàng bǔ bīng，
yú xià de chéng wéi biān hù。
sūn wú tǒng zhì de jǐ shí nián zhōng，
shān yuè rén dà tǐ yǔ hàn rén qū yú róng hé。
quán zhù yào jūn shì huó dòng zài huái nán。
chì bì zhī zhàn hòu，
cáo cāo jūn lǚ gōng hé féi dì qū，
shuāng fāng hù yòu shèng fù。
jiāng běi jū mín duō dù jiāng，
bīn jiāng shù jùn chéng wéi kōng xū dì dài。
zhū gé liàng sǐ，
wèi hàn zhàn zhēng tíng zhǐ，
wèi jiā qiáng huái nán duì wú de jìn gōng。
wú jūn chú yán jiāng shè dū zhù jūn、
biàn zhì fēng suì yǐ wài，
hái zài cháo hú nán kǒu zhù rú xū wù，
yán mì fáng shǒu。
wèi shuǐ shī yòu xiàn，
jìn gōng nán yú zòu xiào，
wèi wú xiāng chí yòu nián。
quán tǒng zhì shí，
jiāng dōng jīng jì yòu xiǎn zhù fā zhǎn。
běi rén nán lái，
shān yuè chū jū píng dì，
láo dòng lì zēng duō。
cháng jiāng liǎng '
àn dì qū dū shè yòu tún tián qū，
qí zhōng pí líng tún tián qū。
kuàijī jùn nóng yè shēng chǎn bǐ jiào fā dá。
lì dài lù xù xiū chéng de zhè dōng yùn hé hé jiāng nán yùn hé zài sūn wú shí fā huī liǎo tōng háng xiào yì。
jiāng nán yùn hé yún yáng zhì jīng kǒu yī duàn liú jīng shān jiān，
bù biàn tōng háng，
wèi dé dào xiū zhěng。
yún yáng yǐ xī kāipì pò gāng dòu，
shǐ qín huái hé hé jiāng nán yùn hé lián tōng，
wéi sān wú zhì jiàn yè de biàn jié shuǐ dào。
sī zhì yè kāi shǐ zài jiāng nán xīng qǐ，
dàn zhì zào jì shù hái bù gāo，
shǔ jǐn chéng wéi zhòng yào de shū rù wù zī。
tóng tiě yě zhù jì chéng dōng hàn guī mó '
ér yòu fā zhǎn guī lǜ，
qīng cí yè yě zài dōng hàn yòu táo zhì zào jī chǔ shàng zǒu xiàng chéng shú。
yóu yú hé hǎi jiāo tōng de xū yào，
zào chuán yè hěn xīng wàng，
hǎi chuán jīng cháng běi háng liáo dōng，
nán tōng nán hǎi zhū guó。 230
nián wàn rén chuán duì dào dá yí zhōu，
zhè shì dà lù yǔ tái wān lián xì de zuì zǎo jì lù，
wú shǐ chén zhū yìng、
kāng tài fàn hǎi zhì lín yì、
fú nán zhū guó。
dà qín shāng rén hé lín yì shǐ chén yě céng dào dá jiàn yè。
jiāng nán wén huà de tí gāo，
chū xiàn liǎo yī pī zhī míng de jīng xué jiā hé wén shǐ zhī shì。
fó jiào kāi shǐ zài jiāng nán chuán bō，
jū shì zhī qiān cóng luò yáng nán lái，
shì jū tiān zhú de kāng sēng huì shāo wǎn cóng jiāo zhǐ běi shàng。
tā men zài jiàn kāng yì jīng chuán fǎ，
yǐng xiǎng pō dà。
dào jiào zài nán fāng mín jiān jì xù liú chuán。
sūn wú zhū jiāng yǐ sī bīng suí sūn shì zhēng zhàn，
sūn wú lǚ yǐ guó jiā diàn kè cì gěi gōng chén，
gōng chén wǎng wǎng yōng yòu duō zhì yú shù xiàn de fèng yì，
yīn '
ér zhú jiàn xíng chéng wǔ jiāng shì xí lǐng bīng de zhì dù。
tóng shí，
jiāng nán yě chū xiàn liǎo xiàng wú jùn de gù、
lù、
zhū、
zhāng nà yàng de zhàn yòu dà liàng tǔ dì hé tóng pú，
ér qiě gè yòu mén fēng，
shì jū gāo wèi de dà zú。
tā men hé shì xí lǐng bīng de wǔ jiāng tóng shì sūn wú zhèng quán de zhù yào zhī zhù。
quán sǐ hòu wú rì qū shuāi ruò，
ér wèi zài sī mǎ shì xiāo miè huái nán dì qū sān cì jūn shì pàn luàn hòu rì qū qiáng dà。
sī mǎ shì yǐ xiān miè hàn hòu qǔ wú zuò wéi guó cè，
ér zài miè hàn、
dài wèi hòu yòu máng yú xīn cháo dìng zhì，
wú zhèng quán zàn dé yán xù。 269
nián，
yáng hù mìng wáng jùn zài yì zhōu chóu jiàn shuǐ shī，
bìng yù dìng gōng wú de jūn shì fāng lüè。 279
dōng，
jìn miè wú zhī zhàn kāi shǐ， 280
sān yuè gōng xià jiàn yè，
sūn hào jiàng，
wú wáng。
lì sì dì，
gòng wǔ shí '
èr nián。
wú huáng dì sūn quán sūn xiū sūn liàng sūn hào miào hào shì hào fēng hào míng zì zài wèi shí jiān wú wǔ liè huáng dì wū chéng hòu sūn jiān wú cháng shā huán wáng wú hòu sūn cè tài zǔ dà huáng dì wú sūn quán (
gōng yuán 229
nián chēng dì，
jiàn lì wú guó。
zài wèi 23
nián )
wú kuàijī wáng wú sūn liàng (252-258
zài wèi 6
nián )
wú jǐng huáng dì wú sūn xiū (258-264
zài wèi 6
nián )
wú wén huáng dì wú sūn hé wú wú wū chéng hòu sūn hào（ 264
～ 280
zài wèi 17
nián）
sān guó de fā zhǎn sān fēn chú xíng 208
nián，
cáo cāo tǒng yī běi fāng hòu shuài dà jūn nán xià，
xiàng jīng zhōu jìn gōng，
ér liú biǎo yě zài cǐ shí bìng sǐ，
qí cì zǐ liú cóng jiē wèi bìng xiàng cāo tóu jiàng，
liú bèi jiàn cǐ，
jué dìng lí kāi xīn yě，
nán xià jiāng líng，
tú zhōng bèi cáo jūn zhuī shàng jī bài，
táo zhì xià kǒu。
cǐ shí lǔ sù dào bèi chù tàn tīng qíng kuàng，
bèi yě pài zhū gé liàng chū shǐ dào jiāng dōng，
shuāng fāng jié méng，
sūn liú lián jūn yǐ ruò shèng qiáng，
cāo tuì huí běi fāng。
quán、
bèi shuāng fāng yě kāi shǐ gè zì zhēng duó jīng zhōu。
bèi xiàng jīng nán shī yā，
chéng gōng bī jiàng jīng nán sì jùn；
ér quán bù jiāng yú yě xiàng jīng zhōu nán jùn fā bīng，
yòng liǎo hěn cháng shí jiān，
zuì zhōng gōng kè nán jùn。
quán wéi xiàng bèi shì hǎo，
jiāng qí mèi jià gěi bèi。
ér quán wéi tuò zhǎn shì lì，
zhàn jù liǎo jiāo zhōu。
qí hòu，
yú céng xiǎng chū bīng gōng dǎ yì zhōu，
dàn zài tú zhōng bìng shì。
lǔ sù jiē tì qí wèi，
bìng jiāng nán jùn jiè gěi bèi。
ér cāo zài nán fāng zhàn zhēng shī bài，
zhuǎn yí xiàng xī fā zhǎn，
cāo yù jìn gōng hàn zhōng zhāng lǔ，
xī liáng zhū jūn fá yí qí jiāng gōng jī zì jǐ，
zài 211
nián qǐ bīng，
gòng tuī mǎ chāo、
hán suì wéi shǒu lǐng，
cāo shuài jūn zhèn yā，
chéng gōng jiāng xī běi yī dài shōu wéi lǐng dì。
sān guó dǐng lì liú bèi shòu dào yì zhōu zhī zhù liú zhāng yāo qǐng，
rù shǔ bāng zhù zhāng fáng shǒu zhāng lǔ、
cáo cāo de rù qīn，
bèi kǒu tóu dāyìng，
dàn rù shǔ hòu bù duàn shōu mǎi rén xīn，
shuāng fāng zuì zhōng zài 212
nián jué liè，
bèi diào bīng zhí zhǐ chéng dū de zhāng，
suī rán qí jiān jūn shī páng tǒng zhōng liú shǐ sǐ，
dàn réng yú 214
nián chéng gōng bī shǐ zhāng tóu jiàng，
bèi chéng gōng rù zhù yì zhōu，
liú xià guān yǔ fáng wèi jīng zhōu。
tóng shí，
cāo céng nán xià gōng jī sūn quán，
zuì hòu shuāng fāng chè tuì。 215
nián，
cāo kuài sù dì dé dào hàn zhōng，
ér tóng shí sūn liú liǎng jiā kāi shǐ zhēng duó jīng zhōu yōng yòu quán '
ér fā shēng zhàn dǒu，
liǎng jūn duì lěi。
dàn bèi dé xī cāo dé hàn zhōng，
wēi hài shǔ dì '
ān quán，
biàn hé quán píng fēn jīng zhōu，
huí shī yì zhōu，
dàn shuāng fāng guān xì jīng yǐ '
è huà。 216
nián cāo jiù rèn wèi wáng，
yī nián hòu，
bèi jìn gōng hàn zhōng，
ér cāo nèi bù yòu shǒu jiāng pàn luàn，
quán yě tōu xí hé féi，
hàn zhōng chéng gōng luò rù bèi zhī shǒu，
cāo suī céng huī jūn yào duó huí，
dàn dōubù chéng gōng。 219
nián，
bèi zì fēng hàn zhōng wáng。
tóng nián，
yǔ shuài jīng zhōu jūn běi shàng gōng wèi，
dàn zhù zhàn、
gāng jiē lǔ sù zhī wèi de lǚ méng tū xí jīng zhōu，
bìng qín shā yǔ。 220
nián，
cāo sǐ，
cáo pī dēng wèi，
bìng bī hàn xiàn dì shànràng，
jiàn guó hào wèi；
ér yú 221
nián，
bèi zài chéng dū chēng dì，
guó hào hàn；
quán xiàng wèi chēng chén，
ér pī fēng quán wéi wú wáng，
jiā jiǔ xī。
tóng nián，
bèi yǐ bào yǔ zhī chóu wéi míng dōng zhēng quán，
quán pài chū jiē tì lǚ méng de lù xùn yíng zhàn。
jiēguǒ bèi cǎn bài，
bù jiǔ bìng sǐ yú bái dì。 223
nián，
liú chán dēng wèi，
hàn wú zài dù jié méng，
zuì zhōng wèi hàn wú sān guó dǐng lì jú miàn xíng chéng。 229
nián，
wú wáng quán chēng dì，
jiàn lì wú。
sān fēn guī jìn 263
nián，
sī mǎ zhāo pài zhōng huì、
dèng '
ài、
zhū gé xù fēn bīng sān lù nán píng shǔ hàn，
yǔ shǔ hàn jiànglǐng jiāng wéi fā shēng lā jù zhàn，
wèi jūn bèi dǎng yú jiàn gé qián，
dèng '
ài bì kāi wéi dà jūn de fēng máng，
chāo yīn píng xiǎo lù zhí qǔ fú chéng，
jìn bī chéng dū，
hàn zhù liú chán tóu jiàng，
hàn bèi wèi suǒ miè。
jí hòu huì、
wéi zài shǔ fā shēng pàn biàn，
sān guó zhì jìzǎi，“
wèi jiāng shì fèn fā ,
shā huì jí wéi ,
wéi qī zǐ jiē fú zhū” ,
kě jiàn bìng wèi yǐn qǐ dà luàn，
zhāo kuài sù píng dìng。 265
nián，
zhāo sǐ hòu，
sī mǎ yán duó qǔ wèi zhèng quán，
dìng dū luò yáng，
jiàn lì jìn cháo，
shǐ chēng xī jìn，
bìng kāi shǐ chóu bèi fá wú。 279
nián，
yán bīng fēn liù lù，
yóu běi、
xī xiàng dōng wú jìn fā，
wú zhù sūn hào céng xiǎng dǐ kàng，
dàn zài bào zhèng de tǒng zhì xià，
shì bīng háo wú zhàn yì，
jìn jūn shì rú pò zhú。 280
nián，
jìn jūn chéng gōng gōng kè jiàn yè，
hào tóu jiàng，
wú miè wáng，
xī jìn chéng gōng tǒng yī tiān xià。
sān guó de zhù yào zhàn yì wǎn chéng zhī zhàn :
dōng hàn xiàn dì jiàn '
ān '
èr nián ,
cáo cāo zhēng jīng zhōu，
lái dào wǎn chéng，
zhāng xiù yíng jiàng。
cáo cāo shèn wéi huān yuè。
dàn yīn cáo cāo nà liǎo qí shū sǎo zōu shì，
gǎn dào shòu rǔ '
ér qǐ bīng zào fǎn，
yòng jiǎ xǔ zhī jì chéng gōng tōu xí liǎo cáo jūn，
dǎo zhì cáo cāo de '
ài jiāng diǎn wéi、
zhǎngzǐ cáo '
áng、
zhí zǐ cáo '
ān mín děng rén zhàn sǐ，
bīng mǎ sǔn shī cǎn zhòng。
yì jīng zhī zhàn：
yuán shào yú cǐ zhàn zhōng jī běn tǒng yī hé běi ,
zài wú hòu gù zhī yōu ,
yì yù nán xiàng yǐ zhēng tiān xià。
bìng yú dì '
èr nián fā dòng guān dù zhī zhàn。
guān dù zhī zhàn：
yuán shào shì lì shuāi tuì，
cáo cāo tǒng yī běi fāng chéng wéi zuì yòu shí lì de zhū hóu。
chì bì zhī zhàn：
cáo cāo tǒng yī quán guó de jìhuà cuò bài，
liú bèi chèn luàn dé jīng zhōu，
xíng chéng sān fēn jú shì de chú xíng。
tóng guān zhī zhàn：
sǎo dàng mǎ chāo děng xī liáng háo jié ,
gǒng gù liǎo hòu fāng shì lì ,
cáo cāo zhēn zhèng yì yì shàng de tǒng yī běi fāng。
yí líng zhī zhàn：
shǐ shǔ hàn guó lì dà shuāi，
wú lì duó huí jīng zhōu，
xíng chéng sān guó dǐng lì zuì hòu xíng tài。
hé féi zhī zhàn：
wú wèi zhī zhàn，
jiēguǒ wèi shèng wú bài，
cáo cāo yǐ hòu jiù méi yòu dào guò wú liǎo。
zhū gé liàng、
jiāng wéi běi fá：
shuāng fāng hù yòu shèng fù，
tóng shí dǎo zhì shǔ hàn guó lì xiāo hào，
jiànjiē dǎo zhì shǔ hàn wáng guó。
wèi miè shǔ zhī zhàn：
shǐ shǔ hàn miè wáng。
dèng '
ài、
zhōng huì、
jiāng wéi jí yī xiē shǔ guó yí chén zài pàn luàn zhōng bèi shā。
jìn miè wú zhī zhàn：
sūn wú miè wáng，
sān guó shí dài jié shù，
xī jìn tǒng yī zhōng guó。
sān guó dà shì nián biǎo 184
nián 2
yuè huáng jīn qǐ yì。
10
yuè zhāng jiǎo bìng sǐ。
11
yuè qǐ yì zhù lì shī bài 189
nián 4
yuè líng dì zú，
huáng zǐ liú biàn jí wèi。
hé tài hòu lín cháo，
dàjiàng jūn hé jìn bǐng zhèng。
8
yuè hé jìn zhū shā huàn guān，
bèi zhāng ràng děng suǒ shā。
yuán shào jìn zhū huàn guān。
dǒng zhuó jìn jīng。
9
yuè dǒng zhuó fèi shǎo dì liú biàn wéi hóng nóng wáng，
lì jiǔ suì de chén liú wáng liú xié wéi dì，
shì wéi xiàn dì。
12
yuè cāo hào zhào gè zhèn zhū hóu gòng qǐ tǎo fá dǒng zhuó。
190
nián 1
yuè gè lù zhū hóu qǐ bīng fǎn zhuó。
zhuó lìng lǐ rú dú sǐ hóng nóng wáng，
zú nián 15。
2
yuè zhuó fén luò yáng，
qiān dū cháng '
ān，
luò yáng gǔ dū cán pò。
gōng sūn dù zì lì wéi liáo dōng hóu。
191
nián sūn jiān pò zhuó，
zhǎn huá xióng。
yuán shào duó zhōu mù hán fù de jì zhōu，
zì lǐng zhōu mù。
cáo cāo rèn dōng jùn tài shǒu。
192
nián 4
yuè wáng yǔn shè lián huán jì，
lǚ bù shā dǒng zhuó。
6
yuè jué、
sì wéi cháng '
ān，
shā yǔn，
bài bù。
cāo bài qīng zhōu huáng jīn jūn，
shōu biān wéi“
qīng zhōu bīng”，
shí lì zhuàng dà。
jiān jī biǎo，
zhàn sǐ。
193
nián cāo dōng zhēng xú zhōu，
dà bài táo qiān。
194
nián bù jī cāo。
qiān bìng wáng，
bèi lǐng xú zhōu mù。
195
nián 2
yuè lǐ jué、
guō sì xiāng gōng。
lǐ jué jié chí xiàn dì，
guō sì kòu yā gōng qīng。
7
yuè xiàn dì chū cháng '
ān dōng guī，
lǐ jué、
guō sì lǐng bīng zhuī zhī。
10
yuè cāo lǐng yǎn zhōu mù。
sūn cè gōng jiāng dōng dà bài liú yáo。
196
nián 7
yuè xiàn dì zài yáng fèng děng rén hù sòng huí cháng '
ān。
9
yuè cāo shǐ xīng tún tián，
jiāng xiàn dì jié chí dào xǔ。
bù gōng liú bèi，
liú bèi tóu cāo。
197
nián 1
yuè cāo fá zhāng xiù，
bài。
yuán shù zài shòu chūn chēng dì。
9
yuè，
cáo cāo gōng yuán shù，
dà bài。
198
nián 9
yuè bù gōng dǎ bèi，
pò xiǎo pèi。
12
yuè cāo qín shā bù。
zhōu yú tóng xiǎo qiáo chéng qīn。
199
nián 3
yuè，
yuán shào gōng shā gōng sūn zàn zhàn lǐng jì、
yōu、
qīng、
bìng sì zhōu。
6
yuè bèi tǎo fá shù，
shù bìng sǐ。
11
yuè xiù jiàng cāo。
dǒng chéng yǔ wáng zǐ fú děng mì móu chú cāo。
cè xí qǔ lú jiāng，
bài liú xūn。
200
nián 1
yuè，
cāo zhū shā chéng děng。
cè yù cì shēn wáng，
sūn quán jì wèi。
chén lín zhuàn xiě tǎo cāo xí wén，
guān dù zhī zhàn kāi shǐ。
10
yuè cāo tōu xí wū cháo。
201
nián 4
yuè cāo bài shào yú cāng tíng。
bèi bēn liú biǎo。
202
nián 5
yuè shào bìng wáng。
shàozǐ shàng sì wèi。
9
yuè cáo cāo gōng yuán tán，
yuán shàng jiù tán，
dà bài。
203
nián quán tǎo fá huáng zǔ。
204
nián cāo píng dìng jì zhōu。
liáo dōng gōng sūn dù sǐ，
zǐ gōng sūn kāng jì wèi。
205
nián cāo píng dìng qīng zhōu。
206
nián cāo píng dìng bìng zhōu。
207
nián 8
yuè cāo dà pò wū huán，
miè yuán shì cán yú shì lì，
tǒng yī běi fāng。
bèi sān gù máo lú qǐng zhū gé liàng。
cāo cóng xiōng nú shú huí cài wén jī。
208
nián 6
yuè cāo fēng wéi hàn chéngxiàng。
7
yuè cāo nán zhēng biǎo。
8
yuè biǎo bìng sǐ。
cāo shā kǒng róng。
9
yuè liú cóng jiàng cāo。
11
yuè chì bì zhī zhàn，
cāo bèi sūn liú lián jūn dǎ bài。
209
nián 10
yuè bèi yǔ quán zhī mèi chéng qīn。
210
nián cāo jiàn chéng tóng què tái。
yú wáng。
gōng sūn kāng qiǎn gōng sūn mó、
zhāng chǎng děng xīng bīng fá hán、
huì，
jiàn dài fāng jùn。
211
nián cāo gōng pò mǎ chāo。
bèi rù chuān。
212
nián 5
yuè cáo cāo shā mǎ téng。
10
yuè cāo nán xià jìn gōng rú xū kǒu。
bèi zhù zhā jiā méng guān。
quán yí zhì mò líng，
gǎi míng jiàn yè。
213
nián 5
yuè xiàn dì fēng cāo wéi wèi gōng，
jiā jiǔ xī。
214
nián 5
yuè quán gōng pò wǎn chéng。
7
yuè quán jìn gōng hé féi，
bèi zhāng liáo jī bài。
10
yuè xià hóu yuān píng dìng lǒng yòu。
11
yuè xiàn dì、
fú hòu yǔ guó zhàng fú wán mì móu chú cāo，
shì xiè，
cāo zhū shā zhòng rén。
liú zhāng jiàng bèi，
bèi zì lǐng yì zhōu mù。
mǎ chāo jiàng liú bèi。
215
nián 7
yuè cāo zhēng zhāng lǔ。
11
yuè lǔ jiàng cāo。
xiāo yáo jīn zhī zhàn。
cāo rú xū bài quán。
216
nián cáo cāo zì chēng wèi wáng。
dōng，
cáo cāo nán zhēng sūn quán。
217
nián 2
yuè cāo jìn gōng rú xū kǒu，
quán bài。
218
nián 1
yuè shǎo fǔ gěng jì、
sī zhí wéi huàng、
tài yī lìng jí píng děng yú xǔ dū qǐ shì fǎn cáo，
shī bài bèi shā。
cáo zhāng dà pò wū huán jūn，
xiān bēi bù luò tóu jiàng，
běi fāng píng dìng。
219
nián 1
yuè liú bèi jìn bīng dìng jūn shān，
huáng zhōng jī zhǎn xià hóu yuān。
3
yuè cáo cāo zhì hàn zhōng，
yǔ liú bèi xiāng chí shù yuè，
tuì jūn '
ér hái。
7
yuè liú bèi chēng hàn zhōng wáng。
guān yǔ shuǐ yān qī jūn。
10
yuè yǔ shī jīng zhōu，
bèi quán hài。
220
nián 1
yuè cāo bìng wáng。
7
yuè shǔ jiāng mèng dá jiàng cáo。
10
yuè pī chēng dì，
jiàn wèi guó。
12
yuè wèi yǐ luò yáng wéi jīng shī，
cháng '
ān、
qiáo、
xǔ chāng、
yè chéng、
luò yáng wéi wǔ dū。
221
nián 4
yuè bèi chēng dì。
7
yuè bèi fá wú。
zhāng fēi yù hài。
222
nián quán chēng wú wáng。
6
yuè yí líng zhī zhàn，
lù xùn huǒ shāo lián yíng，
dà bài bèi。
9
yuè wèi gōng wú，
wú jūn jù zhī。
12
yuè sūn quán pài qiǎn shǐ zhě yǔ liú bèi tōng hǎo。
223
nián 4
yuè bèi sǐ yú bái dì chéng，
chán jì dì wèi。
8
yuè pī wǔ lù fá shǔ。
shǔ wú chóngxiū hé hǎo。
yōng kǎi pàn luàn。
224
nián cáo pī shuài jūn gōng wú，
zhì guǎng líng，
lín jiāng '
ér hái。
225
nián liàng nán zhēng。
liàng qī qín qī zòng mèng huò，
píng dìng shǔ nán fāng。
226
nián pī bìng wáng，
cáo ruì jì wèi。
12
yuè cáo ruì fēng sī mǎ yì wéi piàoqí dàjiàng jūn。
quán wéi gōng jiāng xià，
bīng bài。
227
nián liàng shàng shū běi fá。
228
nián liàng yī fá zhōng yuán。
jiāng wéi jiàng shǔ。
mǎ sù shī jiē tíng。
zhōu fáng zhà jiàng yòu wèi gōng wú，
lù xùn dà bài cáo xiū。
liàng '
èr fá zhōng yuán。
229
nián quán chēng dì。
liàng sān fá zhōng yuán。
230
nián wú pài wèi wēn、
zhū gé zhí háng hǎi dào yí zhōu。
liàng sì fá zhōng yuán。
cáo zhēn bìng wáng。
231
nián liàng dì wǔ fá zhōng yuán。
232
nián wèi liáo dōng tài shǒu gōng sūn yuān qiǎn shǐ xiàng wú chēng chén。
233
nián wú dà jǔ gōng wèi hé féi。
qiǎn jiāng jūn quán cóng gōng liù '
ān，
jiē bù kè '
ér hái。
234
nián liàng liù chū qí shān。
8
yuè liàng bìng shì yú wǔ zhàng yuán。
wú sān lù gōng wèi，
wèi míng dì qīn zì shuài jūn jiù hé féi，
wú jūn tuì zǒu。
235
nián 1
yuè cáo ruì fēng yì wéi tài fù。
mǎ jūn zhì zào sī nán chē hé shuǐ zhuǎn bǎi xì。
237
nián liáo dōng gōng sūn yuān zì lì wéi yàn wáng。
238
nián 5
yuè qǐng wèi míng dì qiǎn liú xīn、
xiān yú sì qǔ dài fāng、
lè làng 8
yuè yì píng liáo dōng，
shā gōng sūn yuān。
rì běn xié mǎ tái nǚ wáng bēi mí hū pài shǐ zhě dào wèi，
wèi fēng bēi mí hū“
qīn wèi wō wáng”。
239
nián 1
yuè cáo ruì wáng，
cáo fāng jì wèi。
240
nián shǔ jiāng zhāng yí píng dìng mán zú zhī luàn。
wèi dài fāng tài shǒu gōng zūn qiǎn tī jùn fù wō。
241
nián wèi zài huái hé xīng xiū shuǐ lì。
242
nián quán pài jūn gōng dǎ hǎi nán dǎo。
gāo jù lì dōng chuān wáng wèi gōng pàn，
kòu xī '
ān píng。
244
nián cáo shuǎng pài bīng gōng dǎ shǔ bù lì，
shāng wáng cǎn zhòng。
8
yuè yōu zhōu cì shǐ wú qiū jiǎn cóng xuán tù chū fā gōng gāo jù lì 9
yuè bǎi jì chén zhì xí qǔ lè làng biān mín，
hòu shè tài shǒu liú mào wēi guī hái 10
yuè wèi jūn gōng kè wán dū，
dōng chuān wáng bēn wò jù 11
yuè wú qiū jiǎn yǐ wáng qí dōng zhuī zhì yì lóu jiè，
liú mào、
gōng zūn bié qiǎn fá huì 245
nián wú tài zǐ sūn hé yǔ lǔ wáng sūn bà zhēng quán，
lù xùn yīn shòu qiān lián，
yōu fèn '
ér sǐ。
5
yuè wèi jūn gè lù zhēng fá gāo jù lì de jūn duì jiē gào jié，
wú qiū jiǎn kè shí jì gōng bìng kǎi xuán。
246
nián guàn qiū jiǎn liǎng pò gāo jù lì。
247
nián shǔ jiāng wéi chū lǒng yòu gōng wèi，
jiē yìng fù shǔ de qiāng、
hú bù luò。
wáng qí jì rèn dài fāng tài shǒu，
qiǎn zhāng zhèng xié zhào shū、
huáng chuáng děng fù wō。
248
nián yì fēng wéi chéngxiàng。
249
nián 1
yuè yì shā cáo shuǎng yī huǒ。
xià hóu bà jiàng shǔ。
wéi fá wèi。
250
nián quán fèi sūn hé wéi shù rén，
lǔ wáng sūn bà cì sǐ，
lì sūn liàng wéi tài zǐ。
wéi gōng wèi xī píng shī bài。
251
nián wèi tài wèi wáng líng yīn móu pàn biàn，
bèi yì píng dìng。
7
yuè yì wáng。
252
nián yì zhǎngzǐ sī mǎ shī wéi dàjiàng jūn。
quán wáng，
sūn liàng jì wèi。
sī mǎ zhāo gōng wú，
shī bài。
253
nián zhū gé kè jìn gōng wèi，
wú gōng '
ér fǎn。
wéi gōng wèi dí dào shī bài。
wú sūn jùn zhū shā kè。
254
nián 9
yuè shī fèi cáo fāng。
10
yuè cáo máo jì wèi。
wú sūn yīng móu shā sūn jùn wèi guǒ。
255
nián zhèn dōng jiāng jūn guàn qiū jiǎn yǔ yáng zhōu cì shǐ wén qīn tǎo fá shī。
shī wáng。
zhāo wéi dàjiàng jūn。
wéi gōng wèi dí dào，
xiān shèng hòu bài。
256
nián 4
yuè，
zhāo tǎo fá zhū gé dàn。
wéi fá wèi bèi dèng '
ài jī bài。
wú sūn jùn sǐ，
dì sūn lín zhuān wú zhèng。
sūn chēn shā téng yìn děng rén。
257
nián dàn yǔ sūn wú lián hé qǐ bīng fǎn wèi。
wéi chū luò gǔ gōng wèi shī bài。
258
nián wèi jūn pò shòu chūn，
zhǎn dàn。
sūn chēn fèi wú dì sūn liàng wéi kuàijī wáng，
lì láng yá wáng sūn xiū wéi dì。
sūn xiū yǔ dīng fèng shè jì shā chēn。
260
nián 5
yuè jiǎ chōng、
chéng jì shì cáo máo。
6
yuè cáo huàn jì wèi。
262
nián 10
yuè，
wéi gōng wèi，
bèi dèng '
ài jī bài，
tuì tún tà zhōng。
263
nián zhāo sān lù fá shǔ，
shǔ wáng。
264
nián zhōng huì wéi mì móu shī bài bèi shā。
zhāo chēng jìn wáng。
sūn xiū wáng，
sūn hào jì wèi。
265
nián 8
yuè zhāo wáng，
qí zǐ sī mǎ yán jì rèn jìn wáng。
9
yuè wú mò dì qiān dū wǔ chāng。
12
yuè yán fèi huàn wéi chén liú wáng，
zì chēng jìn wǔ dì，
jiàn lì xī jìn，
wèi wáng。
266
nián wú yáng zhōu zhū jùn zhī mín nì liú gōngjǐ wǔ chāng，
láo yì fán zhòng，
yuàn shēng zài dào。 12
yuè wú mò dì hái dū jiàn yè。
271
nián wú hào chū bīng gōng jìn，
yīn shì bīng yuàn hèn '
ér zhǐ。
272
nián yán pài yáng zhào、
yáng hù děng shuài jūn zhī chí zhàn lüè yào dì xī líng。
lù kàng dà bài yáng zhào，
shā bù chǎn。
276
nián 2
yuè dōng yí bā guó guī huà 7
yuè dōng yí shí qī guó nèi fù 277
nián jìn wén yāng jī pò xiān bēi rén。
278
nián yáng hù sǐ、
dù yù zhù zhā xiāng yáng。
2
yuè dōng yí liù guó lái xiàn 279
nián xī jìn chū liù lù bīng mǎ gōng dǎ wú。
280
nián xī jìn miè wú，
hào jiàng，
wú wáng。
sān guó shí qī de wén huà xué shù sī xiǎng hàn jìn zhī jì de xué shù sī xiǎng fā shēng jù liè de biàn dòng，
zhù yào shòu chuán tǒng sī xiǎng de biàn huà yǔ zhèng zhì dǒu zhēng yòu guān，
qián zhě chéng fèn jū dà。
yóu shàng jiāo yóu、
zhòng pǐn zǎo，
fǎn dòng '
ér biàn wéi xún míng zé shí，
guī yú shēn hán。
yīn shàng míng wù xū wěi fǎn dòng '
ér wéi zì rán、
shuài zhí，
guī yú lǎo zhuāng。
yóu yú dōng hàn wǎn qī zhèng zhì bài huài，
jú shì hùn luàn。
cáo cāo yǔ zhū gé liàng cǎi yòng míng jiā huò fǎ jiā de sī xiǎng lái huī fù shè huì zhì xù。
cáo cāo tí chàng xìn shǎng bì fá，
zhù zhāng fǎ zhì。
tí chū“
yòng rén wéi cái”
de guān niàn dǎ pò yǐ mén dì huò míng jiào de biāo zhǔn。
zhū gé liàng yě tí chàng fǎ zhì guān niàn，
rù shǔ hòu xiū míng fǎ zhì，
zhí fǎ gōng píng。
tí chū“
zhì guó zhī yào，
wù zài jǔ xián”
de zhù zhāng yǐ rèn cái shì yòng。
tā yě zhòng shì jūn fǎ，
rú jiē tíng zhī zhàn mǎ sù wéi fǎn jūn lìng '
ér bèi zhǎn，
tā yě zì biǎn sān děng。
hàn mò wèi chū de míng fǎ sī xiǎng wèicǐ hòu wèi jìn xuán xué sī cháo tí gōng liǎo jī chǔ，
shǐ míng shì jī yú zhèng zhì hēi '
àn jiāng jiāo diǎn yóu míng fǎ de jù tǐ wèn tí zhuànxiàng xuán xué de chōu xiàng sī biàn。
jīng xué fāng miàn，
hàn mò zhèng xuán zhī jīng xué yǐ shèn shòu tuī chóng。
rán '
ér zài wèi jìn zhī shì，
wáng sù jì chéng fù xué '
ér zhù jīng，
qí duì jīng xué de jiàn jiě yǔ zhèng xuán bù tóng，
suì yòu zhèng、
wáng liǎng pài hù xiāng bó nán。
cáo wèi mò nián，
sī mǎ shì cuàn wèi wéi jìn。
dāng shí zhèng zhì hēi '
àn，
zhī shí fèn zǐ zhī sī xiǎng qū xiàng fǎn dòng、
xiāo chén '
ér wú chū lù。
qīng xiàng cáo shì zhě duō shì shī shì shì zǐ，
cǎi qǔ qīng tán fāng shì pī píng zhèng zhì，
zhù zhāng zì rán。
qīng xiàng sī mǎ shì zhě，
zé zhù zhāng wéi chí míng jiào，
shǐ rú jiā zuò fēng jiàn qǐ fēn huà。
yīn wáng sù wéi jìn wǔ dì wài sūn，
suì bèi lì wéi guān xué，
yī shí chù zhèng shēn wáng，
shǐ wáng xué chéng wéi zōng zhù。
《
zhú lín qī xián yǔ róng qǐ qī》，
nán cháo dà mù zhuān huà。
yóu shàng zhì xià，
zuǒ zhì yòu fēn bié wéi chūn qiū yǐn shì róng qǐ qī jí zhú lín qī xián ruǎn xián、
liú líng、
xiàng xiù、
jī kāng、
ruǎn jí、
shān tāo、
wáng róng。
wèi jìn shí qī zuì tū chū de sī xiǎng wéi xuán xué。
qí jī běn jiào yì wéi《
lǎo zǐ》、《
zhuāng zǐ》
hé《
zhōu yì》，
hé chēng sān xuán。
xuán xué jiā hǎo tán xuán lǐ，
bù tán sú shì，
chēng wéi qīng tán，
liú xíng yú wèi jìn shí qī。
zài 240
nián－ 248
nián de yùn niàng qī，
yǐ hé yàn hé wáng bì wéi dài biǎo。
xuán xué jiā rèn wéi yī jiàn shì qíng xū yào lǐ jiě qí bèi hòu yuán lǐ de“
běn”
fāng néng liǎo jiě píng cháng suǒ jiàn de biǎo xiàng“
mò”，
jìn '
ér tí chàng“
yǐ běn tǒng mò”
de lǐ lùn。
yòu shì“
běn”
wéi“
dào”，
lèi bǐ wéi méi yòu xíng tǐ de“
wú”（
yuán lǐ、
qū shì），
shì“
mò”
wéi shí jì xiàn xiàng de“
yòu”，
bìng rèn wéi“
wàn wù jiē chǎn shēng yú wú”。
zhī hòu dào sī mǎ yán cuàn wèi jiàn jìn wéi zhǐ。
yǐ ruǎn jí、
jī kāng děng zhú lín qī xián wéi dài biǎo，
tā men bǎ jiāo diǎn yóu sī xiǎng lǐ lùn zhuǎn yí dào rén shēng wèn tí shàng。
dāng shí zhèng zhì hēi '
àn，
sī mǎ shì yā yì shì dà fū，
bìng yǐ chóng shàng míng jiào zì shì。
ruǎn jí jí jī kāng děng rén suì zhù zhāng rú jiào de lǐ fǎ yā yì rén xìng qiě xū wěi，
qiáng diào rén xìng de jiě fàng yǔ zì rán zhēn chéng。
tā men dài tóu shí xiàn zhè gè lǐ lùn，
xíng chéng yī gǔ jiě fàng gè xìng de fēng qì。
dào liǎo xī jìn zhī hòu，
qīng tán zhī fēng màn yán dào zhèng zhì wǔ tái shàng，
wò yòu dà quán de dá guān xiǎn yào yě dà tán xuán lǐ，
chéng xiàn yī pī zài shì yòu yù chū shì de quán guì。
fěi wěi duì“
zì rán”
tí chū xiū zhèng，
zhù zhāng“
chóng yòu lùn”，
yǐ jiáo“
xū dàn zhī bì”。
guō xiàng jìn yī bù zhèng míng“
míng jiào”
jí shì“
zì rán”，
xuán xué fā zhǎn zhì cǐ yǐ zhēn zhōng jié。
wén xué sān guó wén xué zhōng yǐ cáo wèi wén xué zuì shèng，
fēn wéi qián qī de jiàn '
ān wén xué jí hòu qī zhèng shǐ wén xué，
qí zhōng jiàn '
ān wén xué fǎn duì mí ruò shī fēng，
bèi hòu rén chēng wéi“
jiàn '
ān fēng gǔ”
huò“
hàn wèi fēng gǔ”。
zhè shì yīn wéi zì cáo cāo děng rén rè '
ài wén xué，
gè dì wén shì fēn fēn xī fù。
jiàn '
ān wén xué dài biǎo rén wù wéi“
sān cáo”
jí“
jiàn '
ān qī zǐ”。
qí tā de wén xué jiā hái yòu hán dān chún、
cài yǎn、
fán qīn、
lù cuì、
dīng yí、
yáng xiū、
xún wěi děng。
cáo cāo jù yòu chén xióng háo mài de qì gài，
gǔ pǔ cāng liáng de fēng gé，
zhù yòu 〈 duǎn gē xíng 〉、〈
bù chū xià mén xíng〉、〈
ràng xiàn zì míng běn zhì lìng〉
děng wén。
cáo pī jí cáo zhí cái huá yáng yì，
cáo pī zhù yòu wén xué píng lùn《
diǎn lùn》，
dǎo zhì wén xué kāi shǐ zì jué fā zhǎn。
cáo zhí jù làng màn qì zhì，
zhù yòu〈
luò shén fù〉
děng wén。
jiàn '
ān qī zǐ yǔ cài yǎn、
yáng xiū děng rén guān xīn xiàn shí，
miàn xiàng rén shēng。
tā men de zuò pǐn fǎn yìng liǎo hàn mò yǐ lái de shè huì biàn gù hé rén mín suǒ zāo shòu de kǔ nán，
lì rú cài yǎn de〈
hú jiā shí bā pāi〉。
zhèng shǐ wén xué shí qī，
yóu yú dāng shí zhèng zhì xíng shì shòu sī mǎ shì cāo kòng，
wén rén bèi shòu yā yì，
nán yǐ zhí jiē miàn duì xiàn shí。
dāng dài de zuò jiā yòu zhú lín qī xián jí hé yàn、
xià hóu xuán、
wáng bì děng“
zhèng shǐ míng shì”。
zhèng shǐ zuò jiā dà dū tōng lǎo zhuāng，
hǎo xuán xué，
duì yú shè huì xiàn shí，
bù rú jiàn '
ān zuò jiā nà yàng zhí zhe，
chí bǐ jiào chōng dàn de tài dù。
jī kāng de sǎnwén hé ruǎn jí de〈
yǒng huái shī〉
shàng jì chéng“
jiàn '
ān fēng gǔ”，
gǎn yú miàn duì sī mǎ shì zhèng quán，
qí wén xué dōuyòu xiān míng de tè sè。《
wén xīn diāo lóng》
tí dào“
zhèng shǐ míng dào，
shī zá xiān xīn。
hé yàn zhī tú，
shuài duō fú qiǎn。
wéi jī zhì qīng jùn，
ruǎn zhǐ yáo shēn，
gù néng biāo yān。”
shuō míng liǎo ruǎn jí hé jī kāng jiē wéi zhèng shǐ wén xué de dài biǎo shī rén。
sūn wú zuò jiā yòu zhāng hóng、
xuē zōng、
huá hé、
wéi zhāo děng。
zhāng hóng wéi sūn quán zhǎngshǐ，
yǔ jiàn '
ān qī zǐ zhōng de kǒng róng、
chén lín děng yǒu shàn。
xuē zōng wéi jiāng dōng míng rú，
jū sūn quán tài zǐ shī fù zhī wèi。
huá hé zé shì sūn wú mò nián zuò jiā。
shǔ hàn zuò jiā yòu zhū gé liàng、
xì zhèng、
qín mì、
chén shòu děng。
zhū gé liàng zuò wéi yī dài zhèng zhì jiā，
tā de zuò pǐn yòu〈
chū shī biǎo〉
děng。
qí wén cǎi suī bù rú tā rén yàn lì，
rán '
ér nèi róng qiǎn yì，
qíng yì zhēn qiē，
gǎn rén fèi fǔ，
biǎo lù chū tā běi fá de jué xīn。
qín mì suǒ xiě de wǔ yán shī〈
yuǎn yóu〉，
shì shǔ hàn liú chuán xià lái wéi yī kě kào de shī piān。
shǔ zhōng yì duō yòu xué zhě wéi shū zuò zhù de rén，
rú：
xǔ cí、
mèng guāng、
yǐn mò、
lǐ zhuàn děng，
shǔ hàn hòu qī yòu qiáo zhōu、
xì zhèng dū zuì xīn yú wén xué，
qiáo zhōu gèng xiě xià liǎo《
chóu guó lùn》
tǎo lùn guò dù zhēng zhàn de quē diǎn，
jí xì zhèng yǐ yǐ zhào xiān dài de rú shì，
jiè wén biǎo dá yì jiàn de〈
shì jī〉。
dōng hàn mò nián yì yòu yán jiū xiān tú、
shù shù de xué zhě，
rú：
rèn '
ān、
zhōu shū，
zhī hòu chū xiàn liǎo zhōu qún、
dù qióng děng rén。
sān guó shí qī yòu míng de shǐ xué jiā yòu wáng shěn、
yú huàn、
wéi zhāo jí chén shòu。
wáng shěn de《
wèi shū》
bèi shǐ xué jiā liú zhī jǐ píng wéi“
qí shū duō wéi shí huì，
shū fēi shí lù”，
zhè gēn tā qīn fù sī mǎ shì shì lì，
dǎ yā wèi dì cáo máo yòu guān，
gù gāi shū de cān kǎo jià zhí yě xiāng duì jiào dī。
wéi zhāo shàn xiě shǐ，
zhù yòu〈
wú gǔ chuī qū shí '
èr qū〉，
nèi róng wéi zhěng bù sūn wú fā zhǎn shǐ，
yǔ miù xí de〈
wèi gǔ chuī qū shí '
èr qū〉
nán běi xiāng duì。
tā yòu zhù yòu《
wú shū》 55
juàn děng。
chén shòu biān xiě de《
sān guó zhì》
wéi“
qián sì shǐ”
zhī yī。
tā cān kǎo《
wú shū》
jí yú huàn zhuàn xiě de《
wèi lüè》
děng zī liào，
cǎi sān guó bìng shù de fāng shì，
chuàng xīn jìzhuàn tǐ shǐ shū de xiě zuò mó shì。
suī réng yòu bù zú zhī chù，
dàn shí shì yán jiū sān guó lì shǐ bù kě huò quē de shǐ jí zhī yī。
zōng jiào běn shí qī wéi fó jiào yǔ dào jiào de fā zhǎn shí qī。
yóu yú tiān zāi rén huò bù duàn，
rén mín fēn fēn xún qiú zōng jiào wèi jiè xīn líng，
shǐ dé néng gòu zhú jiàn fā zhǎn。
nán zhōng zhū yí zú de yuán shǐ zōng jiào，
jù yòu hěn nóng hòu de wū fēng。
qí xìng zhì shì shén huà chóng bài，
jù yòu duō shén、
chóng bài zì rán de tè diǎn。
zài xī nán dì qū yòu cháng yuǎn de lì shǐ，
xíng chéng zǎo qī de yuán shǐ zōng jiào。
dōng hàn mín jiān liú xíng huáng lǎo zhī xué，
zhāng jiǎo jiàn lì de tài píng dào hé zhāng dào líng jiàn lì de wǔ dǒu mǐ dào，
dōushì dào jiào de chú xíng，
dào xī jìn shí zé chēng wéi tiān shī dào。
zhāng jiǎo de tài píng dào，
zài dào shù fāng miàn jiào zhòng“
shǒu yī”。
yǐ《
tài píng jīng》
wéi zhù yào jīng diǎn，
yòu chēng《
tài píng qīng lǐng shū》。
nèi róng páng zá，“
qí yán yǐ yīn yáng wǔ xíng wèijiā，
ér duō wū xí zá yǔ”。
qí shè huì sī xiǎng jì yòu wéi hù tǒng zhì jiē jí lì yì de bù fēn，
yě yòu hūyù gōng píng、
tóng qíng pín kǔ rén mín de bù fēn。
zhāng jiǎo yōng yòu guǎng dà jiào zhòng hòu，
yú dōng hàn mò qī shuài qí dì zhāng liáng、
zhāng bǎo yǔ bù shǔ zhāng màn chéng fā qǐ“
huáng jīn zhī luàn”，
zuì hòu bèi dōng hàn cháo tíng jī bài '
ér jiàn jiàn shì wēi。
zhāng dào líng yú hàn shùn dì shí rù sì chuān hè míng shān，
zào zuò fú shū，
chuàng jiàn wǔ dǒu mǐ dào。
gāi jiào kě néng shì huáng lǎo zhī xué yǔ dāng dì zōng jiào de róng hé，
fú wén dà duō yuán zhì bā shǔ wū shù。
wǔ dǒu mǐ dào yǔ tài píng dào jiào lǐ jiào yì jī běn xiāng tóng，
shì fèng huáng lǎo zhī xué。
zhāng lǔ shǐ jiào nèi“
jì jiǔ”
sòng xí《
lǎo zǐ wǔ qiān wén》，《
dào dé jīng》
chéng wéi zhù yào jīng diǎn zhī yī。《
lǎo zǐ xiǎng '
ěr zhù》
fǎn yìng zǎo qī dào jiào duì《
lǎo zǐ wǔ qiān wén》
de jiě shì。
jīng qí zǐ zhāng héng（
dào jiào）、
qí sūn zhāng lǔ de chuán bō，
liú xíng yú sì chuān yǔ hàn zhōng yī dài。
zhāng lǔ tóu jiàng cáo cāo hòu，
wǔ dǒu mǐ dào yóu bā、
hàn liú chuán dào jiāng nán yī dài。
fó jiào zǎo zài dōng hàn chū qī jí chuán rù zhōng guó，
dàn dāng shí rú xué xīng shèng，
fā zhǎn bù dà，
zhì sān guó hòu fāng yòu fā zhǎn。
dāng shí dà chéng fó jiào shòu guì shuāng dì guó yǐng xiǎng '
ér chuán bō sì zhōu。
xī yù shòu qí yǐng xiǎng，
yú tián、
qiūcí děng dì fó jiào xīng shèng。
zhī hòu yòu yòu tiān zhú tán kē jiā luó、
ān xī tán dì hé kāngqú kāng sēng kǎi děng sēng lǚ dào luò yáng fān yì jīng diǎn，
jiāng dà chéng fó jiào chuán zhì zhōng guó。
tán kē jiā luó tuī guǎng jiè lǜ，
zhè shì zhōng guó sēng lǚ yòu jiè lǜ shòu jiè zhī shǐ，
hòu shì yǐ qí wéi lǜ zōng de shǐ zǔ。
tán dì suǒ yì de《
tán wú dé（
fǎ cáng）
jié mó》
shòu zhū shì xíng děng rén jiè shǒu，
yī bān yǐ cǐ wéi zhōng guó sēng lǚ chū jiā zhī shǐ。
yóu yú dāng shí jīng wén fān yì wèi shàn，
zhū shì xíng wéi qiú yuán jīng yán dú，
yú 260
nián zì yōng zhōu chū fā zhì yú tián，
chéng wéi shǒu wèi xī xíng qiú fǎ de zhōng guó sēng lǚ。
tā xiěde《
dà pǐn bān ruò》
de fàn běn，
hòu yóu dì zǐ yú 282
nián sòng huí luò yáng，
zuì hòu yóu zhú shū lán yì chéng《
fàng guāng bān ruò jīng》。
fā zhǎn fāng miàn，
zài dōng hàn mò qī zé róng céng yú jiāng dōng dà xīng fó sì。
sān guó shí qī de fó jiào zhòng zhèn，
běi fāng yǐ luò yáng wéi zhù，
nán fāng zé wéi jiàn yè。
cáo wèi wèi míng dì dà xīng fó sì，
cáo zhí yě xǐ dú fó jīng，
bìng chuàng zuò fàn bài。
sūn wú fāng miàn，
dāng zhī qiān、
kāng sēng huì xiān hòu rù wú，
shòu sūn quán tuī chóng bìng zhī chí fā zhǎn。
sūn hào chēng dì shí，
běn yào huǐ huài fó sì，
yīn kāng sēng huì shuō fǎ gǎn huà，
zhōng '
ér fàng qì。
zài shǔ hàn，
fó jiào bù shì hěn xīng shèng，
guī mó bù dà。
yì shù sān guó zài yì shù fāng miàn，
sūn wú yòu hěn duō shàn cháng gè zhǒng yì shù de míng shì，
shí rén chēng wéi wú guó bā jué。
yòu wú fàn、
liú dūn、
zhào dá、
yán wǔ、
huáng xiàng、
cáo bù xīng、
sòng shòu hé zhèng yǔ děng rén。
lì rú yán wǔ shàn xià wéi qí，
tóng bèi zhōng wú rén néng shèng，
yòu“
qí shèng”
zhī chēng。
zhì yú cáo bù xīng zé shàn huì huà、
huáng xiàng zé shàn shū fǎ。
dōng hàn mò qī dòng luàn bù kān，
xǔ duō huà zuò bèi pò huài huò yí shī，
zào chéng sǔn shī。
fó jiào de fā zhǎn，
kāi shǐ chū xiàn yǐ fó jiào wéi tí cái de huì huà。
sān guó shí qī de huì huà，
yīn zhèng zhì dòng dàng、
shè huì hùn luàn '
ér méi yòu qǔ dé gèng dà de chéng jiù。
sān guó zhī qián，
huì huà zhù yào shǔ yú“
bǎi gōng zhī yuàn”
de jì shù xìng zhí yè，
shàng wèi yì shù huà，
zài běn shí qī kāi shǐ chū xiàn xiàn shí tí cái de nèi róng，
yì shì yóu lǐ jiào xuān chuán guò zǔ”，
zuò pǐn yòu《
wéi mó jié tú》、《
shì jiā móu ní shuō fǎ tú》
děng děng。
tā céng bǎ wǔ shí chǐ juàn lián zài yī qǐ，
huà yī rén xiàng，
xīn míng shǒu kuài，
dù dào zōng jiào xuān chuán de shí qī。
huà jiā yě yóu huáng hé liú yù de zhōng yuán dì qū zhuǎn yí dào cháng jiāng liú yù。
dāng shí yòu míng de huà jiā yòu cáo bù xīng、
wú wáng zhào fū rén，
qí tā shàn cháng huì huà de yòu huán fàn、
yáng xiū、
wèi dì cáo máo、
zhū gé zhān děng rén。
sūn wú cáo bù xīng，
shàn cháng xiě shēng yǔ huì fó huà，
bèi yù wéi“
fó huà zhī yùn bǐ '
ér chéng。
qí zuò pǐn fù yòu lì tǐ gǎn，
shì rén yòu“
cáo yī chū shuǐ”
zhī chēng，
hào“
cáo jiā yàng”。
sūn wú wú wáng zhào fū rén，
wú chéngxiàng zhào yuǎn zhī mèi，
shàn yú shū fǎ shān shuǐ huì huà，
shí rén yù wéi“
zhēn jué”。
tā wéi sūn quán huì gè guó shān chuān dì xíng tú，
shí kāi shān shuǐ huà zhī shǒu。
hàn mò yáng xiū xiāng chuán yòu《
xī jīng tú》
děng huà。
cáo wèi huán fàn shàn cháng dān qīng，
wèi dì cáo máo huì huà rén wù shǐ shí。
shǔ hàn zhū gé zhān yì gōng shū huà。
shū fǎ yì shù xīng qǐ yú dōng hàn mò qī。
cóng sān guó dào xī jìn，
lì shū réng shì guān fāng tōng xíng de shū tǐ，
dāng shí de bēi kè dà dū yòng lì shū xiě chéng。
cáo wèi bēi wén shū tǐ fāng zhèng、
qì dù zhuāng yán，
shǎo yòu shēng qù。
sūn wú de zhù míng bēi kè yòu《
tiān fā shén chèn bēi》、《
chán guó shān bēi》、《
gǔ lǎng bēi》
děng。
qí zhōng《
tiān fā shén chèn bēi》
yǐ yuán yù fāng，
shì xiǎn jú kuān，
qì shì xióng wěi qí zì。
běn shí qī zhù yào de shū fǎ jiā yòu zhāng zhī、
zhāng chǎng、
wéi dàn、
zhōng yáo jí huáng xiàng děng rén。
zhāng zhī shàn zhāng cǎo，
bìng chuàng xīn chū jīn cǎo。
chū míng de zuò pǐn yòu《
guànjūn tiē》、《
jīn yù guī tiē》
děng。
zhāng chǎng wéi zhāng zhī jì dì，
shàn cháng zhāng cǎo yǔ lì shū。
wéi dàn zǒng jié shū fǎ jīng yàn，
zhù yòu《
bǐ jīng》。
qí zhōng“
fū gōng yù shàn qí shì，
bì xiān lì qí qì。”，
zhèng shì tā de míng yán。
zhōng yáo《
xuān shì biǎo》、《
jiàn jì zhí biǎo》
děng zuò pǐn wéi jiē shū jīng diǎn zhī zuò。
huáng xiàng shàn xiǎo zhuàn、
lì shū，
yóu jīng zhāng cǎo。
liú chuán zuò pǐn yòu《
jí jiù zhāng》、《
wén wǔ jiāng duì tiē》
jí《
tiān fā shén chèn bēi》
děng。
kē jì mǎ jūn shàn cháng jī xiè yìng yòng，
tí shēng shēng chǎn liàng，
zhì zuò chū shuǐ zhuǎn bǎi xì hé shī chuán de zhǐ nán chē，
róng huò“
tiān xià zhī míng qiǎo”
de měi yù。
tā gǎi liáng hàn dài de zhì líng jī，
shǐ zhì chū huā wén jù lì tǐ gǎn，
néng yǔ shǔ jǐn xiāng pì měi。
gǎi liáng hàn mò bì lán de lóng gǔ chē，
fā míng chū lóng gǔ shuǐ chē lái guàn gài jiào gāo wèi de nóng tián。
xiàn zài bù fèn tī tián réng zài shǐ yòng。
tā hái jiāng fā shí chē gǎi zào chéng lún zhuǎn shì fā shí chē，
tí shēng pāo jī liàng yǔ sù dù。
zhū gé liàng wèile fāng biàn zài shān dì zhàn dào yùn shū，
fā míng“
mù niú liú mǎ”。
qí gòu zào lì dài wén xiàn yòu yì，
xué zhě yī bān rèn dìng wéi dú lún chē jí sì lún chē，
mù qián wèi yòu què shí dá '
àn。
tā fā míng kě yǐ lián xù fā shè shí jiàn de lián nǔ，
yòu chēng“
yuán róng”。
lìng wài，
jù shuō yuán zì zhū gé liàng shè jì，
yòng yú chuán dì xìn hào de kǒng míng dēng，
bèi gōng rèn wéi rè qì qiú de shǐ zǔ；
jù《
shì wù jì yuán》
zài，
zhū gé liàng yě zuì zǎo zhì zào chū cháng qiāng de yuán xíng，
cháng qiāng zuì hòu jiàn jiàn qǔ dài liǎo cháng máo。
liú huī wéi shù xué jiā，
tā zì yòu duì shù xué yòu xīng qù，
xué xí zhōng guó gǔ dài shù xué de zhòng diǎn《
jiǔ zhāng suàn shù》。
niánzhǎng hòu yú cáo wèi jǐng yuán sì nián（ 263
nián）
zhù yòu《
jiǔ zhāng suàn shù zhù》，
jiè yóu zì jǐ de zhù jiě，
shǐ qí róng yì liǎo jiě。
zhī hòu liú huī yòu zhù zuò《
jiǔ zhāng suàn shù zhù》
de dì shí juàn，
jí《
zhòng chā》（
hòu chēng《
hǎi dǎo suàn jīng》），
zhè shǐ zhōng guó cèliáng xué dá dào dēng fēng zào jí de dì bù。
yī xué fāng miàn，
yòu míng de yòu huá tuó、
zhāng zhòng jǐng hé huáng fǔ mì。
huá tuó yī shù jīng zhàn，
shàn cháng wài kē shǒu shù。
tā yǔ dǒng fèng、
zhāng zhòng jǐng bèi shǐ shū chēng wéi“
jiàn '
ān sān shén yī”。
bù guò guān yú tā yī shù chuán qí de bù fèn，
shǐ xué jiā chén yín kè rèn wéi yīnggāi yuán zì yìn dù de fó jiào chuán shuō。
rán '
ér，
tā kě néng shì zuì zǎo shǐ yòng má zuì jì“
máfèisǎn”
jìn xíng wài kē shǒu shù de yī zhě。
zhāng zhòng jǐng jiàn yú dāng dài dòng luàn pín fán，
yì bìng liú xíng，
zhì lì yán jiū jí bìng，
cān kǎo gè jiā shū jí xiě chū《
shāng hán zá bìng lùn》。
gāi shū jí liǎng hàn yī jīng、
jīng fāng '
èr pài de dà chéng，
shì zhōng yī shǐ shàng dì yī bù lǐ fǎ fāng yào jù bèi de jīng diǎn，
yù jiā yán chēng cǐ shū：“
wéi zhòng fāng zhī zōng、
qún fāng zhī zǔ”。
hòu shì fèng qí wéi“
yī shèng”。
huáng fǔ mì zì yòu jiā pín，
xué xí fèi qǐn wàng shí，
dàn yú míng lì '
ér bù yuàn rèn guān。
tā duì zhēn jiǔ shēn rù yán jiū，
jiāng jìn dài zhī qián gè zhǒng jīng mài lǐ lùn yǔ zhēn jiǔ fāng fǎ zhěng lǐ chéng《
zhēn jiǔ jiá yǐ jīng》，
gāi shū chéng wéi hòu shì zhēn jiǔ xué de fàn diǎn。
tā hái zhù yòu《
hán shí sàn lùn》，
wèi jìn zhī hòu fú shí hán shí sàn zhú jiàn de liú xíng qǐ lái。
guān yú qí tā jì shù，
tiān wén xué fāng miàn，
yòu xiān hòu dān rèn sūn wú yǔ xī jìn tài shǐ lìng de chén zhuó。
tā shōu jí gè pài zī xùn，
wán shàn zhōng guó xīng guān tǐ zhì，
bìng huì zhì xīng tú，
wéi hòu shì suǒ yán yòng。
péi xiù de“
zhì tú liù tǐ”
zài zhōng guó dì tú shǐ shàng zhàn yòu zhòng yào de wèi zhì。
pú yuán shàn cháng duàn liàn tiě qì，
tā zài xié gǔ（
jīn shǎn xī shěng méi xiàn xī nán）
wéi zhū gé liàng zhì dāo。
qí dāo néng pī kāi zhuāng mǎn tiě zhū de zhú tǒng，
yù wéi shén dāo。
yóu yú sūn wú wèi yú jiāng nán dì qū，
shuǐ lù fā dá，
zào chuán jì shù fā dá。
qí zhàn chuán yòu de shàng xià wǔ céng，
yòu de hái néng róng nà shì bīng sān qiān rén。
shǔ hàn shèng chǎn jǐng yán，
lì yòng dāng dì de tiān rán qì lái zhǔ yán，
tí shēng liǎo chǎn néng。
sān guó bīng zhì wèi de zhōng yāng jūn，
fēn zhōng jūn hé wài jūn。
zhōng、
wài jūn de lái lì，
hé cí quán《
wèi jìn de zhōng jūn》
yī wén zuò liǎo míng què de chǎn shù：“
‘ zhōng jūn ’ shì duì‘
wài jūn’
ér lái de，
zhōng wài jūn de qū bié xíng chéng yú hàn jiàn '
ān shí dài（ 196
zhì 220
nián），
dào wèi huáng chū nián jiān（ 220
zhì 226
nián）
dū dū zhì chéng lì，
zhōng wài jūn de qū fēn jí zhōng wài jūn de míng chēng yě jiù zhèng shì chéng lì。
jiàn '
ān yǐ qián，
cáo cāo jí tuán bù guò shì dāng shí gē jù jú miàn xià de qún xióng zhī yī。
cáo cāo yíng xiàn dì dū xǔ，
xié tiān zǐ yǐ lìng zhū hóu，
yóu qí shì zài guān dù zhī zhàn，
dǎ bài yuán shào，
qǔ dé jì、
bìng、
qīng zhū zhōu yǐ hòu，
tā de tǒng zhì qū cái jiàn jù guó jiā de guī mó。
zhè shí jú miàn dà liǎo，
zài bù néng xiàng guò qù yī yàng，
dài lǐng yī zhī jūn duì（
suī bù shì quán bù yě shì dà bù）
dào chù zhēng zhàn，
yīn zhī biàn chǎn shēng liǎo liú tún de bàn fǎ。
píng dìng yī gè dì fāng，
jí liú yī bù fēn jūn duì zài nà lǐ zhù fáng，
bìng yóu yī rén rèn tǒng shuài，
tǒng shè xiá qū nèi zhū jūn。
zhè zhǒng liú tún zhì，
shí jí wèi jìn yǐ xià shèng xíng de jūn shì shàng fēn qū de dū dū zhū jūn zhì de làn shāng。
zhè zhǒng qíng xíng，
fā shēng yú cáo cāo dǎ bài yuán shào zhàn yòu jì、
bìng zhū zhōu zhī hòu，
dào chì bì zhàn hòu，
sān guó dǐng zhì de jú miàn xíng chéng，
biàn jiàn jiàn gù dìng wéi yī zhǒng zhì dù，
ér qiě fā zhǎn wéi hòu lái de dū dū zhì。
guó jiā de jūn duì jì zài shì shí shàng fēn liǎo nèi wài，
nèi wài de míng chēng zì rán yě gēn zhe xíng chéng，
liú tún zài wài de jiāng jūn jí dū dū suǒ lǐng de bīng，
jiù chēng wéi wài jūn；
zhōng yāng zhí xiá de jūn duì，
jiù chēng wéi zhōng jūn。”
wèi de zhōng jūn lüè děng yú hàn dài de nán běi jūn，
dān fù zhe sù wèi huáng gōng、
gǒng wèi jīng shī de rèn wù，《
lì dài bīng zhì》
rèn wéi“
wèi zhì lüè rú dōng hàn，
nán běi jūn rú gù”，
yǐ rán bǎ wèi de zhōng jūn chēng wéi nán běi jūn。
bù guò yóu yú hàn mò sān guó zhàn shì pín réng，
zhōng jūn cháng cháng sì chū zhēng fá，
yǔ hàn dài běi jūn xiāng bǐ，
wèi zhōng jūn de zuò zhàn rèn wù zhòng dé duō。
《
lì dài bīng zhì》
xù shù liǎo wèi zhōng jūn de fā zhǎn：“
chū，
cáo gōng zì zhì wǔ wèi yíng yú xiāng fǔ，
yǐ lǐng jūn zhù zhī。
jí wén dì zēng zhì zhōng yíng，
yú shì yòu wǔ wèi、
zhōng lěi '
èr yíng，
yǐ lǐng jūn jiāng jūn bìng wǔ xiào tǒng zhī。”
wǔ wèi yíng shì cáo wèi jí tuán zuì qīn jìn de sù wèi jìn bīng，
qí shè zhì shí jiān，《
bǔ sān guó bīng zhì》
shuō zài jiàn '
ān shí sān nián（
gōng yuán 208
nián）。
nà shí cáo cāo gāng zuò xiàngguó，
biàn zài xiāng fǔ zì zhì wǔ wèi yíng。
dāng shí hàn dì de jìn bīng wéi shù yǐ bù duō，
qiě zài cáo cāo kòng zhì zhī xià，
wǔ wèi yíng yī chéng lì，
xiāng fǔ gèng shì wēi zhòng hàn gōng。
wǔ wèi yíng de tǒng shuài zuì chū shì xǔ chǔ，
guān zhí wéi wǔ wèi zhōng láng jiāng，
hòu qiān wǔ wèi jiāng jūn。
cáo wèi zuò wǔ wèi jiāng jūn de，
dōushì huáng dì hěn qīn jìn de rén。
wèi wén dì zhì zhōng lěi、
zhōng jiān '
èr yíng，
guī zhōng lǐng jūn tǒng shuài，
wèi míng dì yòu zhì xiāo qí，
yóu jī '
èr yíng。《
lì dài bīng zhì》
zhǐ tí dào wǔ wèi、
zhōng lěi '
èr yíng，
yòu suǒ shū lòu。“
wǔ wèi、
zhōng lěi '
èr yíng，
yǐ lǐng jūn jiāng jūn bìng wǔ xiào tǒng zhī”，
yě shì bù què de。
shì shí shàng，
cáo wèi xiān hòu zhì wǔ wèi、
zhōng lěi、
zhōng jiān、
xiāo qí、
yóu jī děng xīn wǔ yíng，
guī zhōng lǐng jūn tǒng shuài；
dōng hàn yǐ lái běi jūn de tún qí、
bù bīng、
shè shēng、
yuè qí、
cháng shuǐ wǔ yíng，
cáo wèi shí qī yǐ rán cún zài，
dàn bīng yuán yǐ shǎo de kě lián，
wǔ xiào dì wèi yǐ bù rú wǔ wèi jiāng jūn děng，
yǐ wú kě néng qù tǒng shuài wǔ wèi、
zhōng lěi děng xīn yíng。
guān yú wèi zhōng jūn de zǔ zhì xì tǒng，《
lì dài bīng zhì》
shuō：“
yòu zhōng、
zuǒ、
yòu、
qián jūn gè yī shī，
yòu yòu zhōng hù、
zhōng lǐng jūn、
lǐng、
hù jūn jiāng jūn gè yī rén。
qí tā zá hào wú cháng shù。”
chén fù liáng rèn wéi，
hàn de nán běi jūn dào cáo wèi shí qī yǎn biàn wéi zhōng、
zuǒ、
yòu、
qián jūn liǎo。
qí shí，
zhǐ yòu zhōng jūn xiāng dāng yú hàn de nán běi jūn，
suǒ wèi zuǒ、
yòu、
qián jūn děng，
xiǎn rán yǔ zhōng jūn xiāng duì，
kě néng shì duì liú tún zài bù tóng dì fāng de wài jūn de chēng hū。《
sān guó zhì》、《
zī zhì tōng jiàn》
cháng yòu“
dōng bīng”、“
dōng jūn”
yī lèi tí fǎ，
dōushì zhǐ liú tún dōng fāng de wài jūn，
zuǒ、
yòu、
qián jūn děng yě shì zhè lèi tí fǎ。
zhōng jūn de tǒng shuài，
chén fù liáng rèn wéi yòu“
zhōng hù、
zhōng lǐng jūn、
lǐng、
hù jūn jiāng jūn gè yī rén”。
lì lái tán cáo wèi bīng zhì zhě，
duō xiàng tā yī yàng，
yǐ wéi wèi zhōng jūn tóng shí cún zài zhōng hù jūn、
zhōng lǐng jūn yǔ lǐng jūn、
hù jūn zhè yàng yī pī tǒng shuài。
qí shí lǐng jūn yǔ hù jūn hé zhōng lǐng jūn yǔ zhōng hù jūn shì bù tóng shí qī de zhí guān。《
yù hǎi》
juàn yī sān qī：“
wèi wǔ wéixiàng，
yǐ hán hào wéi hù jūn，
shǐ huàn wéi lǐng jūn，
fēi hàn guān yě。
jiàn '
ān shí '
èr nián，
gǎi hù jūn wéi zhōng hù jūn，
lǐng jūn wéi zhōng lǐng jūn。”
zhè duàn huà yǔ shǐ shí lüè yòu chū rù，
dàn zhǐ chū zhōng hù jūn、
zhōng lǐng jūn de qián shēn jiù shì hù jūn、
lǐng jūn，
wú yí shì zhèng què de。
gǎi lǐng jūn、
hù jūn wéi zhōng lǐng jūn、
zhōng hù jūn，
shì yóu yú dāng shí zhōng yāng jūn zài shì shí shàng yǐ fēn chéng zhōng jūn yǔ wài jūn，
suǒ yǐ yào zài zhōng jūn tǒng shuài lǐng jūn、
hù jūn qián guànyǐ zhōng zì。
yóu yú lǐng、
hù jūn gǎi míng zhōng lǐng、
zhōng hù jūn hòu hái yòu rén yán xí jiù chēng，
zài zhī shǐ shū，
gù hòu rén wǎng wǎng rèn wéi lǐng、
hù jūn yǔ zhōng lǐng、
zhōng hù jūn bìng cún。
duì yú zhōng lǐng jūn huò zhōng hù jūn zhōng zī lì hòu zhòng zhě，
kě jìn chēng wéi lǐng jūn jiāng jūn huò hù jūn jiāng jūn，
dàn zhōng jūn yě bù kě néng tóng shí jì yòu lǐng jūn jiāng jūn、
hù jūn jiāng jūn，
yòu yòu zhōng lǐng jūn、
zhōng hù jūn。
zhōng lǐng jūn shì zhōng jūn zhū yíng de tǒng shuài，
tā qīn lǐng zhōng lǐng yíng，
bìng jiān lǐng zhōng jūn zhū yíng；
zhōng hù jūn zài zhōng jūn de dì wèi jǐn cì yú zhōng lǐng jūn，
tā fù zé wǔ guān de xuǎn yòng，
bìng qīn lǐng zhōng hù yíng。
liú tún gè dì de wài jūn，
kāi shǐ biān zhì hěn bù yī zhì，
tǒng shuài wǎng wǎng lín shí yóu zhōng yāng wěi pài hé gēnghuàn。
dào wèi wén dì shí，
qíng kuàng fā shēng liǎo biàn huà。《
lì dài bīng zhì》：“
huáng chū sān nián，
tè zhì dū dū zhū zhōu jūn shì，
xún jiā sì zhēng sì zhèn jiāng jūn zhī hào，
yòu zhì dàjiàng jūn dū dū zhōng wài zhū jūn，
wèi tài wèi shàng。”
cáo wèi de dū dū zhū zhōu jūn shì，
shì dài biǎo zhōng yāng fēn zhù gè dì de jūn shì zhǎngguān，
suǒ lǐng shì bù tóng yú zhōu jùn bīng de zhōng yāng jūn duì。
suǒ wèi sì zhēng sì zhèn，
shì zhǐ zhēng dōng jiāng jūn、
zhēng nán jiāng jūn、
zhēng xī jiāng jūn、
zhēng běi jiāng jūn yǔ zhèn dōng jiāng jūn、
zhèn nán jiāng jūn、
zhèn xī jiāng jūn、
zhèn běi jiāng jūn děng chēng hào，
cǐ wài hái yòu suǒ wèi sì '
ān sì píng jiāng jūn de chēng hào，
zhè xiē dōubù shì gù dìng jūn zhí，
ér shì lín shí zèng fēng de chēng hào。
cóng zhè xiē chēng hào yě kě yǐ zhī dào，
nà xiē dū dū zhū zhōu jūn shì de jiāng jūn，
shì dài biǎo zhōng yāng qù xíng zhēng fá zhèn yā zhī quán。
zhōng wài zhū jūn jí zhōng jūn yǔ wài jūn，“
zhì dàjiàng jūn dū dū zhōng wài zhū jūn”，
zé shì yǐ dàjiàng jūn tǒng shuài quán guó zhōng yāng jūn，
dàjiàng jūn chéng wéi cáo wèi zuì gāo jūn shì tǒng shuài。
cáo wèi zhèng quán shì qǔ dài dōng hàn wáng cháo '
ér jiàn lì de，
kāi shǐ réng yǐ tài wèi wéi zuì gāo jūn zhèng zhǎngguān，
zhì dàjiàng jūn hòu，
tài wèi zuì zhòng yào de quán lì bèi fēn gē，
suǒ yǐ chén fù liáng shuō dàjiàng jūn“
wèi tài wèi shàng”。
zōng shàng suǒ shù，
cáo wèi zhōng yāng jūn de xì tǒng shì：
|
héng héng zhōng jūn -
lǐng jūn、
hù jūn héng héng zhū yíng jiāng xiào zhōng yāng jūn -
dàjiàng jūn héng héng |
|
héng héng wài jūn -
dū dū zhū zhōu jūn shì chú liǎo zhōng jūn yǔ wài jūn，
cáo wèi zhèng quán hái yòu zuò wéi dì fāng bīng de zhōu jùn bīng。
dōng hàn guāng wǔ dì bà bīng mù shì，
jùn guó bīng lì shí fēn bó ruò。
dào dōng hàn mò nián，
yī xiē zhōu jùn shǒu gē jù chēng xióng，
bīng lì zhuǎn qiáng，
duō shù zhōu jùn de jūn duì zé zhú yī xiāo miè huò jiān bìng。
cáo cāo tǒng yī běi fāng，
dà dà xiǎo xiǎo de gē jù wǔ zhuāng huò bèi xiāo miè，
huò bèi shōu biān，
běi fāng gè zhōu jùn wǎng wǎng zhǐ yòu liú tún de zhōng yāng jūn，
ér méi yòu dì fāng wǔ zhuāng liǎo。
dāng shí chéngxiàng zhù bù sī mǎ lǎng jiàn yì lìng zhōu jùn dū jiàn lì dì fāng wǔ zhuāng，
yǐ“
wài bèi sì yí，
nèi wēi bù guǐ”。《
lì dài bīng zhì》：“
zì nà sī mǎ lǎng zhī yán，
fù lìng zhōu jùn diǎn bīng，
rán wèi zhì wèi，
gài tài shǒu huò cì shǐ jiān shuài。”
zhōu jùn bīng yǐ shǒu bèi běn zhōu jùn wéi zhí，
bì yào shí yě yìng diào chū zhēng。
zhōu jùn bīng dì wèi bǐ zhōng jūn、
wài jūn dī，“
zhōu jùn dū dū bù yǔ zhōng wài jūn tóng ......
gǒu zài zhōng jūn zhī lì，
suī xià gōng bì hóu；
rú zài zhōu jùn，
suī gōng gāo bù fēng”（《
jìn shū .
duàn zhuó chuán》），
dàn dì fāng zhōu jùn zhǎngguān de quán lì què jiè cǐ dà dà péng zhàng qǐ lái。
suǒ yǐ《
lì dài bīng zhì》
rèn wéi，
cáo wèi zhèng quán de“
bīng quán wài jù yú zhōu mù，
nèi guī yú dàjiàng jūn jí tài wèi”。
yīn cǐ hòu lái yòu rén shàng shū wèi míng dì，
yào qiú jiě chú yuán biān zhōu jùn cì shǐ、
tài shǒu de lǐng bīng quán，
lìng wài pài qiǎn dàjiàng qù zhèn shǒu，
yǐ miǎn cì shǐ、
tài shǒu lǐng liǎo bīng zé“
zhuān xīn jūn gōng，
bù qín mín shì”，
ér bù néng“
dú xiū wù běn zhī yè”（《
sān guó zhì .
wèi zhì .
dù shù chuán》）。
cáo wèi bīng zhì，
hái yòu tún tián bīng zhí dé yī tí，
dàn chén fù liáng duì cǐ yòu shū lòu liǎo。
cáo wèi de tún tián fēn mín tún hé bīng tún liǎng zhǒng，
shì hàn dài guān tián chū zū bàn fǎ jí biān jùn tún tián de tuī guǎng。
mín tún de guǎn lǐ fāng shì shì：
yóu dà sī nóng zhǎng guǎn quán guó de mín tún，
diǎn nóng zhōng láng jiāng fù zé yī zhōu jùn de mín tún，
diǎn nóng dū wèi fù zé yī xiàn jí dān wèi de mín tún，
tún sī mǎ fù zé yī shēng chǎn dān wèi héng héng yī tún。
měi yī tún yòu tún tián kè wǔ shí rén。
mín tún de rèn wù shì zhòngzhí dào、
sù、
sāng、
má，
bǎi fēn zhī wǔ shí zhì liù shí de shōu huò shàng jiǎo zhèng fǔ。
tún tián kè bù fú bīng yì，
dàn shí xíng jūn fǎ bù lè shì guǎn lǐ，
yīnggāi nà rù bīng zhì yán jiū de fàn wéi。
jiàn '
ān chū nián kāi shǐ de tún tián，
běn shì wèile shù fù liú mín yú tǔ dì hé wéi zhèng fǔ tí gōng dà liàng zū rù yǐ chōng jūn xū；
dào wèi mò jìn chū，
tǒng zhì zhě wèile shì jiā dà zú de lì yì，
jīng cháng fēn gē tún tián，
guā fēn tún tián kè，
tún tián zhì dù zāo dào huǐ miè xìng pò huài。
bīng tún de kāi shǐ wǎn yú mín tún，
yī bān shì bǎo chí yuán yòu de jūn shì biān zhì，
shè lì zài yǔ wú shǔ liǎng guó duì zhì de biān jìng，
ràng shì bīng qiě diàn qiě shǒu。
dōng wú yě yòu yǔ cáo wèi dà tǐxiàng shìde bīng .
shǔ hàn bīng zhì dà zhì hé wèi xiāng tóng，
dàn yòu yòu qí tè diǎn。
shǔ de zhōng yāng jūn，《
lì dài bīng zhì》
shuō：“
shǔ zhì wǔ jūn。
qí zuǒ、
yòu jiāng jūn、
dū、
hù yī rén，
qí zhōng shī、
jiān、
hù、
diǎn、
cān jūn gè yī rén，
qí qián shī、
jiāng jūn、
jiān、
hù、
dū jūn gè yī rén，
qí hòu dū、
jiāng jūn、
jiān yī rén。
qí jiàngxiào lüè rú hàn。”
wǔ jūn jí qián、
hòu、
zuǒ、
yòu、
zhōng jūn。
zhōng jūn yǔ cáo wèi yī yàng tóng shí yòu shì sù wèi bù duì；
qián、
hòu、
zuǒ、
yòu sì jūn lüè děng yú cáo wèi de wài jūn。
shǔ hàn zhōng yāng jūn zhì jūn shī jiāng jūn yī zhì '
èr rén，
wéi quán guó zuì gāo jūn shì tǒng shuài。
wǔ jūn de zǔ zhì xì tǒng bù wán quán yī yàng，
zhōng jūn yòu hù jūn、
jiān jūn、
jūn shī、
dū hù、
lǐng jūn、
diǎn jūn gè yī rén；
qián、
hòu jūn yòu hù jūn、
jiān jūn、
jūn shī、
lǐng jūn、
diǎn jūn gè yī rén；
zuǒ、
yòu jūn yòu hù jūn、
jiān jūn、
dū hù gè yī rén。
jù《
sān guó zhì .
shǔ zhì .
guān zhāng mǎ huáng zhào chuán》，
qián、
hòu、
zuǒ、
yòu jūn de tǒng shuài fēn bié shì qián jiāng jūn、
hòu jiāng jūn、
zuǒ jiāng jūn、
yòu jiāng jūn，
zhǐ yòu zhōng jūn tǒng shuài shì hù jūn；
ér jù wáng píng、
liú mǐn、
jiāng wéi děng chuán，
qián、
hòu、
zuǒ、
yòu sì jūn yòu cháng yǐ hù jūn huò jiān jūn wéi gè zì de tǒng shuài。
yīn cǐ，
qián jiāng jūn děng guān hào，
jiū jìng shì hù jūn de lìng chēng hái shì jìn chēng，
huò zhě shì bù tóng shí hòu de zhí guān，
hái yòu dài jìn yī bù kǎo chá。
shǔ de jī céng jūn duì，
yòu xǔ duō bù tóng de chēng hào。《
lì dài bīng zhì》：“
bīng yòu tū jiāng、
wú qián、（
shàng zōng xià bèi）
sǒu、
qīng qiāng、
sàn qí、
wǔ qí zhī bié，
gài bù quán yòng shǔ rén yě。”“
liú zhāng shí，
sān fǔ liú rén shù wàn，
shōu yǐ wéi bīng，
hào dōng zhōu bīng。”
zhè lǐ suǒ jǔ de shàng bù wán quán，
jù wáng xīn fū《
bǔ sān guó bīng zhì》
tǒng jì，
shǔ yòu yǐ xià chēng hào de jī céng jūn duì：
qū cháng，
hàn jūn běn yòu bù hé qū de biān zhì，
shǔ yòu qū cháng，
zé zài bù fēn jūn duì shàng yòu qū de biān zhì。
tún jiāng，
shǔ yòu tún jiāng，
zé yòu tún de biān zhì。
tū jiāng，
chōng fēng duì de jiànglǐng，
zé shǔ jūn wǎng wǎng yòu zhuān mén de qián fēng duì。
wú qián、
wú dāng，
èr zhě kě néng tóng wéi yī zhī jīng yǒng de duì wǔ。
fēi jūn，
yǐ qiāng zú de yī zhī héng héng qīng qiāng wéi zhù，
fēn wéi wǔ bù。
hǔ bù，
jīng yǒng de bù bīng duì wǔ。
hǔ qí，
jīng yǒng de qí bīng duì wǔ，
cǐ wài hái yòu sàn qí、
wǔ qí děng qí bīng duì。
bái（
mù máo），
yóu yǐ bái yǔ máo wéi shì de shǎo shù mín zú zǔ chéng。（
shàng zōng xià bèi）
sǒu，
yóu（
shàng zōng xià bèi）
rén（
xiāng、
chuān yī dài de shǎo shù mín zú）
zǔ chéng。
cǐ wài hái yòu yí bīng，
yóu jīng zhōu yī dài shǎo shù mín zú zǔ chéng。
cóng zhè xiē chēng hào kě yǐ kàn chū，
shǔ zhèng quán bù jǐn ràng shǔ zhōng hàn rén dāng bīng，
ér qiě dà liàng yǐ wài zú wéi bīng，
zǔ chéng fēi jūn、
qīng qiāng、
bái（
mù máo）、（
shàng zōng xià bèi）
sǒu、
yí bīng děng wài zú jūn duì。
cóng dōng zhōu bīng de qíng kuàng hái kě kàn chū，
shǔ hàn hái bǎ wài lái liú mín zǔ jiàn chéng jūn duì。
dōng wú bīng zhì bǐ jiào zá luàn，
dà tǐ yě yǔ wèi wú yì。
qí jūn duì tè diǎn，
rú《
lì dài bīng zhì》
suǒ shuō：“
wú duō zhōu shī，
yíng xiào lüè yì yú hàn。”
dōng wú lì guó jiāng nán，
běi yòu cháng jiāng tiān xiǎn，
dōng nán yòu dōng hǎi、
nán hǎi，
nèi dì duō húpō shuǐ zé，
duō shuǐ yù de zì rán tiáo jiàn，
yóu qí shì fēng fù de wù chǎn hé fā dá de jīng jì，
jué dìng qí shuǐ jūn qiáng yú wèi、
shǔ，
yǐ zhì shù cì yǐ zhōu shī cuò bài lái jìn gōng de cáo wèi dà jūn。
dōng wú de bān zhǐ tǐ jī dà、
shù liàng duō，
bìng qiě yòu méng chōng、
dǒu jiàn、
lóu chuán、
fēi yún、
gài hǎi、
chì lóng、
chí mǎ、
cháng '
ān、
dà bó、
dà（
zhōu biǎn）、
qīng lóng zhàn jiàn、
chén fú děng zhòng duō míng hào。
gēn jù《
wú shū》
de jìzǎi，
dāng shí néngzǎi mǎ bā shí pǐ de hái suàn xiǎo chuán（《
sān guó zhì .
wú zhì .
sūn quán chuán》
jiā hé '
èr nián zhù yǐn）。
yòu gēn jù《
jìn yáng qiū》，
xī jìn miè wú shí，
jiē shōu qí chuán zhǐ wǔ qiān yú sōu（《
sān guó zhì .
wú zhì .
sūn hào chuán》
zhù yǐn），
qí zhōng bāo kuò yùn shū chuán hé zhàn chuán，
yùn shū chuán zhōng，
xiāng dāng dà yī bù fēn shǔ yú shuǐ jūn zuò yùn shū jūn xū yòng。
zhè yàng，
wǒ men suī bù néng dé zhī dōng wú shuǐ jūn chuán zhǐ de jù tǐ shù zì，
dàn qí guī mó zhī dà zé shì kě yǐ xiǎng jiàn de。
dāng shí dōng wú shuǐ jūn zhōu shī bù jǐn shí kè xún shǒu cháng jiāng tiān xiǎn，
ér qiě yóu yì yú liáo kuò hǎi yù。
dōng wú shuǐ jūn tǒng shuài wéi shuǐ jūn dū dū。
dōng wú de zhōng yāng jūn yǔ cáo wèi、
shǔ hàn xiāng tóng，
yòu qián、
hòu、
zuǒ、
yòu、
zhōng wǔ jūn，
jūn zhōngjiàng lǐng yì yòu hù jūn、
lǐng jūn、
diǎn jūn、
jūn sī mǎ děng。
yī dàn jìn xíng zhàn zhēng zhì dà dū dū zǒng lǐng wǔ jūn，
gè jūn zhì bù dū děng。
dōng wú jūn duì dà bù fēn yóu shān jū de yuè rén zǔ chéng，
yǐ shān yuè wéi bīng，
jǐn jiàn yú jìzǎi de yǐ bù xià shí yú wàn。
xī jìn miè dōng wú shí，
jiē shōu qí jūn duì '
èr shí sān wàn。
dōng wú jūn duì yòu xǔ duō bù tóng míng hào。《
lì dài bīng zhì》：“
bīng yòu jiě fán、
gǎn sǐ liǎng bù，
chē xià hǔ shì、
dān yáng qīng jīn、
jiāo zhōu yì shì jí jiàn '
ér、
wǔ shè zhī míng fēi yī，
diào dù yì zuì wú fǎ。”
zhè lǐ liè jǔ de yě hěn bù wán quán。
jù wáng xīn fū《
bǔ sān guó bīng zhì》
tǒng jì，
dōng wú jūn duì yòu xià liè míng hào：
yǔ lín，
shì gōng tíng jìn wèi bù duì。
hǔ qí，
gǒng wèi jīng chéng de qí bīng bù duì。
gǎn sǐ、
jiě fán、
wú nán、
mǎ xián，
dōushì jīng yǒng de chōng fēng duì，
duō fēn zuǒ yòu liǎng bù，
gè yǐ zuǒ bù dū hé yòu bù dū lǐng bīng。
wǔ yíng、
wǔ xiào，
gè yòu wǔ yíng bīng，
wǔ yíng yòu wǔ yíng dū lǐng bīng，
wǔ xiào yòu wǔ xiào dū lǐng bīng。
shēng chéng、
rào zhàng、
wài bù、
yíng xià、
zhàng xià，
dà yuē dōushì tún zhù zài jīng chéng yǐ wài de duì wǔ，
fēn shǔ qián、
hòu、
zuǒ、
yòu sì jūn。
hái yòu chē xià hǔ shì、
dān yáng qīng jīn、
jiāo zhōu yì shì、
jiàn '
ér、
yǒng gǎn、
hǔ shè lì děng míng hào de dì fāng bīng。
cóng yì shì、
jiàn '
ér děng míng hào tuī cè，
zhè xiē dì fāng duì wǔ kě néng dà duō wéi dōng wú háo zú jiàngshuài hòu yǎng de zǐ dì bīng。《
sān guó zhì .
wú zhì .
gān níng chuán》：“
néng hòu yǎng jiàn '
ér，
jiàn '
ér yì lè wéi yòng mìng”。
kě jiàn zhè xiē duì wǔ yǔ qí shì xí jiànglǐng de guān xì fēi cháng tè shū。
sān guó shí qī de jīng jì wèi guó jīng jì cáo cāo yíng xiàn dì yú xǔ chāng hòu，
yǐ 「 fū dìng guó zhī shù，
zài yú qiáng bīng zú shí 」 wéi fāng zhēn，
zài xǔ chāng fù jìn shí xíng tún tián。
jiēguǒ「
mù mín tún tián xǔ xià，
dé gǔ bǎi wàn hú」。
yīn cǐ，
cāo shè zhì tián guān yú gè zhōu jùn nèi，
zhāo mù liú mín tún tián，
bǎ tún tián zhì jiā yǐ tuī guǎng，
yǐ gǎi dōng hàn mò nián jūn fá hùn zhàn suǒ zuò chéng de「
bái gǔ lù yú yě，
qiān lǐ wú jī míng」
de jìng kuàng。
zhèng yīn tún tián zhì zhī chéng gōng，
dì fāng biàn chéng「
nóng guān bīng tián，
jī quǎn zhī shēng，
qiān mò xiāngzhǔ」
zhèng yīn cǎi qǔ tún tián cuò shī，
shǐ běi fāng de shè huì zhuànxiàng wěn dìng，
zhōng dá zhì「
zhēng fá sì fāng，
wú yùn liáng zhī láo，
suì jiān miè qún zéi，
kè píng tiān xià」。
shǔ guó jīng jì shǔ zì gǔ yǐ lái yǐ yòu tiān fǔ zhī guó de měi míng，
hàn gāo zǔ néng dé tiān xià yì kào cǐ dì wù zhì fēng hòu wéi gēn běn。
dōng hàn mò nián，
liú yān fù zǐ xiān hòu dān rèn yì zhōu mù，
yòng yǐ kuān zhì kuān zhī zhèng cè yǐ zhì shǔ，
zhú yǐn zhì háo qiáng lǒng duàn tǔ dì jí shān zé zī yuán，
yīn '
ér jiǎn dī shuì shōu。
zì liú bèi zhàn lǐng yì zhōu hòu，
zhū gé liàng jí fǎ zhèng yī gǎi yǐ wǎng bì zhèng，
dǎ jī háo qiáng，
bìng céng cǎi yòng bì guān xī mín，
wù nóng zhí gǔ。
yòu zài dū jiāng yàn shè yàn guān，
guǎn lǐ nóng tián shuǐ lì gōng chéng，
bìng tuī xíng tún tián，
yǐ huī fù hé fā zhǎn nóng yè shēng chǎn。
cǐ wài。
liàng jí fǎ zhèng duì yě tiě、
zhǔ yán、
zhì mián děng zhòng yào shǒu gōng yè，
shí xíng gōng yíng，
bìng shè lì zhuān zhí guān yuán jiā qiáng guǎn lǐ。
yǐ shàng yī lián chuàn cuò shī，
shǐ guó jiā shuì shōu dà dà zēng jiā，
diàn dìng liǎo sān zú dǐng lì de tiáo jiàn。
hòu lái guān yǔ shī jīng zhōu，
bèi tǎo fá wú bài wáng，
shǐ shǔ miàn lín bēng kuì biān yán，
gù liàng zài jīng jì fāng miàn kuò dà shǒu gōng yè guān yíng fàn wéi，
tí gāo shǔ mián shēng chǎn liàng，
yǐ zhù jiā kuài huī fù guó lì zhī bù fá。
wú guó jīng jì dōng hàn mò nián，
qún xióng zhú lù，
zhōng yuán dì fāng lián nián zhēng zhàn，
dì fāng cán pò，
běi fāng rén mín xié jiā dù jiāng yǐ bìnàn。
běi fāng nànmín bù fá fù shāng dà jiǎ，
tā men yóu běi fāng zǒu nán dào jiāng nán tóng shí，
dài bèi liǎo shēng chǎn jì shù yǔ wén huà，
wéi dāng shí pín kùn de jiāng nán dài lái xīn xuè。
yuán běn wú nóng gēng jì shù shí fēn luò hòu，
shàng wèi dǒng dé niú gēng。
jí hòu shēng chǎn jì shù zhù rù，
nóng yè shēng chǎn jì shù zhú jiàn tí gāo，
rén kǒu yì yīn cǐ jiàn jiàn zēng jiā，
yī gǎi yǐ wǎng dì guǎng rén xī de jìng kuàng。
sūn shì sān dài：
sūn jiān、
sūn cè、
sūn quán zhī tǒng zhì lǐng dì jiàn dà，
jūn duì yì yīn cǐ biàn dé páng dà，
gù cǐ liáng cǎo jūn xū hào fèi chéng wéi guó jiā zhī chū zhōng de yī dà bù fēn，
wéi jiǎn qīng fù dān，
zhú shí xíng tún tián zhì，
bìng shè zhì diǎn nóng xiào wèi hé diǎn nóng dū wèi。
tún tián zhì yòu fēn bīng tún jí mín tún。
bīng tún xià zhī gēng zhě wéi diàn bīng，
mín tún xià zhī gēng zhě wéi tún tián kè。
wú wèi yú cháng jiāng liú yù yǐ xià，
gù yì zhù yì xīng xiū shuǐ lì，
yǐ lì yòng shuǐ lì zī yuán hé zuò jūn shì fáng bèi。
dōng hàn shí sān bù zhōu（
sān guó xíng zhèng qū yù）
sī lì xiào wèi bù：
zhì suǒ hé nán（
jīn luò yáng shì dōng）
xiá qū，
jīn shǎn zhōng bù，
qín xī nán bù jí yù xī bù。
chēng wéi“
sī zhōu”。
yù zhōu：
zhì suǒ qiáo（ qiáo，
wǎn bó xiàn）
xiá qū，
jīn yù nán bù、
dōng bù、
wǎn běi bù、
sū xī běi jiǎo jí shān dōng xī nán jiǎo。
yǎn zhōu：
zhì suǒ chāng yì（
jīn lǔ jīn xiāng xiàn xī běi）
xiá qū，
jīn shān dōng xī nán bù，
yù dōng bù hé sū xī běi jiǎo。
xú zhōu：
zhì suǒ tán（ tán，
lǔ tán chéng xiàn xī nán）
xiá qū，
jīn lǔ dōng nán bù，
sū běi bù jí wǎn dōng běi jiǎo。
qīng zhōu：
zhì suǒ lín zī xiá qū，
jīn lǔ běi bù jí jì dōng nán xī jiǎo。
liáng zhōu：
zhì suǒ lǒng（
gān qīng shuǐ xiàn běi）
xiá qū，
jīn gān dōng dōng bù。
bìng zhōu：
zhì suǒ jìn yáng（
tài yuán shì xī）
jīn shǎn běi bù，
qín dà bù jí nèimēng zhī yī bù。
jì zhōu：
zhì suǒ gǎo（ hào）（
jì bǎi xiāng xiàn běi）
xiá qū，
jīn jì xī nán bù。
yōu zhōu：
zhì suǒ jì（ jì，
běi jīng chéng xī nán）。
xiá qū jīn jì běi bù，
liáo、
jí gè yī bù。
yáng zhōu：
zhì suǒ lì yáng（
wǎn hé xiàn，
hòu qiān shòu chūn）
xiá qū jīn sū nán bù、
wǎn zhōng nán bù，
zhè、
mǐn、
gàn sān shěng。
jīng zhōu：
zhì suǒ hàn shòu（
xiāng cháng dé shì dōng）
xiá qū jīn yù xī nán bù，
è、
xiāng '
èr shěng jí qián、
guì、
yuè sān shěng biān yuán。
yì zhōu：
zhì suǒ luò (luò，
chuān guǎng hàn shì，
hòu mián zhú，
zài chéng dū )
xiá qū jīn chuān、
qián、
diān sān shěng dà bù，
shǎn jí '
è、
gān gè yī yú。
jiāo zhōu：
zhì suǒ guǎng xìn（
guì wú zhōu shì）。
The Three Kingdoms period (simplified Chinese: 三国时代; traditional Chinese: 三國時代; pinyin: Sānguó shídài) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of de facto power of the Han Dynasty emperors. In a strict academic sense it refers to the period between the foundation of the Wei in 220 and the conquest of the Wu by the Jin Dynasty in 280. However, many Chinese historians and laymen extend the starting point of this period back to the uprising of the Yellow Turbans in 184.
The three kingdoms were Wei (魏), Shu (蜀), and Wu (吳). To help further distinguish these states from other historical Chinese states of the same name, historians add a relevant character: Wei is also known as Cao Wei (曹魏), Shu is also known as Shu Han (蜀漢), and Wu is also known as Dong Wu or Eastern Wu (東吳). The term Three Kingdoms itself is somewhat of a mistranslation, since each state was eventually headed not by kings, but by an emperor who claimed legitimate succession from the Han Dynasty. Although the translation Three Empires is more contextually accurate, the term Three Kingdoms has become standard among sinologists.
The earlier, "unofficial" part of the period, from 184 to 220, was marked by chaotic infighting between warlords in various parts of China. The middle part of the period, from 220 and 263, was marked by a more militarily stable arrangement between three rival states, Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The later part of this period was marked by the collapse of the tripartite situation: first the destruction of Shu by Wei (263), then the overthrow of Wei by the Jin Dynasty (265), and the destruction of Wu by Jin (280).
Although relatively short, this historical period has been greatly romanticised in the cultures of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. It has been celebrated and popularised in operas, folk stories, novels and in more recent times, films, television series, and video games. The best known of these is undoubtedly the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a novel dealing with the period that draws heavily on history. The authoritative historical record of the era is Chen Shou's Sanguo Zhi, along with Pei Songzhi's later annotations of the text.
The Three Kingdoms period was one of the bloodiest in Chinese history. A population census during the late Eastern Han Dynasty reported a population of approximately 50 million, while a population census during the early Western Jin Dynasty (after Jin re-unified China) reported a population of approximately 16 million. However, the Jin dynasty's census was far less complete than the Han census, so these figures are in question.
Technology advanced significantly during this period. Zhuge Liang invented the wooden ox, suggested to be an early form of the wheelbarrow, and improved on the repeating crossbow. A brilliant mechanical engineer known as Ma Jun, in Wei, is considered by many to be the equal of his predecessor Zhang Heng. He invented a hydraulic-powered, mechanical puppet theatre designed for Emperor Ming of Wei (Cao Rui), square-pallet chain pumps for irrigation of gardens in Luoyang, and the ingenious design of the South Pointing Chariot, a non-magnetic directional compass operated by differential gears.
Yellow Turban Rebellion
The power of the Eastern Han Dynasty went in to depression steadily declined after the reign of Emperor He of Han from a variety of political and economic problems. A series of Han emperors ascended the throne while still youths, and de facto Imperial power often rested with the young emperors' older relatives. Because these relatives occasionally were loath to give up their influence, emperors would, upon reaching maturity, be forced to rely on political alliances with senior officials and eunuchs to achieve control of the government. Political posturing and infighting between Imperial relatives and government eunuchs was a constant problem in Chinese government at the time. During the reigns of Emperors Huan and Ling, leading officials' dissatisfaction with the eunuchs' usurpations of power reached a peak, and many began to openly protest against them. The first and second protests met with failure, and the court eunuchs persuaded the Emperor to execute many of the protesting scholars. Some local rulers seized the opportunity to exert despotic control over their lands and citizens, since many feared to speak out in the oppressive political climate. Emperors Huan' and Ling's reigns were recorded as particularly dark periods of Han Dynasty rule. In addition to political oppression and mismanagement, China experienced a number of natural disasters during this period, and local rebellions sprung up throughout China.
In the second month of 184 AD, Zhang Jue, leader of the Dao of Supreme Harmony Daoist movement, along with his two brothers Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao, led the movement's followers in a rebellion against the government that was called the Yellow Turban Rebellion. Their movement quickly attracted followers and soon numbered several hundred thousands and received support from many parts of Han China. They had 36 bases throughout China, with large bases having 10,000 or more followers and minor bases having 6,000 to 7,000, similar to Han armies. Their motto was: "The Han Emperor's already dead, Lord Zhang Jue shall take his stead; the year-cycle is at its head, into fortune shall all be led!" (Chinese: 蒼天已死，黃天當立，歲在甲子，天下大吉) Emperor Ling of Han dispatched Generals Huangfu Song, Lu Zhi, and Zhu Jun to lead the Han armies against the Yellow Turbans, and decreed that local governments had to supply soldiers to assist in their efforts. It is at this point that the great epic Romance of the Three Kingdoms begins its narrative. The Yellow Turbans were ultimately defeated and its surviving followers dispersed throughout China, but due to the turbulent situation throughout the empire, many were able to survive as bandits in mountainous areas, thus continuing their ability to contribute to the turmoil of the era.
With the widespread increase in bandits across the Chinese nation, the Han army had no way to repel each and every raiding party. In 188, Emperor Ling accepted a memorial from Yizhou governor Liu Yan suggesting he grant direct administrative power over feudal provinces and direct command of regional military to local governors, as well promoting them in rank and filling such positions with members of the Liu family or court officials. This move made provinces (zhou) official administrative units, and although they had power to combat rebellions, the later intra-government chaos allowed these local governors to easily rule independently of the central government. Soon after this move, Liu Yan severed all of his region's (modern Sichuan) ties to the Han court, and several other areas followed suit.
Dong Zhuo in power
That same year, Emperor Ling died, and another struggle began between the court eunuchs for control of the Imperial family . Court eunuch Jian Shuo planned to kill General He Jin, a relative of the royal family, and to replace the Crown Prince Liu Bian with his younger brother Liu Xie, the Prince of Chenliu (in modern Kaifeng), though his plan was unsuccessful. Liu Bian took the Han throne as Emperor Shao of Han, and General He Jin plotted with warlord Yuan Shao to assassinate the Ten Attendants, a clique of ten eunuchs led by Zhang Rang who controlled much of the imperial court. He Jin also ordered Dong Zhuo, the frontier general in Liangzhou, and Ding Yuan, Inspector of Bingzhou (the area now between Baoding and Taiyuan), to bring troops to the capital to reinforce his position of authority. The eunuchs learned of General He's plot, and had him assassinated before Dong Zhuo ever reached the capital, Luoyang. When Yuan Shao's troops reached the capital they stormed the palace complex, killing the Ten Attendants and two thousand of those loyal to them. Though this move effectively ended the century-long feud between the eunuchs and the Imperial family, it ushered in the era of warlords and martial law that became the Three Kingdoms Era.
This event prompted the invitation of Dong Zhuo to enter Luoyang from the northwest boundary of China. At the time China faced the powerful barbarians of Qiang tribe to the northwest, and thus Dong Zhuo controlled a large army with elite training. When he brought the army to Luoyang, he was able to easily overpower the existing armies of both sides and took control of the imperial court, ushering in a period of civil war across China.
Dong Zhuo then manipulated the succession so that the future Emperor Xian could take the throne in lieu of his elder half-brother. Dong Zhuo, while ambitious, genuinely wished for a more capable emperor. On his way to Luoyang, he encountered a small band of soldiers protecting the two sons of Emperor Ling fleeing the war zone. In the encounter Dong Zhuo acted arrogantly and threateningly, causing the elder half-brother to be paralyzed with fear; the younger brother, the future Emperor Xian, responded calmly with authority and commanded Dong Zhuo to protect the royal family with his army to return to the Imperial Court.
While Dong Zhuo originally wanted to re-establish the authority of Han Empire and manage all the political conflict properly, his political capability proved to be much worse than his military leadership. His behaviour grew more and more violent and authoritarian, executing or sending into exile all that opposed him, and showed less and less respect to the Emperor. He ignored all royal etiquette and frequently carried open weapons into the imperial court. In 190 a coalition led by Yuan Shao was formed between nearly all the provincial authorities in the eastern provinces of the empire against Dong Zhuo. The mounting pressure from repeated defeat on the southern frontline against the Sun Jian forces drove the Han Emperor and later Dong Zhuo himself west to Chang'an in May 191.
Dong Zhuo once again demonstrated his political shortcomings by forcing millions of residents of Luoyang to migrate to Chang'an. He then set fire to Luoyang, preventing occupation by his enemies and destroying the biggest city in China at that time. In addition, he ordered his army to slaughter a whole village of civilians. The soldiers beheaded the civilians and carried their heads into Chang'an to show off as war trophies, pretending to have had a great victory against his enemies. A year later Dong Zhuo was killed in a coup d'etat by Wang Yun and Lü Bu.
Rise of Cao Cao
Sculpture of a foreign soldier, Three Kingdoms, 3rd century AD, China.
In 191, there was some talk among the coalition of appointing Liu Yu, an imperial relative, as emperor, and gradually its members began to fall out. Most of the warlords in the coalition, with a few exceptions, sought the increase of personal military power in the time of instability instead of seriously wishing to restore the Han Dynasty's authority. The Han empire was divided between a number of regional warlords. Yuan Shao occupied the northern area of Ye and extended his power, by taking over his superior Han Fu with trickery and intimidation, north of the Yellow River against Gongsun Zan, who held the northern frontier. Cáo Cāo, directly to Yuan's south, was engaged in a struggle against Yuan Shu and Liu Biao, who occupied respectively the Huai River basin and Middle Yangzi regions. Further south the young warlord Sun Ce, taking over after the untimely death of Sun Jian, was establishing his rule in the Lower Yangzi, albeit as a subordinate of Yuan Shu. In the west, Liu Zhang held Yizhou province while Hanzhong and the northwest were controlled by a motley collection of smaller warlords such as Ma Teng of Xiliang, the original post of Dong Zhuo.
Dong Zhuo, confident in his success, was slain by his own adopted son, Lü Bu and his father-in-law Wang Yun. Lü Bu, in turn, was attacked by Dong Zhuo's supporters: Li Jue, Guo Si, Zhang Ji and Fan Chou. Wang Yun and his whole family were executed. Lu fled to Zhang Yang, a northern warlord, and remained with him for a time before briefly joining Yuan Shao, but it was clear that Lü Bu was far too independent to serve another.
In August 195, Emperor Xian fled the tyranny of Li Jue at Chang'an and made a year long hazardous journey east in search of supporters. By 196, when he was received by Cao Cao, most of the smaller contenders for power had either been absorbed by larger ones or destroyed. This was an extremely important move for Cao Cao following the suggestion from his primary advisor, Xun Yu, commenting that by supporting the authentic Emperor, Cao Cao would have the formal legal authority to control the other warlords and force them to comply in order to restore the Han dynasty.
Cao Cao, whose zone of control was the precursor to the Kingdom of Wei, had raised an army in the winter of 189. In several strategic movements and battles, he controlled the Dui province and defeated several factions of the Yellow Turban rebels. This earned him the aid of other local militaries controlled by Zhang Miao and Chen Gong, who joined his cause to create his first sizable army. He continued the effort and absorbed approximately 300,000 Yellow Turbans into his army as well as a number of clan-based military groups from the eastern side of Qing province. In 196 he established an imperial court at Xuchang and developed military agricultural colonies (tuntian) to support his army. Although the system imposed a heavy tax on hired civilian farmers (40% to 60% of agricultural production), the farmers were more than pleased to be able to work with relative stability and professional military protection in a time of chaos. This was later said to be his second important policy for success.
In 194, Cao Cao went to war with Tao Qian of Xuzhou, whose officers had executed his whole family. Tao Qian received the support of Liu Bei and Gongsun Zan, but even then it seemed as if Cao Cao's superior forces would overrun Xuzhou entirely. However, Cao Cao received word that Lü Bu had seized Yan province in Cao Cao's absence, and accordingly he retreated, putting a halt to hostilities with Tao Qian for the time being. Tao Qian died that same year, leaving his province to Liu Bei. A year later, in 195, Cao Cao managed to drive Lü Bu out of Yan. Lu Bu fled to Xuzhou and was received by Liu Bei, and an uneasy alliance began between the two.
In the south, Sun Ce, then an independent general under the service of Yuan Shu, defeated the warlords of Yangzhou, including Liu Yao, Wang Lang, and Yan Baihu. The speed with which Sun Ce accomplished his conquests led to his nickname, "Little Conqueror" (小霸王), a reference to the late Xiang Yu. In 197, Yuan Shu, who was at odds with Cao Cao, Yuan Shao, and Liu Bei, felt assured of victory with his subordinate's conquests, and thus declared himself emperor of the Cheng Dynasty. The move, however, was a strategic blunder, as it drew the ire of many warlords across the land, including Yuan Shu's own subordinate Sun Ce, who had advised Yuan Shu not to make such a move. Cao Cao issued orders to Sun Ce to attack Yuan Shu. Sun Ce complied, but first convinced Cao Cao to form a coalition against Yuan Shu, of which Liu Bei and Lü Bu were members. Attacked on all sides, Yuan Shu was defeated and fled into hiding.
Afterwards, Lü Bu betrayed Liu Bei and seized Xuzhou, forming an alliance with Yuan Shu's remnant forces. Liu Bei fled to Cao Cao, who accepted him. Soon, preparations were made for an attack on Lü Bu, and the combined forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei besieged Xia Pi. Lü Bu's officers deserted him, Yuan Shu's forces never arrived as reinforcements, and he was bound by his own officers Song Xian and Wei Xu and executed along with many of his officers. Thus, the man known as the mightiest warrior in the land was no more.
In 200, Dong Cheng, an officer of the Imperial Court, received a secret edict from the Emperor to assassinate Cao Cao. He collaborated with Liu Bei on this effort, but Cao Cao soon found out about the plot and had Dong Cheng and his co-conspirators executed, with only Liu Bei surviving and fleeing to the Yuan Shao in the north.
After settling the nearby provinces, including a rebellion led by former Yellow Turbans, and internal affairs with the court, Cao Cao turned his attention north to Yuan Shao, who himself had eliminated his northern rival Gongsun Zan that same year. Yuan Shao, himself of higher nobility than Cao Cao, amassed a large army and camped along the northern bank of the Yellow river.
In 200, after winning a decisive battle against Liu Biao at Shaxian and putting down the rebellions of Xu Gong and others, Sun Ce was struck by an arrow and fatally wounded. On his deathbed, he named his younger brother, Sun Quan, as his heir.
Following months of planning, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao met in force at Guandu. Overcoming Yuan's superior numbers, Cao Cao decisively defeated him by setting fire to his supplies, and in doing so crippled the northern army. Liu Bei fled to Liu Biao of Jing province, and many of Yuan Shao's forces were destroyed. In 202, Cao Cao took advantage of Yuan Shao's death and the resulting division among his sons to advance north of the Yellow River. He captured Ye in 204 and occupied the provinces of Ji, Bing, Qing and You. By the end of 207, after a lightning campaign against the Wuhuan barbarians, Cao Cao had achieved undisputed dominance of the North China Plain.
Battle of Red Cliff
In 208, Cao Cao marched south with his army hoping to quickly unify the empire. Liu Biao's son Liu Cong surrendered the province of Jing and Cao was able to capture a sizable fleet at Jiangling. Sun Quan, the successor to Sun Ce in the Lower Yangzi, continued to resist, however. His advisor Lu Su secured an alliance with Liu Bei, himself a recent refugee from the north, and Sun Ce's sworn brother Zhou Yu was placed in command of Sun Quan's navy, along with a veteran officer of the Sun family, Cheng Pu. Their combined armies of 50,000 met Cao Cao's fleet and 200,000-strong force at Red Cliffs (Chinese: 赤壁 Chi Bi) that winter. After an initial skirmish, an attack beginning with a plan to set fire to Cao Cao's fleet was set in motion to lead to the decisive defeat of Cao Cao, forcing him to retreat in disarray back to the north. The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, and provided the basis for the states of Shu and Wu.
After his return to the north, Cao Cao contented himself with absorbing the northwestern regions in 211 and consolidating his power. He progressively increased his titles and power, eventually becoming the Prince of Wei in 217, a title bestowed upon him by the puppet Han emperor that he controlled. Liu Bei, having defeated the weak Jing warlords Han Xuan, Jin Xuan, Zhao Fan, and Liu Du, entered Yi province and later in 214 displaced Liu Zhang as ruler, leaving his commander Guan Yu in charge of Jing province. Sun Quan, who had in the intervening years being engaged with defenses against Cao Cao in the southeast at Hefei, now turned his attention to Jing province and the Middle Yangzi. Tensions between the allies were increasingly visible. In 219, after Liu Bei successfully seized Hanzhong from Cao Cao and as Guan Yu was engaged in the siege of Fan, Sun Quan's commander-in-chief Lu Meng secretly seized Jing province, and his forces captured and slew Guan Yu.
Three Emperor
In the first month of 220, Cao Cao died and in the tenth month his son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate, thus ending the Han Dynasty. He named his state Wei and made himself emperor at Luoyang. In 221, Liu Bei named himself Emperor of Han, in a bid to restore the fallen Han dynasty. (His state is known to history as "Shu" or "Shu Han".) In the same year, Wei bestowed on Sun Quan the title of King of Wu. A year later, Shu Han troops declared war on Wu and met the Wu armies at the Battle of Yiling. At Yiling, Liu Bei was disastrously defeated by Sun Quan's commander Lu Xun and forced to retreat back to Shu, where he died soon afterward. After the death of Liu Bei, Shu and Wu resumed friendly relations at the expense of Wei, thus stabilizing the tripartite configuration. In 222, Sun Quan renounced his recognition of Cao Pi's regime and, in 229, he declared himself emperor at Wuchang.
Dominion of the north completely belonged to Wei, whilst Shu occupied the southwest and Wu the central south and east. The external borders of the states were generally limited to the extent of Chinese civilization. For example, the political control of Shu on its southern frontier was limited by the Tai tribes of modern Yunnan and Burma, known collectively as the Southern Barbarians (南蠻).
Consolidation
In 223 Liu Shan rose to the throne of Shu following his father's defeat and death. The defeat of Liu Bei at Yiling ended the period of hostility between Wu and Shu and both used the opportunity to concentrate on internal problems and the external enemy of Wei. For Sun Quan, the victory terminated his fears of Shu expansion into Jing province and he turned to the aborigines of the southeast, whom the Chinese collectively called the "Shanyue" peoples . A collection of successes against the rebellious tribesmen culminated in the victory of 224. In that year Zhuge Ke ended a three year siege of Danyang with the surrender of 100,000 Shanyue. Of these, 40,000 were drafted as auxiliaries into the Wu army. Meanwhile Shu was also experiencing troubles with the indigenous tribes of their south. The Southwestern Nanman peoples rose in revolt against Han authority, captured and looted the city of Yizhou. Zhuge Liang, recognising the importance of stability in the south, ordered the advance of the Shu armies in three columns against the Nanman. He fought a number of engagements against the chieftain Meng Huo, at the end of which Meng submitted. A tribesman was allowed to reside at the Shu capital Chengdu as an official and the Nanman formed their own battalions within the Shu army.
Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition
At the end of Zhuge Liang's southern campaign, the Wu-Shu alliance came to fruition and Shu was free to move against the north. In 227 Zhuge Liang transferred his main Shu armies to Hanzhong, and opened up the battle for the northwest with Wei. The next year, he ordered the general Zhao Yun to attack from Ji Gorge as a diversion while Zhuge himself led the main force to Qishan. The vanguard Ma Su, however, suffered a tactical defeat at Jieting and the Shu army was forced to withdraw. In the next six years Zhuge Liang attempted several more offensives, but supply problems limited the capacity for success. In 234 he led his last great northern offensive, reaching the Battle of Wuzhang Plains south of the Wei River. Due to the death of Zhuge Liang (234 AD), however, the Shu army was forced once again to withdraw, but were pursued by Wei. The Shu forces began to withdraw; Sima Yi deduced Zhuge's demise and ordered an attack. Shu struck back almost immediately, causing Sima Yi to second guess and allow Shu to withdraw successfully.
Wu and the South
In the times of Zhuge Liang's great northern offensives, the state of Wu had always been on the defensive against invasions from the north. The area around Hefei was the scene of many bitter battles and under constant pressure from Wei after the Battle of Red Cliffs. Warfare had grown so intense that many of the residents chose to migrate and resettle south of the Yangzi. After Zhuge Liang's death, attacks on the Huainan region intensified but nonetheless, Wei could not break through the line of the river defenses erected by Wu, which included the Ruxu fortress.
Sun Quan's long reign is regarded as a time of plenty for his southern state. Migrations from the north and the settlement of the Shanyue increased manpower for agriculture, especially along the lower reaches of the Yangzi and in Kuaiji commandery. River transport blossomed, with the construction of the Zhedong and Jiangnan canals. Trade with Shu flourished, with a huge influx of Shu cotton and the development of celadon and metal industries. Ocean transport was improved to such an extent that sea journeys were made to Manchuria and the island of Taiwan. In the south, Wu merchants reached Linyi (northern Vietnam) and Fu'nan (southern Vietnam). As the economy prospered, so too did the arts and culture. In the Yangzi delta, the first Buddhist influences reached the south from Luoyang.
Decline and End of the Three Kingdom
From the late 230s tensions began to become visible between the imperial Cao clan and the Sima clan. Following the death of Cao Zhen, factionalism was evident between Cao Shuang and the Grand Commander Sima Yi. In deliberations, Cao Shuang placed his own supporters in important posts and excluded Sima, whom he regarded as a threat. The power of the Sima clan, one of the great landowning families of the Han, was bolstered by Sima Yi's military victories. Additionally, Sima Yi was an extremely capable strategist and politician. In 238 he crushed the rebellion of Gongsun Yuan and brought the Liaodong region directly under central control. Ultimately, he outmaneuvered Cao Shuang in power play. Taking advantage of an excursion by the imperial clansmen to the Gaoping tombs, Sima undertook a putsch in Luoyang, forcing Cao Shuang's faction from authority. Many protested against the overwhelming power of the Sima family; notable among these were the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. One of the sages, Xi Kang, was executed as part of the purges after Cao Shuang's downfall.
Fall of Shu
The decreasing strength of the Cao clan was mirrored by the decline of Shu. After Zhuge Liang's death, his position as Lieutenant Chancellor fell to Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Dong Yun, in that order. But after 258, Shu politics became increasingly controlled by the eunuch faction and corruption rose. Despite the energetic efforts of Jiang Wei, Zhuge's protege, Shu was unable to secure any decisive achievement. In 263, Wei launched a three-pronged attack and the Shu army was forced into general retreat from Hanzhong. Jiang Wei hurriedly held a position at Jian'ge but he was outflanked by the Wei commander Deng Ai, who force-marched his army from Yinping through territory formerly considered impassable. By the winter of the year, the capital Chengdu fell due to the strategic invasion of Wei by Deng Ai who invaded Chengdu personally. The emperor Liu Shan thus surrendered. The state of Shu had come to an end after forty-three years.
Fall of Wei
Cao Huan succeeded to the throne in 260 after Cao Mao was killed by Sima Zhao. Soon after, Sima Zhao died and his title as Lord of Jin was inherited by his son Sima Yan. Sima Yan immediately began plotting to become Emperor but faced stiff opposition. However, due to advice from his advisors, Cao Huan decided the best course of action would be to abdicate, unlike his predecessor Cao Mao. Sima Yan seized the throne in 264 after forcing Cao Huan's abdication, effectively overthrowing the Wei Dynasty and establishing the successor Jin Dynasty. This situation was similar to the deposal of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty by Cao Pi, the founder of the Wei Dynasty.
Fall of Wu
Following Sun Quan's death and the ascension of the young Sun Liang as emperor in 252, the kingdom of Wu went into a period of steady decline. Successful Wei suppression of rebellions in the Huainan region by Sima Zhao and Sima Shi reduced any opportunity of Wu influence. The fall of Shu signalled a change in Wei politics. After Liu Shan surrendered to Wei, Sima Yan (grandson of Sima Yi), overthrew the Wei emperor and proclaimed his own dynasty of Jin in 264, ending forty-six years of Cao dominion in the north. After Jin's rise, Emperor Sun Xiu of Wu died, and his ministers gave the throne to Sun Hao. Sun Hao was a promising young man, but upon ascension he became a tyrant, killing or exiling all who dared oppose him in the court. In 269 Yang Hu, Jin commander in the south, started preparing for the invasion of Wu by ordering the construction of a fleet and the training of marines in Sichuan under Wang Jun. Four years later, Lu Kang, the last great general of Wu, died leaving no competent successor. The planned Jin offensive finally came in the winter of 279. Sima Yan launched five simultaneous offensives along the Yangzi River from Jianye to Jiangling whilst the Sichuan fleet sailed downriver to Jing province. Under the strain of such an enormous attack, the Wu forces collapsed and Jianye fell in the third month of 280. Emperor Sun Hao surrendered and was given a fiefdom on which to live out his days. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms era, and the beginning of a break in the forthcoming 300 years of chaos.
Population
The Sanguo Zhi contains population figures for the three kingdoms. As with many Chinese historical population figures, these numbers are likely to be less than the actual populations, since census and tax records went hand in hand, and tax evaders were often not on records.
Three Kingdoms Period Populations Year Households Population Note
Eastern Han Dynasty, AD 156 10,679,600 56,486,856
Shu Han, AD 221 200,000 900,000
Shu Han, AD 263 280,000 1,082,000 At Shu's demise, the population contained 102,000 armed soldiers and 40,000 various officials.
Wu, AD 238 520,000 2,567,000
Wu, AD 280 530,000 2,535,000 At Wu's demise, the population had 32,000 officials, 230,000 soldiers, and 5,000 imperial concubines.
Cao Wei, AD 260 663,423 4,432,881
Western Jin, AD 280 2,495,804 16,163,863 After reuniting China, the Jin Dynasty's population was greatest around this time.
From Zou Jiwan (Chinese: 鄒紀萬), Zhong Guo Tong Shi - Wei Jin Nan Bei Chao Shi 中國通史·魏晉南北朝史, (1992).
While it is clear that warfare undoubtedly took many lives during this period, the census figures do not support the idea that millions were wiped out solely from warfare. Other factors such as mass migration out of China must be taken into account.
Economy
In economic terms the division of the Three Kingdoms reflected a reality that long endured. Even in the Northern Song, seven hundred years after the Three Kingdoms, it was possible to think of China as being composed of three great regional markets. (The status of the northwest was slightly ambivalent, as it had links with the northern region and Sichuan). These geographical divisions are underscored by the fact that the main communication routes between the three main regions were all man-made: the Grand Canal linking north and south, the hauling-way through the Three Gorges of the Yangzi linking southern China with Sichuan and the gallery roads joining Sichuan with the northwest. The break into three separate entities was quite natural and even anticipated by such political foresight as that of Zhuge Liang .
The Three Kingdoms in popular culture
Numerous people and affairs from the period later became Chinese legends. The most complete and influential example is the historical fiction Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong during the Ming dynasty. Fictional accounts of the Three Kingdoms, mostly based on the Romance, play a significant role in East Asian popular culture. Books, TV serials, movies, cartoons/anime, games, and music on the topic are still regularly produced in China, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan.
